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Augustin I, Gross J, Baumann D, Korn C, Kerr G, Grigoryan T, Mauch C, Birchmeier W, Boutros M. Loss of epidermal Evi/Wls results in a phenotype resembling psoriasiform dermatitis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 210:1761-77. [PMID: 23918954 PMCID: PMC3754868 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20121871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The Wnt cargo receptor Evi maintains normal skin homeostasis and barrier function via Wnt secretion in the epidermis. Cells of the epidermis renew constantly from germinal layer stem cells. Although epithelial cell differentiation has been studied in great detail and the role of Wnt signaling in this process is well described, the contribution of epidermal Wnt secretion in epithelial cell homeostasis remains poorly understood. To analyze the role of Wnt proteins in this process, we created a conditional knockout allele of the Wnt cargo receptor Evi/Gpr177/Wntless and studied mice that lacked Evi expression in the epidermis. We found that K14-Cre, Evi-LOF mice lost their hair during the first hair cycle, showing a reddish skin with impaired skin barrier function. Expression profiling of mutant and wild-type skin revealed up-regulation of inflammation-associated genes. Furthermore, we found that Evi expression in psoriatic skin biopsies is down-regulated, suggesting that Evi-deficient mice developed skin lesions that resemble human psoriasis. Immune cell infiltration was detected in Evi-LOF skin. Interestingly, an age-dependent depletion of dendritic epidermal T cells (DETCs) and an infiltration of γδlow T cells in Evi mutant epidermis was observed. Collectively, the described inflammatory skin phenotype in Evi-deficient mice revealed an essential role of Wnt secretion in maintaining normal skin homeostasis by enabling a balanced epidermal-dermal cross talk, which affects immune cell recruitment and DETC survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Augustin
- Division of Signaling and Functional Genomics and 2 Division of Vascular Oncology and Metastasis, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany.
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IL-36 cytokine expression and its relationship with p38 MAPK and NF-κB pathways in psoriasis vulgaris skin lesions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 33:594-599. [DOI: 10.1007/s11596-013-1164-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Revised: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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203
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Lopetuso LR, Chowdhry S, Pizarro TT. Opposing Functions of Classic and Novel IL-1 Family Members in Gut Health and Disease. Front Immunol 2013; 4:181. [PMID: 23847622 PMCID: PMC3705591 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to their well-established role(s) in the pathogenesis of gastrointestinal (GI)-related inflammatory disorders, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and inflammation-associated colorectal cancer (CRC), emerging evidence confirms the critical involvement of the interleukin-1 (IL-1) cytokine family and their ligands in the maintenance of normal gut homeostasis. In fact, the paradigm that IBD occurs in two distinct phases is substantiated by the observation that classic IL-1 family members, such as IL-1, the IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra), and IL-18, possess dichotomous functions depending on the phase of disease, as well as on their role in initiating vs. sustaining chronic gut inflammation. Another recently characterized IL-1 family member, IL-33, also possesses dual functions in the gut. IL-33 is upregulated in IBD and potently induces Th2 immune responses, while also amplifying Th1-mediated inflammation. Neutralization studies in acute colitis models, however, have yielded controversial results and recent reports suggest a protective role of IL-33 in epithelial regeneration and mucosal wound healing. Finally, although little is currently known regarding the potential contribution of IL-36 family members in GI inflammation/homeostasis, another IL-1 family member, IL-37, is emerging as a potent anti-inflammatory cytokine with the ability to down-regulate colitis. This new body of information has important translational implications for both the prevention and treatment of patients suffering from IBD and inflammation-associated CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loris R Lopetuso
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine , Cleveland, OH , USA ; Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology Division, Catholic University of Rome , Rome , Italy
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204
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van de Veerdonk FL, Netea MG. New Insights in the Immunobiology of IL-1 Family Members. Front Immunol 2013; 4:167. [PMID: 23847614 PMCID: PMC3703542 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The interleukin-1 (IL 1) family of ligands is associated with acute and chronic inflammation, and plays an essential role in the non-specific innate response to infection. The biological properties of IL 1 family ligands are typically pro-inflammatory. The IL 1 family has 11 family members and can be categorized into subfamilies according to the length of their precursor and the length of the propiece for each precursor (Figure 1). The IL 1 subfamily consists of IL 1α, IL 1β, and IL 33, with the longest propieces of the IL 1 family. IL 18 and IL 37 belong to the IL 18 subfamily and contain smaller propieces than IL 1 and IL-33. Since IL 37 binds to the IL 18Rα chain it is part of the IL 18 subfamily, however it remains to be elucidated how the propiece of IL 37 is removed. IL 36α, β, and γ as well as IL 36 Ra belong to the IL 36 subfamily. In addition, IL 38 likely belongs to this family since it has the ability to bind to the IL 36R. The IL 36 subfamily has the shortest propiece. The one member of the IL 1 family that cannot be categorized in these subfamilies is IL 1 receptor antagonist (IL 1Ra), which has a signal peptide and is readily secreted. In the present review we will describe the biological functions of the IL-1F members and new insights in their biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank L van de Veerdonk
- Department of Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen Institute for Infection, Inflammation and Immunity (N4i) , Nijmegen , Netherlands
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Patrick C, Wang GS, Lefebvre DE, Crookshank JA, Sonier B, Eberhard C, Mojibian M, Kennedy CR, Brooks SP, Kalmokoff ML, Maglio M, Troncone R, Poussier P, Scott FW. Promotion of autoimmune diabetes by cereal diet in the presence or absence of microbes associated with gut immune activation, regulatory imbalance, and altered cathelicidin antimicrobial Peptide. Diabetes 2013; 62:2036-47. [PMID: 23349499 PMCID: PMC3661603 DOI: 10.2337/db12-1243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We are exposed to millions of microbial and dietary antigens via the gastrointestinal tract, which likely play a key role in type 1 diabetes (T1D). We differentiated the effects of these two major environmental factors on gut immunity and T1D. Diabetes-prone BioBreeding (BBdp) rats were housed in specific pathogen-free (SPF) or germ-free (GF) conditions and weaned onto diabetes-promoting cereal diets or a protective low-antigen hydrolyzed casein (HC) diet, and T1D incidence was monitored. Fecal microbiota 16S rRNA genes, immune cell distribution, and gene expression in the jejunum were analyzed. T1D was highest in cereal-SPF (65%) and cereal-GF rats (53%) but inhibited and delayed in HC-fed counterparts. Nearly all HC-GF rats remained diabetes-free, whereas HC-fed SPF rats were less protected (7 vs. 29%). Bacterial communities differed in SPF rats fed cereal compared with HC. Cereal-SPF rats displayed increased gut CD3(+) and CD8α(+) lymphocytes, ratio of Ifng to Il4 mRNA, and Lck expression, indicating T-cell activation. The ratio of CD3(+) T cells expressing the Treg marker Foxp3(+) was highest in HC-GF and lowest in cereal-SPF rats. Resident CD163(+) M2 macrophages were increased in HC-protected rats. The cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide (Camp) gene was upregulated in the jejunum of HC diet-protected rats, and CAMP(+) cells colocalized with CD163. A cereal diet was a stronger promoter of T1D than gut microbes in association with impaired gut immune homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Patrick
- Chronic Disease Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gen-Sheng Wang
- Chronic Disease Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - David E. Lefebvre
- Chronic Disease Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Brigitte Sonier
- Chronic Disease Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chandra Eberhard
- Chronic Disease Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Majid Mojibian
- Chronic Disease Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christopher R. Kennedy
- Chronic Disease Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food-Induced Diseases, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Martin L. Kalmokoff
- Atlantic Food and Horticulture Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Kentville, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Mariantonia Maglio
- European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food-Induced Diseases, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Riccardo Troncone
- European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food-Induced Diseases, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Fraser W. Scott
- Chronic Disease Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Corresponding author: Fraser W. Scott,
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Patel OV, Wilson WB, Qin Z. Production of LPS-induced inflammatory mediators in murine peritoneal macrophages: neocuproine as a broad inhibitor and ATP7A as a selective regulator. Biometals 2013; 26:415-25. [DOI: 10.1007/s10534-013-9624-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2012] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Inflammatory mediator profiling reveals immune properties of chemotactic gradients and macrophage mediator production inhibition during thioglycollate elicited peritoneal inflammation. Mediators Inflamm 2013; 2013:931562. [PMID: 23606798 PMCID: PMC3628185 DOI: 10.1155/2013/931562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2012] [Revised: 02/17/2013] [Accepted: 02/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding of spatiotemporal profiling of inflammatory mediators and their associations with MΦ accumulation is crucial to elucidate the complex immune properties. Here, we used murine thioglycollate elicited peritonitis to determine concentrations of 23 inflammatory mediators in peritoneal exudates and plasma before (day 0) and after (days 1 and 3) thioglycollate administration to peritoneal cavities; these mediators included TNF-α, FGF-9, IFN-γ, IP-10, RANTES, IL-1α, IL-6, IL-7, IL-10, IL-11, IL-12p70, IL-17A, lymphotactin, OSM, KC/GRO, SCF, MIP-1β, MIP-2, TIMP-1, VEGF-A, MCP-1, MCP-3, and MCP-5. Our results showed that concentrations of most mediators in exudates and plasma reached peak levels on day 1 and were significantly reduced on day 3. Conversely, MΦ numbers started to increase on day 1 and reached peak levels on day 3. Moreover, LPS treatment in vitro significantly induced mediator productions in cell culture media and lysates from MΦ isolated on day 3. Our results also showed that on day 0, concentrations of many mediators in plasma were higher than those in exudates, whereas on day 1, the trend was reversed. Overall, the findings from thioglycollate elicited peritonitis reveal that reversible chemotactic gradients between peritoneal exudates and blood exist in basal and inflamed conditions and the inflammatory mediator production in vivo is disassociated with macrophage accumulation during inflammation resolution.
