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Yang CS, Ju J, Lu G, Xiao H, Hao X, Sang S, Lambert JD. Cancer prevention by tea and tea polyphenols. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2008; 17 Suppl 1:245-8. [PMID: 18296347 PMCID: PMC2582877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The inhibition of tumorigenesis by tea extracts and tea polyphenols has been demonstrated in different animal models, including those for cancer of the skin, lung, oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, colon, bladder, liver, pancrease, prostate, and mammary glands. Caffeine is also active in inhibition of tumorigenesis on the skin, lung, and perhaps other organs. In spite of many in vitro and in vivo studies, the molecular mechanisms for the cancer preventive actions of these compounds are not clearly known. The relationship between tea consumption and cancer risk has not been conclusively demonstrated, and the relationship may become more clear if we consider the effects of specific types of tea, at defined doses, in populations with certain dietary patterns or genetic polymorphisms. Human intervention trials and large prospective studies are needed to further assess the cancer preventive activities of tea constituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung S Yang
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Phar-macy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 164 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854-8020, USA.
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202
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203
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Lu CT, Zhao YZ. Phospholipids-based ultrasonic microbubbles for catechins encapsulation and ultrasound-triggered release. J Drug Target 2008; 16:790-7. [DOI: 10.1080/10611860802475696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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204
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Kuzuhara T, Kise D, Shirakawa Y, Sasada K, Suganuma M, Fujiki H. Generation of Mouse Monoclonal Antibody against (-)-Epigallocatechin Gallate. Biol Pharm Bull 2008; 31:816-9. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.31.816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Kuzuhara
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University
| | - Daisuke Kise
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University
| | - Yayoi Shirakawa
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University
| | - Kinuko Sasada
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University
| | - Masami Suganuma
- Research Institute for Clinical Oncology, Saitama Cancer Center
| | - Hirota Fujiki
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University
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205
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EGCG inhibits activation of the insulin-like growth factor (IGF)/IGF-1 receptor axis in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Cancer Lett 2007; 262:10-8. [PMID: 18164805 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2007.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2007] [Revised: 11/20/2007] [Accepted: 11/20/2007] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) insulin like growth factor-1 (IGF-1)/IGF-1 receptor (IGF-1R) axis plays an important role in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). EGCG inhibits activation of the various types of RTKs and that this is associated with inhibition of multiple downstream signaling pathways. In this study we examined the effects of EGCG on activity of the IGF/IGF-1R axis in HepG2 human HCC cells which express constitutive activation of this axis. The level of phosphorylated (i.e. activated) form of the IGF-1R protein (p-IGF-1R) was increased in a series of human HCC cell lines when compared with the Hc normal human hepatocytes. EGCG preferentially inhibited growth of HepG2 cells when compared with Hc cells. Treatment of HepG2 cells with EGCG induced apoptosis and caused a decrease in the p-IGF-1R protein and its downstream signaling molecules including the p-ERK, p-Akt, p-Stat-3, and p-GSK-3β proteins, both in the absence or presence of ligand stimulation. EGCG also decreased the levels of both IGF-1 and IGF-2 proteins and mRNAs, but increased the levels of the IGFBP-3 protein. These findings suggest that EGCG can overcome the stimulatory effects of IGFs on the IGF-1R dependent signaling pathway, thus expanding the roles of EGCG as an inhibitor of critical RTKs involved in HCC cell proliferation. These results provide further evidence that EGCG may be useful in the chemoprevention or treatment of liver cancer.
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206
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The transgenic adenocarcinoma of mouse prostate (TRAMP) model has been extensively characterized at the histological and molecular levels, and has been shown to mimic significant features of human prostate cancer. However, the status of Nkx3.1 expression in the TRAMP model has not been elucidated. METHODS Immunohistochemical analyses were performed using dorsal, lateral, and ventral prostate (VP) lobes from ages 6 to 30 weeks. Quantitative RT-PCR analyses were performed to determine relative mRNA expression. RESULTS Heterogeneous loss of Nkx3.1 was observed in hyperplastic lesions of the ventral, dorsal, and lateral lobes. At 6 weeks of age, the ventral lobe displayed profound loss of Nkx3.1. Diminished Nkx3.1 protein was observed in well- to moderately-differentiated cancer lesions of all lobes. Poorly differentiated (PD) tumors stained negatively for Nkx3.1. Quantitative RT-PCR analyses revealed the presence of Nkx3.1 mRNA in each lobe at all ages, albeit reduced to variable levels. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that disease progression in the TRAMP model may be driven by loss of function of Nkx3.1, in addition to p53 and Rb. Lobe-specific disease progression in the TRAMP model correlates with the reduction of Nkx3.1 protein. Regulation of Nkx3.1 expression during tumorigenesis appears to occur by post-transcriptional and post-translational mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlise R Bethel
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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207
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Béliveau R, Gingras D. Role of nutrition in preventing cancer. CANADIAN FAMILY PHYSICIAN MEDECIN DE FAMILLE CANADIEN 2007; 53:1905-1911. [PMID: 18000267 PMCID: PMC2231485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To summarize the evidence linking dietary habits to the incidence of several types of cancer with special emphasis on the chemoprotective properties of foods that originate from plants. QUALITY OF EVIDENCE A large body of epidemiologic, animal, and laboratory literature indicates that as many as 30% of all cancer cases are linked to poor dietary habits. The proportion reaches 70% for cancers of the gastrointestinal tract. MAIN MESSAGE Studies have consistently linked abundant consumption of plant-based food to a substantial reduction in risk of developing various cancers. Laboratory studies show that this chemopreventive effect is related to the high levels of numerous phytochemicals in this food. These phytochemicals interfere with several cellular processes involved in the progression of cancer and also with inflammatory processes that foster development of cancer. CONCLUSION Dietary factors play an important role in the high incidence of several types of cancer in Canada. Modification of dietary habits to include daily intake of plant-based food containing anticancer and anti-inflammatory phytochemicals thus represents a promising approach to preventing the development of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Béliveau
- Laboratoire de Médecine Moléculaire, Centre de Recherche de l'Hôpital Ste-Justine, 3175 chemin Côte-Ste-Catherine, Montréal, QC.
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208
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Yu HN, Shen SR, Yin JJ. Effects of Metal Ions, Catechins, and Their Interactions on Prostate Cancer. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2007; 47:711-9. [DOI: 10.1080/10408390600948873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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209
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Harper CE, Patel BB, Wang J, Eltoum IA, Lamartiniere CA. Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate suppresses early stage, but not late stage prostate cancer in TRAMP mice: mechanisms of action. Prostate 2007; 67:1576-89. [PMID: 17705241 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second leading cause of cancer-related death in men in the United States. Many men have implemented purported chemopreventive agents into their daily diet in an attempt to delay the early onset of a PCa. Green tea polyphenols, one such agent, has been shown to be chemopreventive in skin, breast, and prostate cancers. We hypothesized that Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate (EGCG), the major polyphenol found in green tea, will exert its chemopreventive effect in the prostate via regulation of sex steroid receptor, growth factor-signaling, and inflammatory pathways. METHODS Five-week-old male TRAMP (Transgenic Adenocarcinoma Mouse Prostate) offspring were fed AIN-76A diet and 0.06% EGCG in tap water. Animals were sacrificed at 28 weeks of age and the entire prostates were scored histopathologically. In addition, animals were sacrificed at 12 weeks of age and ventral (VP) and dorsolateral (DLP) prostates were removed for histopathological evaluation and immunoblot analyses or ELISA. RESULTS EGCG, inhibited early but not late stage PCa in the current study. In the VP, EGCG significantly reduced cell proliferation, induced apoptosis, and decreased androgen receptor (AR), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), IGF-1 receptor (IGF-1R), phospho-extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (phospho-ERKs 1 and 2), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). CONCLUSIONS The attenuation of the AR, the down-regulation of potent growth factor IGF-1, modulation of inflammation biomarkers, and decrease in the MAPK signaling may contribute to the reduction in cell proliferation and induction of apoptosis and hence provide a biochemical basis for EGCG suppressing PCa without toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Curt E Harper
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294-0019, USA
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210
