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Yang LF, Liu X, Lv LL, Ma ZM, Feng XC, Ma TH. Dracorhodin perchlorate inhibits biofilm formation and virulence factors of Candida albicans. J Mycol Med 2018; 28:36-44. [PMID: 29477784 DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2017.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the antifungal activity of dracorhodin perchlorate (DP) against planktonic growth and virulence factors of Candida albicans. METHODS Microdilution method based on CLSI-M27-A3 was used to test the antifungal susceptibility of DP. The activity of DP against biofilm formation and development of C. albicans was quantified by XTT assay and visualized by confocal laser scanning microscope. The effect of DP on the morphological transition of C. albicans induced by four kinds of hyphal-inducing media at 37°C for 4hours was observed under microscope. The rescue experiment by adding exogenous cAMP analog was performed to investigate the involvement of cAMP in the yeast to hyphal transition and biofilm formation of C. albicans. Egg yolk emulsion agar was used to determine the inhibition of DP on the phospholipase production of C. albicans. Human JEG-3 and HUVEC cell lines, as well as the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans was used to assess the toxicity of DP. RESULTS The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of DP is 64μM while the antifungal activity was fungistatic. As low as a concentration at 16μM, DP could inhibit the yeast to hyphal transition in liquid RPMI-1640, Spider, GlcNAc and 10% FBS-containing Sabouroud Dextrose medium, as well as on the solid spider agar. Exogenous cAMP analog could rescue part of biofilm viability of C. albicans. DP could inhibit the production of phospholipase. The toxicity of DP against human cells and C. elegans is low. CONCLUSION DP could inhibit the planktonic growth and virulent factors in multiple stages, such as yeast to hyphal transition, adhesion, biofilm formation and production of phospholipase of C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- L F Yang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130024, China.
| | - X Liu
- Eye Center, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130024, China.
| | - L L Lv
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China.
| | - Z M Ma
- Department of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Hernia Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University Changchun 130041, China.
| | - X C Feng
- College of Life Science, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130041, China.
| | - T H Ma
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130024, China.
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Yu XY, Fu F, Kong WN, Xuan QK, Wen DH, Chen XQ, He YM, He LH, Guo J, Zhou AP, Xi YH, Ni LJ, Yao YF, Wu WJ. Streptococcus agalactiae Inhibits Candida albicans Hyphal Development and Diminishes Host Vaginal Mucosal TH17 Response. Front Microbiol 2018. [PMID: 29527193 PMCID: PMC5829043 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus agalactiae and Candida albicans often co-colonize the female genital tract, and under certain conditions induce mucosal inflammation. The role of the interaction between the two organisms in candidal vaginitis is not known. In this study, we found that co-infection with S. agalactiae significantly attenuated the hyphal development of C. albicans, and that EFG1-Hwp1 signal pathway of C. albicans was involved in this process. In a mouse model of vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC), the fungal burden and the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α showed a increase on co-infection with S. agalactiae, while the level of TH17 T cells and IL-17 in the cervicovaginal lavage fluid were significantly decreased. Our results indicate that S. agalactiae inhibits C. albicans hyphal development by downregulating the expression of EFG1-Hwp1. The interaction between S. agalactiae and C. albicans may attenuate host vaginal mucosal TH17 immunity and contribute to mucosal colonization by C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yu Yu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fei Fu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen-Na Kong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian-Kun Xuan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Dong-Hua Wen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Qing Chen
- Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong-Ming He
- Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Li-Hua He
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Guo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ai-Ping Zhou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang-Hong Xi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Li-Jun Ni
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu-Feng Yao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen-Juan Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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203
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Kim S, Nguyen QB, Wolyniak MJ, Frechette G, Lehman CR, Fox BK, Sundstrom P. Release of transcriptional repression through the HCR promoter region confers uniform expression of HWP1 on surfaces of Candida albicans germ tubes. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0192260. [PMID: 29438403 PMCID: PMC5810986 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms that fungi use to co-regulate subsets of genes specifically associated with morphogenic states represent a basic unsolved problem in fungal biology. Candida albicans is an important model of fungal differentiation both for rapid interconversion between yeast and hyphal growth forms and for white/opaque switching mechanisms. The Sundstrom lab is interested in mechanisms regulating hypha-specific expression of adhesin genes that are critical for C. albicans hyphal growth phenotypes and pathogenicity. Early studies on hypha-specific genes such as HWP1 and ALS3 reported 5’ intergenic regions that are larger than those typically found in an average promoter and are associated with hypha-specific expression. In the case of HWP1, activation and repression involves a 368 bp region, denoted the HWP1 control region (HCR), located 1410 bp upstream of its transcription start site. In previous work we showed that HCR confers developmental regulation to a heterologous ENO1 promoter, indicating that HCR by itself contains sufficient information to couple gene expression to morphology. Here we show that the activation and repression mediated by HCR are localized to distinct HCR regions that are targeted by the transcription factors Nrg1p and Efg1p. The finding that Efg1p mediates both repression via HCR under yeast morphological conditions and activation conditions positions Efg1p as playing a central role in coupling HWP1 expression to morphogenesis through the HCR region. These localization studies revealed that the 120 terminal base pairs of HCR confer Efg1p-dependent repressive activity in addition to the Nrg1p repressive activity mediated by DNA upstream of this subregion. The 120 terminal base pair subregion of HCR also contained an initiation site for an HWP1 transcript that is specific to yeast growth conditions (HCR-Y) and may function in the repression of downstream DNA. The detection of an HWP1 mRNA isoform specific to hyphal growth conditions (HWP1-H) showed that morphology-specific mRNA isoforms occur under both yeast and hyphal growth conditions. Similar results were found at the ALS3 locus. Taken together, these results, suggest that the long 5’ intergenic regions upstream of hypha-specific genes function in generating mRNA isoforms that are important for morphology-specific gene expression. Additional complexity in the HWP1 promoter involving HCR-independent activation was discovered by creating a strain lacking HCR that exhibited variable HWP1 expression during hyphal growth conditions. These results show that while HCR is important for ensuring uniform HWP1 expression in cell populations, HCR independent expression also exists. Overall, these results elucidate HCR-dependent mechanisms for coupling HWP1-dependent gene expression to morphology uniformly in cell populations and prompt the hypothesis that mRNA isoforms may play a role in coupling gene expression to morphology in C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samin Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Microbiology and Molecular Pathogenesis Program, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Quoc Bao Nguyen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Microbiology and Molecular Pathogenesis Program, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Michael J. Wolyniak
- Department of Biology, Hampden-Sydney College, Hampden-Sydney, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Gregory Frechette
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Microbiology and Molecular Pathogenesis Program, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Christian R. Lehman
- Department of Biology, Hampden-Sydney College, Hampden-Sydney, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Brandon K. Fox
- Department of Biology, Hampden-Sydney College, Hampden-Sydney, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Paula Sundstrom
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Microbiology and Molecular Pathogenesis Program, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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204
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Liu N, Tu J, Dong G, Wang Y, Sheng C. Emerging New Targets for the Treatment of Resistant Fungal Infections. J Med Chem 2018; 61:5484-5511. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Na Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jie Tu
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guoqiang Dong
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chunquan Sheng
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, People’s Republic of China
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205
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Rai LS, Singha R, Brahma P, Sanyal K. Epigenetic determinants of phenotypic plasticity in Candida albicans. FUNGAL BIOL REV 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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206
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Monoterpenoid perillyl alcohol impairs metabolic flexibility of Candida albicans by inhibiting glyoxylate cycle. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 495:560-566. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.11.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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207
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Li S, Yu X, Wu W, Chen DZ, Xiao M, Huang X. The opportunistic human fungal pathogen Candida albicans promotes the growth and proliferation of commensal Escherichia coli through an iron-responsive pathway. Microbiol Res 2017; 207:232-239. [PMID: 29458859 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2017.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/16/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Candida albicans is a commensal fungal species that commonly colonizes a heterogeneous mixture of human body where it intimately interacts with other microbes in the host environment such as the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Most studies in fungal-bacterial interactions are about synergistic or antagonistic effects of bacterial functions on fungal physiological activities including pathogenicity. Very few studies have been demonstrated about the role of fungi on bacteria. In this study, we investigated the interactions between C. albicans and the bacterium Escherichia coli and unexpectedly observed that C. albicans enhances growth and proliferation of Escherichia coli strain K12 by facilitating its cell division. Importantly, we found, based on our genetic screens, that both fungus- and bacterium-derived factors, including the iron-responsive transcription factors Sef1 and Sfu1 in C. albicans and the siderophere enterobactin transporters FepD and FepG in E. coli, actively contribute to this transkingdom interaction. Deletion of SFU1 or SEF1 caused a dramatic reduction in growth enhancement of E. coli. Compared to the wild type E. coli, the enhanced growth of both fepD and fepG null mutants were largely dampened. However, the E. coli mutant lacking entB, a key enzyme catalyzing the biosynthesis of siderophore enterobactin, showed similar growth enhancement as the wild type when co-inoculated with C. albicans. C. albicans promotes growth and proliferation of the commensal bacterium E. coli and an iron-responsive signaling pathway appears to be required. C. albicans may act to supply a siderophere-like molecule that captures the environmental iron to promote the growth of E. coli. Our studies gave insight into a novel interacting mechanism operative in interspecies communication that occurs when bacteria and fungi co-exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Li
- College of Life and Environment Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China; Unit of Pathogenic Fungal Infection & Host Immunity, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyu Yu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenjuan Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Daniel Z Chen
- Los Osos High School, 6001 Milliken Ave., Rancho Cucamonga, CA 91737, USA
| | - Ming Xiao
- College of Life and Environment Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xinhua Huang
- Unit of Pathogenic Fungal Infection & Host Immunity, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
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208