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208
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Lamacchia C, Palmer G, Rodriguez E, Martin P, Vigne S, Seemayer CA, Talabot-Ayer D, Towne JE, Gabay C. The severity of experimental arthritis is independent of IL-36 receptor signaling. Arthritis Res Ther 2013; 15:R38. [PMID: 23452551 PMCID: PMC3672771 DOI: 10.1186/ar4192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Interleukin (IL)-36 refers to three related IL-1 family cytokines, IL-36α, IL-36β, and IL-36γ, that bind to the IL-36 receptor (IL-36R). IL-36 exerts proinflammatory effects in skin and lung and stimulates T cell responses. In the present study, we examined the expression and function of IL-36R and its ligands in experimental arthritis. Methods Collagen-induced arthritis (CIA), antigen-induced arthritis (AIA), and K/BxN serum transfer-induced arthritis were induced according to standard protocols. Messenger RNA levels for IL-36R and its ligands in the joints of mice with CIA were determined by RT-qPCR. Mice with CIA were injected with a blocking monoclonal anti-IL-36R, a blocking anti-IL-1RI, or their isotype-matched control antibodies at the time of arthritis onset. Anti-IL-36R or control antibodies were also injected at the time of AIA induction. Finally, IL-36R-deficient mice were examined in AIA and serum transfer-induced arthritis. The development and severity of arthritis were assessed by clinical and histological scoring. Results IL-36R, IL-36Ra and IL-36γ mRNA were detected in the joints of mice with CIA, but their levels did not correlate with arthritis severity. As opposed to anti-IL-1RI antibody treatment, the injection of an anti-IL-36R antibody was devoid of effect on the development and severity of CIA. The severity of joint inflammation and structural damage in AIA was also unaltered by anti-IL-36R antibody treatment. Finally, the severity of AIA and K/BxN serum transfer-induced arthritis was similar in IL-36R-deficient and wild-type mice. Conclusions The development and severity of experimental arthritis are independent of IL-36R signaling.
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209
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Balato A, Schiattarella M, Lembo S, Mattii M, Prevete N, Balato N, Ayala F. Interleukin-1 family members are enhanced in psoriasis and suppressed by vitamin D and retinoic acid. Arch Dermatol Res 2013; 305:255-62. [DOI: 10.1007/s00403-013-1327-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Revised: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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210
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Ma H, Hong M, Duan J, Liu P, Fan X, Shang E, Su S, Guo J, Qian D, Tang Y. Altered cytokine gene expression in peripheral blood monocytes across the menstrual cycle in primary dysmenorrhea: a case-control study. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55200. [PMID: 23390521 PMCID: PMC3563666 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary dysmenorrhea is one of the most common gynecological complaints in young women, but potential peripheral immunologic features underlying this condition remain undefined. In this paper, we compared 84 common cytokine gene expression profiles of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from six primary dysmenorrheic young women and three unaffected controls on the seventh day before (secretory phase), and the first (menstrual phase) and the fifth (regenerative phase) days of menstruation, using a real-time PCR array assay combined with pattern recognition and gene function annotation methods. Comparisons between dysmenorrhea and normal control groups identified 11 (nine increased and two decreased), 14 (five increased and nine decreased), and 15 (seven increased and eight decreased) genes with ≥2-fold difference in expression (P<0.05) in the three phases of menstruation, respectively. In the menstrual phase, genes encoding pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL1B, TNF, IL6, and IL8) were up-regulated, and genes encoding TGF-β superfamily members (BMP4, BMP6, GDF5, GDF11, LEFTY2, NODAL, and MSTN) were down-regulated. Functional annotation revealed an excessive inflammatory response and insufficient TGF-β superfamily member signals with anti-inflammatory consequences, which may directly contribute to menstrual pain. In the secretory and regenerative phases, increased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and decreased expression of growth factors were also observed. These factors may be involved in the regulation of decidualization, endometrium breakdown and repair, and indirectly exacerbate primary dysmenorrhea. This first study of cytokine gene expression profiles in PBMCs from young primary dysmenorrheic women demonstrates a shift in the balance between expression patterns of pro-inflammatory cytokines and TGF-β superfamily members across the whole menstrual cycle, underlying the peripheral immunologic features of primary dysmenorrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyue Ma
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for TCM Formulae Research, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Min Hong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for TCM Formulae Research, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Jinao Duan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for TCM Formulae Research, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Pei Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for TCM Formulae Research, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinsheng Fan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for TCM Formulae Research, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Erxin Shang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for TCM Formulae Research, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Shulan Su
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for TCM Formulae Research, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianming Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for TCM Formulae Research, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Dawei Qian
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for TCM Formulae Research, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuping Tang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for TCM Formulae Research, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
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Lowes MA, Russell CB, Martin DA, Towne JE, Krueger JG. The IL-23/T17 pathogenic axis in psoriasis is amplified by keratinocyte responses. Trends Immunol 2013; 34:174-81. [PMID: 23291100 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2012.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 339] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2012] [Revised: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Psoriasis is a complex inflammatory process resulting from activation of the well-defined interleukin (IL)-23/T17 cytokine axis. We review the role of key cytokines IL-17 and IL-23 in psoriasis, as well as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α, focusing on therapeutic cytokine interventions and what they reveal about psoriatic inflammation. The potential role of recently described epidermal IL-36RN and CARD14 genetic mutations in psoriasis pathogenesis is also explored, because they augment keratinocyte responses to proinflammatory cytokines. The discovery of these genetic mutations in familial and pustular psoriasis suggests new links between cytokine-induced gene products and IL-1 family members from keratinocytes, which may regulate features of the disease, including epidermal hyperplasia and neutrophil infiltrating responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A Lowes
- Laboratory for Investigative Dermatology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
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212
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Abbas O, Itani S, Ghosn S, Kibbi AG, Fidawi G, Farooq M, Shimomura Y, Kurban M. Acrodermatitis Continua of Hallopeau Is a Clinical Phenotype of DITRA: Evidence that It Is a Variant of Pustular Psoriasis. Dermatology 2013; 226:28-31. [DOI: 10.1159/000346572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2012] [Accepted: 11/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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213
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Shaik Y, Sabatino G, Maccauro G, Varvara G, Murmura G, Saggini A, Rosati M, Conti F, Cianchetti E, Caraffa A, Antinolfi P, Pandolfi F, Potalivo G, Galzio R, Conti P, Theoharides T. IL-36 Receptor Antagonist with Special Emphasis on IL-38. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2013; 26:27-36. [DOI: 10.1177/039463201302600103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
IL-36 is another family member of IL-1 and induces the production of proinflammatory cytokines and activates MAPK and NFκB pathways. IL-36 is a common mediator of innate and adaptive immune response and is inhibited by IL-36 receptor antagonist (RA). IL-36RA acts on IL-36 receptor ligand which exerts proinflammatory effect in vivo and in vitro. IL-38 binds to IL-36 receptor as does IL-36RA and has similar biological effects on immune cells. IL-38 is also a member of IL-1 cytokine and shares some characteristics of IL-1RA, binding the same IL-1 receptor type I. IL-38 plays a role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases, exerting protective effect in some autoimmune diseases. Both IL-38 and IL-36RA have an anti-inflammatory biological effect, however in some cases have contrary effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. Shaik