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Belguise K, Guo S, Sonenshein GE. Activation of FOXO3a by the green tea polyphenol epigallocatechin-3-gallate induces estrogen receptor alpha expression reversing invasive phenotype of breast cancer cells. Cancer Res 2007; 67:5763-70. [PMID: 17575143 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-4327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we showed that the bioactive green tea polyphenol epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) inhibits growth in soft agar of breast cancer cells with Her-2/neu overexpression. Using gene expression profiling, here we show that EGCG treatment of Her-2/neu-driven mammary tumor cells alters the expression of key regulators in the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) pathway, reducing invasive phenotype. Specifically, the epithelial genes E-cadherin, gamma-catenin, MTA3, and estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha) were up-regulated by EGCG, whereas the proinvasive snail gene was down-regulated. Consistently, EGCG inhibited branching colony growth and invasion in Matrigel. EGCG treatment similarly inhibited invasive phenotype of mouse mammary tumor cells driven by Nuclear Factor-kappaB c-Rel and protein kinase CK2, frequently found overexpressed in human breast disease. Recently, we identified the Forkhead box O transcription factor FOXO3a as a major transcriptional regulator of ERalpha. Given the pivotal role of ERalpha in preventing EMT, we hypothesized that the activation of FOXO3a by EGCG plays an important role in the observed reversal of invasive phenotype in ERalpha-positive breast cancer cells. EGCG treatment activated FOXO3a. Ectopic expression of a constitutively active FOXO3a overrode transforming growth factor-beta1-mediated invasive phenotype and induced a more epithelial phenotype, which was dependent on ERalpha expression and signaling. Conversely, a dominant negative FOXO3a reduced epithelial phenotype of ERalpha-low breast cancer cells. These results identify, for the first time, a role for FOXO3a in the inhibition of invasive phenotype in breast cancer cells with active ERalpha signaling and elucidate a novel mechanism whereby EGCG represses EMT of breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Belguise
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
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211
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Raina K, Singh RP, Agarwal R, Agarwal C. Oral grape seed extract inhibits prostate tumor growth and progression in TRAMP mice. Cancer Res 2007; 67:5976-82. [PMID: 17575168 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-0295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer chemoprevention is an alternative and potential strategy to control this malignancy. Herein, we evaluated the chemopreventive efficacy of grape seed extract (GSE) against prostate cancer in transgenic adenocarcinoma of the mouse prostate (TRAMP) mice where animals were fed with GSE by oral gavage at 200 mg/kg body weight dose during 4 to 28 weeks of age. Our results showed a significant reduction (46%, P < 0.01) in the weight of genitourinary tract organs in the GSE-fed mice. The GSE-fed group of mice had a higher incidence of prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia but showed strong reduction in the incidence of adenocarcinoma compared with mice in control group. Prostate tissue from the GSE group showed approximately 50% (P < 0.001) decrease in proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)-positive cells and 64% (P < 0.01) reduction in total PCNA protein level compared with the control group; however, GSE increased apoptotic cells by 8-fold. Furthermore, GSE strongly decreased the protein levels of cyclin B1, cyclin A, and cyclin E by 84% (P < 0.05), 96% (P < 0.05), and 89% (P < 0.001), respectively. The protein expression of cyclin-dependent kinases 2 and 6 and Cdc2 was also decreased by more than 90% (P < 0.05) in the prostate from the GSE-fed group. Together, for the first time, we identified that oral GSE inhibits prostate cancer growth and progression in TRAMP mice, which could be mediated via a strong suppression of cell cycle progression and cell proliferation and an increase in apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Komal Raina
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado 80262, USA
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212
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Morrissey C, Brown M, O'Sullivan J, Weathered N, Watson RWG, Tenniswood M. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate and bicalutamide cause growth arrest and apoptosis in NRP-152 and NRP-154 prostate epithelial cells. Int J Urol 2007; 14:545-51. [PMID: 17593102 DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-2042.2007.01774.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIM A number of epidemiological studies have suggested that consumption of green tea reduces the risk of prostate cancer. The aim of this study was to elucidate the effects of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), one of the major constituents of green tea, on growth inhibition and apoptosis in prostate epithelial cell lines with and without bicalutamide. METHODS The effects of EGCG and bicalutamide alone and in combination were examined on NRP-152 and NRP-154 cells derived from the dorso-lateral prostate of the Lobund-Wistar rat. Following treatments, cell number and levels of apoptosis were assessed. RESULTS After treatment with EGCG, both cell lines displayed a dose-dependent decrease in cell number; this effect was more pronounced in NRP-154 cells. This decrease in cell number was caused by growth arrest in NRP-152 cells and apoptosis in NRP-154 cells. The apoptotic events in the NRP-154 cells were concurrent with a loss of manganese superoxide dismutase expression. Androgen ablation was achieved by androgen withdrawal using charcoal stripped serum or treatment with bicalutamide. Bicalutamide decreased cell number and induced apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner in both cell lines; however, androgen withdrawal did not. There was a loss of androgen receptor expression in NRP-152 cells with bicalutamide treatment. However, as the NRP-154 cells are androgen receptor negative, the loss in cell number and increased apoptotic events in these cells cannot be attributed to the anti-androgenic activity of bicalutamide. Cells treated with a combination of bicalutamide and EGCG also demonstrated a dose-dependent decrease in cell number that was significantly greater than bicalutamide alone. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates the potential use of EGCG and other antioxidants as therapeutic candidates for prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colm Morrissey
- Department of Surgery, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, Dublin Molecular Medicine Centre, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
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213
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Kimura KI, Itakura Y, Goto R, Tojima M, Egawa N, Yoshihama M. Inhibition of 17alpha-hydroxylase/C17,20-lyase (CYP17) from rat testis by green tea catechins and black tea theaflavins. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2007; 71:2325-8. [PMID: 17827674 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.70258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In the course of screening for 17alpha-hydroxylase/C17,20-lyase inhibitors from food ingredients, the methanol soluble fraction of green tea and black tea, which were expected to be rich in catechin and theaflavin content, showed potent inhibitory activity. (-)-Epigallocathechin gallate and theaflavin 3-O-gallate with a pirogallol moiety significantly inhibited C17,20-lyase activity on IC50 values of 24.5 microM and 11.5 microM respectively. They had potent cytotoxicity against human prostate cancer LNCaP cells (IC50=28.1 microM and 37.4 microM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken-ichi Kimura
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University
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214
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Albrecht DS, Clubbs EA, Ferruzzi M, Bomser JA. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) inhibits PC-3 prostate cancer cell proliferation via MEK-independent ERK1/2 activation. Chem Biol Interact 2007; 171:89-95. [PMID: 17931610 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2007.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2007] [Revised: 08/30/2007] [Accepted: 09/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), a tea polyphenol, inhibits the proliferation of many cancer cell lines; however, the antiproliferative mechanism(s) are not well-characterized. The objective of this study is to identify the cellular signaling mechanism(s) responsible for the antiproliferative effects of EGCG in the PC-3 prostate cancer cell line. EGCG inhibited PC-3 cell proliferation in a concentration-dependent manner with an IC(50) value of 39.0 microM, but had no effect on the proliferation of a nontumorigenic prostate epithelial cell line (RWPE-1). Treatment of PC-3 cells with EGCG (0-50 microM) resulted in time and concentration-dependent activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2) pathway. EGCG treatment did not induce ERK1/2 activity in RWPE-1 cells. The activation of ERK1/2 by EGCG was not inhibited using PD98059, a potent inhibitor of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK), the immediate upstream kinase responsible for ERK1/2 activation; suggesting a MEK-independent signaling mechanism. Pretreatment of PC-3 cells with a phosphoinositide-3 kinase (PI3K) inhibitor partially reduced both EGCG-induced ERK1/2 activation and the antiproliferative effects of this polyphenol. These results suggest that ERK1/2 activation via a MEK-independent, PI3-K-dependent signaling pathway is partially responsible for the antiproliferative effects of EGCG in PC-3 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S Albrecht
- Department of Human Nutrition, The Ohio State University, 1787 Neil Avenue, 325 Campbell Hall, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
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215
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Sargeant AM, Klein RD, Rengel RC, Clinton SK, Kulp SK, Kashida Y, Yamaguchi M, Wang X, Chen CS. Chemopreventive and bioenergetic signaling effects of PDK1/Akt pathway inhibition in a transgenic mouse model of prostate cancer. Toxicol Pathol 2007; 35:549-61. [PMID: 17562488 DOI: 10.1080/01926230701338966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1 (PDK1)/Akt pathway is an important regulator of multiple biological processes including cell growth, survival, and glucose metabolism. In light of the mechanistic link between Akt signaling and prostate tumorigenesis, we evaluated the chemopreventive relevance of inhibiting this pathway in the transgenic adenocarcinoma of the model prostate (TRAMP) mouse with OSU03012, a celecoxib-derived, but COX-2-inactive, PDK1 inhibitor. Beginning at ten weeks of age when prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) lesions are well developed, TRAMP mice received OSU03012 via daily oral gavage for 8 weeks. The drug treatment significantly decreased the weight of all 4 prostate lobes as well as the grade of epithelial proliferation in the dorsal and lateral lobes compared to vehicle-treated control mice. The incidences of carcinoma and metastasis were decreased, although not to statistically significant levels. Treated mice lost body fat and failed to gain weight independent of food intake. This change and periportal hepatocellular atrophy can be linked to sustained PDK1 inhibition through downstream inactivation of glycogen synthase. Centrilobular hepatocellular hypertrophy and necrosis of Type II skeletal myofibers were also compound-related effects. We conclude that targeting of the PDK1/Akt pathway has chemopreventive relevance in prostate cancer and causes other in vivo effects mediated in part by an alteration of bioenergetic signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron M Sargeant
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210-1291, USA
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216
