201
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Simor P, Zavecz Z, Horváth K, Éltető N, Török C, Pesthy O, Gombos F, Janacsek K, Nemeth D. Deconstructing Procedural Memory: Different Learning Trajectories and Consolidation of Sequence and Statistical Learning. Front Psychol 2019; 9:2708. [PMID: 30687169 PMCID: PMC6333905 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Procedural learning is a fundamental cognitive function that facilitates efficient processing of and automatic responses to complex environmental stimuli. Here, we examined training-dependent and off-line changes of two sub-processes of procedural learning: namely, sequence learning and statistical learning. Whereas sequence learning requires the acquisition of order-based relationships between the elements of a sequence, statistical learning is based on the acquisition of probabilistic associations between elements. Seventy-eight healthy young adults (58 females and 20 males) completed the modified version of the Alternating Serial Reaction Time task that was designed to measure Sequence and Statistical Learning simultaneously. After training, participants were randomly assigned to one of three conditions: active wakefulness, quiet rest, or daytime sleep. We examined off-line changes in Sequence and Statistical Learning as well as further improvements after extended practice. Performance in Sequence Learning increased during training, while Statistical Learning plateaued relatively rapidly. After the off-line period, both the acquired sequence and statistical knowledge was preserved, irrespective of the vigilance state (awake, quiet rest or sleep). Sequence Learning further improved during extended practice, while Statistical Learning did not. Moreover, within the sleep group, cortical oscillations and sleep spindle parameters showed differential associations with Sequence and Statistical Learning. Our findings can contribute to a deeper understanding of the dynamic changes of multiple parallel learning and consolidation processes that occur during procedural memory formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Simor
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsofia Zavecz
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- MTA-ELTE NAP Brain, Memory and Language Research Group, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Kata Horváth
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- MTA-ELTE NAP Brain, Memory and Language Research Group, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Noémi Éltető
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Csenge Török
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Orsolya Pesthy
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Gombos
- Department of General Psychology, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Budapest, Hungary
- MTA-PPKE Adolescent Development Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Karolina Janacsek
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- MTA-ELTE NAP Brain, Memory and Language Research Group, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dezso Nemeth
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- MTA-ELTE NAP Brain, Memory and Language Research Group, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center (CRNL), Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
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202
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Talimkhani A, Abdollahi I, Mohseni-Bandpei MA, Ehsani F, Khalili S, Jaberzadeh S. Differential Effects of Unihemispheric Concurrent Dual-Site and Conventional tDCS on Motor Learning: A Randomized, Sham-Controlled Study. Basic Clin Neurosci 2019; 10:59-72. [PMID: 31031894 PMCID: PMC6484181 DOI: 10.32598/bcn.9.10.350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2017] [Revised: 12/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Based on the literature, unihemispheric concurrent dual-site anodal transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (a-tDCSUHCDS) of primary Motor cortex (M1) and Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex (DLPFC) would be more efficient than conventional a-tDCS of M1 to induce larger and longer-lasting M1 corticospinal excitability. The main objective of the present study was to compare the effects of a-tDCSUHCDS and conventional M1 a-tDCS on the extent and durability of the motor sequence acquisition in healthy individuals. Methods: In this randomized sham-controlled study, healthy volunteers were randomly divided into three groups: experimental (a-tDCSUHCDS), control (M1 a-tDCS), and sham stimulation groups. The participants practiced serial response time task over three consecutive days when they simultaneously received a-tDCS. Using the skill measure, we assessed motor learning up to 4 weeks after the completion of experimental conditions. Results: Data analysis revealed that all groups exhibited the improved trend over the training course (P<0.001). There were no significant differences in skill acquisition among groups at post-intervention (P>0.05), while a significant improvement was observed between experimental and sham group at the retention time (P<0.05). Moreover, there were no significant differences between the control and two other groups with regard to the retention time (P>0.05). Conclusion: These results revealed a significant increase in the skill acquisition by a-tDCSUHCDS technique with regard to retention issue, which could be a valuable finding in neuro-rehabilitation field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ailin Talimkhani
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.,Department of Physical Therapy, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Iraj Abdollahi
- Pediatric Neurorehabilitation Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,University Institute of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | - Fatemeh Ehsani
- Neuromuscular Rehabilitation Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Sanaz Khalili
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Shapour Jaberzadeh
- Non-invasive Brain Stimulation & Neuroplasticity Laboratory, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Physiotherapy, School of Primary and Allied Health Care, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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203
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Liu P, Cole PM, Gilmore RO, Pérez-Edgar KE, Vigeant MC, Moriarty P, Scherf KS. Young children's neural processing of their mother's voice: An fMRI study. Neuropsychologia 2019; 122:11-19. [PMID: 30528586 PMCID: PMC6334756 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2018.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In addition to semantic content, human speech carries paralinguistic information that conveys important social cues such as a speaker's identity. For young children, their own mothers' voice is one of the most salient vocal inputs in their daily environment. Indeed, qualities of mothers' voices are shown to contribute to children's social development. Our knowledge of how the mother's voice is processed at the neural level, however, is limited. This study investigated whether the voice of a mother modulates activation in the network of regions activated by the human voice in young children differently than the voice of an unfamiliar mother. We collected fMRI data from 32 typically developing 7- and 8-year-olds as they listened to natural speech produced by their mother and another child's mother. We used emotionally-varied natural speech stimuli to approximate the range of children's day-to-day experience. We individually-defined functional ROIs in children's voice-sensitive neural network and then independently investigated the extent to which activation in these regions is modulated by speaker identity. The bilateral posterior auditory cortex, superior temporal gyrus (STG), and inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) exhibit enhanced activation in response to the voice of one's own mother versus that of an unfamiliar mother. The findings indicate that children process the voice of their own mother uniquely, and pave the way for future studies of how social information processing contributes to the trajectory of child social development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Liu
- Department of Psychology, Child Study Center, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Pamela M Cole
- Department of Psychology, Child Study Center, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
| | - Rick O Gilmore
- Department of Psychology, Child Study Center, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Koraly E Pérez-Edgar
- Department of Psychology, Child Study Center, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Michelle C Vigeant
- Graduate Program in Acoustics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Peter Moriarty
- Graduate Program in Acoustics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - K Suzanne Scherf
- Department of Psychology, Child Study Center, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
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204
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Neva J, Brown K, Wadden K, Mang C, Borich M, Meehan S, Boyd L. The effects of five sessions of continuous theta burst stimulation over contralesional sensorimotor cortex paired with paretic skilled motor practice in people with chronic stroke. Restor Neurol Neurosci 2019; 37:273-290. [PMID: 31227676 PMCID: PMC7886006 DOI: 10.3233/rnn-190916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In individuals with chronic stroke, impairment of the paretic arm may be exacerbated by increased contralesional transcallosal inhibition (TCI). Continuous theta burst stimulation (cTBS) can decrease primary motor cortex (M1) excitability and TCI. However, contralesional cTBS shows inconsistent effects after stroke. Variable effects of cTBS could stem from failure to pair stimulation with skilled motor practice or a focus of applying cTBS over M1. OBJECTIVE Here, we investigated the effects of pairing cTBS with skilled practice on motor learning and arm function. We considered the differential effects of stimulation over two different brain regions: contralesional M1 (M1c) or contralesional primary somatosensory cortex (S1c). METHODS 37 individuals with chronic stroke participated in five sessions of cTBS and paretic arm skilled practice of a serial targeting task (STT); participants received either cTBS over M1c or S1c or sham before STT practice. Changes in STT performance and Wolf Motor Function Test (WMFT) were assessed as primary outcomes. Assessment of bilateral corticospinal, intracortical excitability and TCI were secondary outcomes. RESULTS cTBS over sensorimotor cortex did not improve STT performance and paretic WMFT-rate beyond sham cTBS. TCI was reduced bi-directionally following the intervention, regardless of stimulation group. In addition, we observed an association between STT performance change and paretic WMFT-rate change in the M1c stimulation group only. CONCLUSIONS Multiple sessions of STT practice can improve paretic arm function and decrease TCI bilaterally, with no additional benefit of prior cTBS. Our results suggest that improvement in STT practice following M1c cTBS scaled with change in paretic arm function in some individuals. Our results highlight the need for a better understanding of the mechanisms of cTBS to effectively identify who may benefit from this form of brain stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J.L. Neva
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - K.E. Brown
- Graduate Studies in Rehabilitation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver Canada
| | - K.P. Wadden
- Graduate Studies in Rehabilitation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver Canada
| | - C.S. Mang
- Graduate Studies in Rehabilitation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver Canada
- Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - M.R. Borich
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Division of Physical Therapy, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - S.K. Meehan
- School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - L.A. Boyd
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- The Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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205
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Kazum E, Dolkart O, Rosenthal Y, Sherman H, Amar E, Salai M, Maman E, Chechik O. A Simple and Low-cost Drilling Simulator for Training Plunging Distance Among Orthopedic Surgery Residents. JOURNAL OF SURGICAL EDUCATION 2019; 76:281-285. [PMID: 30078522 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsurg.2018.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Drilling through bone is a complex action that requires precise motor skills of an orthopedic surgeon. In order to minimize plunging and soft tissue damage, the surgeon must halt drill progression precisely following penetration of the far cortex. The purpose of this study was to create a low-cost and easy-to-use drilling simulator to train orthopedic residents in reducing the drill plunging depth. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS This prospective observational study was performed in the division of orthopedic surgery of a single tertiary medical center. The participants included 13 residents and 7 orthopedic specialists. The simulator consisted of a synthetic femur bone model and ordinary modeling clay, and the training unit consisted of a disposable plastic tube (∼US$14), clamps (∼US$58), and a power drill + drill bit (standard hospital equipment). Plunging depths were measured by the simulator and compared between orthopedic specialists, the 6 "senior residents" (3+ years) and the 7 "junior residents" during a training session. Measurements were taken again 2 weeks following the training session. RESULTS Initially, the plunging depths of the junior residents were significantly greater compared to those of the orthopedic specialists (7.00 mm vs. 5.28 mm, respectively, p < 0.038). There was no similarly significant difference between the senior residents and the orthopedic experts ([6.33 mm vs. 5.28 mm, respectively; p = 0.18). The senior residents achieved plunging depths of 5.17 mm at the end of the training session and 4.7 mm 2 weeks later compared to 7.14 mm at the end of the training session and 6 mm 2 weeks later for the junior residents. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated the capability of a low-cost drilling simulator as a training model for reducing the plunging depth during the drilling of bone and soft tissue among junior and senior residents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efi Kazum