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - G. Sabatino
- Neonatology Division, University of Chieti, Italy
| | - G. Maccauro
- Department of Orthopedics, Catholic University of Rome, Italy
| | - G. Varvara
- Dental School, University of Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - G. Murmura
- Dental School, University of Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - A. Saggini
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - M. Rosati
- Gynecology Division, Pescara Hospital, Pescara, Italy
| | - F. Conti
- Gynecology Division, Pescara Hospital, Pescara, Italy
| | - E. Cianchetti
- Ortona Hospital, University of Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - A. Caraffa
- Orthopeadics Division, University of Perugia, Perugia Italy
| | - P. Antinolfi
- Orthopeadics Division, University of Perugia, Perugia Italy
| | - F. Pandolfi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - G. Potalivo
- Orthopeadics Division, University of Perugia, Perugia Italy
| | - R. Galzio
- Department of Health Sciences, University of L ‘Aquila, Italy
| | - P. Conti
- Immunology Division, Department of Experimental and Clinical Sciences, University of Chieti, Italy
| | - T.C. Theoharides
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Biochemistry and Internal Medicine Tufts University School of Medicine, Tufts-New England Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
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Frey S, Derer A, Messbacher ME, Baeten DLP, Bugatti S, Montecucco C, Schett G, Hueber AJ. The novel cytokine interleukin-36α is expressed in psoriatic and rheumatoid arthritis synovium. Ann Rheum Dis 2012; 72:1569-74. [PMID: 23268368 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2012-202264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interleukin (IL)-36α is a recently described member of the IL-1 cytokine family with pro-inflammatory and clearly pathogenic properties in psoriasis. OBJECTIVE To determine the IL-36α expression in psoriatic arthritis (PsA) compared to rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoarthritis (OA). METHODS Synovial tissues obtained from arthritis patients were stained for IL-36α, IL-36 receptor (IL-36R) and IL-36R antagonist (IL-36Ra) by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence. Lysates were examined for IL-36α by western blot analysis. Synovial fibroblasts (FLS) cultured in the presence of IL-36α were assayed for cytokine expression by quantitative real time PCR and multiplex assay. IL-36α-induced signal transduction in FLS was analysed by immunoblotting. RESULTS Expression of IL-36R and its ligands IL-36α and IL-36Ra was detected in the synovial lining layer and cellular infiltrates of patients with inflammatory arthritis. IL-36α was expressed significantly higher in PsA and RA than in OA synovium. CD138-positive plasma cells were identified as the main cellular source of IL-36α. No differences were observed for the expression of IL-36R and IL-36Ra between PsA, RA and OA. Functionally, IL-36α induced the expression of IL-6 and IL-8 in FLS through p38/NFkB activation. CONCLUSIONS IL-36α is up-regulated in PsA and RA synovium, expressed by tissue plasma cells and leads to IL-6 and IL-8 production by synovial fibroblasts. Hence, IL-36α links plasma cells to inflammatory cytokine production by FLS and may represent a key link between autoimmunity and the induction of synovitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Frey
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 and Institute for Clinical Immunology, University Hospital of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
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Gresnigt MS, Rösler B, Jacobs CWM, Becker KL, Joosten LAB, van der Meer JWM, Netea MG, Dinarello CA, van de Veerdonk FL. The IL-36 receptor pathway regulates Aspergillus fumigatus-induced Th1 and Th17 responses. Eur J Immunol 2012; 43:416-26. [PMID: 23147407 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201242711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Revised: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
IL-1 drives Th responses, particularly Th17, in host defense. Sharing the same co-receptor, the IL-1 family member IL-36 exhibits properties similar to those of IL-1. In the present study, we investigated the role of IL-36 in Aspergillus fumigatus-induced human Th responses. We observed that different morphological forms of A. fumigatus variably increase steady-state mRNA of IL-36 subfamily members. IL-36α is not significantly induced by any morphological form of Aspergillus. Most strikingly, IL-36γ is significantly induced by live A. fumigatus conidia and heat-killed hyphae, whereas IL-36Ra (IL-36 receptor antagonist) is significantly induced by heat-killed conidia, hyphae, and live conidia. We also observed that IL-36γ expression is dependent on the dectin-1/Syk and TLR4 signaling pathway. In contrast, TLR2 and CR3 inhibit IL-36γ expression. The biological relevance of IL-36 induction by Aspergillus is demonstrated by experiments showing that inhibition of the IL-36 receptor by IL-36Ra reduces Aspergillus-induced IL-17 and IFN-γ. These data describe that IL-36-dependent signals are a novel cytokine pathway that regulates Th responses induced by A. fumigatus, and demonstrate a role for TLR4 and dectin-1 in the induction of IL-36γ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark S Gresnigt
- Department of Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre and Nijmegen Institute for Infection, Inflammation, and Immunity, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Tortola L, Rosenwald E, Abel B, Blumberg H, Schäfer M, Coyle AJ, Renauld JC, Werner S, Kisielow J, Kopf M. Psoriasiform dermatitis is driven by IL-36-mediated DC-keratinocyte crosstalk. J Clin Invest 2012; 122:3965-76. [PMID: 23064362 PMCID: PMC3484446 DOI: 10.1172/jci63451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 305] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2012] [Accepted: 08/30/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the skin affecting approximately 2% of the world's population. Accumulating evidence has revealed that the IL-23/IL-17/IL-22 pathway is key for development of skin immunopathology. However, the role of keratinocytes and their crosstalk with immune cells at the onset of disease remains poorly understood. Here, we show that IL-36R-deficient (Il36r-/-) mice were protected from imiquimod-induced expansion of dermal IL-17-producing γδ T cells and psoriasiform dermatitis. Furthermore, IL-36R antagonist-deficient (Il36rn-/-) mice showed exacerbated pathology. TLR7 ligation on DCs induced IL-36-mediated crosstalk with keratinocytes and dermal mesenchymal cells that was crucial for control of the pathological IL-23/IL-17/IL-22 axis and disease development. Notably, mice lacking IL-23, IL-17, or IL-22 were less well protected from disease compared with Il36r-/- mice, indicating an additional distinct activity of IL-36 beyond induction of the pathological IL-23 axis. Moreover, while the absence of IL-1R1 prevented neutrophil infiltration, it did not protect from acanthosis and hyperkeratosis, demonstrating that neutrophils are dispensable for disease manifestation. These results highlight a central and unique IL-1-independent role for IL-36 in control of the IL-23/IL-17/IL-22 pathway and development of psoriasiform dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Tortola
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Molecular Biomedicine, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
Novo Nordisk Inflammation Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Cell Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels Branch, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Esther Rosenwald
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Molecular Biomedicine, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
Novo Nordisk Inflammation Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Cell Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels Branch, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Brian Abel
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Molecular Biomedicine, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
Novo Nordisk Inflammation Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Cell Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels Branch, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Hal Blumberg
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Molecular Biomedicine, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
Novo Nordisk Inflammation Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Cell Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels Branch, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Matthias Schäfer
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Molecular Biomedicine, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
Novo Nordisk Inflammation Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Cell Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels Branch, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Anthony J. Coyle
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Molecular Biomedicine, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
Novo Nordisk Inflammation Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Cell Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels Branch, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jean-Christoph Renauld