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Siddiqui IA, Saleem M, Adhami VM, Asim M, Mukhtar H. Tea beverage in chemoprevention and chemotherapy of prostate cancer. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2007; 28:1392-408. [PMID: 17723173 DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-7254.2007.00693.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most frequently diagnosed malignancy and the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in American males with similar trends in many western countries. The existing treatment approaches and surgical intervention have not been able to effectively cope with this dreaded disease. For these reasons, it is necessary to intensify our efforts for a better understanding of the disease process and for the development of novel approaches for its prevention and treatment. Based on considerable evidence from in vivo and in vitro data and epidemiological studies, in recent years the beverage tea has gained considerable attention for reducing the risk of several cancers. Much of the cancer preventive effects of tea, especially green tea appear to be mediated by the polyphenols present therein. Geographical evidence suggests that the incidence and occurrence of PCa is lower in populations that consume tea regularly. This evidence suggests that tea polyphenols could be extrapolated to optimize their chemopreventive properties against PCa. PCa represents an excellent candidate disease for chemoprevention because it is typically diagnosed in men over 50 years of age and therefore, even a modest delay in neoplastic development achieved through pharmacological or nutritional intervention could result in a substantial reduction in the incidence of clinically detectable disease. In this review we address the issue of possible use of tea, especially green tea, for the prevention as well as treatment of PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imtiaz A Siddiqui
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, Medical Sciences Center, Room B-25 1300 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706,USA
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217
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Shukla S, MacLennan GT, Flask CA, Fu P, Mishra A, Resnick MI, Gupta S. Blockade of beta-catenin signaling by plant flavonoid apigenin suppresses prostate carcinogenesis in TRAMP mice. Cancer Res 2007; 67:6925-35. [PMID: 17638904 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-0717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Deregulation of beta-catenin signaling is an important event in the genesis of several human malignancies including prostate cancer. We investigated the effects of apigenin, a naturally occurring plant flavone, on prostate carcinogenesis in TRAMP mice and further elucidated its mechanism of action. Oral intake of apigenin by gavage at doses of 20 and 50 microg/mouse/d, 6 days per week for 20 weeks, significantly decreased tumor volumes of the prostate as well as completely abolished distant-site metastases to lymph nodes, lungs, and liver in TRAMP mice. Apigenin-treated mice had significantly diminished weights of their genitourinary apparatuses and dorsolateral and ventral prostate lobes, compared with the control group, and showed reduced proliferation and increased apoptosis in the dorsolateral prostates, which correlated with elevated plasma apigenin levels. Continuous intake of apigenin up to 50 weeks by TRAMP mice significantly improved their overall survival. P.o. administration of apigenin further resulted in increased levels of E-cadherin and decreased levels of nuclear beta-catenin, c-Myc, and cyclin D1 in the dorsolateral prostates of TRAMP mice. Similar effects were noted in TRAMP mice with established tumors. Treatment of DU145 human prostate cancer cells with 10 and 20 micromol/L apigenin also increased protein levels of E-cadherin by 27% to 74%, inhibited nuclear translocation of beta-catenin and its retention in the cytoplasm, and decreased c-Myc and cyclin D1 levels, an effect similar to the exposure of cells to beta-catenin small interfering RNA. Our results indicate that apigenin effectively suppressed prostate carcinogenesis in TRAMP mice, at least in part, by blocking beta-catenin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeev Shukla
- Department of Urology, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals Case Medical Center, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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218
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Adhami VM, Mukhtar H. Anti-Oxidants from Green Tea and Pomegranate for Chemoprevention of Prostate Cancer. Mol Biotechnol 2007; 37:52-7. [PMID: 17914164 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-007-0047-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/1999] [Revised: 11/30/1999] [Accepted: 11/30/1999] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Among males, prostate cancer has become the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in North America, with similar trends in many Western and developing countries. One way to control prostate cancer is through chemoprevention, which refers to the administration of synthetic or naturally occurring agents to block, reverse, or delay the process of carcinogenesis. For a variety of reasons, the most important of which is human acceptance, for chemopreventive intervention, naturally occurring diet-based agents are preferred. Prostate cancer is an ideal candidate disease for chemopreventive intervention, because it grows very slowly, likely for decades, before symptoms arise and a diagnosis is finally established, it has a long latency period, and it is typically diagnosed in men >50 years of age. Most chemopreventive agents are antioxidant in nature. We have been defining the usefulness of dietary anti-oxidants for chemoprevention of prostate and other cancers. It is increasingly appreciated that some of these dietary anti-oxidants are nature's gift molecules endowed with cancer preventive and therapeutic properties. This review will focus on prostate cancer chemopreventive effects of polyphenolic anti-oxidants derived from green tea and pomegranate. It is a challenge to custom-tailor these gift molecules as cocktails in concentrations that can easily be consumed by humans for delaying prostate and other cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaqar Mustafa Adhami
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, 1300 University Avenue, Medical Sciences Center, Room B-25, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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219
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Suzuki M, Kurosaki T, Arai T, Sawabe M, Hosoi T, Kitamura T. The Val158Met polymorphism of the catechol-O-methyltransferase gene is not associated with the risk of sporadic or latent prostate cancer in Japanese men. Int J Urol 2007; 14:800-4. [PMID: 17760745 DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-2042.2007.01822.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM Since catechol estrogens possess carcinogenetic potential, their detoxification may lead to reduced risk of carcinogenesis. Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) catalyzes the O-methylation of catechol estrogens. The enzymatic activity of COMT has been shown to be governed by a functional single-nucleotide polymorphism represented by a G-to-A transition at codon 158, that results in a valine to methionine substitution; this variant form is associated with an up to 4-fold decrease in enzymatic activity. We attempted to investigate whether the Val158Met polymorphism of COMT was associated with the risk of prostate cancer. METHODS We analysed genomic DNA samples from 324 sporadic prostate cancer patients; 342 controls who had died from causes unrelated to cancer; and 95 Japanese men who were diagnosed as latent prostate cancer by autopsy. The genotyping method we used was a TaqMan assay. RESULTS Age adjusted odds ratios for sporadic prostate cancer susceptibility were 1.047 (95% CI: 0.630-1.741) for the G/A genotype and 0.858 (95% CI: 0.407-1.804) for the A/A genotype, as compared with those for the G/G genotype. There was no significant association between this polymorphism and latent prostate cancer susceptibility either. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggested that the Val158Met polymorphism of COMT was not associated with the risk of sporadic or latent prostate cancer in Japanese men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motofumi Suzuki
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
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220
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In vivo MRI volumetric measurement of prostate regression and growth in mice. BMC Urol 2007; 7:12. [PMID: 17650332 PMCID: PMC1945027 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2490-7-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2007] [Accepted: 07/24/2007] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mouse models for treatment of late-stage prostate cancer are valuable tools, but assessing the extent of growth of the prostate and particularly its regression due to therapeutic intervention or castration is difficult due to the location, small size and interdigitated anatomy of the prostate gland in situ. Temporal monitoring of mouse prostate regression requires multiple animals and examination of histological sections.
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221
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Kumar AP, Bhaskaran S, Ganapathy M, Crosby K, Davis MD, Kochunov P, Schoolfield J, Yeh IT, Troyer DA, Ghosh R. Akt/cAMP-responsive element binding protein/cyclin D1 network: a novel target for prostate cancer inhibition in transgenic adenocarcinoma of mouse prostate model mediated by Nexrutine, a Phellodendron amurense bark extract. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 13:2784-94. [PMID: 17473212 PMCID: PMC1948816 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-06-2974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Development of prostate cancer prevention strategies is an important priority to overcome high incidence, morbidity, and mortality. Recently, we showed that Nexrutine, an herbal extract, inhibits prostate cancer cell proliferation through modulation of Akt and cAMP-responsive element binding protein (CREB)-mediated signaling pathways. However, it is unknown if Nexrutine can be developed as a dietary supplement for the prevention of prostate cancer. In this study, we used the transgenic adenocarcinoma of mouse prostate (TRAMP) model to examine the ability of Nexrutine to protect TRAMP mice from developing prostate cancer. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Eight-week-old TRAMP mice were fed with pelleted diet containing 300 and 600 mg/kg Nexrutine for 20 weeks. Efficacy of Nexrutine was evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging at 18 and 28 weeks of progression and histologic analysis of prostate tumor or tissue at the termination of the experiment. Tumor tissue was analyzed for modulation of various signaling molecules. RESULTS We show that Nexrutine significantly suppressed palpable tumors and progression of cancer in the TRAMP model. Expression of total and phosphorylated Akt, CREB, and cyclin D1 was significantly reduced in prostate tissue from Nexrutine intervention group compared with tumors from control animals. Nexrutine also inhibited cyclin D1 transcriptional activity in androgen-independent PC-3 cells. Overexpression of kinase dead Akt mutant or phosphorylation-defective CREB inhibited cyclin D1 transcriptional activity. CONCLUSIONS The current study shows that Nexrutine-mediated targeting of Akt/CREB-induced activation of cyclin D1 prevents the progression of prostate cancer. Expression of CREB and phosphorylated CREB increased in human prostate tumors compared with normal tissue, suggesting their potential use as prognostic markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Addanki P Kumar
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229, USA.