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Oleg Dolkart
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
| | - Yoav Rosenthal
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Haggai Sherman
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Eyal Amar
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Moshe Salai
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Eran Maman
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ofir Chechik
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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206
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Platz T, Lotze M. Arm Ability Training (AAT) Promotes Dexterity Recovery After a Stroke-a Review of Its Design, Clinical Effectiveness, and the Neurobiology of the Actions. Front Neurol 2018; 9:1082. [PMID: 30619042 PMCID: PMC6298423 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.01082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Arm Ability Training (AAT) has been specifically designed to promote manual dexterity recovery for stroke patients who have mild to moderate arm paresis. The motor control problems that these patients suffer from relate to a lack of efficiency in terms of the sensorimotor integration needed for dexterity. Various sensorimotor arm and hand abilities such as speed of selective movements, the capacity to make precise goal-directed arm movements, coordinated visually guided movements, steadiness, and finger dexterity all contribute to our "dexterity" in daily life. All these abilities are deficient in stroke patients who have mild to moderate paresis causing focal disability. The AAT explicitly and repetitively trains all these sensorimotor abilities at the individual's performance limit with eight different tasks; it further implements various task difficulty levels and integrates augmented feedback in the form of intermittent knowledge of results. The evidence from two randomized controlled trials indicates the clinical effectiveness of the AAT with regard to the promotion of "dexterity" recovery and the reduction of focal disability in stroke patients with mild to moderate arm paresis. In addition, the effects have been shown to be superior to time-equivalent "best conventional therapy." Further, studies in healthy subjects showed that the AAT induced substantial sensorimotor learning. The observed learning dynamics indicate that different underlying sensorimotor arm and hand abilities are trained. Capacities strengthened by the training can, in part, be used by both arms. Non-invasive brain stimulation experiments and functional magnetic resonance imaging data documented that at an early stage in the training cortical sensorimotor network areas are involved in learning induced by the AAT, yet differentially for the tasks trained. With prolonged training over 2 to 3 weeks, subcortical structures seem to take over. While behavioral similarities in training responses have been observed in healthy volunteers and patients, training-induced functional re-organization in survivors of a subcortical stroke uniquely involved the ipsilesional premotor cortex as an adaptive recruitment of this secondary motor area. Thus, training-induced plasticity in healthy and brain-damaged subjects are not necessarily the same.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Platz
- BDH-Klinik Greifswald, Centre for Neurorehabilitation, Intensive and Ventilation Care, Spinal Cord Injury Unit, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Martin Lotze
- Functional Imaging Unit, Center for Diagnostic Radiology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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207
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Nascimento AL, Toledo AM, Merey LF, Tudella E, Soares-Marangoni DDA. Brief reaching training with "sticky mittens" in preterm infants: Randomized controlled trial. Hum Mov Sci 2018; 63:138-147. [PMID: 30537626 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2018.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine whether a brief reaching training with sticky mittens was effective to improve reaching behavior in newly reaching preterm infants. METHODS In this randomized controlled trial, twenty four 5-month-old (±16-week-old corrected age) preterm infants were randomly allocated into experimental or control groups. Infants were assessed three times in a single session: pretraining (immediately before training), posttraining (immediately after training), and retention (4 min after the posttraining). During training, infants in the experimental group wore open fingers Velcro covered mittens. Training consisted of one 4-minute session of stimulated reaching using Velcro covered toys. Controls did not receive the training. During assessments, infants were placed in a baby chair and toys without Velcro were offered at their midline for 2 min. Number of total reaches, proximal adjustments and distal adjustments of reaching were primary outcomes. Grasping was a secondary outcome. RESULTS Groups were similar in the pretraining. In the posttraining, trained infants performed greater amount of total reaches and bimanual reaches than untrained infants. Greater amount of bimanual reaches in trained infants was maintained in the retention test. Distal adjustments and grasping outcome were not influenced by the training. CONCLUSIONS A brief-term training with open fingers sticky mittens benefited reaching behavior and favored retention of increased bimanual reaches in newly reaching late preterm infants. However, it was not sufficient to influence hand openness and early grasping.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Leila Foerster Merey
- Physical Therapy Section, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Eloisa Tudella
- Departament of Physical Therapy, Federal University of Sao Carlos, Sao Carlos, SP, Brazil
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208
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Explaining the neural activity distribution associated with discrete movement sequences: Evidence for parallel functional systems. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2018; 19:138-153. [PMID: 30406305 PMCID: PMC6344389 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-018-00651-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
To explore the effects of practice we scanned participants with fMRI while they were performing four-key unfamiliar and familiar sequences, and compared the associated activities relative to simple control sequences. On the basis of a recent cognitive model of sequential motor behavior (C-SMB), we propose that the observed neural activity would be associated with three functional networks that can operate in parallel and that allow (a) responding to stimuli in a reaction mode, (b) sequence execution using spatial sequence representations in a central-symbolic mode, and (c) sequence execution using motor chunk representations in a chunking mode. On the basis of this model and findings in the literature, we predicted which neural areas would be active during execution of the unfamiliar and familiar keying sequences. The observed neural activities were largely in line with our predictions, and allowed functions to be attributed to the active brain areas that fit the three above functional systems. The results corroborate C-SMB’s assumption that at advanced skill levels the systems executing motor chunks and translating key-specific stimuli are racing to trigger individual responses. They further support recent behavioral indications that spatial sequence representations continue to be used.
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209
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Chen L, Mao Y, Ding M, Li L, Leng Y, Zhao J, Xu Z, Huang DF, Lo WLA. Assessing the Relationship Between Motor Anticipation and Cortical Excitability in Subacute Stroke Patients With Movement-Related Potentials. Front Neurol 2018; 9:881. [PMID: 30386292 PMCID: PMC6199379 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Stroke survivors may lack the cognitive ability to anticipate the required control for palmar grasp execution. The cortical mechanisms involved in motor anticipation of palmar grasp movement and its association with post-stroke hand function remains unknown. Aims: To investigate the cognitive anticipation process during a palmar grasp task in subacute stroke survivors and to compare with healthy individuals. The association between cortical excitability and hand function was also explored. Methods: Twenty-five participants with hemiparesis within 1-6 months after first unilateral stroke were recruited. Twenty-five matched healthy individuals were recruited as control. Contingent negative variation (CNV) was measured using electroencephalography recordings (EEG). Event related potentials were elicited by cue triggered hand movement paradigm. CNV onset time and amplitude between pre-cue and before movement execution were recorded. Results: The differences in CNV onset time and peak amplitude were statistically significant between the subacute stroke and control groups, with patients showing earlier onset time with increased amplitudes. However, there was no statistically significant difference in CNV onset time and peak amplitude between lesioned and non-lesioned hemisphere in the subacute stroke group. Low to moderate linear associations were observed between cortical excitability and hand function. Conclusions: The earlier CNV onset time and higher peak amplitude observed in the subacute stroke group suggest increased brain computational demand during palmar grasp task. The lack of difference in CNV amplitude between the lesioned and non-lesioned hemisphere within the subacute stroke group may suggest that the non-lesioned hemisphere plays a role in the motor anticipatory process. The moderate correlations suggested that hand function may be associated with cortical processing of motor anticipation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Chen
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Rehabilitation Medicine and Translation, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, The Secondary Medical College, Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yurong Mao
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Rehabilitation Medicine and Translation, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Minghui Ding
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Rehabilitation Medicine and Translation, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Le Li
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Rehabilitation Medicine and Translation, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Leng
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Rehabilitation Medicine and Translation, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiangli Zhao
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Rehabilitation Medicine and Translation, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiqin Xu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Rehabilitation Medicine and Translation, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dong Feng Huang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Rehabilitation Medicine and Translation, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Xinhua College of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wai Leung Ambrose Lo
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Rehabilitation Medicine and Translation, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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210
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Wadden KP, Hodges NJ, De Asis KL, Neva JL, Boyd LA. Individualized Challenge Point Practice as a Method to Aid Motor Sequence Learning. J Mot Behav 2018; 51:467-485. [PMID: 30395786 DOI: 10.1080/00222895.2018.1518310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
We conducted two studies to investigate if and how: (1) the rate of skill acquisition was related to motor performance at retention of a serial RT task (Study 1); and (2) whether rate of skill acquisition and baseline performance could be used to design schedules of practice related to contextual interference (CI) to enhance motor learning (Study 2). In Study 1, a slower rate of skill acquisition of repeating sequences in practice was related to faster response times at retention. Based on performance in Study 1, three levels of individualized CI were created for Study 2. Compared to low and moderate levels of CI, the higher CI practice condition led to faster response times in retention. We conclude that an individualized 'challenge point', which generates high CI enhances motor learning by optimizing challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie P Wadden
- a Rehabilitation Sciences , University of British Columbia , Vancouver , Canada
| | - Nicola J Hodges
- b School of Kinesiology , University of British Columbia , Vancouver , Canada
| | - Kristopher L De Asis
- c Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of British Columbia , Vancouver , Canada
| | - Jason L Neva
- d Department of Physical Therapy , University of British Columbia , Vancouver , Canada
| | - Lara A Boyd
- d Department of Physical Therapy , University of British Columbia , Vancouver , Canada .,e Centre for Brain Health , University of British Columbia , Vancouver , Canada
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211
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Kolasinski J, Hinson EL, Divanbeighi Zand AP, Rizov A, Emir UE, Stagg CJ. The dynamics of cortical GABA in human motor learning. J Physiol 2018; 597:271-282. [PMID: 30300446 PMCID: PMC6312422 DOI: 10.1113/jp276626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Key points The ability to learn new motor skills is supported by plasticity in the structural and functional organisation of the primary motor cortex in the human brain. Changes inhibitory to signalling by GABA are thought to be crucial in inducing motor cortex plasticity. This study used magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) to quantify the concentration of GABA in human motor cortex during a period of motor learning, as well as during a period of movement and a period at rest. We report evidence for a reduction in the MRS‐measured concentration of GABA specific to learning. Further, the GABA concentration early in the learning task was strongly correlated with the magnitude of subsequent learning: higher GABA concentrations were associated with poorer learning. The results provide initial insight into the neurochemical correlates of cortical plasticity associated with motor learning, specifically relevant in therapeutic efforts to induce cortical plasticity during recovery from stroke.