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Nasirian H. Contamination of cockroaches (Insecta: Blattaria) to medically fungi: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Mycol Med 2017; 27:427-448. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2017.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 04/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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209
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de S Araújo GR, Souza WD, Frases S. The hidden pathogenic potential of environmental fungi. Future Microbiol 2017; 12:1533-1540. [PMID: 29168657 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2017-0124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive fungal infections are a growing threat to immunocompromised patients, highlighting the importance of monitoring fungal pathogens. Global warming (including climatic oscillations) may select for environmental species that have acquired thermotolerance, a key step toward pathogenesis to humans. Also, important virulence factors have developed in environmental fungi, because they are essential for yeast survival in the environment. Thus, fungi traditionally regarded as nonpathogenic to humans have virulence factors similar to those of their pathogenic relatives. Here, we highlight the emergence of saprophytic environmental fungi - including species of Cryptococcus, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Candida and Scedosporium - as new human pathogens. Emerging pathogens are, in some cases, resistant to the available antifungals, potentiating the threat of novel fungal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glauber R de S Araújo
- Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Wanderley de Souza
- Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Susana Frases
- Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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210
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Subramanya SH, Baral BP, Sharan NK, Nayak N, Metok Y, Sathian B, Bairy I, Gokhale S. Antifungal susceptibility and phenotypic virulence markers of Candida species isolated from Nepal. BMC Res Notes 2017; 10:543. [PMID: 29096684 PMCID: PMC5669004 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-017-2852-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Candida species are part of the commensal microflora in many anatomical sites of the human body; however, breach in the integrity of the body part and impaired immunity of the host can lead to invasive candidiasis. A number of virulence determinants could contribute towards its pathogenicity. Thus we attempted to evaluate the in vitro expression of different virulence factors among clinical isolates of Candida species and assayed their susceptibility patterns against a range of antifungal agents. RESULT Of the total of 71 isolates we obtained, 48 (67.6%) were Candida albicans, 11 (15.49%) Candida tropicalis, 09 (12.67%) Candida glabrata and 03 (4.22%) were Candida krusei. Proteinase, phospholipase and esterase production could be revealed amongst 43 (60.56%), 44 (61.97%) and 49 (69.01%) isolates respectively. None of the isolates showed DNAase activity. Fifty-five (77.39%) isolates were biofilm producers, and 53 (74.6%) exhibited high cell surface hydrophobicity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Yang Metok
- Manipal College of Medical Sciences, Pokhara, Nepal
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211
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Skin Immune Landscape: Inside and Outside the Organism. Mediators Inflamm 2017; 2017:5095293. [PMID: 29180836 PMCID: PMC5664322 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5095293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The skin is an essential organ to the human body protecting it from external aggressions and pathogens. Over the years, the skin was proven to have a crucial immunological role, not only being a passive protective barrier but a network of effector cells and molecular mediators that constitute a highly sophisticated compound known as the “skin immune system” (SIS). Studies of skin immune sentinels provided essential insights of a complex and dynamic immunity, which was achieved through interaction between the external and internal cutaneous compartments. In fact, the skin surface is cohabited by microorganisms recognized as skin microbiota that live in complete harmony with the immune sentinels and contribute to the epithelial barrier reinforcement. However, under stress, the symbiotic relationship changes into a dysbiotic one resulting in skin disorders. Hence, the skin microbiota may have either positive or negative influence on the immune system. This review aims at providing basic background information on the cutaneous immune system from major cellular and molecular players and the impact of its microbiota on the well-coordinated immune responses in host defense.
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212
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Mailänder-Sánchez D, Braunsdorf C, Grumaz C, Müller C, Lorenz S, Stevens P, Wagener J, Hebecker B, Hube B, Bracher F, Sohn K, Schaller M. Antifungal defense of probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG is mediated by blocking adhesion and nutrient depletion. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184438. [PMID: 29023454 PMCID: PMC5638248 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is an inhabitant of mucosal surfaces in healthy individuals but also the most common cause of fungal nosocomial blood stream infections, associated with high morbidity and mortality. As such life-threatening infections often disseminate from superficial mucosal infections we aimed to study the use of probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) in prevention of mucosal C. albicans infections. Here, we demonstrate that LGG protects oral epithelial tissue from damage caused by C. albicans in our in vitro model of oral candidiasis. Furthermore, we provide insights into the mechanisms behind this protection and dissect direct and indirect effects of LGG on C. albicans pathogenicity. C. albicans viability was not affected by LGG. Instead, transcriptional profiling using RNA-Seq indicated dramatic metabolic reprogramming of C. albicans. Additionally, LGG had a significant impact on major virulence attributes, including adhesion, invasion, and hyphal extension, whose reduction, consequently, prevented epithelial damage. This was accompanied by glucose depletion and repression of ergosterol synthesis, caused by LGG, but also due to blocked adhesion sites. Therefore, LGG protects oral epithelia against C. albicans infection by preventing fungal adhesion, invasion and damage, driven, at least in parts, by metabolic reprogramming due to nutrient limitation caused by LGG.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Christoph Müller
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Philip Stevens
- Center for Integrative Bioinformatics Vienna, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- IGVP, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jeanette Wagener
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Tübingen, Germany
| | - Betty Hebecker
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology–Hans Knoell Institute Jena (HKI), Jena, Germany
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena, Germany
| | - Bernhard Hube
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology–Hans Knoell Institute Jena (HKI), Jena, Germany
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena, Germany
- Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Franz Bracher
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Kai Sohn
- Fraunhofer IGB, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Martin Schaller
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Tübingen, Germany
- * E-mail:
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213
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Bourgeois D, David A, Inquimbert C, Tramini P, Molinari N, Carrouel F. Quantification of carious pathogens in the interdental microbiota of young caries-free adults. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185804. [PMID: 29016613 PMCID: PMC5634565 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The majority of caries lesions in adults occur on the proximal tooth surfaces of the posterior teeth. A comprehensive study of the composition of the oral microbiota is fundamental for a better understanding of the etiology of interdental caries. Methods Twenty-five caries-free subjects (20–35 years old) were enrolled in the study. The interdental biofilm of four interdental sites were collected. The real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methodology were used to quantify (i) the following bacteria: Streptococcus spp., Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus spp., Enterococcus spp., and Enterococcus faecalis; (ii) the fungus Candida albicans; and (iii) total bacteria. Results Streptococcus spp. was the most abundant species, followed by Lactobacillus spp. and Enterococcus spp. Streptococcus spp. and Lactobacillus spp. were detected at all tested sites and Enterococcus spp. at 99% of sites. S. mutans was detected at only 28% of the tested sites and C. albicans was detected at 11% of sites. E. faecalis was never detected. In 54.5% of the biofilm inhabited by C. albicans, S. mutans was present. Moreover, 28% of the ID sites co-expressed S. mutans and Lactobacillus spp. The studied pathogens were organized into two correlated groups of species. Strikingly, the fungus C. albicans and the bacteria Enterococcus spp. cluster together, whereas Streptococcus spp., S. mutans and Lactobacillus spp. form one distinct cluster. Conclusion The interdental biofilm of young caries-free adults is comprised of pathogens that are able to induce interproximal caries. That several of these pathogens are implicated in heart disease or other systemic diseases is an argument for the disruption of interdental biofilms using daily oral hygiene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Bourgeois
- Laboratory "Systemic Health Care" EA4129, University Lyon 1, Lyon, France
- Department of Prevention and Public Health, Faculty of Dentistry, University Lyon 1, Lyon, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Alexandra David
- Laboratory "Systemic Health Care" EA4129, University Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Camille Inquimbert
- Laboratory "Systemic Health Care" EA4129, University Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Paul Tramini
- Department of Dental Public Health, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Nicolas Molinari
- Service DIM, CHU de Montpellier, UMR 5149 IMAG, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Florence Carrouel
- Laboratory "Systemic Health Care" EA4129, University Lyon 1, Lyon, France
- Department Basic and Clinical Biological Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University Lyon 1, Lyon, France
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214
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O’Hara NB, Reed HJ, Afshinnekoo E, Harvin D, Caplan N, Rosen G, Frye B, Woloszynek S, Ounit R, Levy S, Butler E, Mason CE. Metagenomic characterization of ambulances across the USA. MICROBIOME 2017; 5:125. [PMID: 28938903 PMCID: PMC5610413 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-017-0339-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microbial communities in our built environments have great influence on human health and disease. A variety of built environments have been characterized using a metagenomics-based approach, including some healthcare settings. However, there has been no study to date that has used this approach in pre-hospital settings, such as ambulances, an important first point-of-contact between patients and hospitals. RESULTS We sequenced 398 samples from 137 ambulances across the USA using shotgun sequencing. We analyzed these data to explore the microbial ecology of ambulances including characterizing microbial community composition, nosocomial pathogens, patterns of diversity, presence of functional pathways and antimicrobial resistance, and potential spatial and environmental factors that may contribute to community composition. We found that the top 10 most abundant species are either common built environment microbes, microbes associated with the human microbiome (e.g., skin), or are species associated with nosocomial infections. We also found widespread evidence of antimicrobial resistance markers (hits ~ 90% samples). We identified six factors that may influence the microbial ecology of ambulances including ambulance surfaces, geographical-related factors (including region, longitude, and latitude), and weather-related factors (including temperature and precipitation). CONCLUSIONS While the vast majority of microbial species classified were beneficial, we also found widespread evidence of species associated with nosocomial infections and antimicrobial resistance markers. This study indicates that metagenomics may be useful to characterize the microbial ecology of pre-hospital ambulance settings and that more rigorous testing and cleaning of ambulances may be warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niamh B. O’Hara
- Jacobs Technion-Cornell Institute, Cornell Tech, New York, NY USA
| | - Harry J. Reed
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY USA
| | - Ebrahim Afshinnekoo
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY USA
- The HRH Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Alsaud Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY USA
- School of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY USA
| | - Donell Harvin
- SUNY Downstate Medical Center, State University of New York, Brooklyn, NY USA
| | - Nora Caplan
- SUNY Downstate Medical Center, State University of New York, Brooklyn, NY USA