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222
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Ju J, Lu G, Lambert JD, Yang CS. Inhibition of carcinogenesis by tea constituents. Semin Cancer Biol 2007; 17:395-402. [PMID: 17686632 PMCID: PMC2736048 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2007.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2007] [Revised: 06/21/2007] [Accepted: 06/27/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The possible cancer preventive activity of tea has received much attention in recent years. The inhibitory activities of tea and tea constituents against carcinogenesis at different organ sites have been demonstrated in many animal models. The effect of tea consumption on human cancers, however, remains inconclusive. The mechanisms of action of tea polyphenols, especially EGCG, the most abundant and active catechin, have been extensively investigated. Most of the studies, however, were based on cell culture systems, and these mechanisms need to be evaluated and verified in animal models or humans in order to gain more understanding on the effect of tea consumption on human cancer. Human intervention trials are warranted to determine the possible prevention of cancer of specific sites by preparation of tea constituents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Chung S. Yang
- Corresponding author: Dr. Chung S. Yang, Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 164 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854-8020, Phone: 732-445-3400 x248; Fax: 732-445-0687, E-mail:
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223
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Yan Y, Cook J, McQuillan J, Zhang G, Hitzman CJ, Wang Y, Wiedmann TS, You M. Chemopreventive effect of aerosolized polyphenon E on lung tumorigenesis in A/J mice. Neoplasia 2007; 9:401-5. [PMID: 17534445 PMCID: PMC1877981 DOI: 10.1593/neo.07160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2007] [Revised: 03/08/2007] [Accepted: 03/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective chemoprevention of lung cancer in high-risk patients through the administration of pharmacologic or nutritional agents is urgently needed. Aerosol inhalation can deliver chemopreventive agents directly to the respiratory tract to inhibit the tumorigenic process. In this study, polyphenon E (PolyE) and (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) were administered by aerosol delivery to A/J mice beginning 2 weeks after carcinogen treatment and continuing daily by inhalation throughout the remainder of the study (20 weeks). PolyE decreased tumor load by approximately 59%. However, EGCG, both at the same dose and at a higher dose, failed to inhibit lung carcinogenesis. These results indicate that aerosol delivery of PolyE, but not EGCG, may be a useful chemopreventive protocol in subjects at high risk for lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yan
- Department of Surgery, The Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8109, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Julie Cook
- Department of Surgery, The Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8109, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jay McQuillan
- Department of Surgery, The Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8109, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Guifang Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Cory J Hitzman
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Yian Wang
- Department of Surgery, The Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8109, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Timothy S Wiedmann
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Ming You
- Department of Surgery, The Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8109, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Khan N, Mukhtar H. Tea polyphenols for health promotion. Life Sci 2007; 81:519-33. [PMID: 17655876 PMCID: PMC3220617 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2007.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 651] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2007] [Revised: 06/01/2007] [Accepted: 06/18/2007] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
People have been consuming brewed tea from the leaves of the Camellia sinensis plant for almost 50 centuries. Although health benefits have been attributed to tea, especially green tea consumption since the beginning of its history, scientific investigations of this beverage and its constituents have been underway for less than three decades. Currently, tea, in the form of green or black tea, next to water, is the most widely consumed beverage in the world. In vitro and animal studies provide strong evidence that polyphenols derived from tea may possess the bioactivity to affect the pathogenesis of several chronic diseases. Among all tea polyphenols, epigallocatechin-3-gallate has been shown to be responsible for much of the health promoting ability of green tea. Tea and tea preparations have been shown to inhibit tumorigenesis in a variety of animal models of carcinogenesis. However, with increasing interest in the health promoting properties of tea and a significant rise in scientific investigation, this review covers recent findings on the medicinal properties and health benefits of tea with special reference to cancer and cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hasan Mukhtar
- Author for correspondence: Hasan Mukhtar, Ph.D., Helfaer Professor of Cancer Research, Director and Vice Chair of Research, Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1300, University Avenue, Medical Sciences Center, B-25, Madison, WI, 53706., Phone: 608-263-3927, Fax: 608-263-5223,
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225
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Bemis DL, Capodice JL, Costello JE, Vorys GC, Katz AE, Buttyan R. The use of herbal and over-the-counter dietary supplements for the prevention of prostate cancer. Curr Oncol Rep 2007; 8:228-36. [PMID: 16618388 DOI: 10.1007/s11912-006-0024-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Having a high probability of experiencing prostate cancer during their lifetime, men are increasingly seeking protection against this disease with the use of over-the-counter dietary supplements containing herbs, vitamins, or plant-derived biochemical agents. The use of these agents for prostate cancer prevention is driven by epidemiology supporting the idea that regional diets and consumption of specific dietary components (certain herbs, vitamins, isoflavones, and polyphenols) are associated with a lower risk for prostate cancer, in conjunction with basic research that is defining molecules within food substances that kill or suppress growth of cultured human prostate cancer cells. Moreover, there is a sense that these dietary agents lack side effects, although this assumption often is faulty. Unfortunately, at this time, there is insufficient clinical evidence to support the widespread use of these dietary supplements for chemoprevention of prostate cancer, although ongoing clinical trials of the most promising vitamins and minerals are approaching conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debra L Bemis
- Department of Urology, Columbia University, Irving-11, 161 Fort Washington Avenue, New York, NY 10032, USA
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226
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Yin Y, Ni J, Chen M, DiMaggio MA, Guo Y, Yeh S. The therapeutic and preventive effect of RRR-alpha-vitamin E succinate on prostate cancer via induction of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 13:2271-80. [PMID: 17404112 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-06-1217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) is a well-known antiproliferative and proapoptotic molecule in prostate cancer, suggesting that targeting IGFBP-3 might produce clinical benefits. In prostate cancer cells, RRR-alpha-vitamin E succinate (VES) inhibits cell proliferation and induces apoptosis, yet the mechanisms remain to be elucidated. We hypothesize that the protective effects of VES in prostate cancer are mediated by IGFBP-3 up-regulation. Using prostate cancer models, the involvement of IGFBP-3 in the anticancer effect of VES was investigated. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN IGFBP-3 mRNA and protein were determined by real-time PCR and Western blotting in prostate cancer cells, xenografted tumors of nude mice, and prostate tumors of transgenic adenocarcinoma mouse prostate (TRAMP) mice. The serum levels of IGFBP-3 were assessed by ELISA. The importance of IGFBP-3 in VES-mediated antitumor effects was confirmed by small interfering RNA knockdown strategy. RESULTS We found that VES induced IGFBP-3 mRNA and protein levels in human prostate cancer cell lines. Knockdown of IGFBP-3 by small interfering RNA attenuated VES-induced IGFBP-3 expression and VES-mediated antiproliferative and proapoptotic functions. Furthermore, administration of VES resulted in a significant therapeutic effect on LNCaP and PC3 xenografts and a preventive effect on tumorigenic progression in the TRAMP model without overt toxicity. Notably, the therapeutic and preventive efficacy of VES correlated with increased accumulation of IGFBP-3 in mouse serum as well as in the xenograft tumors and TRAMP prostate samples. Consequently, reduced proliferation and induced apoptosis were witnessed. CONCLUSIONS VES mediates its therapeutic and preventive effects against prostate cancer at least partially through up-regulating IGFBP-3, which inhibits cell proliferation and promotes cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yin
- Department of Urology , George Whipple Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14642, USA
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227
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Adhami VM, Malik A, Zaman N, Sarfaraz S, Siddiqui IA, Syed DN, Afaq F, Pasha FS, Saleem M, Mukhtar H. Combined inhibitory effects of green tea polyphenols and selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors on the growth of human prostate cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 13:1611-9. [PMID: 17332308 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-06-2269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors hold promise for cancer chemoprevention; however, recent toxicity concerns suggest that new strategies are needed. One approach to overcome this limitation is to use lower doses of COX-2 inhibitors in combination with other established agents with complementary mechanisms. In this study, the effect of (-)epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), a promising chemopreventive agent from green tea, was tested alone and in combination with specific COX-2 inhibitors on the growth of human prostate cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Human prostate cancer cells LNCaP, PC-3, and CWR22Rnu1 were treated with EGCG and NS398 alone and in combination, and their effect on growth and apoptosis was evaluated. In vivo, athymic nude mice implanted with androgen-sensitive CWR22Rnu1 cells were given green tea polyphenols (0.1% in drinking water) and celecoxib (5 mg/kg, i.p., daily, 5 days per week), alone and in combination, and their effect on tumor growth was evaluated. RESULTS Combination of EGCG (10-40 micromol/L) and NS-398 (10 micromol/L) resulted in enhanced (a) cell growth inhibition; (b) apoptosis induction; (c) expression of Bax, pro-caspase-6, and pro-caspase-9, and poly(ADP)ribose polymerase cleavage; (d) inhibition of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma; and (e) inhibition of nuclear factor-kappaB compared with the additive effects of the two agents alone, suggesting a possible synergism. In vivo, combination treatment with green tea polyphenols and celecoxib resulted in enhanced (a) tumor growth inhibition, (b) lowering of prostate-specific antigen levels, (c) lowering of insulin-like growth factor-I levels, and (d) circulating levels of serum insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 compared with results of single-agent treatment. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest synergistic and/or additive effects of combinatorial chemopreventive agents and underscore the need for rational design of human clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaqar Mustafa Adhami
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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Thorpe JF, Jain S, Marczylo TH, Gescher AJ, Steward WP, Mellon JK. A review of phase III clinical trials of prostate cancer chemoprevention. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 2007; 89:207-11. [PMID: 17394699 PMCID: PMC1964727 DOI: 10.1308/003588407x179125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Prostate cancer is an excellent target for chemoprevention strategies; given its late age of onset, any delay in carcinogenesis would lead to a reduction in its incidence. This article reviews all the completed and on-going phase III trials in prostate cancer chemoprevention. PATIENTS AND METHODS All phase III trials of prostate cancer chemoprevention were identified within a Medline search using the keywords 'clinical trial, prostate cancer, chemoprevention'. RESULTS In 2003, the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial (PCPT) became the first phase III clinical trial of prostate cancer prevention. This landmark study was terminated early due to the 24.8% reduction of prostate cancer prevalence over a 7-year period in those men taking the 5alpha-reductase inhibitor, finasteride. This article reviews the PCPT and the interpretation of the excess high-grade prostate cancer (HGPC) cases in the finasteride group. The lack of relationship between cumulative dose and the HGPC cases, and the possible sampling error of biopsies due to gland volume reduction in the finasteride group refutes the suggestion that this is a genuine increase in HGPC cases. The other on-going phase III clinical trials of prostate cancer chemoprevention - the REDUCE study using dutasteride, and the SELECT study using vitamin E and selenium - are also reviewed. CONCLUSIONS At present, finasteride remains the only intervention shown in long-term prospective phase III clinical trials to reduce the incidence of prostate cancer. Until we have the results of trials using alternative agents including the on-going REDUCE and SELECT trials, the advice given to men interested in prostate cancer prevention must include discussion of the results of the PCPT. The increased rate of HGPC in the finasteride group continues to generate debate; however, finasteride may still be suitable for prostate cancer prevention, particularly in men with lower urinary tract symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Thorpe
- Urology Section, Department of Cancer Studies & Molecular Medicine, University of Leicester, Clinical Sciences Unit, Leicester General Hospital, Leicester, UK.