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Molecular Biomedicine, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
Novo Nordisk Inflammation Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Cell Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels Branch, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sabine Werner
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Molecular Biomedicine, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
Novo Nordisk Inflammation Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Cell Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels Branch, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jan Kisielow
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Molecular Biomedicine, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
Novo Nordisk Inflammation Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Cell Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels Branch, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Manfred Kopf
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Molecular Biomedicine, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
Novo Nordisk Inflammation Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Cell Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels Branch, Brussels, Belgium
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217
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Bachmann M, Scheiermann P, Härdle L, Pfeilschifter J, Mühl H. IL-36γ/IL-1F9, an innate T-bet target in myeloid cells. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:41684-96. [PMID: 23095752 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.385443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
By concerted action in dendritic (DC) and T cells, T-box expressed in T cells (T-bet, Tbx21) is pivotal for initiation and perpetuation of Th1 immunity. Identification of novel T-bet-regulated genes is crucial for further understanding the biology of this transcription factor. By combining siRNA technology with genome-wide mRNA expression analysis, we sought to identify new T-bet-regulated genes in predendritic KG1 cells activated by IL-18. One gene robustly dependent on T-bet was IL-36γ, a recently described novel IL-1 family member. Promoter analysis revealed a T-bet binding site that, along with a κB site, enables efficient IL-36γ induction. Using knock-out animals, IL-36γ reliance on T-bet was extended to murine DC. IL-36γ expression by human myeloid cells was confirmed using monocyte-derived DC and M1 macrophages. The latter model was employed to substantiate dependence of IL-36γ on endogenous T-bet in human primary cells. Ectopic expression of T-bet likewise mediated IL-36γ production in HaCaT keratinocytes that otherwise lack this transcription factor. Additional experiments furthermore revealed that mature IL-36γ has the capability to establish an inflammatory gene expression profile in human primary keratinocytes that displays enhanced mRNA levels for TNFα, CCL20, S100A7, inducible NOS, and IL-36γ itself. Data presented herein shed further light on involvement of T-bet in innate immunity and suggest that IL-36γ, besides IFNγ, may contribute to functions of this transcription factor in immunopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malte Bachmann
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, University Hospital, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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218
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Li M, Lu Z, Cheng R, Li H, Guo Y, Yao Z. IL36RNgene mutations are not associated with sporadic generalized pustular psoriasis in Chinese patients. Br J Dermatol 2012; 168:452-5. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2012.11195.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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219
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IL-36α exerts pro-inflammatory effects in the lungs of mice. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45784. [PMID: 23029241 PMCID: PMC3447790 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2012] [Accepted: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL-) 36 cytokines (previously designated as novel IL-1 family member cytokines; IL-1F5- IL-1F10) constitute a novel cluster of cytokines structurally and functionally similar to members of the IL-1 cytokine cluster. The effects of IL-36 cytokines in inflammatory lung disorders remains poorly understood. The current study sought to investigate the effects of IL-36α (IL-1F6) and test the hypothesis that IL-36α acts as a pro-inflammatory cytokine in the lung in vivo. Intratracheal instillation of recombinant mouse IL-36α induced neutrophil influx in the lungs of wild-type C57BL/6 mice and IL-1αβ(-/-) mice in vivo. IL-36α induced neutrophil influx was also associated with increased mRNA expression of neutrophil-specific chemokines CXCL1 and CXCL2 in the lungs of C57BL/6 and IL-1αβ(-/-) mice in vivo. In addition, intratracheal instillation of IL-36α enhanced mRNA expression of its receptor IL-36R in the lungs of C57BL/6 as well as IL-1αβ(-/-) mice in vivo. Furthermore, in vitro incubation of CD11c(+) cells with IL-36α resulted in the generation of neutrophil-specific chemokines CXCL1, CXCL2 as well as TNFα. IL-36α increased the expression of the co-stimulatory molecule CD40 and enhanced the ability of CD11c(+) cells to induce CD4(+) T cell proliferation in vitro. Furthermore, stimulation with IL-36α activated NF-κB in a mouse macrophage cell line. These results demonstrate that IL-36α acts as a pro-inflammatory cytokine in the lung without the contribution of IL-1α and IL-1β. The current study describes the pro-inflammatory effects of IL-36α in the lung, demonstrates the functional redundancy of IL-36α with other agonist cytokines in the IL-1 and IL-36 cytokine cluster, and suggests that therapeutic targeting of IL-36 cytokines could be beneficial in inflammatory lung diseases.
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220
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IL-36 signaling amplifies Th1 responses by enhancing proliferation and Th1 polarization of naive CD4+ T cells. Blood 2012; 120:3478-87. [PMID: 22968459 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-06-439026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The interleukin-1 (IL-1) superfamily of cytokines comprises a set of pivotal mediators of inflammation. Among them, the action of IL-36 cytokines in immune responses has remained elusive. In a recent study, we demonstrated a direct effect of IL-36 on immune cells. Here we show that, among T cells, the IL-36 receptor is predominantly expressed on naive CD4(+) T cells and that IL-36 cytokines act directly on naive T cells by enhancing both cell proliferation and IL-2 secretion. IL-36β acts in synergy with IL-12 to promote Th1 polarization and IL-36 signaling is also involved in mediating Th1 immune responses to Bacillus Calmette-Guerin infection in vivo. Our findings point toward a critical function of IL-36 in the priming of Th1 cell responses in vitro, and in adaptive immunity in a model of mycobacterial infection in vivo.
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221
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Gibson MS, Salmon N, Bird S, Kaiser P, Fife M. Identification, cloning and characterisation of interleukin-1F5 (IL-36RN) in the chicken. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 38:136-147. [PMID: 22633863 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2012.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Revised: 04/26/2012] [Accepted: 04/27/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The human IL-1 family contains eleven genes encoded at three separate loci. Nine, including IL-36 receptor antagonist (IL-36RN), also known as IL-1F5, are present at a single locus on chromosome 2, whereas IL-18 and IL-33 lie on chromosomes 11 and 9 respectively. There are currently only three known orthologues in the chicken - IL-1β, IL-18 and IL-1RN - which are encoded on chromosomes 22, 24 and unplaced, respectively. A novel chicken IL-1 family sequence representing IL-36RN (IL-1F5) was initially identified from an expressed sequence tag (EST) library by its similarity to both chicken IL-1RN and chicken IL-1β. Following isolation of the cDNA from the liver of an uninfected bird, a number of unique sequence features were identified. The predicted protein has a longer NH(2)-terminus than the human protein; however, as in mammals, this region contains neither a prodomain nor a signal peptide. A putative nuclear export sequence is also apparent, yet a similar motif is absent in mammalian IL-36RN. Although chIL-36RN exhibits low homology with its mammalian orthologues, it encodes a predicted β-trefoil structure whose β-strands are conserved with those of the mouse sequence. Unlike in mammals, chIL-36RN expression was constitutive in all tissues and cell subsets examined. In response to viral infection, expression was significantly downregulated in a line of birds which are susceptible to the virus. Chicken IL-36RN, like chIL-1RN, is not encoded at the chIL-1β locus, further emphasising the genomic fragmentation of the large IL-1 gene cluster found in mammals. This suggests differential evolution of this cytokine family since the divergence of birds and mammals from a common ancestor, and underlines the difficulty of determining the full repertoire of chIL-1 family members.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Gibson
- Institute for Animal Health, Compton, Berkshire, UK.