| | - Gail Rosen
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Brook Frye
- School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA USA
| | - Stephen Woloszynek
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Rachid Ounit
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA USA
| | | | - Erin Butler
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY USA
| | - Christopher E. Mason
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY USA
- The HRH Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Alsaud Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY USA
- The Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY USA
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215
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Kühbacher A, Henkel H, Stevens P, Grumaz C, Finkelmeier D, Burger-Kentischer A, Sohn K, Rupp S. Central Role for Dermal Fibroblasts in Skin Model Protection against Candida albicans. J Infect Dis 2017; 215:1742-1752. [PMID: 28368492 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jix153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The fungal pathogen Candida albicans colonizes basically all human epithelial surfaces, including the skin. Under certain conditions, such as immunosuppression, invasion of the epithelia occurs. Not much is known about defense mechanisms against C. albicans in subepithelial layers such as the dermis. Using immune cell-supplemented 3D skin models we defined a new role for fibroblasts in the dermis and identified a minimal set of cell types for skin protection against C. albicans invasion. Dual RNA sequencing of individual host cell populations and C. albicans revealed that dermal invasion is directly impeded by dermal fibroblasts. They are able to integrate signals from the pathogen and CD4+ T cells and shift toward an antimicrobial phenotype with broad specificity that is dependent on Toll-like receptor 2 and interleukin 1β. These results highlight a central function of dermal fibroblasts for skin protection, opening new possibilities for treatment of infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Kühbacher
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology
| | - Helena Henkel
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology
| | - Philip Stevens
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology.,Center for Integrative Bioinformatics Vienna, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Grumaz
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology
| | - Doris Finkelmeier
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology
| | - Anke Burger-Kentischer
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology.,Institute of Interfacial Process Engineering and Plasma Technology, University of Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Kai Sohn
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology.,Institute of Interfacial Process Engineering and Plasma Technology, University of Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Steffen Rupp
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology.,Institute of Interfacial Process Engineering and Plasma Technology, University of Stuttgart, Germany
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216
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Qualitative and Quantitative Assessment of Airborne Fungal Spores in the Hospitals Environment of Ahvaz City (2016). Jundishapur J Microbiol 2017. [DOI: 10.5812/jjm.14143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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217
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Khan SN, Khan S, Iqbal J, Khan R, Khan AU. Enhanced Killing and Antibiofilm Activity of Encapsulated Cinnamaldehyde against Candida albicans. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1641. [PMID: 28900419 PMCID: PMC5581813 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida sp. impelled opportunistic infection in immune-compromised patients ensuing from asymptomatic colonization to pathogenic forms. Moreover, slow spread of Candida species inducing refractory mucosal and invasive infections brings acute resistance to antifungal drugs. Hence, here we probed the effect of encapsulated preparation of cinnamaldehyde (CNMA) in multilamellar liposomes (ML) against Candida albicans. The efficacy of ML-CNMA against Candida biofilm was assessed by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, as well as light microscopy and its percent inhibition, was determined by XTT [2,3-bis-(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide] and crystal violet assay. ML-CNMA showed more fungicidal activity than free CNMA as well as multilamellar liposomal amphotericin B (ML-Amp B), which was further confirmed by spot test assay and Log-logistic dose–response analysis. Antifungal activity was driven by reactive oxygen species and cellular damage by sustained release of CNMA. Effect on hyphal formation during 48 h in presence/absence of ML-CNMA was observed under a microscope and further substantiated by RT-PCR by amplifying HWP1, the gene responsible for hyphal wall protein formation. Apoptotic programmed cell death was analyzed by FACS analysis which was further confirmed by cytochrome C release assay. This study elucidates the mechanistic insight of the enhanced antifungal activity of ML preparation of CNMA against Candida infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahper N Khan
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim UniversityAligarh, India
| | - Shakir Khan
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim UniversityAligarh, India
| | - Jawed Iqbal
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim UniversityAligarh, India
| | - Rosina Khan
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim UniversityAligarh, India
| | - Asad U Khan
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim UniversityAligarh, India
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218
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Basso V, Znaidi S, Lagage V, Cabral V, Schoenherr F, LeibundGut-Landmann S, d'Enfert C, Bachellier-Bassi S. The two-component response regulator Skn7 belongs to a network of transcription factors regulating morphogenesis in Candida albicans and independently limits morphogenesis-induced ROS accumulation. Mol Microbiol 2017; 106:157-182. [PMID: 28752552 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Skn7 is a conserved fungal heat shock factor-type transcriptional regulator. It participates in maintaining cell wall integrity and regulates the osmotic/oxidative stress response (OSR) in S. cerevisiae, where it is part of a two-component signal transduction system. Here, we comprehensively address the function of Skn7 in the human fungal pathogen Candida albicans. We provide evidence reinforcing functional divergence, with loss of the cell wall/osmotic stress-protective roles and acquisition of the ability to regulate morphogenesis on solid medium. Mapping of the Skn7 transcriptional circuitry, through combination of genome-wide expression and location technologies, pointed to a dual regulatory role encompassing OSR and filamentous growth. Genetic interaction analyses revealed close functional interactions between Skn7 and master regulators of morphogenesis, including Efg1, Cph1 and Ume6. Intracellular biochemical assays revealed that Skn7 is crucial for limiting the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in filament-inducing conditions on solid medium. Interestingly, functional domain mapping using site-directed mutagenesis allowed decoupling of Skn7 function in morphogenesis from protection against intracellular ROS. Our work identifies Skn7 as an integral part of the transcriptional circuitry controlling C. albicans filamentous growth and illuminates how C. albicans relies on an evolutionarily-conserved regulator to protect itself from intracellular ROS during morphological development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Basso
- Institut Pasteur, INRA, Unité Biologie et Pathogénicité Fongiques, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, Paris, France.,Univ. Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Cellule Pasteur, rue du Dr. Roux, Paris, France
| | - Sadri Znaidi
- Institut Pasteur, INRA, Unité Biologie et Pathogénicité Fongiques, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, Paris, France.,Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Laboratoire de Microbiologie Moléculaire, Vaccinologie et Développement Biotechnologique, 13 Place Pasteur, Tunis-Belvédère, B.P. 74, 1002, Tunisia.,University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1036, Tunisia
| | - Valentine Lagage
- Institut Pasteur, INRA, Unité Biologie et Pathogénicité Fongiques, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, Paris, France
| | - Vitor Cabral
- Institut Pasteur, INRA, Unité Biologie et Pathogénicité Fongiques, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, Paris, France.,Univ. Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Cellule Pasteur, rue du Dr. Roux, Paris, France
| | - Franziska Schoenherr
- Institute of Virology, Winterthurerstr. 266a, Zürich, Switzerland.,SUPSI, Laboratorio Microbiologia Applicata, via Mirasole 22a, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | | | - Christophe d'Enfert
- Institut Pasteur, INRA, Unité Biologie et Pathogénicité Fongiques, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Bachellier-Bassi
- Institut Pasteur, INRA, Unité Biologie et Pathogénicité Fongiques, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, Paris, France
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219
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Ames L, Duxbury S, Pawlowska B, Ho HL, Haynes K, Bates S. Galleria mellonella as a host model to study Candida glabrata virulence and antifungal efficacy. Virulence 2017; 8:1909-1917. [PMID: 28658597 PMCID: PMC5750810 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2017.1347744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Ames
- a Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter , Exeter , Devon , UK
| | - Sarah Duxbury
- a Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter , Exeter , Devon , UK
| | - Bogna Pawlowska
- a Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter , Exeter , Devon , UK
| | - Hsueh-Lui Ho
- a Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter , Exeter , Devon , UK
| | - Ken Haynes
- a Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter , Exeter , Devon , UK
| | - Steven Bates
- a Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter , Exeter , Devon , UK
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220
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Wang Y, Bandara HMHN, Mikkelsen D, Samaranayake LP. Effects of tea extracts on the colonization behaviour of Candida species: attachment inhibition and biofilm enhancement. J Med Microbiol 2017; 66:1244-1252. [DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- School of Dentistry, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - Deirdre Mikkelsen
- School of Dentistry, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- The University of Queensland, ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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221
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Mosayebi M, Eslamirad Z, Hajihossein R, Ghorbanzadeh B, Shahverdi M, Didehdar M. Evaluating of fungal contamination in hospital wet cooling systems in Markazi province, Central Iran. J Mycol Med 2017; 27:334-338. [PMID: 28754461 DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2016] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Fungal infections are common complication among hospitalized patients especially between who is immunocompromised. Wet cooling systems in the hospital environment play a critical role as a source of these infections. The aim of this study was survey of wet cooling system of hospitals for fungal contamination in Arak city. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study was conducted during May to September of 2016. Sampling was done as random. Samples were obtained from water and straw of 84 wet cooling systems of four hospitals in Arak city. Samples were cultured in Sabouraud dextrose agar medium contain of chloramphenicol. Identification of fungi was performed by Slide culture method. RESULTS From 84 wet cooling systems, 32 (38.1%) were contaminated with fungi. The highest fungal contamination was found in wards of oncology and CCU. The most prevalent of fungi isolated in this study were Aspergillus spp. and Candida spp., respectively. CONCLUSION The findings of this descriptive cross-sectional study clearly indicate, in wards of the hospital that used wet cooling systems, there was considerable fungal contamination, particularly Aspergillus contamination. These results highlight a clear need for greater attention to the use of non-aqueous or closed circulation cooling systems, especially where susceptible patients receive medical care.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mosayebi
- Department of medical parasitology and mycology, Arak university of medical sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Z Eslamirad
- Department of medical parasitology and mycology, Arak university of medical sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - R Hajihossein
- Department of medical parasitology and mycology, Arak university of medical sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - B Ghorbanzadeh
- Department of medical parasitology, Tarbiat Modares university, Tehran, Iran
| | - M Shahverdi
- Department of biotechnology, Arak university of medical sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - M Didehdar
- Department of medical parasitology and mycology, Arak university of medical sciences, Arak, Iran; Molecular and medicine research center, Arak university of medical sciences, Arak, Iran.