Abstract The ability to learn novel motor skills is a central part of our daily lives and can provide a model for rehabilitation after a stroke. However, there are still fundamental gaps in our understanding of the physiological mechanisms that underpin human motor plasticity. The acquisition of new motor skills is dependent on changes in local circuitry within the primary motor cortex (M1). This reorganisation has been hypothesised to be facilitated by a decrease in local inhibition via modulation of the neurotransmitter GABA, but this link has not been conclusively demonstrated in humans. Here, we used 7 T magnetic resonance spectroscopy to investigate the dynamics of GABA concentrations in human M1 during the learning of an explicit, serial reaction time task. We observed a significant reduction in GABA concentration during motor learning that was not seen in an equivalent motor task lacking a learnable sequence, nor during a passive resting task of the same duration. No change in glutamate was observed in any group. Furthermore, M1 GABA measured early in task performance was strongly correlated with the degree of subsequent learning, such that greater inhibition was associated with poorer subsequent learning. This result suggests that higher levels of cortical inhibition may present a barrier that must be surmounted in order to achieve an increase in M1 excitability, and hence encoding of a new motor skill. These results provide strong support for the mechanistic role of GABAergic inhibition in motor plasticity, raising questions regarding the link between population variability in motor learning and GABA metabolism in the brain. The ability to learn new motor skills is supported by plasticity in the structural and functional organisation of the primary motor cortex in the human brain. Changes inhibitory to signalling by GABA are thought to be crucial in inducing motor cortex plasticity. This study used magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) to quantify the concentration of GABA in human motor cortex during a period of motor learning, as well as during a period of movement and a period at rest. We report evidence for a reduction in the MRS‐measured concentration of GABA specific to learning. Further, the GABA concentration early in the learning task was strongly correlated with the magnitude of subsequent learning: higher GABA concentrations were associated with poorer learning. The results provide initial insight into the neurochemical correlates of cortical plasticity associated with motor learning, specifically relevant in therapeutic efforts to induce cortical plasticity during recovery from stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Kolasinski
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Oxford Centre for fMRI of the Brain, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DU, UK.,Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Emily L Hinson
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Oxford Centre for fMRI of the Brain, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DU, UK.,Oxford Centre for Human Brain Activity, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7JX, UK
| | - Amir P Divanbeighi Zand
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Oxford Centre for fMRI of the Brain, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DU, UK
| | - Assen Rizov
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Oxford Centre for fMRI of the Brain, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DU, UK
| | - Uzay E Emir
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Oxford Centre for fMRI of the Brain, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DU, UK.,Purdue University School of Health Sciences, 550 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Charlotte J Stagg
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Oxford Centre for fMRI of the Brain, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DU, UK.,Oxford Centre for Human Brain Activity, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7JX, UK
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Rachaveti D, Chakrabhavi N, Shankar V, Skm V. Thumbs up: movements made by the thumb are smoother and larger than fingers in finger-thumb opposition tasks. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5763. [PMID: 30357012 PMCID: PMC6196073 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In humans, the thumb plays a crucial role in producing finger opposition movements. These movements form the basis of several activities of the hand. Hence these movements have been used to study phenomena like prehension, motor control, motor learning, etc. Although such tasks have been studied extensively, the relative contribution of the thumb vis-à-vis the fingers in finger opposition tasks is not well understood. In this study, we investigated the kinematics of thumb and fingers in a simple finger opposition task. Further, we quantified the relative contribution and the movement smoothness aspects and compared these between fingers and thumb. Methods Eight, young healthy participants (four males and four females) were asked to perform a full finger to thumb opposition movement, where they were required to reach for different phalanges of the fingers. Position (X, Y and Z) of individual segments of the four fingers and the thumb were measured with reference to the wrist by a 16-sensor kinematics measurement system. Displacements and velocities were computed. An index, displacement ratio, that quantifies the relative contribution of thumb and fingers was computed from displacement data. Velocity data was used to quantify the smoothness of movement of thumb and fingers. Results The Displacement Ratio showed that contribution of the thumb is higher than contribution of any other target finger or target phalanges, except for the distal phalanx of the index and middle fingers. Smoothness of movement of the thumb was higher than all the finger phalanges in all cases. Conclusion We conclude that in the task considered (thumb opposition movements to different targets within the hand & fingers), the thumb made a greater relative contribution in terms of displacement ratio and also produced smoother movements. However, smoothness of thumb did not vary depending on the target. This suggests that the traditional notion of the thumb being a special digit when compared to other fingers is true at least for the opposition movements considered in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhanush Rachaveti
- Department of Applied Mechanics, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Niranjan Chakrabhavi
- Department of Applied Mechanics, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Vaisakh Shankar
- Department of Applied Mechanics, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Varadhan Skm
- Department of Applied Mechanics, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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213
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Gabay Y, Karni A, Banai K. Learning to decipher time-compressed speech: Robust acquisition with a slight difficulty in generalization among young adults with developmental dyslexia. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0205110. [PMID: 30356320 PMCID: PMC6200219 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Learning to decipher acoustically distorted speech serves as a test case for the study of language-related skill acquisition in persons with developmental dyslexia (DD). Deciphering this type of input is rarely learned explicitly and does not yield conscious insights. Problems in implicit and procedural skill learning have been proposed as possible causes of DD. Here we examined the learning of time-compressed (accelerated) speech and its generalization to novel materials among young adults with DD compared to typical readers (TD). All participants completed a training session that involved judging the semantic plausibility of sentences, during which the level of time-compression was changed using an adaptive (staircase) procedure according to each participant's performance. In the test, phase learning (test on same items) and generalization (test on new items and same items spoken by a new speaker) were assessed. Both groups showed robust gains after training. Moreover, after training, the initial disadvantage of the DD group was no longer significant. After training, both groups experienced relative difficulties in deciphering learned tokens spoken by a different voice, though participants with DD were less able to generalize the gains to deciphering new tokens. Thus, DD individuals benefited from repeated experience with time-compressed speech no less than typical readers, but their evolving skill was apparently more dependent on the specific characteristics of the tokens. Atypical generalization, which indicates that perceptual learning is contingent on lower-level features of the input though does not necessarily point to impaired learning potential per se, may explain some of the contradictory findings in published studies of speech perception in DD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafit Gabay
- Department of Special Education, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
- Edmond J. Safra Brain Research Center for the Study of Learning Disabilities, Department of Learning Disabilities, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Avi Karni
- Edmond J. Safra Brain Research Center for the Study of Learning Disabilities, Department of Learning Disabilities, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Karen Banai
- Department of Communications Sciences and Disorders, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
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214
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Ipsilesional Motor Cortex Plasticity Participates in Spontaneous Hindlimb Recovery after Lateral Hemisection of the Thoracic Spinal Cord in the Rat. J Neurosci 2018; 38:9977-9988. [PMID: 30301755 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1062-18.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
After an incomplete spinal cord injury (SCI) spontaneous motor recovery can occur in mammals, but the underlying neural substrates remain poorly understood. The motor cortex is crucial for skilled motor learning and the voluntary control of movement and is known to reorganize after cortical injury to promote recovery. Motor cortex plasticity has also been shown to parallel the recovery of forelimb function after cervical SCI, but whether cortical plasticity participates in hindlimb recovery after SCI remains unresolved. Using intracortical microstimulation (ICMS) mapping, behavioral and cortical inactivation techniques in the female Long-Evans rat, we evaluated the spontaneous cortical mechanisms of hindlimb motor recovery 1-5 weeks after lateral hemisection of the thoracic (T8) spinal cord that ablated the crossed corticospinal tract (CST) from the contralesional motor cortex while sparing the majority of the CST from the ipsilesional motor cortex. Hemisection initially impaired hindlimb motor function bilaterally but significant recovery occurred during the first 3 weeks. ICMS revealed time-dependent changes in motor cortex organization, characterized by a chronic abolishment of hindlimb motor representation in the contralesional motor cortex and the development of transient bilateral hindlimb representation in the ipsilesional motor cortex 3 weeks after hemisection, when significant behavioral recovery occurred. Consistently, reversible inactivation of the ipsilesional, but not the contralesional motor cortex, during skilled ladder walking 3 weeks after hemisection reinstated deficits in both hindlimbs. These findings indicate that the ipsilesional motor cortex transiently reorganizes after lateral hemisection of the thoracic spinal cord to support recovery of hindlimb motor function.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Partial motor recovery can occur after an incomplete spinal cord injury and is hypothesized to result from the reorganization of spared descending motor pathways. The motor cortex is crucial for the control of voluntary movement and contains topographical movement representations (motor maps) that are highly plastic. We examined the organization of hindlimb motor maps bilaterally after a lateral hemisection of the spinal cord to show that while motor maps are abolished in the deefferented cortex, the spared ipsilesional cortex transiently reorganizes to gain a representation of the affected hindlimb after injury that relates to recovery. This finding demonstrates that plasticity in the ipsilesional motor cortex at early time points after spinal cord hemisection is initially important to support motor recovery.
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215
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Romkema S, Bongers RM, van der Sluis CK. Influence of mirror therapy and motor imagery on intermanual transfer effects in upper-limb prosthesis training of healthy participants: A randomized pre-posttest study. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0204839. [PMID: 30300378 PMCID: PMC6177130 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect that a motor skill trained on one side can lead to improvement in the untrained side is called intermanual transfer. Intermanual transfer can help enhance upper limb prosthetic training. To determine the influence of mirror therapy and motor imagery on intermanual transfer in upper limb prosthesis training, a pseudo-randomized clinical trial, single blinded, with a pre-posttest design was used. Forty-seven able-bodied, right-handed participants were pseudo-randomly assigned to two training groups and one control group. One training group undertook an intermanual transfer training program, using an upper-limb prosthetic simulator with added mirror therapy and motor imagery. The second training group completed only the intermanual transfer training program. The control group completed a sham training: a dummy training without using the prosthesis simulator. The program lasted five consecutive days. To determine the improvement in skill, a test was administered before, immediately after, and six days after the training program. Training used the "unaffected" arm; tests were performed with the "affected" arm, resembling the amputated limb. Movement time, the time from the beginning of the movement until completion of the task; hand opening, the duration of the maximum prosthetic hand opening; and grip-force control, the deviation from the required force during a tracking task. No intermanual transfer effects were found: neither the intermanual transfer training program, nor the additional mirror therapy and motor imagery affected prosthesis skills. A limitation of the study was that the training program was applied to able-bodied subjects instead of patients with an amputation. Contrary to previous studies, no intermanual transfer effects were found. Additional mirror therapy and motor imagery did not ameliorate intermanual transfer effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sietske Romkema
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Groningen, the Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Raoul M. Bongers
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Center of Human Movement Sciences, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Corry K. van der Sluis