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222
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Cataisson C, Salcedo R, Hakim S, Moffitt BA, Wright L, Yi M, Stephens R, Dai RM, Lyakh L, Schenten D, Yuspa HS, Trinchieri G. IL-1R-MyD88 signaling in keratinocyte transformation and carcinogenesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 209:1689-702. [PMID: 22908325 PMCID: PMC3428947 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20101355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Constitutively active RAS plays a central role in the development of human cancer and is sufficient to induce tumors in two-stage skin carcinogenesis. RAS-mediated tumor formation is commonly associated with up-regulation of cytokines and chemokines that mediate an inflammatory response considered relevant to oncogenesis. In this study, we report that mice lacking IL-1R or MyD88 are less sensitive to topical skin carcinogenesis than their respective wild-type (WT) controls. MyD88(-/-) or IL-1R(-/-) keratinocytes expressing oncogenic RAS are hyperproliferative and fail to up-regulate proinflammatory genes or down-regulate differentiation markers characteristic of RAS-expressing WT keratinocytes. Although RAS-expressing MyD88(-/-) keratinocytes form only a few small tumors in orthotopic grafts, IL-1R-deficient RAS-expressing keratinocytes retain the ability to form tumors in orthotopic grafts. Using both genetic and pharmacological approaches, we find that the differentiation and proinflammatory effects of oncogenic RAS in keratinocytes require the establishment of an autocrine loop through IL-1α, IL-1R, and MyD88 leading to phosphorylation of IκBα and NF-κB activation. Blocking IL-1α-mediated NF-κB activation in RAS-expressing WT keratinocytes reverses the differentiation defect and inhibits proinflammatory gene expression. Collectively, these results demonstrate that MyD88 exerts a cell-intrinsic function in RAS-mediated transformation of keratinocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Cataisson
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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223
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Savic S, Dickie LJ, Wittmann M, McDermott MF. Autoinflammatory syndromes and cellular responses to stress: pathophysiology, diagnosis and new treatment perspectives. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2012; 26:505-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.berh.2012.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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224
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Sugiura K, Takeichi T, Kono M, Ogawa Y, Shimoyama Y, Muro Y, Akiyama M. A novel IL36RN/IL1F5 homozygous nonsense mutation, p.Arg10X, in a Japanese patient with adult-onset generalized pustular psoriasis. Br J Dermatol 2012; 167:699-701. [PMID: 22428995 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2012.10953.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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225
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Gene transcription abnormalities in canine atopic dermatitis and related human eosinophilic allergic diseases. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2012; 149:136-42. [PMID: 22749291 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2012.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2012] [Revised: 05/29/2012] [Accepted: 06/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Canine atopic dermatitis (AD) is clinically similar to human AD, implicating it as a useful model of human eosinophilic allergic disease. To identify cutaneous gene transcription changes in relatively early inflammation of canine AD, microarrays were used to monitor transcription in normal skin (n=13) and in acute lesional AD (ALAD) and nearby visibly nonlesional AD (NLAD) skin (n=13) from dogs. Scanning the putative abnormally transcribed genes, several potentially relevant genes, some abnormally transcribed in both NLAD and ALAD (e.g. IL6, NFAM1, MSRA, and SYK), were observed. Comparison for abnormally transcribed genes common to two related human diseases, human AD and asthmatic chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (aCRSwNP), further identified genes or gene sets likely relevant to eosinophilic allergic inflammation. These included: (1) genes associated with alternatively activated monocyte-derived cells, including members of the monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP) gene cluster, (2) members of the IL1 family gene cluster, (3) eosinophil-associated seven transmembrane receptor EMR1 and EMR3 genes, (4) interferon-inducible genes, and (5) keratin genes associated with hair and nail formation. Overall, numerous abnormally transcribed genes were observed only in canine AD; however, many others are common to related human eosinophilic allergic diseases and represent therapeutic targets testable in dogs with AD.
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226
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Chen H, Wang Y, Bai C, Wang X. Alterations of plasma inflammatory biomarkers in the healthy and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients with or without acute exacerbation. J Proteomics 2012; 75:2835-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2012.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2011] [Revised: 01/13/2012] [Accepted: 01/23/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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227
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Cowen EW, Goldbach-Mansky R. DIRA, DITRA, and new insights into pathways of skin inflammation: what's in a name? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 148:381-4. [PMID: 22431779 DOI: 10.1001/archdermatol.2011.3014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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228
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Franzke CW, Cobzaru C, Triantafyllopoulou A, Löffek S, Horiuchi K, Threadgill DW, Kurz T, van Rooijen N, Bruckner-Tuderman L, Blobel CP. Epidermal ADAM17 maintains the skin barrier by regulating EGFR ligand-dependent terminal keratinocyte differentiation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 209:1105-19. [PMID: 22565824 PMCID: PMC3371728 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20112258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
ADAM17 (a disintegrin and metalloproteinase 17) is ubiquitously expressed and cleaves membrane proteins, such as epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) ligands, l-selectin, and TNF, from the cell surface, thus regulating responses to tissue injury and inflammation. However, little is currently known about its role in skin homeostasis. We show that mice lacking ADAM17 in keratinocytes (A17(ΔKC)) have a normal epidermal barrier and skin architecture at birth but develop pronounced defects in epidermal barrier integrity soon after birth and develop chronic dermatitis as adults. The dysregulated expression of epidermal differentiation proteins becomes evident 2 d after birth, followed by reduced transglutaminase (TGM) activity, transepidermal water loss, up-regulation of the proinflammatory cytokine IL-36α, and inflammatory immune cell infiltration. Activation of the EGFR was strongly reduced in A17(ΔKC) skin, and topical treatment of A17(ΔKC) mice with recombinant TGF-α significantly improved TGM activity and decreased skin inflammation. Finally, we show that mice lacking the EGFR in keratinocytes (Egfr(ΔKC)) closely resembled A17(ΔKC) mice. Collectively, these results identify a previously unappreciated critical role of the ADAM17-EGFR signaling axis in maintaining the homeostasis of the postnatal epidermal barrier and suggest that this pathway could represent a good target for treatment of epidermal barrier defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claus-Werner Franzke
- Department of Dermatology, University Freiburg Medical Center, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany.
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229
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Goldbach-Mansky R. Immunology in clinic review series; focus on autoinflammatory diseases: update on monogenic autoinflammatory diseases: the role of interleukin (IL)-1 and an emerging role for cytokines beyond IL-1. Clin Exp Immunol 2012; 167:391-404. [PMID: 22288582 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2011.04533.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED OTHER THEMES PUBLISHED IN THIS IMMUNOLOGY IN THE CLINIC REVIEW SERIES Allergy, Host Responses, Cancer, Type 1 diabetes and viruses, Metabolic diseases. SUMMARY The disease-based discovery of the molecular basis for autoinflammatory diseases has led not only to a rapidly growing number of clinically and genetically identifiable disorders, but has unmantled key inflammatory pathways such as the potent role of the alarm cytokine interleukin (IL)-1 in human disease. Following its initial failures in the treatment of sepsis and the moderate success in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, IL-1 blocking therapies had a renaissance in the treatment of a number of autoinflammatory conditions, and IL-1 blocking therapies have been Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved for the treatment of the autoinflammatory conditions: cryopyrin-associated periodic syndromes (CAPS). CAPS and deficiency of the IL-1 receptor antagonist (DIRA), both genetic conditions with molecular defects in the IL-1 pathway, have provided a pathogenic rationale to IL-1 blocking therapies, and the impressive clinical results confirmed the pivotal role of IL-1 in human disease. Furthermore, IL-1 blocking strategies have shown clinical benefit in a number of other genetically defined autoinflammatory conditions, and diseases with clinical similarities to the monogenic disorders and not yet identified genetic causes. The discovery that IL-1 is not only triggered by infectious danger signals but also by danger signals released from metabolically 'stressed' or even dying cells has extended the concept of autoinflammation to disorders such as gout, and those that were previously not considered inflammatory, such as type 2 diabetes, coronary artery disease, obesity and some degenerative diseases, and provided the conceptual framework to target IL-1 in these diseases. Despite the tremendous success of IL-1 blocking therapy, the use of these agents in a wider spectrum of autoinflammatory conditions has uncovered disease subsets that are not responsive to IL-1 blockade, including the recently discovered proteasome-associated autoinflammatory syndromes such as chronic atypical neutrophilic dermatitis with lipodystrophy and elevated temperatures (CANDLE), Japanese autoinflammatory syndrome with lipodystrophy (JASL), Nakajo-Nishimura syndrome (NNS) and joint contractures, muscle atrophy, panniculitis induced lipodystrophy (JMP), and urge the continued quest to characterize additional dysregulated innate immune pathways that cause autoinflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Goldbach-Mansky
- Translational Autoinflammatory Disease Section, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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230