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222
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Mitochondrial Cochaperone Mge1 Is Involved in Regulating Susceptibility to Fluconazole in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida Species. mBio 2017; 8:mBio.00201-17. [PMID: 28720726 PMCID: PMC5516249 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00201-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
MGE1 encodes a yeast chaperone involved in Fe-S cluster metabolism and protein import into the mitochondria. In this study, we identified MGE1 as a multicopy suppressor of susceptibility to the antifungal fluconazole in the model yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We demonstrate that this phenomenon is not exclusively dependent on the integrity of the mitochondrial DNA or on the presence of the drug efflux pump Pdr5. Instead, we show that the increased dosage of Mge1 plays a protective role by retaining increased amounts of ergosterol upon fluconazole treatment. Iron metabolism and, more particularly, Fe-S cluster formation are involved in regulating this process, since the responsible Hsp70 chaperone, Ssq1, is required. Additionally, we show the necessity but, by itself, insufficiency of activating the iron regulon in establishing the Mge1-related effect on drug susceptibility. Finally, we confirm a similar role for Mge1 in fluconazole susceptibility in the pathogenic fungi Candida glabrata and Candida albicans. Although they are mostly neglected compared to bacterial infections, fungal infections pose a serious threat to the human population. While some of them remain relatively harmless, infections that reach the bloodstream often become lethal. Only a few therapies are available, and resistance of the pathogen to these drugs is a frequently encountered problem. It is thus essential that more research is performed on how these pathogens cope with the treatment and cause recurrent infections. Baker’s yeast is often used as a model to study pathogenic fungi. We show here, by using this model, that iron metabolism and the formation of the important iron-sulfur clusters are involved in regulating susceptibility to fluconazole, the most commonly used antifungal drug. We show that the same process likely also occurs in two of the most regularly isolated pathogenic fungi, Candida glabrata and Candida albicans.
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223
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Maza PK, Bonfim-Melo A, Padovan ACB, Mortara RA, Orikaza CM, Ramos LMD, Moura TR, Soriani FM, Almeida RS, Suzuki E, Bahia D. Candida albicans: The Ability to Invade Epithelial Cells and Survive under Oxidative Stress Is Unlinked to Hyphal Length. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1235. [PMID: 28769876 PMCID: PMC5511855 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In its hyphal form, Candida albicans invades epithelial and endothelial cells by two distinct mechanisms: active penetration and induced endocytosis. The latter is dependent on a reorganization of the host cytoskeleton (actin/cortactin recruitment), whilst active penetration does not rely on the host's cellular machinery. The first obstacle for the fungus to reach deep tissues is the epithelial barrier and this interaction is crucial for commensal growth, fungal pathogenicity and host defense. This study aimed to characterize in vitro epithelial HeLa cell invasion by four different isolates of C. albicans with distinct clinical backgrounds, including a C. albicans SC5314 reference strain. All isolates invaded HeLa cells, recruited actin and cortactin, and induced the phosphorylation of both Src-family kinases (SFK) and cortactin. Curiously, L3881 isolated from blood culture of a patient exhibited the highest resistance to oxidative stress, although this isolate showed reduced hyphal length and displayed the lowest cell damage and invasion rates. Collectively, these data suggest that the ability of C. albicans to invade HeLa cells, and to reach and adapt to the host's blood, including resistance to oxidative stress, may be independent of hyphal length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paloma K Maza
- Disciplina de Parasitologia, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alexis Bonfim-Melo
- Disciplina de Parasitologia, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana C B Padovan
- Laboratório Especial de Micologia, Disciplina de Infectologia, Departamento de Medicina, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil.,Departamento de Microbiologia e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de AlfenasAlfenas, Brazil
| | - Renato A Mortara
- Disciplina de Parasitologia, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cristina M Orikaza
- Disciplina de Parasitologia, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lilian M Damas Ramos
- Laboratório de Micologia Médica e Microbiologia Bucal, Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Estadual de LondrinaLondrina, Brazil
| | - Tauany R Moura
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas GeraisBelo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Frederico M Soriani
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas GeraisBelo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Ricardo S Almeida
- Laboratório de Micologia Médica e Microbiologia Bucal, Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Estadual de LondrinaLondrina, Brazil
| | - Erika Suzuki
- Disciplina de Parasitologia, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil
| | - Diana Bahia
- Disciplina de Parasitologia, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil.,Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas GeraisBelo Horizonte, Brazil
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224
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Shrestha R, Shrestha R, Qin XY, Kuo TF, Oshima Y, Iwatani S, Teraoka R, Fujii K, Hara M, Li M, Takahashi-Nakaguchi A, Chibana H, Lu J, Cai M, Kajiwara S, Kojima S. Fungus-derived hydroxyl radicals kill hepatic cells by enhancing nuclear transglutaminase. Sci Rep 2017; 7:4746. [PMID: 28684792 PMCID: PMC5500562 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04630-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously reported the importance of induced nuclear transglutaminase (TG) 2 activity, which results in hepatic cell death, in ethanol-induced liver injury. Here, we show that co-incubation of either human hepatic cells or mouse primary hepatocytes derived from wild-type but not TG2-/- mice with pathogenic fungi Candida albicans and C. glabrata, but not baker's yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, induced cell death in host cells by enhancing cellular, particularly nuclear, TG activity. Further pharmacological and genetic approaches demonstrated that this phenomenon was mediated partly by the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as hydroxyl radicals, as detected by a fluorescent probe and electron spin resonance. A ROS scavenger, N-acetyl cysteine, blocked enhanced TG activity primarily in the nuclei and inhibited cell death. In contrast, deletion of C. glabrata nox-1, which encodes a ROS-generating enzyme, resulted in a strain that failed to induce the same phenomena. A similar induction of hepatic ROS and TG activities was observed in C. albicans-infected mice. An antioxidant corn peptide fraction inhibited these phenomena in hepatic cells. These results address the impact of ROS-generating pathogens in inducing nuclear TG2-related liver injuries, which provides novel therapeutic targets for preventing and curing alcoholic liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronak Shrestha
- Micro-Signaling Regulation Technology Unit, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Wako, Saitama, Japan
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Rajan Shrestha
- Micro-Signaling Regulation Technology Unit, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Xian-Yang Qin
- Micro-Signaling Regulation Technology Unit, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Ting-Fang Kuo
- Micro-Signaling Regulation Technology Unit, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yugo Oshima
- Condensed Molecular Materials Laboratory, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Shun Iwatani
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Ryutaro Teraoka
- Micro-Signaling Regulation Technology Unit, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Keisuke Fujii
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Mitsuko Hara
- Micro-Signaling Regulation Technology Unit, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Mengqian Li
- Micro-Signaling Regulation Technology Unit, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | | | - Hiroji Chibana
- Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba, Chiba, Japan
| | - Jun Lu
- China National Research Institute of Food and Fermentation Industries, Beijing, China
| | - Muyi Cai
- China National Research Institute of Food and Fermentation Industries, Beijing, China
| | - Susumu Kajiwara
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan.
| | - Soichi Kojima
- Micro-Signaling Regulation Technology Unit, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Wako, Saitama, Japan.