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Groningen, the Netherlands
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216
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Hirano M, Kubota S, Koizume Y, Funase K. Acquisition of motor memory determines the interindividual variability of learning-induced plasticity in the primary motor cortex. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2018; 125:990-998. [PMID: 29975602 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00470.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Acquisition of new motor skills induces plastic reorganization in the primary motor cortex (M1). Previous studies have demonstrated the increases in the M1 excitability through motor skill learning. However, this M1 reorganization is highly variable between individuals even though they improve their skill performance through the same training protocol. To reveal the source of this interindividual variability, we examined the relationship between an acquisition of memory-guided feedforward movements and the learning-induced increases in the M1 excitability. Twenty-eight subjects participated in experiment 1. We asked subjects to learn a visuomotor tracking task. The subjects controlled a cursor on a PC monitor to pursue a target line by performing ankle dorsiflexion and plantar flexion. In experiment 1, we removed the online visual feedback provided by the cursor movement once every six trials, which enabled us to assess whether the subjects could perform accurate memory-guided movements. Motor-evoked potentials (MEP) were elicited in the tibialis anterior muscle by transcranial magnetic stimulation of the relevant M1 before and after the learning of the visuomotor tracking task and after half the trials. We found that the MEP amplitude was increased along with the improvement in memory-guided movements. In experiment 2 ( n = 10), we confirmed this relationship by examining whether the improvement in memory-guided movements induces increases in MEP amplitude. The results of this study indicate that the plastic reorganization of the M1 induced by the learning of a visuomotor skill is associated with the acquisition of memory-guided movements. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Acquisition of novel motor skills increases excitability of the primary motor cortex (M1). We recently reported that the amount of increases in the M1 excitability is highly variable between individuals even though they learned the same skill to the similar extent, yet the sources of this interindividual variability still remain unclear. The present study revealed that this interindividual variability is associated with whether individuals acquire a motor memory, which enables them to produce accurate memory-guided movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Hirano
- Human Motor Control Laboratory, Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima University , Hiroshima , Japan
| | - Shinji Kubota
- Human Motor Control Laboratory, Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima University , Hiroshima , Japan
| | - Yoshiki Koizume
- Human Motor Control Laboratory, Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima University , Hiroshima , Japan
| | - Kozo Funase
- Human Motor Control Laboratory, Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima University , Hiroshima , Japan
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217
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An observational study of skill retention and practice adoption after a workshop on ultrasound-guided neuraxial anaesthesia. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2018; 35:801-803. [DOI: 10.1097/eja.0000000000000840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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218
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Smayda KE, Worthy DA, Chandrasekaran B. Better late than never (or early): Music training in late childhood is associated with enhanced decision-making. PSYCHOLOGY OF MUSIC 2018; 46:734-748. [PMID: 34385757 PMCID: PMC8356733 DOI: 10.1177/0305735617723721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Decision-making is critical to everyday life. Here we ask: to what extent does music training benefit decision-making? Supported by strong associations between music training and enhanced cross-domain skills, we hypothesize that musicians may show decision-making advantages relative to non-musicians. Prior work has also argued for a "critical period" for cross-domain plasticity such that beginning music training early enhances sensorimotor brain regions that mature early in life. Given that brain regions supporting decision-making begin maturing late in childhood, we hypothesized that an advantage in decision-making may only be present in musicians who began music training later in childhood. To test this hypothesis, young adults who began music training before and after 8 years of age (early-trained musicians, ET; late-trained musicians, LT, respectively) and non-musicians (NM) performed a decision-making task. We found a decision-making advantage in LT relative to ET and NM. To better understand the mechanism of the LT advantage, we conducted computational modeling on participant responses and found that LT were less biased by recent outcomes and incorporated longer strings of outcomes when deciding among the choice options. These results tentatively suggest that music training may confer decision-making enhancements, and carry strong implications for the utility of music training in childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten E Smayda
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Darrell A Worthy
- Department of Psychology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Bharath Chandrasekaran
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Department of Linguistics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Institute for Neuroscience, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
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Laventure S, Pinsard B, Lungu O, Carrier J, Fogel S, Benali H, Lina JM, Boutin A, Doyon J. Beyond spindles: interactions between sleep spindles and boundary frequencies during cued reactivation of motor memory representations. Sleep 2018; 41:5077412. [PMID: 30137521 PMCID: PMC6132625 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsy142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There is now ample evidence that sleep spindles play a critical role in the consolidation of newly acquired motor sequences. Previous studies have also revealed that the interplay between different types of sleep oscillations (e.g. spindles, slow waves, sharp-wave ripples) promotes the consolidation process of declarative memories. Yet the functional contribution of this type of frequency-specific interactions to motor memory consolidation remains unknown. Thus, this study sought to investigate whether spindle oscillations are associated with low- or high-frequency activity at the regional (local) and interregional (connectivity) levels. Using an olfactory-targeted memory reactivation paradigm paired to a motor sequence learning task, we compared the effect of cuing (Cond) to no-cuing (NoCond) on frequency interactions during sleep spindles. Time-frequency decomposition analyses revealed that cuing induced significant differential and localized changes in delta (1-4 Hz) and theta (4-8 Hz) frequencies before, during, and after spindles, as well as changes in high-beta (20-30 Hz) during the spindle oscillation. Finally, coherence analyses yielded significant increases in connectivity during sleep spindles in both theta and sigma (11-17 Hz) bands in the cued group only. These results support the notion that the synchrony between spindle and associated low- or high-frequency rhythmic activity is an integral part of the memory reactivation process. Furthermore, they highlight the importance of not only measuring spindles' characteristics, but to investigate such oscillations in both time and frequency domains when assessing memory consolidation-related changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Laventure
- Department of Psychology, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Functional Neuroimaging Unit, C.R.I.U.G.M., Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Basile Pinsard
- Functional Neuroimaging Unit, C.R.I.U.G.M., Montreal, QC, Canada
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, INSERM, Laboratoire d’Imagerie Biomédicale (LIB), 75013 Paris, France
| | - Ovidiu Lungu
- Department of Psychology, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Functional Neuroimaging Unit, C.R.I.U.G.M., Montreal, QC, Canada
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Julie Carrier
- Department of Psychology, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Functional Neuroimaging Unit, C.R.I.U.G.M., Montreal, QC, Canada
- Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Stuart Fogel
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- University of Ottawa Institute of Mental Health Research, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- University of Ottawa Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Habib Benali
- PERFORM Centre, Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Concordia University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Jean-Marc Lina
- Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine, Montreal, QC, Canada
- École de technologie supérieure, Department of Electrical Engineering, Montreal, Canada
| | - Arnaud Boutin
- Department of Psychology, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Functional Neuroimaging Unit, C.R.I.U.G.M., Montreal, QC, Canada
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Julien Doyon
- Department of Psychology, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Functional Neuroimaging Unit, C.R.I.U.G.M., Montreal, QC, Canada
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Weston CSE. Amygdala Represents Diverse Forms of Intangible Knowledge, That Illuminate Social Processing and Major Clinical Disorders. Front Hum Neurosci 2018; 12:336. [PMID: 30186129 PMCID: PMC6113401 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2018.00336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Amygdala is an intensively researched brain structure involved in social processing and multiple major clinical disorders, but its functions are not well understood. The functions of a brain structure are best hypothesized on the basis of neuroanatomical connectivity findings, and of behavioral, neuroimaging, neuropsychological and physiological findings. Among the heaviest neuroanatomical interconnections of amygdala are those with perirhinal cortex (PRC), but these are little considered in the theoretical literature. PRC integrates complex, multimodal, meaningful and fine-grained distributed representations of objects and conspecifics. Consistent with this connectivity, amygdala is hypothesized to contribute meaningful and fine-grained representations of intangible knowledge for integration by PRC. Behavioral, neuroimaging, neuropsychological and physiological findings further support amygdala mediation of a diversity of such representations. These representations include subjective valence, impact, economic value, noxiousness, importance, ingroup membership, social status, popularity, trustworthiness and moral features. Further, the formation of amygdala representations is little understood, and is proposed to be often implemented through embodied cognition mechanisms. The hypothesis builds on earlier work, and makes multiple novel contributions to the literature. It highlights intangible knowledge, which is an influential but insufficiently researched factor in social and other behaviors. It contributes to understanding the heavy but neglected amygdala-PRC interconnections, and the diversity of amygdala-mediated intangible knowledge representations. Amygdala is a social brain region, but it does not represent species-typical social behaviors. A novel proposal to clarify its role is postulated. The hypothesis is also suggested to illuminate amygdala's involvement in several core symptoms of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Specifically, novel and testable explanations are proposed for the ASD symptoms of disorganized visual scanpaths, apparent social disinterest, preference for concrete cognition, aspects of the disorder's heterogeneity, and impairment in some activities of daily living. Together, the presented hypothesis demonstrates substantial explanatory potential in the neuroscience, social and clinical domains.
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221
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Meissner SN, Krause V, Südmeyer M, Hartmann CJ, Pollok B. The significance of brain oscillations in motor sequence learning: Insights from Parkinson's disease. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2018; 20:448-457. [PMID: 30128283 PMCID: PMC6095950 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2018.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Motor sequence learning plays a pivotal role in various everyday activities. Motor-cortical beta oscillations have been suggested to be involved in this type of learning. In Parkinson's disease (PD), oscillatory activity within cortico-basal-ganglia circuits is altered. Pathologically increased beta oscillations have received particular attention as they may be associated with motor symptoms such as akinesia. In the present magnetoencephalography (MEG) study, we investigated PD patients and healthy controls (HC) during implicit motor sequence learning with the aim to shed light on the relation between changes of cortical brain oscillations and motor learning in PD with a particular focus on beta power. To this end, 20 PD patients (ON medication) and 20 age- and sex-matched HC were trained on a serial reaction time task while neuromagnetic activity was recorded using a 306-channel whole-head MEG system. PD patients showed reduced motor sequence acquisition and were more susceptible to interference by random trials after training on the task as compared to HC. Behavioral differences were paralleled by changes at the neurophysiological level. Diminished sequence acquisition was paralleled by less training-related beta power suppression in motor-cortical areas in PD patients as compared to HC. In addition, PD patients exhibited reduced training-related theta activity in motor-cortical areas paralleling susceptibility to interference. The results support the hypothesis that the acquisition of a new motor sequence relies on suppression of motor-cortical beta oscillations, while motor-cortical theta activity might be related to stabilization of the learned sequence as indicated by reduced susceptibility to interference. Both processes appear to be impaired in PD. Motor sequence acquisition and susceptibility to interference is altered in PD. Diminished sequence acquisition is paralleled by less beta power suppression in PD. Higher susceptibility to interference is accompanied by less theta activity in PD. The data imply the relevance of beta and theta activity to motor sequence learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Nadine Meissner
- Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Duesseldorf, Germany.