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Towne JE, Sims JE. IL-36 in psoriasis. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2012; 12:486-90. [PMID: 22398321 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2012.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Accepted: 02/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Psoriasis is a common but severe skin disease with significant health consequences, both physical and psychological. Evidence has emerged during the past several years pointing to a key role for IL-36 in psoriasis. Overexpression of IL-36 in mouse skin leads to a disease quite similar to human plaque psoriasis, and inhibition of IL-36 in human psoriatic skin ameliorates the inflammation. Loss of the natural antagonist of IL-36, IL-36Ra, results in a different, more severe skin disease known as pustular psoriasis. These effects are likely a consequence of the actions of IL-36 both on cells of the immune system as well as on components of skin including fibroblasts and keratinocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Towne
- Inflammation Research, Amgen Inc., Seattle, WA 98119, United States
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231
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Mutamba S, Allison A, Mahida Y, Barrow P, Foster N. Expression of IL-1Rrp2 by human myelomonocytic cells is unique to DCs and facilitates DC maturation by IL-1F8 and IL-1F9. Eur J Immunol 2012; 42:607-17. [PMID: 22144259 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201142035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We report for the first time that expression of the novel IL-1 cytokine receptor IL-1Rrp2 (IL-1R6) is unique to DCs within the human myelomonocytic lineage. IL-1Rrp2 was expressed by monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MDDCs) which was dose-dependently increased by IL-4 and correlated with increased numbers of differentiated MDDCs. Human plasmacytoid DCs also express IL-1Rrp2 but the receptor is not expressed by either myeloid DC type 1 (mDC1) or mDC2 cells. We also show that IL-1F8 or IL-1F9 cytokines, which signal through IL-1Rrp2, induce maturation of MDDCs, as measured by increased expression of HLA-DR and CD83 and decreased expression of CD1a. Furthermore, IL-1F8 stimulated increased CD40 and CD80 expression and IL-18 and IL-12 p70 production by MDDCs, which induced proliferation of IFN-γ-producing CD3(+) lymphocytes (indicative of inflammatory Th1 subsets). IL-1F8 and IL-1F2 were equipotent in their ability to stimulate IL-18 secretion from MDDCs but IL-1F8 was not as potent as IL-1F2 in stimulating secretion of IL-12p70 from MDDCs or inducing lymphocyte proliferation Therefore, IL-1Rrp2 expression by some DC subsets may have an important function in the human immune response in vivo via its role in differentiation of inflammatory Th1 lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilla Mutamba
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, UK
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232
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van de Veerdonk FL, Stoeckman AK, Wu G, Boeckermann AN, Azam T, Netea MG, Joosten LAB, van der Meer JWM, Hao R, Kalabokis V, Dinarello CA. IL-38 binds to the IL-36 receptor and has biological effects on immune cells similar to IL-36 receptor antagonist. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:3001-5. [PMID: 22315422 PMCID: PMC3286950 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1121534109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The functional role of IL-1 family member 10, recently renamed IL-38, remains unknown. In the present study we aimed to elucidate the biological function of IL-38 and to identify its receptor. Heat-killed Candida albicans was used to stimulate memory T-lymphocyte cytokine production in freshly obtained human peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy subjects. The addition of recombinant IL-38 (152 amino acids) inhibited the production of T-cell cytokines IL-22 (37% decrease) and IL-17 (39% decrease). The reduction in IL-22 and IL-17 caused by IL-38 was similar to that caused by the naturally occurring IL-36 receptor antagonist (IL-36Ra) in the same peripheral blood mononuclear cells cultures. IL-8 production induced by IL-36γ was reduced by IL-38 (42% decrease) and also was reduced by IL-36Ra (73% decrease). When human blood monocyte-derived dendritic cells were used, IL-38 as well as IL-36Ra increased LPS-induced IL-6 by twofold. We screened immobilized extracellular domains of each member of the IL-1 receptor family, including the IL-36 receptor (also known as "IL-1 receptor-related protein 2") and observed that IL-38 bound only to the IL-36 receptor, as did IL-36Ra. The dose-response suppression of IL-38 as well as that of IL-36Ra of Candida-induced IL-22 and IL-17 was not that of the classic IL-1 receptor antagonist (anakinra), because low concentrations were optimal for inhibiting IL-22 production, whereas higher concentrations modestly increased IL-22. These data provide evidence that IL-38 binds to the IL-36R, as does IL-36Ra, and that IL-38 and IL-36Ra have similar biological effects on immune cells by engaging the IL-36 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank L. van de Veerdonk
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045
- Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Nijmegen, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; and
| | | | - Gouping Wu
- R&D Systems, Inc., Minneapolis, MN 55413
| | | | - Tania Azam
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Mihai G. Netea
- Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Nijmegen, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; and
| | - Leo A. B. Joosten
- Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Nijmegen, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; and
| | - Jos W. M. van der Meer
- Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Nijmegen, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; and
| | - Ruyi Hao
- R&D Systems, Inc., Minneapolis, MN 55413
| | | | - Charles A. Dinarello
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045
- Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Nijmegen, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; and
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233
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The double-stranded RNA analogue polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid induces keratinocyte pyroptosis and release of IL-36γ. J Invest Dermatol 2012; 132:1346-53. [PMID: 22318382 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2011.482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
IL-36 is the common name for the three IL-1 family members IL-36α, IL-36β, and IL-36γ, formerly known as IL-1F6, IL-1F8, and IL-1F9, respectively. IL-36 appears to have pro-inflammatory activities; however, the physiological function of these cytokines remains unknown. Expression of IL-36 by keratinocytes implies its possible involvement in innate immune responses in the skin. We observed that, of the three IL-36 isoforms, human keratinocytes express high levels of IL-36γ. IL-36γ mRNA expression was dramatically induced by the Toll-like receptor ligands polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly(I:C)) and flagellin. Surprisingly, the IL-36γ protein was released by cells treated with poly(I:C), but remained intracellular in cells treated with flagellin only. poly(I:C), but not flagellin, induced cell death and caspase-3/7 activation. Inhibition of caspase-3/7 and caspase-1 blocked extracellular release of IL-36γ from poly(I:C)-treated cells. Furthermore, caspase-1 inhibition prevented poly(I:C)-induced caspase-3/7 activation. Interestingly, transcription of the gene IL36G was dependent on caspase-1, but not caspase-3/7, activation. This demonstrates that the pathways leading to IL36G transcription and caspase-3/7 activation branch after caspase-1. This divergence of the pathways allows the cells to enter a state of de novo protein synthesis before committing to pyroptosis. Overall, our observations suggest that IL-36γ may be an alarmin that signals the cause, e.g., viral infection, of cell death.
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234
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Carrier Y, Ma HL, Ramon HE, Napierata L, Small C, O'Toole M, Young DA, Fouser LA, Nickerson-Nutter C, Collins M, Dunussi-Joannopoulos K, Medley QG. Inter-Regulation of Th17 Cytokines and the IL-36 Cytokines In Vitro and In Vivo: Implications in Psoriasis Pathogenesis. J Invest Dermatol 2011; 131:2428-37. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.2011.234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 293] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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235
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Abstract
Psoriasis is a common relapsing and remitting immune-mediated inflammatory disease that affects the skin and joints. This review focuses on current immunogenetic concepts, key cellular players, and axes of cytokines that are thought to contribute to disease pathogenesis. We highlight potential therapeutic targets and give an overview of the currently used immune-targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayathri K Perera
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom.
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236
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Towne JE, Renshaw BR, Douangpanya J, Lipsky BP, Shen M, Gabel CA, Sims JE. Interleukin-36 (IL-36) ligands require processing for full agonist (IL-36α, IL-36β, and IL-36γ) or antagonist (IL-36Ra) activity. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:42594-42602. [PMID: 21965679 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.267922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-36α, IL-36β, and IL-36γ (formerly IL-1F6, IL-1F8, and IL-1F9) are IL-1 family members that signal through the IL-1 receptor family members IL-1Rrp2 (IL-1RL2) and IL-1RAcP. IL-36Ra (formerly IL-1F5) has been reported to antagonize IL-36γ. However, our previous attempts to demonstrate IL-36Ra antagonism were unsuccessful. Here, we demonstrate that IL-36Ra antagonist activity is dependent upon removal of its N-terminal methionine. IL-36Ra starting at Val-2 is fully active and capable of inhibiting not only IL-36γ but also IL-36α and IL-36β. Val-2 of IL-36Ra lies 9 amino acids N-terminal to an A-X-Asp motif conserved in all IL-1 family members. In further experiments, we show that truncation of IL-36α, IL-36β, and IL-36γ to this same point increased their specific activity by ∼10(3)-10(4)-fold (from EC(50) 1 μg/ml to EC(50) 1 ng/ml). Inhibition of truncated IL-36β activity required ∼10(2)-10(3)-fold excess IL-36Ra, similar to the ratio required for IL-1Ra to inhibit IL-1β. Chimeric receptor experiments demonstrated that the extracellular (but not cytoplasmic) domain of IL-1Rrp2 or IL-1R1 is required for inhibition by their respective natural antagonists. IL-36Ra bound to IL-1Rrp2, and pretreatment of IL-1Rrp2-expressing cells with IL-36Ra prevented IL-36β-mediated co-immunoprecipitation of IL-1Rrp2 with IL-1RAcP. Taken together, these results suggest that the mechanism of IL-36Ra antagonism is analogous to that of IL-1Ra, such that IL-36Ra binds to IL-1Rrp2 and prevents IL-1RAcP recruitment and the formation of a functional signaling complex. In addition, truncation of IL-36α, IL-36β, and IL-36γ dramatically enhances their activity, suggesting that post-translational processing is required for full activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer E Towne
- Department of Inflammation Research, Amgen Incorporated, Seattle, Washington 98119.