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225
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Cutaneous fungal infections in solid organ transplant recipients. Transplant Rev (Orlando) 2017; 31:158-165. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trre.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 03/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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226
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Demirel R, Sen B, Kadaifciler D, Yoltas A, Okten S, Ozkale E, Berikten D, Samson RA, Haliki Uztan A, Yilmaz N, Abaci Gunyar O, Aydogdu H, Asan A, Kivanc M, Ozdil S, Sakartepe E. Indoor airborne fungal pollution in newborn units in Turkey. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2017; 189:362. [PMID: 28667414 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-017-6051-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Pathogenic and/or opportunistic fungal species are major causes of nosocomial infections, especially in controlled environments where immunocompromised patients are hospitalized. Indoor fungal contamination in hospital air is associated with a wide range of adverse health effects. Regular determination of fungal spore counts in controlled hospital environments may help reduce the risk of fungal infections. Because infants have inchoate immune systems, they are given immunocompromised patient status. The aim of the present study was to evaluate culturable airborne fungi in the air of hospital newborn units in the Thrace, Marmara, Aegean, and Central Anatolia regions of Turkey. A total of 108 air samples were collected seasonally from newborn units in July 2012, October 2012, January 2013, and April 2013 by using an air sampler and dichloran 18% glycerol agar (DG18) as isolation media. We obtained 2593 fungal colonies comprising 370 fungal isolates representing 109 species of 28 genera, which were identified through multi-loci gene sequencing. Penicillium, Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Talaromyces, and Alternaria were the most abundant genera identified (35.14, 25.40, 17.57, 2.70, and 6.22% of the total, respectively).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasime Demirel
- Faculty of Science Department of Biology, Anadolu University, 26470, Eskisehir, Turkey.
| | - Burhan Sen
- Faculty of Science Department of Biology, Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey
| | - Duygu Kadaifciler
- Faculty of Science Department of Biology, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Aysegul Yoltas
- Faculty of Science Department of Biology, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Suzan Okten
- Faculty of Science Department of Biology, Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey
| | - Evrim Ozkale
- Faculty of Science and Art Department of Biology, Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey
| | - Derya Berikten
- Faculty of Science Department of Biology, Anadolu University, 26470, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Robert A Samson
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Alev Haliki Uztan
- Faculty of Science Department of Biology, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Neriman Yilmaz
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Halide Aydogdu
- Faculty of Science Department of Biology, Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Asan
- Faculty of Science Department of Biology, Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey
| | - Merih Kivanc
- Faculty of Science Department of Biology, Anadolu University, 26470, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Soner Ozdil
- Faculty of Science Department of Biology, Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey
| | - Erhan Sakartepe
- Faculty of Science Department of Biology, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
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227
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Polke M, Leonhardt I, Kurzai O, Jacobsen ID. Farnesol signalling in Candida albicans – more than just communication. Crit Rev Microbiol 2017; 44:230-243. [DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2017.1337711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Polke
- Research Group Microbial Immunology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knoell Institute (HKI), Jena, Germany
| | - Ines Leonhardt
- Septomics Research Center, Friedrich Schiller University and Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology – Hans Knoell Institute (HKI), Jena, Germany
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Oliver Kurzai
- Septomics Research Center, Friedrich Schiller University and Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology – Hans Knoell Institute (HKI), Jena, Germany
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), University Hospital, Jena, Germany
- Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Ilse D. Jacobsen
- Research Group Microbial Immunology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knoell Institute (HKI), Jena, Germany
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), University Hospital, Jena, Germany
- Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
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Fungal Contaminants in Drinking Water Regulation? A Tale of Ecology, Exposure, Purification and Clinical Relevance. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017. [PMCID: PMC5486322 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14060636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Microbiological drinking water safety is traditionally monitored mainly by bacterial parameters that indicate faecal contamination. These parameters correlate with gastro-intestinal illness, despite the fact that viral agents, resulting from faecal contamination, are usually the cause. This leaves behind microbes that can cause illness other than gastro-intestinal and several emerging pathogens, disregarding non-endemic microbial contaminants and those with recent pathogenic activity reported. This white paper focuses on one group of contaminants known to cause allergies, opportunistic infections and intoxications: Fungi. It presents a review on their occurrence, ecology and physiology. Additionally, factors contributing to their presence in water distribution systems, as well as their effect on water quality are discussed. Presence of opportunistic and pathogenic fungi in drinking water can pose a health risk to consumers due to daily contact with water, via several exposure points, such as drinking and showering. The clinical relevance and influence on human health of the most common fungal contaminants in drinking water is discussed. Our goal with this paper is to place fungal contaminants on the roadmap of evidence based and emerging threats for drinking water quality safety regulations.
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229
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Gerwien F, Safyan A, Wisgott S, Brunke S, Kasper L, Hube B. The Fungal Pathogen Candida glabrata Does Not Depend on Surface Ferric Reductases for Iron Acquisition. Front Microbiol 2017. [PMID: 28642757 PMCID: PMC5463049 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron acquisition is a crucial virulence determinant for many bacteria and fungi, including the opportunistic fungal pathogens Candida albicans and C. glabrata. While the diverse strategies used by C. albicans for obtaining iron from the host are well-described, much less is known about the acquisition of this micronutrient from host sources by C. glabrata – a distant relative of C. albicans with closer evolutionary ties to Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which nonetheless causes severe clinical symptoms in humans. Here we show that C. glabrata is much more restricted than C. albicans in using host iron sources, lacking, for example, the ability to grow on transferrin and hemin/hemoglobin. Instead, C. glabrata is able to use ferritin and non-protein-bound iron (FeCl3) as iron sources in a pH-dependent manner. As in other fungal pathogens, iron-dependent growth requires the reductive high affinity (HA) iron uptake system. Typically highly conserved, this uptake mechanism normally relies on initial ferric reduction by cell-surface ferric reductases. The C. glabrata genome contains only three such putative ferric reductases, which were found to be dispensable for iron-dependent growth. In addition and in contrast to C. albicans and S. cerevisiae, we also detected no surface ferric reductase activity in C. glabrata. Instead, extracellular ferric reduction was found in this and the two other fungal species, which was largely dependent on an excreted low-molecular weight, non-protein ferric reductant. We therefore propose an iron acquisition strategy of C. glabrata which differs from other pathogenic fungi, such as C. albicans, in that it depends on a limited set of host iron sources and that it lacks the need for surface ferric reductases. Extracellular ferric reduction by a secreted molecule possibly compensates for the loss of surface ferric reductase activity in the HA iron uptake system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Gerwien
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knoell InstituteJena, Germany
| | - Abu Safyan
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knoell InstituteJena, Germany
| | - Stephanie Wisgott
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knoell InstituteJena, Germany
| | - Sascha Brunke
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knoell InstituteJena, Germany
| | - Lydia Kasper
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knoell InstituteJena, Germany
| | - Bernhard Hube
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knoell InstituteJena, Germany.,Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Friedrich Schiller UniversityJena, Germany.,Center for Sepsis Control and Care, University HospitalJena, Germany
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230
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Huang X, Chen X, He Y, Yu X, Li S, Gao N, Niu L, Mao Y, Wang Y, Wu X, Wu W, Wu J, Zhou D, Zhan X, Chen C. Mitochondrial complex I bridges a connection between regulation of carbon flexibility and gastrointestinal commensalism in the human fungal pathogen Candida albicans. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006414. [PMID: 28570675 PMCID: PMC5469625 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2016] [Revised: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Efficient assimilation of alternative carbon sources in glucose-limited host niches is critical for colonization of Candida albicans, a commensal yeast that frequently causes opportunistic infection in human. C. albicans evolved mechanistically to regulate alternative carbon assimilation for the promotion of fungal growth and commensalism in mammalian hosts. However, this highly adaptive mechanism that C. albicans employs to cope with alternative carbon assimilation has yet to be clearly understood. Here we identified a novel role of C. albicans mitochondrial complex I (CI) in regulating assimilation of alternative carbon sources such as mannitol. Our data demonstrate that CI dysfunction by deleting the subunit Nuo2 decreases the level of NAD+, downregulates the NAD+-dependent mannitol dehydrogenase activity, and consequently inhibits hyphal growth and biofilm formation in conditions when the carbon source is mannitol, but not fermentative sugars like glucose. Mannitol-dependent morphogenesis is controlled by a ROS-induced signaling pathway involving Hog1 activation and Brg1 repression. In vivo studies show that nuo2Δ/Δ mutant cells are severely compromised in gastrointestinal colonization and the defect can be rescued by a glucose-rich diet. Thus, our findings unravel a mechanism by which C. albicans regulates carbon flexibility and commensalism. Alternative carbon assimilation might represent a fitness advantage for commensal fungi in successful colonization of host niches. Most fermentative sugars like glucose, although routinely used in laboratory cell culture medium, are in fact only present at very low levels and even absent in many host niches. Therefore, assimilation of alternative nutrients is essential for the survival, proliferation and infection of most clinically important microbial pathogens like C. albicans in their hosts. In this study, we show that mitochondrial complex I (CI) is indispensable for proper hyphal growth and biofilm formation of C. albicans cells when mannitol, but not fermentative sugars like glucose or mannose, is used as the sole carbon source. We also find that a specific signaling pathway that senses and responds to the alternative carbon source incorporates input from mitochondrially-derived molecules like reactive oxygen species (ROS) to influence activation of the Hog1 MAPK and expression of the biofilm-regulator Brg1. Our findings further demonstrate that CI dysfunction confers a severe defect of C. albicans in gastrointestinal colonization and changing the diet with glucose is able to significantly rescue the commensal defect. Our study suggests that C. albicans has a unique regulatory system to sense and utilize the alternative carbon sources abundant in the GI tract and to promote commensalism. Significantly, CI activity appears to play a vital role in this highly adaptive system to regulate commensalism, in addition to its well-characterized role in virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhua Huang
- Unit of Pathogenic Fungal Infection & Host Immunity, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoqing Chen
- Unit of Pathogenic Fungal Infection & Host Immunity, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- College of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongmin He
- Unit of Pathogenic Fungal Infection & Host Immunity, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyu Yu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shanshan Li
- Unit of Pathogenic Fungal Infection & Host Immunity, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- College of Life Science, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ning Gao
- Unit of Pathogenic Fungal Infection & Host Immunity, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Lida Niu
- Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yinhe Mao