| | - Vanessa Krause
- Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Martin Südmeyer
- Department of Neurology, Ernst von Bergmann Klinikum, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Christian Johannes Hartmann
- Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Duesseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Bettina Pollok
- Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Duesseldorf, Germany
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222
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Wermelinger S, Gampe A, Daum MM. The dynamics of the interrelation of perception and action across the life span. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2018; 83:116-131. [PMID: 30083839 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-018-1058-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Successful social interaction relies on the interaction partners' perception, anticipation and understanding of their respective actions. The perception of a particular action and the capability to produce this action share a common representational ground. So far, no study has explored the interrelation between action perception and production across the life span using the same tasks and the same measurement techniques. This study was designed to fill this gap. Participants between 3 and 80 years (N = 214) observed two multistep actions of different familiarities and then reproduced the according actions. Using eye tracking, we measured participants' action perception via their prediction of action goals during observation. To capture subtler perceptual processes, we additionally analysed the dynamics and recurrent patterns within participants' gaze behaviour. Action production was assessed via the accuracy of the participants' reproduction of the observed actions. No age-related differences were found for the perception of the familiar action, where participants of all ages could rely on previous experience. In the unfamiliar action, where participants had less experience, action goals were predicted more frequently with increasing age. The recurrence in participants' gaze behaviour was related to both, age and action production: gaze behaviour was more recurrent (i.e. less flexible) in very young and very old participants, and lower levels of recurrence (i.e. greater flexibility) were related to higher scores in action production across participants. Incorporating a life-span perspective, this study illustrates the dynamic nature of developmental differences in the associations of action production with action perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Wermelinger
- Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Binzmuehlestrasse 14, Box 21, 8050, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Anja Gampe
- Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Binzmuehlestrasse 14, Box 21, 8050, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Moritz M Daum
- Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Binzmuehlestrasse 14, Box 21, 8050, Zurich, Switzerland.,Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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223
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Compromised tDCS-induced facilitation of motor consolidation in patients with multiple sclerosis. J Neurol 2018; 265:2302-2311. [DOI: 10.1007/s00415-018-8993-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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224
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Dayan E, Herszage J, Laor-Maayany R, Sharon H, Censor N. Neuromodulation of reinforced skill learning reveals the causal function of prefrontal cortex. Hum Brain Mapp 2018; 39:4724-4732. [PMID: 30043536 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence has suggested functional interactions between prefrontal cortex (PFC) and dissociable large-scale networks. However, how these networks interact in the human brain to enable complex behaviors is not well-understood. Here, using a combination of behavioral, brain stimulation and neuroimaging paradigms, we tested the hypothesis that human PFC is required for successful reinforced skill formation. We additionally tested the extent to which PFC-dependent skill formation is related to intrinsic functional communication with this region. We report that inhibitory noninvasive transcranial magnetic stimulation over lateral PFC, a hub region with a diverse connectivity profile, causally modulated effective reinforcement-based motor skill acquisition. Furthermore, PFC-dependent skill formation was strongly related to the strength of functional connectivity between the PFC and regions in the sensorimotor network. These results point to the involvement of lateral PFC in the neural architecture that underlies the acquisition of complex skills, and suggest that, in relation to skill acquisition, this region may be involved in functional interactions with sensorimotor networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eran Dayan
- Department of Radiology, Biomedical Research Imaging Center and Neuroscience Curriculum, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Jasmine Herszage
- School of Psychological Sciences and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Rony Laor-Maayany
- School of Psychological Sciences and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Haggai Sharon
- Center for Brain Functions and Institute of Pain Medicine, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Nitzan Censor
- School of Psychological Sciences and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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225
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Lugassy D, Herszage J, Pilo R, Brosh T, Censor N. Consolidation of complex motor skill learning: evidence for a delayed offline process. Sleep 2018; 41:5042787. [DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsy123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Diva Lugassy
- Department of Oral Rehabilitation, The Maurice and Gabriela Goldschleger School of Dental Medicine, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, , Israel
| | - Jasmine Herszage
- School of Psychological Sciences and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Raphael Pilo
- Department of Oral Rehabilitation, The Maurice and Gabriela Goldschleger School of Dental Medicine, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, , Israel
| | - Tamar Brosh
- Department of Oral Biology, The Maurice and Gabriela Goldschleger School of Dental Medicine, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Nitzan Censor
- School of Psychological Sciences and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Israel
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226
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Rocca MA, Fumagalli S, Pagani E, Gatti R, Riccitelli GC, Preziosa P, Comi G, Falini A, Filippi M. Action observation training modifies brain gray matter structure in healthy adult individuals. Brain Imaging Behav 2018; 11:1343-1352. [PMID: 27730478 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-016-9625-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Action observation training (AOT) is thought to facilitate motor system function. We applied voxelwise methods to assess the regional modifications of brain gray matter (GM) volumes and white matter (WM) architecture in healthy subjects following AOT and their correlations with improvements at motor and cognitive functional scales. Forty-two righ-handed healthy subjects were randomized into an experimental (AOT-G, n = 20) and a control (C-G, n = 22) group. The training lasted 2 weeks and consisted of 10 sessions of 45 min each during which subjects watched videos of daily-life actions (AOT-G) or landscapes (C-G), alternated by the execution with the right hand of actions presented in the AOT-G videos. At baseline and follow up, motor and cognitive functional measures as well as brain structural MRI scans were obtained. Tensor-based morphometry and tract-based spatial statistics were used to map longitudinal modifications of GM and WM structures and their correlation with functional scales. After training, both groups improved at cognitive tests, whereas the AOT-G also improved hand motor performance. Following training, no modifications of WM diffusion tensor MRI indexes were detected. After training, compared to C-G, AOT-G had increased volume of the left superior frontal gyrus and decreased volume of the right lingual gyrus. Compared to AOT-G, C-G showed increased volume of the right middle frontal gyrus and left inferior temporal gyrus. In AOT-G, GM volume changes correlated with improvements at cognitive tests. Ten-day AOT in healthy individuals modifies GM structure, promoting structural brain plasticity and functional competence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Rocca
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Via Olgettina, 60, 20132, Milan, Italy.,Department of Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Via Olgettina, 60, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Fumagalli
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Via Olgettina, 60, 20132, Milan, Italy.,Laboratory of Movement Analysis, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Via Olgettina, 60, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Pagani
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Via Olgettina, 60, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Gatti
- Laboratory of Movement Analysis, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Via Olgettina, 60, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Gianna C Riccitelli
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Via Olgettina, 60, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Preziosa
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Via Olgettina, 60, 20132, Milan, Italy.,Department of Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Via Olgettina, 60, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Comi
- Department of Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Via Olgettina, 60, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Falini
- Department of Neuroradiology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Filippi
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Via Olgettina, 60, 20132, Milan, Italy. .,Department of Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Via Olgettina, 60, 20132, Milan, Italy.
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227
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Kodama M, Ono T, Yamashita F, Ebata H, Liu M, Kasuga S, Ushiba J. Structural Gray Matter Changes in the Hippocampus and the Primary Motor Cortex on An-Hour-to-One- Day Scale Can Predict Arm-Reaching Performance Improvement. Front Hum Neurosci 2018; 12:209. [PMID: 29988447 PMCID: PMC6024594 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2018.00209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have revealed rapid (e.g., hours to days) training-induced cortical structural changes using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Currently, there is great interest in studying how such a rapid brain structural change affects behavioral improvement. Structural reorganization contributes to memory or enhanced information processing in the brain and may increase its capability of skill learning. If the gray matter (GM) is capable of such rapid structural reorganization upon training, the extent of volume increase may characterize the learning process. To shed light on this issue, we conducted a case series study of 5-day visuomotor learning using neuroanatomical imaging, and analyzed the effect of rapid brain structural change on motor performance improvement via regression analysis. Participants performed an upper-arm reaching task under left-right mirror-reversal for five consecutive days; T1-weighted MR imaging was performed before training, after the first and fifth days, and 1 week and 1 month after training. We detected increase in GM volume on the first day (i.e., a few hours after the first training session) in the primary motor cortex (M1), primary sensory cortex (S1), and in the hippocampal areas. Notably, regression analysis revealed that individual differences in such short-term increases were associated with the learning levels after 5 days of training. These results suggest that GM structural changes are not simply a footprint of previous motor learning but have some relationship with future motor learning. In conclusion, the present study provides new insight into the role of structural changes in causing functional changes during motor learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Midori Kodama
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Takashi Ono
- Saiseikai Higashikanagawa Rehabilitation Hospital, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Fumio Yamashita
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Iwate Medical University, Iwate, Japan
| | - Hiroki Ebata
- Saiseikai Higashikanagawa Rehabilitation Hospital, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Meigen Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shoko Kasuga
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan.,Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.,Keio Institute of Pure and Applied Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Junichi Ushiba
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Keio Institute of Pure and Applied Sciences, Yokohama, Japan.,Department of Biosciences and Informatics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan
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228
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Xia J, Zhang W, Jiang Y, Li Y, Chen Q. Neural practice effect during cross-modal selective attention: Supra-modal and modality-specific effects. Cortex 2018; 106:47-64. [PMID: 29864595 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Practice and experiences gradually shape the central nervous system, from the synaptic level to large-scale neural networks. In natural multisensory environment, even when inundated by streams of information from multiple sensory modalities, our brain does not give equal weight to different modalities. Rather, visual information more frequently receives preferential processing and eventually dominates consciousness and behavior, i.e., visual dominance. It remains unknown, however, the supra-modal and modality-specific practice effect during cross-modal selective attention, and moreover whether the practice effect shows similar modality preferences as the visual dominance effect in the multisensory environment. To answer the above two questions, we adopted a cross-modal selective attention paradigm in conjunction with the hybrid fMRI design. Behaviorally, visual performance significantly improved while auditory performance remained constant with practice, indicating that visual attention more flexibly adapted behavior with practice than auditory attention. At the neural level, the practice effect was associated with decreasing neural activity in the frontoparietal executive network and increasing activity in the default mode network, which occurred independently of the modality attended, i.e., the supra-modal mechanisms. On the other hand, functional decoupling between the auditory and the visual system was observed with the progress of practice, which varied as a function of the modality attended. The auditory system was functionally decoupled with both the dorsal and ventral visual stream during auditory attention while was decoupled only with the ventral visual stream during visual attention. To efficiently suppress the irrelevant visual information with practice, auditory attention needs to additionally decouple the auditory system from the dorsal visual stream. The modality-specific mechanisms, together with the behavioral effect, thus support the visual dominance model in terms of the practice effect during cross-modal selective attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xia
- Center for Studies of Psychological Application and School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, PR China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Epilepsy Center, Shanghai Deji Hospital, No. 378 Gulang Road, Putuo District, Shanghai 200331, PR China
| | - Yizhou Jiang
- Center for Studies of Psychological Application and School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, PR China
| | - You Li
- Center for Studies of Psychological Application and School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, PR China
| | - Qi Chen
- Center for Studies of Psychological Application and School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, PR China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, PR China.
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229
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Verhoeven FM, Newell KM. Unifying practice schedules in the timescales of motor learning and performance. Hum Mov Sci 2018; 59:153-169. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2018.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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230
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Kawashima S, Ueki Y, Kato T, Ito K, Matsukawa N. Reduced striatal dopamine release during motor skill acquisition in Parkinson's disease. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196661. [PMID: 29847548 PMCID: PMC5976194 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Striatal dopamine is functionally important for the acquisition of motor skills. However, it remains controversial as to whether intrinsic processing of motor learning is impaired in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD), and if yes, whether the impairment is associated with altered striatal dopamine release. Additionally, most neuro-imaging studies of patients with PD have focused on motor sequence learning. In contrast, skill acquisition, specifically, the reconstruction of muscle control of isolated movements, has barely been studied. Method In this study, we used a repetitive skill training task to measure the peak acceleration of left thumb movement during a process to achieve fine tuning of motor skill. Using 11C-raclopride (RAC) positron emission tomography, we investigated changes in striatal dopamine levels in two conditions of a skill acquisition task: initial skill training (Day 1) and acquired condition (Day 2) with eight patients with PD and age-matched healthy subjects (HS). Result In HS, the mean acceleration of each session improved through repeated training sessions on Day 1. However, in patients with PD, the training-associated increase was less than that for HS, and this suggests that repetitive skill training does not result in the effective improvement of motor performance. The regions of interest (ROI) analysis revealed that the RAC-binding potential (BP) was significantly reduced in the right putamen on Day 1 compared with Day 2 in HS. In patients with PD, BP within the right putamen was unchanged. Further, we found that patients with PD had increased dopamine levels within the right ventral striatum (VST) and right caudate (CAU) on Day 2, which was greater than that in HS. These results suggest the impaired activation of the putamen during skill acquisition in patients with PD and compensated hyperactivation of the VST and CAU for the reduced dopamine release within the dorsal putamen (DPU). Conclusion Our findings suggest that patients with PD had insufficiency in the process to improve motor skills. Different patterns of striatal dopamine release are relevant to the impairment of these motor functions in patients with PD, at the early stage of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoji Kawashima
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Science, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Japan
- * E-mail: (SK); (YU)
| | - Yoshino Ueki
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Science, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Japan
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Science, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Japan
- * E-mail: (SK); (YU)
| | - Takashi Kato
- Department of Brain Science and Molecular Imaging, Research Institute, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Morioka, Obu, Aichi Prefecture, Japan
| | - Kengo Ito
- Department of Brain Science and Molecular Imaging, Research Institute, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Morioka, Obu, Aichi Prefecture, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Matsukawa
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Science, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Japan
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231
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Clark TA, Fu M, Dunn AK, Zuo Y, Jones TA. Preferential stabilization of newly formed dendritic spines in motor cortex during manual skill learning predicts performance gains, but not memory endurance. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2018; 152:50-60. [PMID: 29778761 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2018.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Previous findings that skill learning is associated with the formation and preferential stabilization of new dendritic spines in cortex have raised the possibility that this preferential stabilization is a mechanism for lasting skill memory. We investigated this possibility in adult mice using in vivo two-photon imaging to monitor spine dynamics on superficial apical dendrites of layer V pyramidal neurons in motor cortex during manual skill learning. Spine formation increased over the first 3 days of training on a skilled reaching task, followed by increased spine elimination. A greater proportion of spines formed during the first 3 training days were lost if training stopped after 3, compared with 15 days. However, performance gains achieved in 3 training days persisted, indicating that preferential new spine stabilization was non-essential for skill retention. Consistent with a role in ongoing skill refinement, the persistence of spines formed early in training strongly predicted performance improvements. Finally, while we observed no net spine density change on superficial dendrites, the density of spines on deeper apical branches of the same neuronal population was increased regardless of training duration, suggestive of a potential role in the retention of the initial skill memory. Together, these results indicate dendritic subpopulation-dependent variation in spine structural responses to skill learning, which potentially reflect distinct contributions to the refinement and retention of newly acquired motor skills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor A Clark
- Institute for Neuroscience, University of Texas, Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
| | - Min Fu
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Andrew K Dunn
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Yi Zuo
- Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Theresa A Jones
- Institute for Neuroscience, University of Texas, Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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232
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Richards R, van der Esch M, van den Noort JC, Harlaar J. The learning process of gait retraining using real-time feedback in patients with medial knee osteoarthritis. Gait Posture 2018; 62:1-6. [PMID: 29494998 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2018.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the learning process of knee osteoarthritis (KOA) patients learning to change their foot progression angle (FPA) over a six-week toe-in gait training program. Sixteen patients with medial KOA completed a six-week toe-in gait training program with real-time biofeedback. Patients walked on an instrumented treadmill while receiving real-time feedback on their foot progression angle (FPA) with reference to a target angle. The FPA difference (difference between target and actual FPA) was analyzed during i) natural walking, ii) walking with feedback, iii) walking without feedback and iv) walking with a dual-task at the start and end of the training program. Self-reported difficulty and abnormality and time spent walking and training were also analyzed. The FPA difference during natural walking was significantly decreased from median 6.9 to median 3.6° i.e. by 3.3° in week six (p < 0.001); adding feedback reduced FPA difference to almost zero. However the dual-task condition increased the FPA difference at week one compared to the feedback condition (median difference: 1.8°, p = 0.022), but after training this effect was minimized (median difference: 0.6°, p = 0.167). Self-reported abnormality and difficulty decreased from median 5 to 3 and from median 6 to 3 on the NRS respectively (p < 0.05). Patients with medial KOA could reduce the FPA difference during natural walking after the gait retraining program, with some evidence of a reduction in the cognitive demand needed to achieve this. Automation of adaptions might need support from more permanent feedback using wearable technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosie Richards
- VU University Medical Center, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
| | | | - Josien C van den Noort
- VU University Medical Center, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Academic Medical Center, Musculoskeletal Imaging Quantification Center (MIQC), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
| | - Jaap Harlaar
- VU University Medical Center, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands.