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Kalra N, Seth K, Prasad S, Singh M, Pant AB, Shukla Y. RETRACTED: Theaflavins induced apoptosis of LNCaP cells is mediated through induction of p53, down-regulation of NF-kappa B and mitogen-activated protein kinases pathways. Life Sci 2007; 80:2137-2146. [PMID: 17499812 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2007.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2006] [Revised: 03/26/2007] [Accepted: 04/07/2007] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCA), the most frequently diagnosed malignancy in men, represents an excellent candidate disease for chemoprevention studies because of its particularly long latency period, high rate of mortality and morbidity. Infusion of black tea and its polyphenolic constituents have been shown to possess antineoplastic effects in androgen dependent PCA in both in vivo and in vitro models including transgenic animals. In the present study, we report that black tea polyphenol, Theaflavins (TF)-induced apoptosis in human prostate carcinoma, LNCaP cells is mediated via modulation of two related pathways: up-regulation of p53 and down-regulation of NF-kappa B activity, causing a change in the ratio of pro-and antiapoptotic proteins leading to apoptosis. The altered expression of Bcl-2 family member proteins triggered the release of cytochrome-C and activation of initiator capsase 9 followed by activation of effector caspase 3. Furthermore, TF also affected the protein expression of mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPK) pathways. Our results demonstrated that TF treatment resulted in down-regulation of phospho-extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (Erk1/2) and phospho-p38 MAPK expressions. We conclude that TF induces apoptosis in LNCaP cells by shifting the balance between pro-and antiapoptotic proteins and down-regulation of cell survival pathways leading to apoptosis. Further extending this work, we also showed that TF induces apoptosis in androgen independent PCA cell line, PC-3 through caspases and MAPKs mediated pathways. Thus, effect of TF on PCA cell lines seems to be irrespective of their androgen status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neetu Kalra
- Environmental Carcinogenesis Division, Industrial Toxicology Research Centre, P.O. Box 80, M.G. Marg, Lucknow-226001, India
| | - Kavita Seth
- Environmental Carcinogenesis Division, Industrial Toxicology Research Centre, P.O. Box 80, M.G. Marg, Lucknow-226001, India
| | - Sahdeo Prasad
- Environmental Carcinogenesis Division, Industrial Toxicology Research Centre, P.O. Box 80, M.G. Marg, Lucknow-226001, India
| | - Madhulika Singh
- Environmental Carcinogenesis Division, Industrial Toxicology Research Centre, P.O. Box 80, M.G. Marg, Lucknow-226001, India
| | - Aditya B Pant
- Environmental Carcinogenesis Division, Industrial Toxicology Research Centre, P.O. Box 80, M.G. Marg, Lucknow-226001, India
| | - Yogeshwer Shukla
- Environmental Carcinogenesis Division, Industrial Toxicology Research Centre, P.O. Box 80, M.G. Marg, Lucknow-226001, India.
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Kim Y, Lian F, Yeum KJ, Chongviriyaphan N, Choi SW, Russell RM, Wang XD. The effects of combined antioxidant (beta-carotene, alpha-tocopherol and ascorbic acid) supplementation on antioxidant capacity, DNA single-strand breaks and levels of insulin-like growth factor-1/IGF-binding protein 3 in the ferret model of lung cancer. Int J Cancer 2007; 120:1847-54. [PMID: 17278094 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.22320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and its major binding protein, IGF binding protein 3 (IGFBP-3) are implicated in lung cancer and other malignancies. We have previously shown that the combination of three major antioxidants [beta-carotene (BC), alpha-tocopherol (AT) and ascorbic acid (AA)] can prevent lung carcinogenesis in a 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK)-treated and smoke-exposed (SM) ferret model, which is highly analogous to humans. The present study is aimed at determining the effect of the combination of BC, AT and AA on antioxidant capacity, lymphocyte DNA damage, plasma IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 concentrations, as well as on IGF-1/IGFBP-3 mRNA expression in the tissues (lung and liver) of the ferrets. Ferrets were treated with or without combined antioxidant (BC, AT and AA) supplementation (AOX) for 6 months in the following 4 groups: (i) control; (ii) SM+NNK; (iii) AOX; and (iv) SM+NNK+AOX. Combined AOX supplementation significantly attenuated SM+NNK induced lymphocyte DNA damage in the ferret, while increasing resistance to oxidative damage when challenged with H(2)O(2) in vitro. Ferrets treated with SM+NNK had significantly lower IGFBP-3 mRNA expression in lungs, whereas there was significantly higher IGFBP-3 mRNA expression in the liver, as well as higher circulating IGFBP-3 concentrations. Combined AOX supplementation did not affect the plasma or tissue (lung and liver) ratio of IGF-1/IGFBP-3. Combined antioxidant supplementation provides protection against smoke-induced oxidative DNA damage, but does not affect the IGF-1/IGFBP-3 system. Differential expression of IGFBP-3 in different tissues indicates that caution should be taken when using plasma IGFBP-3 as a biomarker of tissue status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Kim
- Jean Mayer United States Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
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231
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Tang M, Ogawa K, Asamoto M, Hokaiwado N, Seeni A, Suzuki S, Takahashi S, Tanaka T, Ichikawa K, Shirai T. Protective effects of citrus nobiletin and auraptene in transgenic rats developing adenocarcinoma of the prostate (TRAP) and human prostate carcinoma cells. Cancer Sci 2007; 98:471-7. [PMID: 17284254 PMCID: PMC11158555 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2007.00417.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary phytochemicals, including nobiletin and auraptene, have been shown to exert inhibiting effects in several chemically induced carcinogenesis models. We here investigated the influence of nobiletin and auraptene on prostate carcinogenesis using transgenic rats developing adenocarcinoma of the prostate (TRAP) bearing the SV40 T antigen transgene under control of the probasin promoter and human prostate cancer cells. Starting at 5 weeks of age, male TRAP rats received powder diet containing 500 p.p.m. nobiletin or auraptene, or the basal diet for 15 weeks and then were sacrificed for analysis of serum testosterone levels and histological changes. The body and relative prostate weights and serum testosterone levels did not differ among the groups. Since all animals developed prostate carcinomas, these were semiquantitatively measured and expressed as relative areas of prostate epithelial cells. Nobiletin caused significant reduction in the ventral (P<0.01), lateral (P<0.001) and dorsal (P<0.05) prostate lobes, while decreasing high grade lesions (P<0.05) in the ventral and lateral lobes. Feeding of auraptene also effectively reduced the epithelial component (P<0.05) and high grade lesions (P<0.05), in the lateral prostate. A further experiment demonstrated that growth of androgen sensitive LNCaP and androgen insensitive DU145 and PC3 human prostate cancer cells, was suppressed by both nobiletin and to a lesser extent auraptene in a dose-dependent manner, with significant increase in apoptosis. In conclusion, these compounds, particularly nobiletin, may be valuable for prostate cancer prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- MingXi Tang
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Tumor Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan
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Manna S, Banerjee S, Mukherjee S, Das S, Panda CK. Epigallocatechin gallate induced apoptosis in Sarcoma180 cells in vivo: mediated by p53 pathway and inhibition in U1B, U4-U6 UsnRNAs expression. Apoptosis 2007; 11:2267-76. [PMID: 17041754 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-006-0198-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to understand the mode of action of tea polyphenol epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) in vivo. Swiss albino mice were treated i.p. with EGCG at two different doses i.e. 12-mg/kg body weight and 15-mg/kg body weight, for 7 days prior to inoculation of Sarcoma180 (S180) cells and continued for another 7 days. The growth of the S180, harvested 7 days after inoculation, was significantly reduced due to treatment with EGCG. The flowcytometric analysis of S180 cells, showed significant increase in apoptosis and reduction in the number of cells in G2/M phase of cell cycle due to treatment with EGCG. The induction of apoptosis has also been confirmed by the TUNEL and DNA fragmentation assays. Both RT-PCR and Western blot analysis showed significant up-regulation of p53 and bax, and down-regulation of bcl-2 and c-myc due to EGCG treatment. No changes in the expression pattern of p21, p27, bcl-xl, mdm2 and cyclin D1 were seen. Interestingly, there was significant down-regulation of spliceosomal uridylic acid rich small nuclear RNAs (UsnRNAs) U1B and U4-U6 due to EGCG treatment. This indicates that these UsnRNAs may be involved in the apoptosis process. Taken together, our study suggests that in vivo EGCG could induce apoptosis in S180 cells through alteration in G2/M phase of the cell cycle by up-regulation of p53, bax and down-regulation of c-myc, bcl-2 and U1B, U4-U6 UsnRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sugata Manna