- Unit of Pathogenic Fungal Infection & Host Immunity, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- Unit of Pathogenic Fungal Infection & Host Immunity, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xianwei Wu
- Unit of Pathogenic Fungal Infection & Host Immunity, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenjuan Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianhua Wu
- Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dongsheng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangjiang Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Changbin Chen
- Unit of Pathogenic Fungal Infection & Host Immunity, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail:
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231
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Robinson RT, Huppler AR. The Goldilocks model of immune symbiosis with Mycobacteria and Candida colonizers. Cytokine 2017; 97:49-65. [PMID: 28570933 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2017.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacteria and Candida species include significant human pathogens that can cause localized or disseminated infections. Although these organisms may appear to have little in common, several shared pathways of immune recognition and response are important for both control and infection-related pathology. In this article, we compare and contrast the innate and adaptive components of the immune system that pertain to these infections in humans and animal models. We also explore a relatively new concept in the mycobacterial field: biological commensalism. Similar to the well-established model of Candida infection, Mycobacteria species colonize their human hosts in equilibrium with the immune response. Perturbations in the immune response permit the progression to pathologic disease at the expense of the host. Understanding the immune factors required to maintain commensalism may aid with the development of diagnostic and treatment strategies for both categories of pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard T Robinson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
| | - Anna R Huppler
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Disease, Medical College of Wisconsin, Children's Hospital and Health System, Children's Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
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232
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Woolford CA, Lagree K, Aleynikov T, Mitchell AP. Negative control of Candida albicans filamentation-associated gene expression by essential protein kinase gene KIN28. Curr Genet 2017; 63:1073-1079. [PMID: 28501989 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-017-0705-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The fungus Candida albicans can grow as either yeast or filaments, which include hyphae and pseudohyphae, depending on environmental conditions. Filamentous growth is of particular interest because it is required for biofilm formation and for pathogenesis. Environmentally induced filamentous growth is associated with expression of filamentation-associated genes, and both filamentous growth and associated gene expression depend upon several well-characterized transcription factors. Surprisingly, strains with reduced expression of many essential genes display filamentous growth under non-inducing conditions-those in which the wild type grows as yeast. We found recently that diminished expression of several essential protein kinase genes leads to both filamentous cell morphology and filamentation-associated gene expression under non-inducing conditions. Reduced expression of the essential protein kinase gene CAK1 promoted filamentation-associated gene expression and biofilm formation in strains that lacked key transcriptional activators of these processes, thus indicating that CAK1 expression is critical for both environmental and genetic control of filamentation. In this study, we extend our genetic interaction analysis to a second essential protein kinase gene, KIN28. Reduced expression of KIN28 also permits filamentation-associated gene expression, though not biofilm formation, in the absence of several key transcriptional activators. Our results argue that impairment of several essential cellular processes can alter the regulatory requirements for filamentation-associated gene expression. Our results also indicate that levels of filamentation-associated gene expression are not fully predictive of biofilm formation ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Woolford
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - K Lagree
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - T Aleynikov
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - A P Mitchell
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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233
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Pendleton KM, Huffnagle GB, Dickson RP. The significance of Candida in the human respiratory tract: our evolving understanding. Pathog Dis 2017; 75:3102948. [PMID: 28423168 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftx029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida is an opportunistic pathogen and the most commonly isolated fungal genus in humans. Though Candida is often detected in respiratory specimens from humans with and without lung disease, its significance remains undetermined. While historically considered a commensal organism with low virulence potential, the status of Candida as an innocent bystander has recently been called into question by both clinical observations and animal experimentation. We here review what is currently known and yet to be determined about the clinical, microbiological and pathophysiological significance of the detection of Candida spp. in the human respiratory tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn M Pendleton
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Gary B Huffnagle
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.,Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.,Mary H. Weiser Food Allergy Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Robert P Dickson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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234
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Bouklas T, Alonso-Crisóstomo L, Székely T, Diago-Navarro E, Orner EP, Smith K, Munshi MA, Del Poeta M, Balázsi G, Fries BC. Generational distribution of a Candida glabrata population: Resilient old cells prevail, while younger cells dominate in the vulnerable host. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006355. [PMID: 28489916 PMCID: PMC5440053 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Similar to other yeasts, the human pathogen Candida glabrata ages when it undergoes asymmetric, finite cell divisions, which determines its replicative lifespan. We sought to investigate if and how aging changes resilience of C. glabrata populations in the host environment. Our data demonstrate that old C. glabrata are more resistant to hydrogen peroxide and neutrophil killing, whereas young cells adhere better to epithelial cell layers. Consequently, virulence of old compared to younger C. glabrata cells is enhanced in the Galleria mellonella infection model. Electron microscopy images of old C. glabrata cells indicate a marked increase in cell wall thickness. Comparison of transcriptomes of old and young C. glabrata cells reveals differential regulation of ergosterol and Hog pathway associated genes as well as adhesion proteins, and suggests that aging is accompanied by remodeling of the fungal cell wall. Biochemical analysis supports this conclusion as older cells exhibit a qualitatively different lipid composition, leading to the observed increased emergence of fluconazole resistance when grown in the presence of fluconazole selection pressure. Older C. glabrata cells accumulate during murine and human infection, which is statistically unlikely without very strong selection. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that neutrophils constitute the predominant selection pressure in vivo. When we altered experimentally the selection pressure by antibody-mediated removal of neutrophils, we observed a significantly younger pathogen population in mice. Mathematical modeling confirmed that differential selection of older cells is sufficient to cause the observed demographic shift in the fungal population. Hence our data support the concept that pathogenesis is affected by the generational age distribution of the infecting C. glabrata population in a host. We conclude that replicative aging constitutes an emerging trait, which is selected by the host and may even play an unanticipated role in the transition from a commensal to a pathogen state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tejas Bouklas
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Long Island University-Post, Brookville, New York, United States of America
| | | | - Tamás Székely
- The Louis and Beatrice Laufer Center for Physical and Quantitative Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Diago-Navarro
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Erika P. Orner
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Kalie Smith
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Mansa A. Munshi
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Maurizio Del Poeta
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- Veterans Administration Medical Center, Northport, New York, United States of America
| | - Gábor Balázsi
- The Louis and Beatrice Laufer Center for Physical and Quantitative Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Bettina C. Fries
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
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235
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The environmental yeast Cryptococcus liquefaciens produces capsular and secreted polysaccharides with similar pathogenic properties to those of C. neoformans. Sci Rep 2017; 7:46768. [PMID: 28440301 PMCID: PMC5404263 DOI: 10.1038/srep46768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Invasive fungal infections, including cryptococcosis, are a growing threat to immunocompromised patients. Although Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii are the main agents of human cryptococcosis, opportunistic infections by environmental species, such as C. liquefaciens, have been observed recently. The main Cryptococcus virulence factor is the production and secretion of polysaccharides (PS). Previously, we showed that both species produce PS of similar composition. Here, we examined the ultrastructure and biological activity of capsular and secreted PS from C. liquefaciens, and yeast pathogenicity to an invertebrate host, in comparison with C. neoformans. Ultrastructural analysis by high-resolution microscopy showed that both species produce large and complex capsules. PS from both species had indistinguishable effects on phagocytosis levels, NO production and the secretion of a variety of immune mediators. Challenge with C. liquefaciens or C. neoformans led to complete lethality of G. mellonella larvae. Treatment with C. liquefaciens PS could not protect mice against infection with C. neoformans. We conclude that polysaccharides of the environmental yeast C. liquefaciens have strikingly similar ultrastructural and biological properties to those of C. neoformans, highlighting the importance of monitoring the emergence of new fungal pathogens for which thermotolerance may be an important transitional step towards pathogenesis in humans.
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236
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Discovery of a Novel Antifungal Agent in the Pathogen Box. mSphere 2017; 2:mSphere00120-17. [PMID: 28435886 PMCID: PMC5390095 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00120-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryptococcus neoformans and Candida albicans are two major human fungal pathogens and together account for over 1.4 million infections annually, with very high mortality rates. These fungi often infect immunocompromised individuals, such as HIV/AIDS patients. In an effort to identify novel drugs with antifungal activity, we have screened the Pathogen Box for compounds with anticryptococcal and anticandidal activities. This approach led to the discovery of a promising lead compound (MMV688271) with strong antifungal potency under nutrient-limited conditions. Human fungal pathogens cause over 2 million infections per year and are major drivers of morbidity and mortality. Cryptococcus neoformans and Candida albicans are two of the most common fungal pathogens of humans, together accounting for a staggering 1.4 million infections annually, with very high mortality rates. Patients with dysfunctional immune systems, such as individuals with HIV/AIDS, are particularly susceptible to fungal infections. Unfortunately, relatively few antifungal drugs are currently available and fungi frequently develop resistance, further complicating treatment approaches. In this study, we screened the Pathogen Box chemical library (Medicines for Malaria Venture, Switzerland) in an effort to identify novel antifungal compounds. This approach led to the discovery of a novel, highly potent antifungal agent with activity against both C. neoformans and C. albicans. Our initial study of the mechanism of action suggested that this novel compound prevents fungal proliferation by targeting the ability of C. neoformans to withstand stress at the plasma membrane and cell wall. Because this compound had previously been shown to have low toxicity for mammalian cells, we propose that it represents an attractive lead compound for further antifungal drug development. IMPORTANCECryptococcus neoformans and Candida albicans are two major human fungal pathogens and together account for over 1.4 million infections annually, with very high mortality rates. These fungi often infect immunocompromised individuals, such as HIV/AIDS patients. In an effort to identify novel drugs with antifungal activity, we have screened the Pathogen Box for compounds with anticryptococcal and anticandidal activities. This approach led to the discovery of a promising lead compound (MMV688271) with strong antifungal potency under nutrient-limited conditions.