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233
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Tang LY, Li HJ, Huang X, Bao J, Sethi Z, Ye L, Yuan Q, Zhu PW, Jiang N, Gao GP, Shao Y. Assessment of synchronous neural activities revealed by regional homogeneity in individuals with acute eye pain: a resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging study. J Pain Res 2018; 11:843-850. [PMID: 29719418 PMCID: PMC5916265 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s156634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Previous neuroimaging studies have demonstrated that pain-related diseases are associated with brain function and anatomical abnormalities, whereas altered synchronous neural activity in acute eye pain (EP) patients has not been investigated. The purpose of this study was to explore whether or not synchronous neural activity changes were measured with the regional homogeneity (ReHo) method in acute EP patients. Methods A total of 20 patients (15 males and 5 females) with EP and 20 healthy controls (HCs) consisting of 15 and 5 age-, sex-, and education-matched males and females, respectively, underwent resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging. The ReHo method was applied to assess synchronous neural activity changes. Results Compared with HCs, acute EP patients had significantly lower ReHo values in the left precentral/postcentral gyrus (Brodmann area [BA]3/4), right precentral/postcentral gyrus (BA3/4), and left middle frontal gyrus (BA6). In contrast, higher ReHo values in acute EP patients were observed in the left superior frontal gyrus (BA11), right inferior parietal lobule (BA39/40), and left precuneus (BA7). However, no relationship was found between the mean ReHo signal values of the different areas and clinical manifestations, which included both the duration and degree of pain in EP patients. Conclusion Our study highlighted that acute EP patients showed altered synchronous neural activities in many brain regions, including somatosensory regions. These findings might provide useful information for exploration of the neural mechanisms underlying acute EP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Yuan Tang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Hai-Jun Li
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xin Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jing Bao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Zubin Sethi
- The Department of Medicine, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA
| | - Lei Ye
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Qing Yuan
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Pei-Wen Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Nan Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Gui-Ping Gao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yi Shao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
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234
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Charalambous CC, Helm EE, Lau KA, Morton SM, Reisman DS. The feasibility of an acute high-intensity exercise bout to promote locomotor learning after stroke. Top Stroke Rehabil 2018; 25:83-89. [PMID: 29105605 PMCID: PMC5901747 DOI: 10.1080/10749357.2017.1399527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND People post-stroke can learn a novel locomotor task but require more practice to do so. Implementing an approach that can enhance locomotor learning may therefore improve post-stroke locomotor recovery. In healthy adults, an acute high-intensity exercise bout before or after a motor task may improve motor learning and has thus been suggested as a method that could be used to improve motor learning in neurorehabilitation. However, it is unclear whether an acute high-intensity exercise bout, which stroke survivors can feasibly complete in neurorehabilitation session, would generate comparable results. OBJECTIVE To determine a feasible, high-intensity exercise protocol that could be incorporated into a post-stroke neurorehabilitation session and would result in significant exercise-induced responses. METHODS Thirty-seven chronic stroke survivors participated. We allocated subjects to either a control (CON) or one of the exercise groups: treadmill walking (TMW), and total body exercise (TBE). The main exercise-induced measures were: average intensity (% max intensity) and time spent (absolute: seconds; normalized: % total time) at target exercise intensity, and magnitudes of change in serum lactate (mmol/l) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF; ng/ml). RESULTS Compared to CON, both exercise groups reached and exercised longer at their target intensities and had greater responses in lactate. However, the TBE group exercised longer at target intensity and with greater lactate response than the TMW group. There were no significant BDNF responses among groups. CONCLUSIONS An acute high-intensity exercise bout that could be incorporated into a neurorehabilitation learning-specific session and results in substantial exercise-induced responses is feasible post-stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erin E Helm
- a Department of Physical Therapy , University of Delaware , Newark , DE , USA
- b Biomechanics and Movement Science Program , University of Delaware , Newark , DE , USA
| | - Kristin A Lau
- a Department of Physical Therapy , University of Delaware , Newark , DE , USA
| | - Susanne M Morton
- a Department of Physical Therapy , University of Delaware , Newark , DE , USA
- b Biomechanics and Movement Science Program , University of Delaware , Newark , DE , USA
| | - Darcy S Reisman
- a Department of Physical Therapy , University of Delaware , Newark , DE , USA
- b Biomechanics and Movement Science Program , University of Delaware , Newark , DE , USA
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235
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The effects of acrobatic exercise on brain plasticity: a systematic review of animal studies. Brain Struct Funct 2018; 223:2055-2071. [DOI: 10.1007/s00429-018-1631-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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236
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Abstract
Fidgeting, defined as the generation of small movements through nervousness or impatience, is one of cardinal characteristic of ADHD. While fidgeting is, by definition, a motor experience still nothing is known about the effects of fidgeting on motor control. Some forms of fidgeting involve also the manipulation of external objects which, through repetition, may become automatic and second nature. Both repetition and practice are important for the acquisition of motor skills and, therefore, it is plausible that the repetitive manipulation of objects may influence motor control and performance. As such, fidget spinners, by being diffuse and prone to repetitive usage, may represent interesting tool for improving motor control. In this study we examine the effect of fidget spinners on fine motor control, evaluated by a spiral-tracing task. We show that the use of fidget spinner indeed seems to have a favorable effect on fine motor control, at least in the short term, although this effect does not seem to be in any way inherent to fidget spinners themselves as much as to object manipulation in general. However, due to their widespread usage, fidget spinner may have the advantage of being an enjoyable means for improving fine motor control.
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237
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Zivari Adab H, Chalavi S, Beets IAM, Gooijers J, Leunissen I, Cheval B, Collier Q, Sijbers J, Jeurissen B, Swinnen SP, Boisgontier MP. White matter microstructural organisation of interhemispheric pathways predicts different stages of bimanual coordination learning in young and older adults. Eur J Neurosci 2018; 47:446-459. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Zivari Adab
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group; Department of Movement Sciences; KU Leuven; Tervuurse Vest 101 Leuven Belgium
| | - Sima Chalavi
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group; Department of Movement Sciences; KU Leuven; Tervuurse Vest 101 Leuven Belgium
| | - Iseult A. M. Beets
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group; Department of Movement Sciences; KU Leuven; Tervuurse Vest 101 Leuven Belgium
- BrainCTR; Lilid bvba; Diest Belgium
| | - Jolien Gooijers
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group; Department of Movement Sciences; KU Leuven; Tervuurse Vest 101 Leuven Belgium
| | - Inge Leunissen
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group; Department of Movement Sciences; KU Leuven; Tervuurse Vest 101 Leuven Belgium
| | - Boris Cheval
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Rehabilitation and Geriatrics; University of Geneva; Geneva Switzerland
- Swiss NCCR “LIVES - Overcoming Vulnerability: Life Course Perspectives”; University of Geneva; Geneva Switzerland
| | | | - Jan Sijbers
- iMinds Vision Lab; University of Antwerp; Antwerp Belgium
| | - Ben Jeurissen
- iMinds Vision Lab; University of Antwerp; Antwerp Belgium
| | - Stephan P. Swinnen
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group; Department of Movement Sciences; KU Leuven; Tervuurse Vest 101 Leuven Belgium
| | - Matthieu P. Boisgontier
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group; Department of Movement Sciences; KU Leuven; Tervuurse Vest 101 Leuven Belgium
- Brain Behavior Laboratory; University of British Columbia; Vancouver BC Canada
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238
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Hirano M, Kubota S, Furuya S, Koizume Y, Tanaka S, Funase K. Acquisition of skilled finger movements is accompanied by reorganization of the corticospinal system. J Neurophysiol 2018; 119:573-584. [DOI: 10.1152/jn.00667.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Dexterous finger movements are often characterized by highly coordinated movements. Such coordination might be derived from reorganization of the corticospinal system. In this study, we investigated 1) the manner in which finger movement covariation patterns are acquired, by examining the effects of the implicit and explicit learning of a serial reaction time task (SRTT), and 2) how such changes in finger coordination are represented in the corticospinal system. The subjects learned a button press sequence in both implicit and explicit learning conditions. In the implicit conditions, they were naive about what they were learning, whereas in the explicit conditions the subjects consciously learned the order of the sequence elements. Principal component analysis decomposed both the voluntary movements produced during the SRTT and the passive movements evoked by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) over the primary motor cortex into a set of five finger joint covariation patterns. The structures of the voluntary and passive TMS-evoked movement patterns were reorganized by implicit learning but not explicit learning. Furthermore, in the implicit learning conditions the finger covariation patterns derived from the TMS-evoked and voluntary movements spanned similar movement subspaces. These results provide the first evidence that skilled sequential finger movements are acquired differently through implicit and explicit learning, i.e., the changes in finger coordination patterns induced by implicit learning are accompanied by functional reorganization of the corticospinal system, whereas explicit learning results in faster recruitment of individual finger movements without causing any changes in finger coordination. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Skilled sequential multifinger movements are characterized as highly coordinated movement patterns. These finger coordination patterns are represented in the corticospinal system, yet it still remains unclear how these patterns are acquired through implicit and explicit motor sequence learning. A direct comparison of learning-related changes between actively generated finger movements and passively evoked finger movements by TMS provided evidence that finger coordination patterns represented in the corticospinal system are reorganized through implicit, but not explicit, sequence learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Hirano
- Human Motor Control Laboratory, Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinji Kubota
- Human Motor Control Laboratory, Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinichi Furuya
- Musical Skill and Injury Center (MuSIC), Sophia University, Tokyo, Japan
- SONY Computer Science Laboratory, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Koizume
- Human Motor Control Laboratory, Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Shinya Tanaka
- Human Motor Control Laboratory, Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kozo Funase
- Human Motor Control Laboratory, Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
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239
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Korman M, Shaklai S, Cisamariu K, Gal C, Maaravi-Hesseg R, Levy I, Keren O, Karni A, Sacher Y. Atypical Within-Session Motor Procedural Learning after Traumatic Brain Injury but Well-Preserved Between-Session Procedural Memory Consolidation. Front Hum Neurosci 2018; 12:10. [PMID: 29441005 PMCID: PMC5797667 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2018.00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Using the finger-to-thumb opposition sequence (FOS) learning task, we characterized motor skill learning in sub-acute patients hospitalized for rehabilitation following traumatic brain injury (TBI). Ten patients (Trained TBI) and 11 healthy participants (Trained Healthy) were trained using a multi-session protocol: a single session was afforded in the first week of the study, and four daily sessions were afforded during the second week. Intensity of practice was adapted to patients. Performance speed and accuracy were tested before and after each session. Retention was tested 1 month later. Ten patients (Control TBI) had no FOS training and were tested only at the beginning and the end of the 6 week period. Although baseline performance on the FOS was very slow, all three phases of skill learning found in healthy adults (acquisition, between-session consolidation gains, and long-term retention) could be identified in patients with TBI. However, their time-course of learning was atypical. The Trained TBI group improved in speed about double the spontaneous improvements observed in the Control TBI group, with no speed-accuracy tradeoff. Normalized to their initial performance on the FOS, the gains accrued by the Trained TBI group after a first training were comparable to those accrued by healthy adults. Only during the second week with daily training, the rate of improvement of the Trained TBI group lagged behind that of the Trained Healthy group, due to increasing within-sessions losses in performance speed; no such losses were found in healthy participants. The Functional Independence Measure scores at the start of the study correlated with the total gains attained at the end of the study; no correlations were found with severity of injury or explicit memory impairments. Despite within-sessions losses in performance, which we propose reflect cognitive fatigue, training resulted in robust overall learning and long-term retention in patients with moderate-severe TBI. Given that the gains in performance evolved mainly between sessions, as delayed, offline, gains, our results suggest that memory consolidation processes can be effectively engaged in patients with TBI. However, practice protocols and schedules may need to be optimized to better engage the potential for long-term plasticity in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Korman