| | - Blair R Renshaw
- Department of Inflammation Research, Amgen Incorporated, Seattle, Washington 98119
| | - Jason Douangpanya
- Department of Inflammation Research, Amgen Incorporated, Seattle, Washington 98119
| | - Brian P Lipsky
- Department of Inflammation Research, Amgen Incorporated, Seattle, Washington 98119
| | - Min Shen
- Department of Protein Sciences, Amgen Incorporated, Seattle, Washington 98119
| | - Christopher A Gabel
- Department of Inflammation Research, Amgen Incorporated, Seattle, Washington 98119
| | - John E Sims
- Department of Inflammation Research, Amgen Incorporated, Seattle, Washington 98119
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237
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Muhr P, Zeitvogel J, Heitland I, Werfel T, Wittmann M. Expression of interleukin (IL)-1 family members upon stimulation with IL-17 differs in keratinocytes derived from patients with psoriasis and healthy donors. Br J Dermatol 2011; 165:189-93. [PMID: 21410667 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2011.10302.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A number of studies have challenged the T-cell-centred pathogenetic view of psoriasis by the finding that epithelium-expressed genes are intimately involved in the inflammatory process. Interleukin (IL)-17 is an important inflammatory mediator in skin psoriasis. OBJECTIVE IL-17 is known to act on keratinocytes and we were interested in its impact on the expression of pro- and anti-inflammatory IL-1 family members. METHODS We compared human keratinocytes derived from epidermal stem cells of hair follicles plucked from patients with psoriasis and healthy individuals using quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. RESULTS In the presence of IL-17, psoriasis-derived keratinocytes showed a significantly higher induction of the proinflammatory IL-1 family members IL-1F6 and IL-1F9, but not of anti-inflammatory members IL-1F5, IL-1F7 or IL-1F3 compared with keratinocytes from healthy individuals. Both basal and IL-17-induced levels of IL-1F2 and IL-1F1 were found to be significantly lower in psoriasis keratinocytes. CONCLUSION As keratinocytes were derived from epidermal stem cells of the hair follicles and were obtained from nonlesional sites, differences found are likely to present an intrinsic feature of psoriasis epithelium. Our data support the significance of IL-1 family members as therapeutic targets in psoriasis conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Muhr
- Division of Immunodermatology and Allergy Research, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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238
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Onoufriadis A, Simpson M, Pink A, Di Meglio P, Smith C, Pullabhatla V, Knight J, Spain S, Nestle F, Burden A, Capon F, Trembath R, Barker J. Mutations in IL36RN/IL1F5 are associated with the severe episodic inflammatory skin disease known as generalized pustular psoriasis. Am J Hum Genet 2011; 89:432-7. [PMID: 21839423 PMCID: PMC3169817 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 373] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2011] [Revised: 07/27/2011] [Accepted: 07/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Generalized pustular psoriasis (GPP) is a rare and yet potentially lethal clinical variant of psoriasis, characterized by the formation of sterile cutaneous pustules, neutrophilia, fever and features of systemic inflammation. We sequenced the exomes of five unrelated individuals diagnosed with GPP. Nonsynonymous, splice-site, insertion, and deletion variants with an estimated population frequency of <0.01 were considered as candidate pathogenic mutations. A homozygous c.338C>T (p.Ser113Leu) missense substitution of IL36RN was identified in two individuals, with a third subject found to be a compound heterozygote for c.338C>T (p.Ser113Leu) and a c.142C>T (p.Arg48Trp) missense substitution. IL36RN (previously known as IL1F5) encodes an IL-1 family receptor antagonist, which opposes the activity of the IL-36A and IL-36G innate cytokines. Homology searches revealed that GPP mutations alter evolutionarily conserved residues. Homozygosity for the c.338C>T (p.Ser113Leu) variant is associated with an elevated proinflammatory response following ex vivo stimulation with IL36A. These findings suggest loss of function of IL36RN as the genetic basis of GPP and implicate innate immune dysregulation in this severe episodic inflammatory disease, thereby highlighting IL-1 signaling as a potential target for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandros Onoufriadis
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, King's College London School of Medicine, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Michael A. Simpson
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, King's College London School of Medicine, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Andrew E. Pink
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London School of Medicine, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Paola Di Meglio
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London School of Medicine, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Catherine H. Smith
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London School of Medicine, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Venu Pullabhatla
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, King's College London School of Medicine, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Jo Knight
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, King's College London School of Medicine, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Sarah L. Spain
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, King's College London School of Medicine, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Frank O. Nestle
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London School of Medicine, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - A. David Burden
- Department of Dermatology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G11 6NT UK
| | - Francesca Capon
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, King's College London School of Medicine, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Richard C. Trembath
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, King's College London School of Medicine, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Jonathan N. Barker
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London School of Medicine, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK
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239
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Abstract
IL-36α (IL-1F6), IL-36β (IL-1F8), and IL-36γ (IL-1F9) are members of the IL-1 family of cytokines. These cytokines bind to IL-36R (IL-1Rrp2) and IL-1RAcP, activating similar intracellular signals as IL-1, whereas IL-36Ra (IL-1F5) acts as an IL-36R antagonist (IL-36Ra). In this study, we show that both murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) and CD4(+) T lymphocytes constitutively express IL-36R and respond to IL-36α, IL-36β, and IL-36γ. IL-36 induced the production of proinflammatory cytokines, including IL-12, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-23 by BMDCs with a more potent stimulatory effect than that of other IL-1 cytokines. In addition, IL-36β enhanced the expression of CD80, CD86, and MHC class II by BMDCs. IL-36 also induced the production of IFN-γ, IL-4, and IL-17 by CD4(+) T cells and cultured splenocytes. These stimulatory effects were antagonized by IL-36Ra when used in 100- to 1000-fold molar excess. The immunization of mice with IL-36β significantly and specifically promoted Th1 responses. Our data thus indicate a critical role of IL-36R ligands in the interface between innate and adaptive immunity, leading to the stimulation of T helper responses.
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240
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Marrakchi S, Guigue P, Renshaw BR, Puel A, Pei XY, Fraitag S, Zribi J, Bal E, Cluzeau C, Chrabieh M, Towne JE, Douangpanya J, Pons C, Mansour S, Serre V, Makni H, Mahfoudh N, Fakhfakh F, Bodemer C, Feingold J, Hadj-Rabia S, Favre M, Genin E, Sahbatou M, Munnich A, Casanova JL, Sims JE, Turki H, Bachelez H, Smahi A. Interleukin-36-receptor antagonist deficiency and generalized pustular psoriasis. N Engl J Med 2011; 365:620-8. [PMID: 21848462 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1013068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 653] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Generalized pustular psoriasis is a life-threatening disease of unknown cause. It is characterized by sudden, repeated episodes of high-grade fever, generalized rash, and disseminated pustules, with hyperleukocytosis and elevated serum levels of C-reactive protein, which may be associated with plaque-type psoriasis. METHODS We performed homozygosity mapping and direct sequencing in nine Tunisian multiplex families with autosomal recessive generalized pustular psoriasis. We assessed the effect of mutations on protein expression and conformation, stability, and function. RESULTS We identified significant linkage to an interval of 1.2 megabases on chromosome 2q13-q14.1 and a homozygous missense mutation in IL36RN, encoding an interleukin-36-receptor antagonist (interleukin-36Ra), an antiinflammatory cytokine. This mutation predicts the substitution of a proline residue for leucine at amino acid position 27 (L27P). Homology-based structural modeling of human interleukin-36Ra suggests that the proline at position 27 affects both the stability of interleukin-36Ra and its interaction with its receptor, interleukin-1 receptor-like 2 (interleukin-1 receptor-related protein 2). Biochemical analyses showed that the L27P variant was poorly expressed and less potent than the nonvariant interleukin-36Ra in inhibiting a cytokine-induced response in an interleukin-8 reporter assay, leading to enhanced production of inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-8 in particular) by keratinocytes from the patients. CONCLUSIONS Aberrant interleukin-36Ra structure and function lead to unregulated secretion of inflammatory cytokines and generalized pustular psoriasis. (Funded by Agence Nationale de la Recherche and Société Française de Dermatologie.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Slaheddine Marrakchi
- Department of Dermatology and the Laboratory of Immunology, Hedi Chaker Hospital, Sfax University, Sfax, Tunisia
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241
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Epidermal ablation of Dlx3 is linked to IL-17-associated skin inflammation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:11566-71. [PMID: 21709238 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1019658108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In an effort to understand the role of Distal-less 3 (Dlx3) in cutaneous biology and pathophysiology, we generated and characterized a mouse model with epidermal ablation of Dlx3. K14cre;Dlx3(Kin/f) mice exhibited epidermal hyperproliferation and abnormal differentiation of keratinocytes. Results from subsequent analyses revealed cutaneous inflammation that featured accumulation of IL-17-producing CD4(+) T, CD8(+) T, and γδ T cells in the skin and lymph nodes of K14cre;Dlx3(Kin/f) mice. The gene expression signature of K14cre;Dlx3(Kin/f) skin shared features with lesional psoriatic skin, and Dlx3 expression was markedly and selectively decreased in psoriatic skin. Interestingly, cultured Dlx3 null keratinocytes triggered cytokine production that is potentially linked to inflammatory responses in K14cre;Dlx3(Kin/f) mice. Thus, Dlx3 ablation in epidermis is linked to altered epidermal differentiation, barrier development, and IL-17-associated skin inflammation. This model provides a platform that will allow the systematic exploration of the contributions of keratinocytes to cutaneous inflammation.