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237
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Doğan İS, Saraç S, Sari S, Kart D, Eşsiz Gökhan Ş, Vural İ, Dalkara S. New azole derivatives showing antimicrobial effects and their mechanism of antifungal activity by molecular modeling studies. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 130:124-138. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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238
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Real-Time Approach to Flow Cell Imaging of Candida albicans Biofilm Development. J Fungi (Basel) 2017; 3:jof3010013. [PMID: 29371532 PMCID: PMC5715965 DOI: 10.3390/jof3010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of Candida albicans to form biofilms is a virulence factor that allows tissue attachment and subsequent infection of host tissues. Fungal biofilms have been particularly well studied, however the vast majority of these studies have been conducted under static conditions. Oral biofilms form in the presence of salivary flow, therefore we developed a novel flow system used for real-time imaging of fungal biofilm development. C. albicans wild-type (WT) cells readily attached to the substrate surface during the 2 h attachment phase, then formed heterogeneous biofilms after 18 h flow. Quantitative values for biomass, rates of attachment and detachment, and cell-cell adhesion events were obtained for C. albicans WT cells and for a hyperfilamentous mutant Δhog1. Attachment rates of C. albicans WT cells were nearly 2-fold higher than C. albicans Δhog1 cells, although Δhog1 cells formed 4-fold higher biomass. The reduced normalized detachment rate was the primary factor responsible for the increased biomass of Δhog1 biofilm, showing that cell detachment rates are an important predictor for ultimate biofilm mass under flow. Unlike static biofilms, C. albicans cells under constant laminar flow undergo continuous detachment and seeding that may be more representative of the development of in vivo biofilms.
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239
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Comparative Assessment of Cytokine Pattern in Early and Late Onset of Neonatal Sepsis. J Immunol Res 2017; 2017:8601063. [PMID: 28367457 PMCID: PMC5357566 DOI: 10.1155/2017/8601063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neonatal sepsis is a significant health issue associated with high mortality. Immune responses associated with neonatal sepsis, such as proinflammatory cytokine production, are believed to play a central role in the pathogenesis of this disease. In the present study, serum levels of the proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL1-β, and IL-6 and the anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-4 and IL-10 were evaluated for 25 subjects with neonatal sepsis. We observed that subjects with late onset of sepsis (LOS), as well as those with early onset of sepsis (EOS), had a substantial increase in serum TNF-α. In contrast to EOS, subjects with LOS demonstrated a significant increase in serum levels IL-6 and IL-10. Additionally, we observed a significant difference in cytokine profiles between acute and postacute cases of neonatal sepsis. For instance, the level of proinflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α and IL-6, was elevated in the acute phase, whereas the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-10, became substantially upregulated during the postacute phase. Additionally, no correlation was observed between cytokine levels and CRP levels or lymphocyte counts. Thus, in contrast to CRP levels and lymphocyte counts, examination of the cytokine profile can provide valuable information when determining the most effective therapy for treating neonatal sepsis. This information may be useful to physicians when determining if anti-inflammatory or immune stimulatory therapy is warranted.
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240
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SCY-078 Is Fungicidal against Candida Species in Time-Kill Studies. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2017; 61:AAC.01961-16. [PMID: 28069658 PMCID: PMC5328566 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01961-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
SCY-078 is an orally bioavailable ß-1,3-glucan synthesis inhibitor (GSI) and the first-in-class of structurally novel triterpene antifungals in clinical development for treating candidemia and invasive candidiasis. In vitro susceptibilities by broth microdilution, antifungal carryover, and time-kill dynamics were determined for three reference (ATCC) strains (Candida albicans 90028, Candida parapsilosis 90018, and Candida tropicalis 750), a quality-control (QC) strain (Candida krusei 6258), and four other strains (C. albicans MYA-2732, 64124, and 76485 and Candida glabrata 90030). Caspofungin (CASP), fluconazole (FLC), and voriconazole (VRC) were comparators. For time-kill experiments, SCY-078 and CASP were evaluated at 0.25, 1, 2, 4, 8, and 16 times the MIC80, and FLU and VRC were evaluated at 4× MIC80. The time to reach 50%, 90%, and 99.9% reduction in the number of CFUs from the starting inoculum was determined. Net change in the number of CFU per milliliter was used to determine 50% and 90% effective concentrations and maximum effect (EC50, EC90, and Emax, respectively). The SCY-078 MIC range was between 0.0625 and 1 μg/ml and generally similar to that of CASP. Antifungal carryover was not observed for SCY-078. SCY-078 was fungicidal against seven isolates at ≥4× MIC (kill of ≥3 log10) and achieved a 1.7-log10 reduction in CFU count/milliliter against C. albicans 90028. CASP behaved similarly against each isolate and achieved a 1.5-log10 reduction in the number of CFU/milliliter against C. albicans 90028. Reductions of 50% in CFU count/milliliter were achieved rapidly (1 to 2.8 h); fungicidal endpoints were reached at 12.1 to 21.8 h at ≥4× MIC. EC90 was reached at ∼5× MIC at each time point to 24 h. The EC50 and EC90 values were generally similar (8 to 24 h). Time-kill behavior of CASP was similar to that of SCY-078. FLC and VRC were fungistatic. Overall, SCY-078 has primarily fungicidal activity against Candida spp. and behaved comparably to CASP.
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241
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Chairatana P, Nolan EM. Defensins, lectins, mucins, and secretory immunoglobulin A: microbe-binding biomolecules that contribute to mucosal immunity in the human gut. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 52:45-56. [PMID: 27841019 PMCID: PMC5233583 DOI: 10.1080/10409238.2016.1243654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In the intestine, the mucosal immune system plays essential roles in maintaining homeostasis between the host and microorganisms, and protecting the host from pathogenic invaders. Epithelial cells produce and release a variety of biomolecules into the mucosa and lumen that contribute to immunity. In this review, we focus on a subset of these remarkable host-defense factors - enteric α-defensins, select lectins, mucins, and secretory immunoglobulin A - that have the capacity to bind microbes and thereby contribute to barrier function in the human gut. We provide an overview of the intestinal epithelium, describe specialized secretory cells named Paneth cells, and summarize our current understanding of the biophysical and functional properties of these select microbe-binding biomolecules. We intend for this compilation to complement prior reviews on intestinal host-defense factors, highlight recent advances in the field, and motivate investigations that further illuminate molecular mechanisms as well as the interplay between these molecules and microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phoom Chairatana
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Elizabeth M. Nolan
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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Suhr MJ, Gomes-Neto JC, Banjara N, Florescu DF, Mercer DF, Iwen PC, Hallen-Adams HE. Epidemiological investigation of Candida
species causing bloodstream infection in paediatric small bowel transplant recipients. Mycoses 2017; 60:366-374. [DOI: 10.1111/myc.12603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Revised: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mallory J. Suhr
- Department of Food Science & Technology; University of Nebraska-Lincoln; Lincoln NE USA
| | | | - Nabaraj Banjara
- Department of Food Science & Technology; University of Nebraska-Lincoln; Lincoln NE USA
| | - Diana F. Florescu
- Transplant Infectious Diseases Program; University of Nebraska Medical Center; Omaha NE USA
- Transplant Surgery Division; University of Nebraska Medical Center; Omaha NE USA
| | - David F. Mercer
- Transplant Surgery Division; University of Nebraska Medical Center; Omaha NE USA
| | - Peter C. Iwen
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology; University of Nebraska Medical Center; Omaha NE USA
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Chairatana P, Chiang IL, Nolan EM. Human α-Defensin 6 Self-Assembly Prevents Adhesion and Suppresses Virulence Traits of Candida albicans. Biochemistry 2017; 56:1033-1041. [PMID: 28026958 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.6b01111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Human α-defensin 6 (HD6) is a host-defense peptide that contributes to intestinal innate immunity and mediates homeostasis at mucosal surfaces by forming noncovalent oligomers that capture bacteria and prevent bacterial invasion of the epithelium. This work illustrates a new role of HD6 in defending the host epithelium against pathogenic microorganisms. We report that HD6 blocks adhesion of Candida albicans to human intestinal epithelial cells and suppresses two C. albicans virulence traits, namely, invasion of human epithelial cells and biofilm formation. Moreover, a comparison of HD6 and a single-point variant F2A that does not form higher-order oligomers demonstrates that the self-assembly properties of HD6 are essential for functional activity against C. albicans. This opportunistic fungal pathogen, which resides in the intestine as a member of the gut microbiota in healthy individuals, can turn virulent and cause a variety of diseases ranging from superficial infections to life-threatening systemic infections. Our results indicate that HD6 may allow C. albicans to persist as a harmless commensal in the gastrointestinal tract. Moreover, HD6 and HD6-inspired molecules may provide a foundation for exploring new antimicrobial strategies that attenuate the virulence traits of C. albicans and other microbial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phoom Chairatana
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - I-Ling Chiang
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Elizabeth M Nolan