- Department of Oncogene Regulation, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, 37, S.P. Mukherjee Road, Kolkata, 700026, India
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233
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Siddiqui IA, Afaq F, Adhami VM, Mukhtar H. Prevention of prostate cancer through custom tailoring of chemopreventive regimen. Chem Biol Interact 2007; 171:122-32. [PMID: 17403520 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2007.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2006] [Revised: 02/19/2007] [Accepted: 03/02/2007] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
One practical way to control cancer is through chemoprevention, which refers to the administration of synthetic or naturally occurring agents to block, reverse or delay the process of carcinogenesis. For a variety of reasons, the most important of which is human acceptance, for chemopreventive intervention naturally occurring diet-based agents are preferred over synthetic agents. For a long time, the prevailing mantra of cancer chemoprevention has been: "Find effective agents with acceptable or no toxicity and use them in preventing cancer in relatively healthy people or individuals at high risk for developing cancer". In pursuing this goal many naturally occurring phytochemicals capable of affording protection against carcinogenesis in preclinical settings in experimental animals have been described. However, clinical trials of single agents have yielded disappointing results. Since carcinogenesis is a multistage phenomenon in which many normal cellular pathways become aberrant, it is unlikely that one agent could prove effective in preventing cancer. This review underscores the need to build an armamentarium of naturally occurring chemopreventive substances that could prevent or slow down the development and progression of prostate cancer. Thus, the new effective approach for cancer prevention "building a customized mechanism-based chemoprevention cocktail of naturally occurring substances" is advocated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imtiaz A Siddiqui
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, United States
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234
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Degrassi A, Russo M, Scanziani E, Giusti A, Ceruti R, Texido G, Pesenti E. Magnetic resonance imaging and histopathological characterization of prostate tumors in TRAMP mice as model for pre-clinical trials. Prostate 2007; 67:396-404. [PMID: 17187397 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Transgenic Adenocarcinoma of Mouse Prostate (TRAMP) develops progressive forms of prostate cancer. Due to the lack of a validated non-invasive methodology, pathology has been so far the most common parameter evaluated in efficacy studies. METHODS We studied by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 210 mice that were repeatedly measured up to 33 weeks of age in order to stage prostate tumors and follow pathological progression in single animals. A pre-clinical trial with doxorubicin was also performed. RESULTS Progressive forms of cancer (well and poorly differentiated (PD) adenocarcinomas) were easily recognized on MR images and MRI findings were validated against histopathological analysis. Age at tumor onset was different for the two tumoral forms. Doxorubicin treatment caused a strong reduction in tumor volume. CONCLUSIONS Prostate cancer in TRAMP mice is multifocal and heterogeneous: a non-invasive methodology such as MRI facilitates the rational design of translational pre-clinical trials in this widely used animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Degrassi
- Pharmacology Department, Nerviano Medical Sciences, Nerviano (MI), Italy.
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235
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Kang TH, Lee JH, Song CK, Han HD, Shin BC, Pai SI, Hung CF, Trimble C, Lim JS, Kim TW, Wu TC. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate enhances CD8+ T cell-mediated antitumor immunity induced by DNA vaccination. Cancer Res 2007; 67:802-11. [PMID: 17234792 PMCID: PMC3181129 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-2638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapy and chemotherapy are generally effective against small tumors in animal models of cancer. However, these treatment regimens are generally ineffective against large, bulky tumors. We have found that a multimodality treatment regimen using DNA vaccination in combination with chemotherapeutic agent epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), a compound found in green tea, is effective in inhibiting large tumor growth. EGCG was found to induce tumor cellular apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. The combination of EGCG and DNA vaccination led to an enhanced tumor-specific T-cell immune response and enhanced antitumor effects, resulting in a higher cure rate than either immunotherapy or EGCG alone. In addition, combined DNA vaccination and oral EGCG treatment provided long-term antitumor protection in cured mice. Cured animals rejected a challenge of E7-expressing tumors, such as TC-1 and B16E7, but not a challenge of B16 7 weeks after the combined treatment, showing antigen-specific immune responses. These results suggest that multimodality treatment strategies, such as combining immunotherapy with a tumor-killing cancer drug, may be a more effective anticancer strategy than single-modality treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Heung Kang
- Laboratory of Infection and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University, Gyeonggi-Do, South Korea
| | - Jin Hyup Lee
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Chung Kil Song
- Department of Advanced Materials, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Hee Dong Han
- Department of Advanced Materials, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Byung Cheol Shin
- Department of Advanced Materials, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Sara I. Pai
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Chien-Fu Hung
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Cornelia Trimble
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jong-Seok Lim
- Research Center for Women’s Diseases, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Tae Woo Kim
- Laboratory of Infection and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University, Gyeonggi-Do, South Korea
- Research Center for Women’s Diseases, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - T-C. Wu
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland
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236
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Verschoyle RD, Greaves P, Cai H, Edwards RE, Steward WP, Gescher AJ. Evaluation of the cancer chemopreventive efficacy of rice bran in genetic mouse models of breast, prostate and intestinal carcinogenesis. Br J Cancer 2007; 96:248-54. [PMID: 17211473 PMCID: PMC2359993 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6603539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 10/16/2006] [Accepted: 11/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Brown rice is a staple dietary constituent in Asia, whereas rice consumed in the Western world is generally white, obtained from brown rice by removal of the bran. We tested the hypothesis that rice bran interferes with development of tumours in TAg, TRansgenic Adenocarcinoma of the Mouse Prostate (TRAMP) or Apc(Min) mice, genetic models of mammary, prostate and intestinal carcinogenesis, respectively. Mice received rice bran (30%) in AIN-93G diet throughout their post-weaning lifespan. In TAg and TRAMP mice, rice bran did not affect carcinoma development. In TRAMP or wild-type C57Bl6/J mice, dietary rice bran increased kidney weight by 18 and 20%, respectively. Consumption of rice bran reduced numbers of intestinal adenomas in Apc(Min) mice by 51% (P<0.01), compared to mice on control diet. In parallel, dietary rice bran decreased intestinal haemorrhage in these mice, as reflected by increased haematocrit. At 10% in the diet, rice bran did not significantly retard Apc(Min) adenoma development. Likewise, low-fibre rice bran (30% in the diet) did not affect intestinal carcinogenesis, suggesting that the fibrous constituents of the bran mediate chemopreventive efficacy. The results suggest that rice bran might be beneficially evaluated as a putative chemopreventive intervention in humans with intestinal polyps.