- Edmond. J. Safra Brain Research Center for the Study of Learning Disabilities, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Sharon Shaklai
- Loewenstein Rehabilitation Hospital, Ra'anana, Israel.,Sackler Medical Faculty, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | | | - Carmit Gal
- Edmond. J. Safra Brain Research Center for the Study of Learning Disabilities, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel.,Sagol Department of Neurobiology, Brain-Behavior Research Center, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Rinatia Maaravi-Hesseg
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, Brain-Behavior Research Center, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ishay Levy
- Edmond. J. Safra Brain Research Center for the Study of Learning Disabilities, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel.,Sagol Department of Neurobiology, Brain-Behavior Research Center, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ofer Keren
- Sackler Medical Faculty, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Avi Karni
- Edmond. J. Safra Brain Research Center for the Study of Learning Disabilities, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel.,Sagol Department of Neurobiology, Brain-Behavior Research Center, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel.,Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Yaron Sacher
- Loewenstein Rehabilitation Hospital, Ra'anana, Israel.,Sackler Medical Faculty, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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240
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Kumar A, Kothari M, Grigoriadis A, Trulsson M, Svensson P. Bite or brain: Implication of sensorimotor regulation and neuroplasticity in oral rehabilitation procedures. J Oral Rehabil 2018; 45:323-333. [DOI: 10.1111/joor.12603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Kumar
- Division of Oral Diagnostics and Rehabilitation; Department of Dental Medicine; Karolinska Institutet; Huddinge Sweden
- Scandinavian Center for Orofacial Neurosciences (SCON); Huddinge Sweden
| | - M. Kothari
- Hammel Neurorehabilitation Centre and University Research Clinic; Aarhus University; Hammel Denmark
| | - A. Grigoriadis
- Division of Oral Diagnostics and Rehabilitation; Department of Dental Medicine; Karolinska Institutet; Huddinge Sweden
- Scandinavian Center for Orofacial Neurosciences (SCON); Huddinge Sweden
| | - M. Trulsson
- Division of Oral Diagnostics and Rehabilitation; Department of Dental Medicine; Karolinska Institutet; Huddinge Sweden
- Scandinavian Center for Orofacial Neurosciences (SCON); Huddinge Sweden
| | - P. Svensson
- Division of Oral Diagnostics and Rehabilitation; Department of Dental Medicine; Karolinska Institutet; Huddinge Sweden
- Scandinavian Center for Orofacial Neurosciences (SCON); Huddinge Sweden
- Section of Orofacial Pain and Jaw Function; Institute for Odontology and Oral Health; Aarhus University; Aarhus Denmark
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241
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The Role of Human Primary Motor Cortex in the Production of Skilled Finger Sequences. J Neurosci 2018; 38:1430-1442. [PMID: 29305534 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2798-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Human primary motor cortex (M1) is essential for producing dexterous hand movements. Although distinct subpopulations of neurons are activated during single-finger movements, it remains unknown whether M1 also represents sequences of multiple finger movements. Using novel multivariate functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) analysis techniques and combining evidence from both 3T and 7T fMRI data, we found that after 5 d of intense practice, premotor and parietal areas encoded the different movement sequences. There was little or no evidence for a sequence representation in M1. Instead, activity patterns in M1 could be fully explained by a linear combination of patterns for the constituent individual finger movements, with the strongest weight on the first finger of the sequence. Using passive replay of sequences, we show that this first-finger effect is due to neuronal processes involved in the active execution, rather than to a hemodynamic nonlinearity. These results suggest that M1 receives increased input from areas with sequence representations at the initiation of a sequence, but that M1 activity itself relates to the execution of component finger presses only. These results improve our understanding of the representation of finger sequences in the human neocortex after short-term training and provide important methodological advances for the study of long-term skill development.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT There is clear evidence that human primary motor cortex (M1) is essential for producing individuated finger movements, such as pressing a button. Over and above its involvement in movement execution, it is less clear whether M1 also plays a role in learning and controlling sequences of multiple finger movements, such as when playing the piano. Using cutting-edge multivariate fMRI analysis and carefully controlled experiments, we demonstrate here that, while premotor areas clearly show a sequence representation, activity patterns in M1 can be fully explained from the patterns for individual finger movements. The results provide important new insights into the interplay of M1 and premotor cortex for learning of sequential movements.
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242
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Le HB, Zhang HH, Wu QL, Zhang J, Yin JJ, Ma SH. Neural Activity During Mental Rotation in Deaf Signers: The Influence of Long-Term Sign Language Experience. Ear Hear 2018; 39:1015-1024. [PMID: 29298164 DOI: 10.1097/aud.0000000000000540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Mental rotation is the brain's visuospatial understanding of what objects are and where they belong. Previous research indicated that deaf signers showed behavioral enhancement for nonlinguistic visual tasks, including mental rotation. In this study, we investigated the neural difference of mental rotation processing between deaf signers and hearing nonsigners using blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). DESIGN The participants performed a block-designed experiment, consisting of alternating blocks of comparison and rotation periods, separated by a baseline or fixation period. Mental rotation tasks were performed using three-dimensional figures. fMRI images were acquired during the entire experiment, and the fMRI data were analyzed with Analysis of Functional NeuroImages. A factorial design analysis of variance was designed for fMRI analyses. The differences of activation were analyzed for the main effects of group and task, as well as for the interaction of group by task. RESULTS The study showed differences in activated areas between deaf signers and hearing nonsigners on the mental rotation of three-dimensional figures. Subtracting activations of fixation from activations of rotation, both groups showed consistent activation in bilateral occipital lobe, bilateral parietal lobe, and bilateral posterior temporal lobe. There were different main effects of task (rotation versus comparison) with significant activation clusters in the bilateral precuneus, the right middle frontal gyrus, the bilateral medial frontal gyrus, the right interior frontal gyrus, the right superior frontal gyrus, the right anterior cingulate, and the bilateral posterior cingulate. There were significant interaction effects of group by task in the bilateral anterior cingulate, the right inferior frontal gyrus, the left superior frontal gyrus, the left posterior cingulate, the left middle temporal gyrus, and the right inferior parietal lobe. In simple effects of deaf and hearing groups with rotation minus comparison, deaf signers mainly showed activity in the right hemisphere, while hearing nonsigners showed bilateral activity. In the simple effects of rotation task, decreased activities were shown for deaf signers compared with hearing nonsigners throughout several regions, including the bilateral parahippocampal gyrus, the left posterior cingulate cortex, the right anterior cingulate cortex, and the right inferior parietal lobe. CONCLUSION Decreased activations in several brain regions of deaf signers when compared to hearing nonsigners reflected increased neural efficiency and a precise functional circuitry, which was generated through long-term experience with sign language processing. In addition, we inferred tentatively that there may be a lateralization pattern to the right hemisphere for deaf signers when performing mental rotation tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Bo Le
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Hui-Hong Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Shenzhen Hospital of Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
- MR Division, Shantou Central Hospital, Shantou, China
| | - Qiu-Lin Wu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Jiong Zhang
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Jing-Jing Yin
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Shu-Hua Ma
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
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243
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Yeganeh Doost M, Orban de Xivry JJ, Bihin B, Vandermeeren Y. Two Processes in Early Bimanual Motor Skill Learning. Front Hum Neurosci 2017; 11:618. [PMID: 29326573 PMCID: PMC5742346 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2017.00618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Most daily activities are bimanual and their efficient performance requires learning and retention of bimanual coordination. Despite in-depth knowledge of the various stages of motor skill learning in general, how new bimanual coordination control policies are established is still unclear. We designed a new cooperative bimanual task in which subjects had to move a cursor across a complex path (a circuit) as fast and as accurately as possible through coordinated bimanual movements. By looking at the transfer of the skill between different circuits and by looking at training with varying circuits, we identified two processes in early bimanual motor learning. Loss of performance due to the switch in circuit after 15 min of training amounted to 20%, which suggests that a significant portion of improvements in bimanual performance is specific to the used circuit (circuit-specific skill). In contrast, the loss of performance due to the switch in circuit was 5% after 4 min of training. This suggests that learning the new bimanual coordination control policy dominates early in the training and is independent of the used circuit. Finally, switching between two circuits throughout training did not affect the early stage of learning (i.e., the first few minutes), but did affect the later stage. Together, these results suggest that early bimanual motor skill learning includes two different processes. Learning the new bimanual coordination control policy predominates in the first minutes whereas circuit-specific skill improvements unfold later in parallel with further improvements in the bimanual coordination control policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maral Yeganeh Doost
- CHU UCL Namur, Stroke Unit/NeuroModulation Unit, Department of Neurology, Université catholique de Louvain, Yvoir, Belgium.,NEUR Division, Institute of NeuroScience, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.,Louvain Bionics, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Jean-Jacques Orban de Xivry
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Benoît Bihin
- Scientific Support Unit, CHU UCL Namur, Université catholique de Louvain, Yvoir, Belgium
| | - Yves Vandermeeren
- CHU UCL Namur, Stroke Unit/NeuroModulation Unit, Department of Neurology, Université catholique de Louvain, Yvoir, Belgium.,NEUR Division, Institute of NeuroScience, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.,Louvain Bionics, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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244
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Schuppe ER, Fuxjager MJ. High‐speed displays encoding motor skill trigger elevated territorial aggression in downy woodpeckers. Funct Ecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric R. Schuppe
- Department of Biology Wake Forest University Winston‐Salem NC USA
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245
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Influence of the type of training task on intermanual transfer effects in upper-limb prosthesis training: A randomized pre-posttest study. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0188362. [PMID: 29190727 PMCID: PMC5708677 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Intermanual transfer, the transfer of motor skills from the trained hand to the untrained hand, can be used to train upper limb prosthesis skills. The aim of this study was to determine the relation between the magnitude of the intermanual transfer effect and the type of training task. The used tasks were based on different aspects of prosthetic handling: reaching, grasping, grip-force production and functional tasks. A single-blinded clinical trial, with a pre-posttest design was executed. Seventy-one able-bodied, right-handed participants were randomly assigned to four training and two control groups. The training groups performed a training program with an upper-limb prosthesis simulator. One control group performed a sham training (a dummy training without the prosthesis simulator) and another control group received no training at all. The training groups and sham group trained on five consecutive days. To determine the improvement in skills, a test was administered before, immediately after, and one week after the training. Training was performed with the 'unaffected' arm; tests were performed with the 'affected' arm, with the latter resembling the amputated limb. In this study half of the participants trained with the dominant hand, while the other half trained with the non-dominant hand. Participants executed four tests that corresponded to the different training tasks. The tests measured the reaching (movement time and symmetry ratio), grasping (opening time, duration of maximum hand opening, and closing time), grip-force production (deviation of asked grip-force) and functional (movement time) performance. Half of the participants were tested with their dominant arm and half of the participants with their non-dominant arm. Intermanual transfer effects were not found for reaching, grasping or functional tasks. However, we did find intermanual transfer effects for grip-force production tasks. Possibly, the study design contributed to the negative results due to the duration of the training sessions and test sessions. The positive results of the grip-force production might be an effect of the specificity of the training, that was totally focused on training grip-force production. When using intermanual transfer training in novice amputees, specific training should be devoted to grip-force.