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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Scorzoni L, de Paula E Silva ACA, Marcos CM, Assato PA, de Melo WCMA, de Oliveira HC, Costa-Orlandi CB, Mendes-Giannini MJS, Fusco-Almeida AM. Antifungal Therapy: New Advances in the Understanding and Treatment of Mycosis. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:36. [PMID: 28167935 PMCID: PMC5253656 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The high rates of morbidity and mortality caused by fungal infections are associated with the current limited antifungal arsenal and the high toxicity of the compounds. Additionally, identifying novel drug targets is challenging because there are many similarities between fungal and human cells. The most common antifungal targets include fungal RNA synthesis and cell wall and membrane components, though new antifungal targets are being investigated. Nonetheless, fungi have developed resistance mechanisms, such as overexpression of efflux pump proteins and biofilm formation, emphasizing the importance of understanding these mechanisms. To address these problems, different approaches to preventing and treating fungal diseases are described in this review, with a focus on the resistance mechanisms of fungi, with the goal of developing efficient strategies to overcoming and preventing resistance as well as new advances in antifungal therapy. Due to the limited antifungal arsenal, researchers have sought to improve treatment via different approaches, and the synergistic effect obtained by the combination of antifungals contributes to reducing toxicity and could be an alternative for treatment. Another important issue is the development of new formulations for antifungal agents, and interest in nanoparticles as new types of carriers of antifungal drugs has increased. In addition, modifications to the chemical structures of traditional antifungals have improved their activity and pharmacokinetic parameters. Moreover, a different approach to preventing and treating fungal diseases is immunotherapy, which involves different mechanisms, such as vaccines, activation of the immune response and inducing the production of host antimicrobial molecules. Finally, the use of a mini-host has been encouraging for in vivo testing because these animal models demonstrate a good correlation with the mammalian model; they also increase the speediness of as well as facilitate the preliminary testing of new antifungal agents. In general, many years are required from discovery of a new antifungal to clinical use. However, the development of new antifungal strategies will reduce the therapeutic time and/or increase the quality of life of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Scorzoni
- Laboratório de Micologia Clínica, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas Araraquara, Brasil
| | - Ana C A de Paula E Silva
- Laboratório de Micologia Clínica, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas Araraquara, Brasil
| | - Caroline M Marcos
- Laboratório de Micologia Clínica, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas Araraquara, Brasil
| | - Patrícia A Assato
- Laboratório de Micologia Clínica, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas Araraquara, Brasil
| | - Wanessa C M A de Melo
- Laboratório de Micologia Clínica, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas Araraquara, Brasil
| | - Haroldo C de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Micologia Clínica, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas Araraquara, Brasil
| | - Caroline B Costa-Orlandi
- Laboratório de Micologia Clínica, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas Araraquara, Brasil
| | - Maria J S Mendes-Giannini
- Laboratório de Micologia Clínica, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas Araraquara, Brasil
| | - Ana M Fusco-Almeida
- Laboratório de Micologia Clínica, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas Araraquara, Brasil
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245
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Halder LD, Abdelfatah MA, Jo EAH, Jacobsen ID, Westermann M, Beyersdorf N, Lorkowski S, Zipfel PF, Skerka C. Factor H Binds to Extracellular DNA Traps Released from Human Blood Monocytes in Response to Candida albicans. Front Immunol 2017; 7:671. [PMID: 28133459 PMCID: PMC5233719 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon systemic infection with human pathogenic yeast Candida albicans (C. albicans), human monocytes and polymorph nuclear neutrophilic granulocytes are the first immune cells to respond and come into contact with C. albicans. Monocytes exert immediate candidacidal activity and inhibit germination, mediate phagocytosis, and kill fungal cells. Here, we show that human monocytes spontaneously respond to C. albicans cells via phagocytosis, decondensation of nuclear DNA, and release of this decondensed DNA in the form of extracellular traps (called monocytic extracellular traps: MoETs). Both subtypes of monocytes (CD14++CD16−/CD14+CD16+) formed MoETs within the first hours upon contact with C. albicans. MoETs were characterized by the presence of citrullinated histone, myeloperoxidase, lactoferrin, and elastase. MoETs were also formed in response to Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, indicating a general reaction of monocytes to infectious microbes. MoET induction differs from extracellular trap formation in macrophages as MoETs are not triggered by simvastatin, an inhibitor of cholesterol synthesis and inducer of extracellular traps in macrophages. Extracellular traps from both monocytes and neutrophils activate complement and C3b is deposited. However, factor H (FH) binds via C3b to the extracellular DNA, mediates cofactor activity, and inhibits the induction of the inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1 beta in monocytes. Altogether, the results show that human monocytes release extracellular DNA traps in response to C. albicans and that these traps finally bind FH via C3b to presumably support clearance without further inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke D Halder
- Department of Infection Biology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology , Jena , Germany
| | - Mahmoud A Abdelfatah
- Department of Infection Biology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology , Jena , Germany
| | - Emeraldo A H Jo
- Department of Infection Biology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology , Jena , Germany
| | - Ilse D Jacobsen
- Research Group Microbial Immunology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Jena, Germany; Friedrich-Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Martin Westermann
- Center for Electron Microscopy of the University Hospital Jena , Jena , Germany
| | - Niklas Beyersdorf
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg , Würzburg , Germany
| | - Stefan Lorkowski
- Institute of Nutrition, Friedrich-Schiller University , Jena , Germany
| | - Peter F Zipfel
- Department of Infection Biology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Jena, Germany; Friedrich-Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Christine Skerka
- Department of Infection Biology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology , Jena , Germany
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Jakab Á, Mogavero S, Förster TM, Pekmezovic M, Jablonowski N, Dombrádi V, Pócsi I, Hube B. Effects of the glucocorticoid betamethasone on the interaction of Candida albicans with human epithelial cells. Microbiology (Reading) 2016; 162:2116-2125. [DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ágnes Jakab
- Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Selene Mogavero
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Toni M. Förster
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Marina Pekmezovic
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Nadja Jablonowski
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Viktor Dombrádi
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - István Pócsi
- Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Bernhard Hube
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
- Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care, University Hospital, Jena, Germany
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247
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Bandara HMHN, Matsubara VH, Samaranayake LP. Future therapies targeted towards eliminating Candida biofilms and associated infections. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2016; 15:299-318. [PMID: 27927053 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2017.1268530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Candida species are common human commensals and cause either superficial or invasive opportunistic infections. The biofilm form of candida as opposed to its suspended, planktonic form, is predominantly associated with these infections. Alternative or adjunctive therapies are urgently needed to manage Candida infections as the currently available short arsenal of antifungal drugs has been compromised due to their systemic toxicity, cross-reactivity with other drugs, and above all, by the emergence of drug-resistant Candida species due to irrational drug use. Areas covered: Combination anti-Candida therapies, antifungal lock therapy, denture cleansers, and mouth rinses have all been proposed as alternatives for disrupting candidal biofilms on different substrates. Other suggested approaches for the management of candidiasis include the use of natural compounds, such as probiotics, plants extracts and oils, antifungal quorum sensing molecules, anti-Candida antibodies and vaccines, cytokine therapy, transfer of primed immune cells, photodynamic therapy, and nanoparticles. Expert commentary: The sparsity of currently available antifungals and the plethora of proposed anti-candidal therapies is a distinct indication of the urgent necessity to develop efficacious therapies for candidal infections. Alternative drug delivery approaches, such as probiotics, reviewed here is likely to be a reality in clinical settings in the not too distant future.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M H N Bandara
- a School of Dentistry , The University of Queensland , Herston , QLD , Australia
| | - V H Matsubara
- b School of Dentistry , University of São Paulo , São Paulo , SP , Brazil.,c Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences , University of São Paulo , São Paulo , SP , Brazil
| | - L P Samaranayake
- a School of Dentistry , The University of Queensland , Herston , QLD , Australia.,d Faculty of Dentistry , University of Kuwait , Kuwait
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Abstract
This Special Issue is designed to highlight the latest research and development on new antifungal compounds with mechanisms of action different from the ones of polyenes, azoles, and echinocandins. The papers presented here highlight new pathways and targets that could be exploited for the future development of new antifungal agents to be used alone or in combination with existing antifungals. A computational model for better predicting antifungal drug resistance is also presented.
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249
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Abstract
Candida albicans is the most common human fungal pathogen causing diseases ranging from mucosal to systemic infections. As a commensal, C. albicans asymptomatically colonizes mucosal surfaces; however, any disruption in the host environment or under conditions of immune dysfunction, C. albicans can proliferate and invade virtually any site in the host. The ability of this highly adaptable fungal species to transition from commensal to pathogen is due to a repertoire of virulence factors. Specifically, the ability to switch morphology and form biofilms are properties central to C. albicans pathogenesis. In fact, the majority of C. albicans infections are associated with biofilm formation on host or abiotic surfaces such as indwelling medical devices, which carry high morbidity and mortality. Significantly, biofilms formed by C. albicans are inherently tolerant to antimicrobial therapy and therefore, the susceptibility of Candida biofilms to the current therapeutic agents remains low. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of C. albicans highlighting some of the diverse biofilm-associated diseases caused by this opportunistic pathogen and the animal models available to study them. Further, the classes of antifungal agents used to combat these resilient infections are discussed along with mechanisms of drug resistance.
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Molecular Analysis of Candida species with Emphasis on Predisposing Factors in Cutaneous Candidiasis Patients. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2016. [DOI: 10.5812/jjm.41030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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