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Affiliation(s)
- R D Verschoyle
- Cancer Biomarkers and Prevention Group, Department of Cancer Studies and Molecular Medicine, University of Leicester, Leicester LE2 7LX, UK
| | - P Greaves
- Cancer Biomarkers and Prevention Group, Department of Cancer Studies and Molecular Medicine, University of Leicester, Leicester LE2 7LX, UK
| | - H Cai
- Cancer Biomarkers and Prevention Group, Department of Cancer Studies and Molecular Medicine, University of Leicester, Leicester LE2 7LX, UK
| | - R E Edwards
- Medical Research Council Toxicology Unit, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - W P Steward
- Cancer Biomarkers and Prevention Group, Department of Cancer Studies and Molecular Medicine, University of Leicester, Leicester LE2 7LX, UK
| | - A J Gescher
- Cancer Biomarkers and Prevention Group, Department of Cancer Studies and Molecular Medicine, University of Leicester, Leicester LE2 7LX, UK
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237
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Abstract
Prostate cancer is the second most commonly diagnosed cancer and the third leading fatal cancer in American men. Comprehensive studies from human epidemiological studies, animal tumor models, and cellular molecular levels suggested that alpha-vitamin E and its derivatives possess remarkable chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic against prostate cancer. This chapter details the facts of alpha-vitamin E and its nonantioxidant functions in prostate cancer, focuses on the biological mechanisms for the alpha-vitamin E and its ester analogue, alpha-vitamin E succinate (VES), in prevention and therapy of prostate cancer, and raises specific questions that remain for intensive investigation in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ni
- Department of Urology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14642, USA
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238
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Abstract
Polyphenols constitute an important group of phytochemicals that gained increased research attention since it was found that they could affect cancer cell growth. Initial evidence came from epidemiologic studies suggesting that a diet that includes regular consumption of fruits and vegetables (rich in polyphenols) significantly reduces the risk of many cancers. In the present work we briefly review the effects of polyphenols on cancer cell fate, leading towards growth, differentiation and apoptosis. Their action can be attributed not only to their ability to act as antioxidants but also to their ability to interact with basic cellular mechanisms. Such interactions include interference with membrane and intracellular receptors, modulation of signaling cascades, interaction with the basic enzymes involved in tumor promotion and metastasis, interaction with oncogenes and oncoproteins, and, finally, direct or indirect interactions with nucleic acids and nucleoproteins. These actions involve almost the whole spectrum of basic cellular machinery--from the cell membrane to signaling cytoplasmic molecules and to the major nuclear components--and provide insights into their beneficial health effects. In addition, the actions justify the scientific interest in this class of compounds, and provide clues about their possible pharmaceutical exploitation in the field of oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kampa
- Laboratory of Experimental Endocrinology, University of Crete, School of Medicine, P.O. Box 2208, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
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239
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Kundra V, Ng CS, Ma J, Bankson JA, Price RE, Cody DD, Do KA, Han L, Navone NM. In vivo imaging of prostate cancer involving bone in a mouse model. Prostate 2007; 67:50-60. [PMID: 17031813 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We compared the abilities of clinically relevant imaging modalities to quantify prostate cancer involving bone in a mouse model. Such non-invasive methods are needed pre-clinically to understand tumor biology and to evaluate therapy. METHODS Human prostate cancer cells (MDA PCa 2b) or vehicle were injected into the right or left femur of SCID mice (n = 8). Radiography, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging were performed 5 and 8 weeks later (n = 7). Bone scintigraphy (n = 6) was also performed at week 8. Imaging findings were compared with histology and correlated with contemporaneous serum prostate-specific antigen levels. RESULTS Among the modalities evaluated, only MR imaging delineated prostate tumors involving bone. Tumor volume assessed by MR imaging correlated with PSA levels (R(2) = 0.87, P < 0.001). MR imaging of tumors corresponded with histology. Imaging of mineralized bone by CT corresponded with histology. CONCLUSION In a mouse model, prostate tumors involving bone can be quantified using MR imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikas Kundra
- Department of Radiology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
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240
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Li J, Li Q, Feng T, Zhang T, Li K, Zhao R, Han Z, Gao D. Antitumor activity of crude polysaccharides isolated fromSolanum nigrum Linne on U14 cervical carcinoma bearing mice. Phytother Res 2007; 21:832-40. [PMID: 17486683 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.2163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Solanum nigrum Linne (SNL) has been used in traditional Chinese medicine for centuries because of its diuretic and antipyretic effects. The present study examined the effect of the crude polysaccharides isolated from Solanum nigrum Linne (SNL-P) on tumor growth. SNL-P had a significant growth inhibition effect on cervical cancer (U14) of tumor-bearing mice. Further analysis of the tumor inhibition mechanism indicated that the number of apoptotic tumor cells increased significantly, the expression of Bax increased and the expression of Bcl-2 and mutant p53 decreased dramatically in cervical cancer sections after oral administration of SNL-P for 12 days. Moreover, SNL-P treatment decreased the level of blood serum TNF-alpha. These results indicated that the tumor growth inhibition of SNL-P administration might correlate with the reduction of TNF-alpha level of blood serum, which resulted in a massive necrosis in tumor tissues and the up-regulation of Bax and down-regulation of Bcl-2 and mutant p53 gene expression, which triggered apoptosis in tumor cells. These findings demonstrated that the SNL-P is a potential antitumor agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Li
- College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, Hebei Province 066004, People's Republic of China
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241
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Bemis DL, Capodice JL, Costello JE, Vorys GC, Katz AE, Buttyan R. The use of herbal and over-the-counter dietary supplements for the prevention of prostate cancer. Curr Urol Rep 2006; 7:166-74. [PMID: 16630519 DOI: 10.1007/s11934-006-0017-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Having a high probability of experiencing prostate cancer during their lifetime, men are increasingly seeking protection against this disease with the use of over-the-counter dietary supplements containing herbs, vitamins, or plant-derived biochemical agents. The use of these agents for prostate cancer prevention is driven by epidemiology supporting the idea that regional diets and consumption of specific dietary components (certain herbs, vitamins, isoflavones, and polyphenols) are associated with a lower risk for prostate cancer, in conjunction with basic research that is defining molecules within food substances that kill or suppress growth of cultured human prostate cancer cells. Moreover, there is a sense that these dietary agents lack side effects, although this assumption often is faulty. Unfortunately, at this time, there is insufficient clinical evidence to support the widespread use of these dietary supplements for chemoprevention of prostate cancer, although ongoing clinical trials of the most promising vitamins and minerals are approaching conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debra L Bemis
- Department of Urology, Columbia University, 161 Fort Washington Avenue, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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242
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Adhami VM, Afaq F, Mukhtar H. Insulin-like growth factor-I axis as a pathway for cancer chemoprevention. Clin Cancer Res 2006; 12:5611-4. [PMID: 17020962 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-06-1564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vaqar Mustafa Adhami
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1300 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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243
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Choi JH, Yoon SK, Lee KH, Seo MS, Kim DH, Hong SB, Kim JY, Paik HD, Kim CH. Antitumor activity of cell suspension culture of green tea seed (Camellia sinensis L.). BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02932305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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244
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Lambert JD, Kim DH, Zheng R, Yang CS. Transdermal delivery of (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate, a green tea polyphenol, in mice. J Pharm Pharmacol 2006; 58:599-604. [PMID: 16640828 DOI: 10.1211/jpp.58.5.0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) is the most studied catechin in green tea (Camellia sinensis). EGCG and green tea are cancer preventive in many animal models, and numerous mechanisms have been proposed in cell lines. EGCG is poorly bioavailable in man and rodents. We hypothesized that transdermal delivery of EGCG could result in improved bioavailability. Following application of EGCG transdermal gel (50 mg kg(-1), t.d.) to SKH-1 mice, EGCG was observed in the epidermis (1365.7-121.0 ng g(-1)) and dermis (411.2-42.6 ng g(-1)). The maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) of EGCG was 44.5 ng mL(-1). The t(1/2) (94.4 h) and AUC(0-->24 h) (881.5 ng mL(-1) h) of EGCG were greater than values previously reported for oral EGCG. The t(1/2) and area under the concentration-time curve up to 24 h (AUC(0-->24 h)) in the liver, small intestine and colon were 21.3-74.6 h and 715-2802 ng g(-1)h, respectively. Stability studies showed that the transdermal formulation was stable at 4 degrees C and had a half-life (t(1/2)) of 47.1 and 20.2 h at 25 degrees C and 37 degrees C, respectively. These data indicate that transdermal EGCG is useful for delivering prolonged levels of EGCG to plasma and tissues, and may provide an alternative to tea consumption as a dosage form of EGCG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D Lambert
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
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245