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246
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Limited transfer of visual skill in orientation discrimination to locations treated by pre-testing and subliminal exposure. Vision Res 2017; 143:103-116. [PMID: 29180107 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2017.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Substantial transfer of perceptual skill learning can be achieved across large distances in the visual field by a brief pre-test, training-plus-exposure, or a double-training paradigm (Xiao et al., 2008; Zhang, Xiao, et al., 2010; Zhang, Zhang, et al., 2010). Additionally, subliminal exposure has been shown to be beneficial for subsequent perceptual learning. Here, we tested the generalization of orientation discrimination learning from a fully trained location towards four other test locations, either in the same or opposite hemifield as the training location, which each were subjected to a different type of pre-conditioning. In one test location, there was brief pre-testing in the first session. Two other locations were stimulated by masked stimuli similar or identical to concurrently presented stimuli in the training location. In the fourth test location, no stimuli were presented during training. Generalization of training to test locations was measured in the session immediately following the completion of training in the training location. Moreover, to test the robustness of transfer, training was continued in all four test locations. The experiment as a whole consisted of 15 sessions of orientation discrimination learning at the training location, followed by 15 sessions of training in the test locations. We found only limited generalization from the trained to the test locations. Performance in pre-tested and stimulated test locations showed a small advantage compared to the unstimulated test location. However, this advantage disappeared within a few sessions of further training in the test locations.
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247
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Sterkin A, Levy Y, Pokroy R, Lev M, Levian L, Doron R, Yehezkel O, Fried M, Frenkel-Nir Y, Gordon B, Polat U. Vision improvement in pilots with presbyopia following perceptual learning. Vision Res 2017; 152:61-73. [PMID: 29154795 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 09/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Israeli Air Force (IAF) pilots continue flying combat missions after the symptoms of natural near-vision deterioration, termed presbyopia, begin to be noticeable. Because modern pilots rely on the displays of the aircraft control and performance instruments, near visual acuity (VA) is essential in the cockpit. We aimed to apply a method previously shown to improve visual performance of presbyopes, and test whether presbyopic IAF pilots can overcome the limitation imposed by presbyopia. Participants were selected by the IAF aeromedical unit as having at least initial presbyopia and trained using a structured personalized perceptual learning method (GlassesOff application), based on detecting briefly presented low-contrast Gabor stimuli, under the conditions of spatial and temporal constraints, from a distance of 40 cm. Our results show that despite their initial visual advantage over age-matched peers, training resulted in robust improvements in various basic visual functions, including static and temporal VA, stereoacuity, spatial crowding, contrast sensitivity and contrast discrimination. Moreover, improvements generalized to higher-level tasks, such as sentence reading and aerial photography interpretation (specifically designed to reflect IAF pilots' expertise in analyzing noisy low-contrast input). In concert with earlier suggestions, gains in visual processing speed are plausible to account, at least partially, for the observed training-induced improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Sterkin
- Goldschleger Eye Research Institute, the Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | | | - Russell Pokroy
- Israel Air Force Aeromedical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Maria Lev
- Faculty of Life Sciences, School of Optometry and Vision Science, Bar-Ilan University, Israel
| | - Liora Levian
- Israel Air Force Aeromedical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Ravid Doron
- Hadassah Academic College, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Oren Yehezkel
- Goldschleger Eye Research Institute, the Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Moshe Fried
- Goldschleger Eye Research Institute, the Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | | | - Barak Gordon
- Israel Air Force Aeromedical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Uri Polat
- Goldschleger Eye Research Institute, the Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Hashomer, Israel; Faculty of Life Sciences, School of Optometry and Vision Science, Bar-Ilan University, Israel.
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248
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Wermelinger S, Gampe A, Daum MM. Higher levels of motor competence are associated with reduced interference in action perception across the lifespan. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2017; 83:432-444. [PMID: 29116436 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-017-0941-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Action perception and action production are tightly linked and elicit bi-directional influences on each other when performed simultaneously. In this study, we investigated whether age-related differences in manual fine-motor competence and/or age affect the (interfering) influence of action production on simultaneous action perception. In a cross-sectional eye-tracking study, participants of a broad age range (N = 181, 20-80 years) observed a manual grasp-and-transport action while performing an additional motor or cognitive distractor task. Action perception was measured via participants' frequency of anticipatory gaze shifts towards the action goal. Manual fine-motor competence was assessed with the Motor Performance Series. The interference effect in action perception was greater in the motor than the cognitive distractor task. Furthermore, manual fine-motor competence and age in years were both associated with this interference. The better the participants' manual fine-motor competence and the younger they were, the smaller the interference effect. However, when both influencing factors (age and fine-motor competence) were taken into account, a model including only age-related differences in manual fine-motor competence best fit with our data. These results add to the existing literature that motor competence and its age-related differences influence the interference effects between action perception and production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Wermelinger
- Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Binzmuehlestrasse 14, 8050, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Anja Gampe
- Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Binzmuehlestrasse 14, 8050, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Moritz M Daum
- Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Binzmuehlestrasse 14, 8050, Zurich, Switzerland.,Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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249
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Kantak S, McGrath R, Zahedi N, Luchmee D. Behavioral and neurophysiological mechanisms underlying motor skill learning in patients with post-stroke hemiparesis. Clin Neurophysiol 2017; 129:1-12. [PMID: 29127826 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2017.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Given the presence of execution deficits after stroke, it is difficult to determine if patients with stroke have deficits in motor skill learning with the paretic arm. Here, we controlled for execution deficits while testing practice effects of the paretic arm on motor skill learning, long-term retention, and corticospinal excitability. METHODS Ten patients with unilateral stroke and ten age-matched controls practiced a kinematic arm skill for two days and returned for retention testing one-day and one-month post-practice. Motor skill learning was quantified as a change in speed-accuracy tradeoff from baseline to retention tests. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) was used to generate an input-output curve of the ipsilesional motor cortex (M1), and measure transcallosal inhibition from contralesional to ipsilesional M1. RESULTS While the control group had greater overall accuracy than the stroke group, both groups showed comparable immediate and long-term improvements with practice. Skill improvements were accompanied by greater excitability of the ipsilesional corticospinal system and reduced transcallosal inhibition from contralesional to ipsilesional M1. CONCLUSIONS When execution deficits are accounted for, patients with stroke demonstrate relatively intact motor skill learning with the paretic arm. Paretic arm learning is accompanied by modulations in corticospinal and transcallosal mechanisms. SIGNIFICANCE Functional recovery after stroke relies on ability for skill learning and the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shailesh Kantak
- Neuroplasticity and Motor Behavior Laboratory, Moss Rehabilitation Research Institute, Elkins Park, PA 19027, USA; Department of Physical Therapy, Arcadia University, Glenside, PA, USA.
| | - Robert McGrath
- Neuroplasticity and Motor Behavior Laboratory, Moss Rehabilitation Research Institute, Elkins Park, PA 19027, USA
| | - Nazaneen Zahedi
- Neuroplasticity and Motor Behavior Laboratory, Moss Rehabilitation Research Institute, Elkins Park, PA 19027, USA; Department of Physical Therapy, Arcadia University, Glenside, PA, USA
| | - Dustin Luchmee
- Neuroplasticity and Motor Behavior Laboratory, Moss Rehabilitation Research Institute, Elkins Park, PA 19027, USA
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250
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Treadmill Exercise Improves Motor Dysfunction and Hyperactivity of the Corticostriatal Glutamatergic Pathway in Rats with 6-OHDA-Induced Parkinson's Disease. Neural Plast 2017; 2017:2583910. [PMID: 29204298 PMCID: PMC5674730 DOI: 10.1155/2017/2583910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperactivity in the corticostriatal glutamatergic pathway (CGP) induces basal ganglia dysfunction, contributing to parkinsonian syndrome (PS). Physical exercise can improve PS. However, the effect of exercise on the CGP, and whether this pathway is involved in the improvement of PS, remains unclear. Parkinson's disease (PD) was induced in rats by 6-hydroxydopamine injection into the right medial forebrain bundle. Motor function was assessed using the cylinder test. Striatal neuron (SN) spontaneous and evoked firing activity was recorded, and the expression levels of Cav1.3 and CaMKII in the striatum were measured after 4 weeks of treadmill exercise. The motor function in PD rats was improved by treadmill exercise. SN showed significantly enhanced excitability, and treadmill exercise reduced SN excitability in PD rats. In addition, firing activity was evoked in SNs by stimulation of the primary motor cortex, and SNs exhibited significantly decreased stimulus threshold, increased firing rates, and reduced latency. The expression of Cav1.3 and p-CaMKII (Thr286) in the striatum were enhanced in PD rats. However, these effects were reversed by treadmill exercise. These findings suggest that treadmill exercise inhibits CGP hyperactivity in PD rats, which may be related to improvement of PS.
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