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Yan Y, Wang Y, Tan Q, Hara Y, Yun TK, Lubet RA, You M. Efficacy of polyphenon E, red ginseng, and rapamycin on benzo(a)pyrene-induced lung tumorigenesis in A/J mice. Neoplasia 2006; 8:52-8. [PMID: 16533426 PMCID: PMC1584290 DOI: 10.1593/neo.05652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this investigation was to determine the efficacy of several novel agents in preventing lung tumorigenesis in mice. We evaluated polyphenon E, red ginseng, and rapamycin in A/J mice treated with the tobacco-specific carcinogen benzo(a)pyrene for their ability to inhibit pulmonary adenoma formation and growth. We found that treatment with polyphenon E exhibited a significant reduction on both tumor multiplicity and tumor load (tumor multiplicity x tumor volume) in a dose-dependent fashion. Polyphenon E (2% wt/wt) in the diet reduced tumor multiplicity by 46% and tumor load by 94%. This result provided key evidence in support of a phase II clinical chemoprevention trial of lung cancer. Administration of red ginseng in drinking water decreased tumor multiplicity by 36% and tumor load by 70%. The mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor rapamycin showed significant efficacy against lung tumor growth in the tumor progression protocol and reduced tumor load by 84%. The results of these investigations demonstrate that polyphenon E, red ginseng, and rapamycin significantly inhibit pulmonary adenoma formation and growth in A/J mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yan
- Department of Surgery, The Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8109, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Yian Wang
- Department of Surgery, The Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8109, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Qing Tan
- Department of Surgery, The Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8109, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | | | - Taik-Koo Yun
- Korea Cancer Center Hospital, 215-4 Gongneung Dong, Nowon Ku, Seoul 139-706, South Korea
| | - Ronald A Lubet
- Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ming You
- Department of Surgery, The Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8109, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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246
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Stuart EC, Scandlyn MJ, Rosengren RJ. Role of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) in the treatment of breast and prostate cancer. Life Sci 2006; 79:2329-36. [PMID: 16945390 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2006.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2006] [Revised: 07/18/2006] [Accepted: 07/31/2006] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Green tea and its major constituent epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) have been extensively studied as a potential treatment for a variety of diseases, including cancer. Epidemiological data have suggested that EGCG may provide protective effects against hormone related cancers, namely breast or prostate cancer. Extensive in vitro investigations using both hormone responsive and non-responsive cell lines have shown that EGCG induces apoptosis and alters the expression of cell cycle regulatory proteins that are critical for cell survival and apoptosis. This review will highlight the important in vitro mechanistic actions elicited by EGCG in various breast and prostate cancer cell lines. Additionally, the actions of green tea/EGCG in in vivo models for these cancers as well as in clinical trials will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma C Stuart
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 18 Frederick Street, Adams Building, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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247
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Lee AH, Fraser ML, Meng X, Binns CW. Protective effects of green tea against prostate cancer. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2006; 6:507-13. [PMID: 16613539 DOI: 10.1586/14737140.6.4.507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer has the third highest incidence of all cancers in men worldwide with incidence and mortality being particularly high in affluent, developed countries. Tea, especially green tea, has demonstrated promise in the prevention of several cancers. Green tea contains several components including catechins, a category of polyphenols that have chemopreventive properties. Although evidence from epidemiological studies is not comprehensive, it is strengthened by animal and in vitro evidence suggesting that consumption of tea is associated with decreased risk or progression of prostate cancer. Emerging evidence and potential biological mechanisms for the role of green tea in prostate cancer prevention are presented in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy H Lee
- School of Public Health, Curtin University of Technology, GPO Box U 1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia.
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248
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Spinella F, Rosanò L, Di Castro V, Decandia S, Albini A, Nicotra MR, Natali PG, Bagnato A. Green tea polyphenol epigallocatechin-3-gallate inhibits the endothelin axis and downstream signaling pathways in ovarian carcinoma. Mol Cancer Ther 2006; 5:1483-92. [PMID: 16818507 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-06-0053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The polyphenol epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), the principal mediator of the green tea, has been known to possess antitumor effect. The endothelin A receptor (ET(A)R)/endothelin-1 (ET-1) axis is overexpressed in ovarian carcinoma representing a novel therapeutic target. In this study, we examined the green tea and EGCG effects on two ovarian carcinoma cell lines, HEY and OVCA 433. EGCG inhibited ovarian cancer cell growth and induced apoptosis that was associated with a decrease in Bcl-X(L) expression and activation of caspase-3. Treatment with green tea or EGCG inhibited ET(A)R and ET-1 expression and reduced the basal and ET-1-induced cell proliferation and invasion. The EGCG-induced inhibitory effects were associated with a decrease of ET(A)R-dependent activation of the p42/p44 and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathway. Remarkably, EGCG treatment resulted in a lowering of basal and ET-1-induced angiogenesis and invasiveness mediators, such as vascular endothelial growth factor and tumor proteinase activation. Finally, in HEY ovarian carcinoma xenografts, tumor growth was significantly inhibited by oral administration of green tea. This effect was associated with a reduction in ET-1, ET(A)R, and vascular endothelial growth factor expression, microvessel density, and proliferation index. These results provide a novel insight into the mechanism by which EGCG, affecting multiple ET(A)R-dependent pathways, may inhibit ovarian carcinoma growth, suggesting that EGCG may be useful in preventing and treating ovarian carcinoma in which ET(A)R activation by ET-1 plays a critical role in tumor growth and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Spinella
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and Ultrastructure, Regina Elena Cancer Institute, Via delle Messi d'Oro, 156, 00158 Rome, Italy
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Henning SM, Aronson W, Niu Y, Conde F, Lee NH, Seeram NP, Lee RP, Lu J, Harris DM, Moro A, Hong J, Pak-Shan L, Barnard RJ, Ziaee HG, Csathy G, Go VLW, Wang H, Heber D. Tea polyphenols and theaflavins are present in prostate tissue of humans and mice after green and black tea consumption. J Nutr 2006; 136:1839-43. [PMID: 16772446 DOI: 10.1093/jn/136.7.1839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Green and black tea have shown promise in the chemoprevention of prostate cancer. The objective of this study was to determine the bioavailability and bioactivity of tea polyphenols (PP) and theaflavins in human serum and human and mouse tissues. A decaffeinated black tea diet was administered to C57BL/6 mice. PPs and theaflavins were found in the small and large intestine, liver, and prostate in conjugated and free forms. The relative prostate bioavailability of theaflavin was 70% higher than that of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG). In the second mouse study, a green tea (GT) diet was administered followed by the control diet for 1-5 d. Epicatechin (EC), EGCG, and epicatechin gallate (ECG) concentrations in prostate tissue were significantly decreased after 1 d of consuming the control diet. Epigallocatechin gallate (EGC), however, did not decrease significantly. For the human study, 20 men scheduled for surgical prostatectomy were randomly assigned to consume 1.42 L daily of GT, BT, or a caffeine-matched soda control (SC) for 5 d before radical prostatectomy. Tea PPs were greater in prostate samples from men consuming BT and GT than in men consuming SC (P = 0.0025). Although tea PP were not detectable in serum, ex vivo LNCaP prostate cancer cell proliferation was less when cells were grown in media containing patient serum collected after BT (P < 0.001) and GT (P = 0.025) consumption relative to baseline serum This is the first human study to show that tea polyphenols and theaflavins are bioavailable in the prostate where they may be active in the prevention of prostate cancer.
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Garcia GE, Wisniewski HG, Lucia MS, Arevalo N, Slaga TJ, Kraft SL, Strange R, Kumar AP. 2-Methoxyestradiol inhibits prostate tumor development in transgenic adenocarcinoma of mouse prostate: role of tumor necrosis factor-alpha-stimulated gene 6. Clin Cancer Res 2006; 12:980-8. [PMID: 16467113 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-05-2068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE 2-Methoxyestradiol, an estrogenic metabolite, is in clinical trials for the treatment of hormone-refractory prostate cancer. However, neither the chemopreventive role nor the mechanism of 2-methoxyestradiol-induced biological activities is fully understood. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Eight- and 24-week-old transgenic adenocarcinoma of mouse prostate (TRAMP) mice were fed a diet containing 50 mg 2-methoxyestradiol/kg body weight for 16 and 8 weeks, respectively. Chemopreventive efficacy was evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging, determining the prostate-seminal vesicle complex volume and histologic analysis of prostate tumor or tissue. Tumor invasion assays were used to show the role of tumor necrosis factor-alpha-stimulated gene (TSG-6), a 2-methoxyestradiol-up-regulated gene identified by DNA array analysis. Expression of TSG-6 was analyzed in a human tissue array containing different grades of prostate tumors. RESULTS Dietary administration of 2-methoxyestradiol prevented the development of preneoplastic lesions independent of progression stage. TSG-6 was low or undetectable in prostate cancer cells (LNCaP, PC-3, and DU145) and TRAMP tumors but up-regulated in response to 2-methoxyestradiol. Immunohistochemistry of the human prostate tumor array showed a decrease in TSG-6-positive cells with increasing grade relative to normal prostate (P = 0.0001). Although overexpression of TSG-6 inhibited invasion of androgen-independent cells (P = 0.007), antisense TSG-6 reversed this effect. CONCLUSIONS To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report showing the potential of 2-methoxyestradiol as a chemopreventive agent. We have also identified TSG-6 as a potential marker that could be used for early diagnosis and prognosis of cancerous or precancerous lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gretchen E Garcia
- Departments of Urology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas 78229, USA
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