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242
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Hueber AJ, Alves-Filho JC, Asquith DL, Michels C, Millar NL, Reilly JH, Graham GJ, Liew FY, Miller AM, McInnes IB. IL-33 induces skin inflammation with mast cell and neutrophil activation. Eur J Immunol 2011; 41:2229-37. [PMID: 21674479 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201041360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2010] [Revised: 04/03/2011] [Accepted: 05/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Psoriasis is a common chronic autoimmune condition of the skin characterized by hyperplasia of epidermal keratinocytes associated with pro-inflammatory cytokines. IL-33 is a new member of the IL-1 superfamily that signals through the ST2 receptor and was originally defined as an inducer of T helper 2 (Th2) cytokines. Recently, broader immune activatory potential has been defined for IL-33 particularly via mast cell activation and neutrophil migration. Here, we show that ST2(-/-) mice exhibit reduced cutaneous inflammatory responses compared with WT mice in a phorbol ester-induced model of skin inflammation. Furthermore, injections of IL-33 into the ears of mice induce an inflammatory skin lesion. This inflammatory response was partially dependent on mast cells as mast cell-deficient mice (Kit(W-sh/W-sh) ) showed delayed responses to IL-33. IL-33 also recruited neutrophils to the ear, an effect mediated in part by increased production of the chemokine KC (CXCL1). Finally, we show that IL-33 expression is up-regulated in the epidermis of clinical psoriatic lesions, compared with healthy skin. These results therefore demonstrate that IL-33 may play a role in psoriasis-like plaque inflammation. IL-33 targeting may provide a new treatment strategy for psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel J Hueber
- Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, University of Glasgow, UK.
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243
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Heinemann A, He Y, Zimina E, Boerries M, Busch H, Chmel N, Kurz T, Bruckner‐Tuderman L, Has C. Induction of phenotype modifying cytokines by
FERMT1
mutations. Hum Mutat 2011; 32:397-406. [DOI: 10.1002/humu.21449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2010] [Accepted: 12/22/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anja Heinemann
- Department of Dermatology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Yinghong He
- Department of Dermatology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Elena Zimina
- Department of Dermatology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Melanie Boerries
- Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies, School of Life Sciences—LIFENET, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Biosystems Analysis, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hauke Busch
- Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies, School of Life Sciences—LIFENET, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Biosystems Analysis, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nadja Chmel
- Department of Dermatology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Kurz
- Core Facility Genomics, Centre for Systems Biology, University Freiburg, Germany
| | - Leena Bruckner‐Tuderman
- Department of Dermatology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies, School of Life Sciences—LIFENET, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Cristina Has
- Department of Dermatology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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244
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Preshaw PM, Taylor JJ. How has research into cytokine interactions and their role in driving immune responses impacted our understanding of periodontitis? J Clin Periodontol 2011; 38 Suppl 11:60-84. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2010.01671.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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245
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Abstract
More than any other cytokine family, the IL-1 family of ligands and receptors is primarily associated with acute and chronic inflammation. The cytosolic segment of each IL-1 receptor family member contains the Toll-IL-1-receptor domain. This domain is also present in each Toll-like receptor, the receptors that respond to microbial products and viruses. Since Toll-IL-1-receptor domains are functional for both receptor families, responses to the IL-1 family are fundamental to innate immunity. Of the 11 members of the IL-1 family, IL-1β has emerged as a therapeutic target for an expanding number of systemic and local inflammatory conditions called autoinflammatory diseases. For these, neutralization of IL-1β results in a rapid and sustained reduction in disease severity. Treatment for autoimmune diseases often includes immunosuppressive drugs whereas neutralization of IL-1β is mostly anti-inflammatory. Although some autoinflammatory diseases are due to gain-of-function mutations for caspase-1 activity, common diseases such as gout, type 2 diabetes, heart failure, recurrent pericarditis, rheumatoid arthritis, and smoldering myeloma also are responsive to IL-1β neutralization. This review summarizes acute and chronic inflammatory diseases that are treated by reducing IL-1β activity and proposes that disease severity is affected by the anti-inflammatory members of the IL-1 family of ligands and receptors.
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246
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Hannigan A, Qureshi AM, Nixon C, Tsimbouri PM, Jones S, Philbey AW, Wilson JB. Lymphocyte deficiency limits Epstein-Barr virus latent membrane protein 1 induced chronic inflammation and carcinogenic pathology in vivo. Mol Cancer 2011; 10:11. [PMID: 21291541 PMCID: PMC3041781 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-10-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2010] [Accepted: 02/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The importance of the malignant cell environment to its growth and survival is becoming increasingly apparent, with dynamic cross talk between the neoplastic cell, the leukocyte infiltrate and the stroma. Most cancers are accompanied by leukocyte infiltration which, contrary to an anticipated immuno-protective role, could be contributing to tumour development and cancer progression. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) associated cancers, including nasopharyngeal carcinoma and Hodgkin's Disease, show a considerable leukocyte infiltration which surrounds the neoplastic cells, raising the questions as to what role these cells play in either restricting or supporting the tumour and what draws the cells into the tumour. In order to begin to address this we have studied a transgenic model of multistage carcinogenesis with epithelial expression of the EBV primary oncoprotein, latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1). LMP1 is expressed particularly in the skin, which develops a hyperplastic pathology soon after birth. RESULTS The pathology advances with time leading to erosive dermatitis which is inflamed with a mixed infiltrate involving activated CD8+ T-cells, CD4+ T-cells including CD4+/CD25+/FoxP3+ Treg cells, mast cells and neutrophils. Also significant dermal deposition of immunoglobulin-G (IgG) is observed as the pathology advances. Along with NF-kappaB activation, STAT3, a central factor in inflammation regulation, is activated in the transgenic tissue. Several inflammatory factors are subsequently upregulated, notably CD30 and its ligand CD153, also leukocyte trafficking factors including CXCL10, CXCL13, L-selectin and TGFβ1, and inflammatory cytokines including IL-1β, IL-3 and the murine IL-8 analogues CXCL1, CXCL2 and CXCL5-6, amongst others. The crucial role of mature T- and/or B-lymphocytes in the advancing pathology is demonstrated by their elimination, which precludes mast cell infiltration and limits the pathology to an early, benign stage. CONCLUSIONS LMP1 can lead to the activation of several key factors mediating proliferation, angiogenesis and inflammation in vivo. With the initiation of an inflammatory programme, leukocyte recruitment follows which then itself contributes to the progressing pathology in these transgenic mice, with a pivotal role for B-and/or T-cells in the process. The model suggests a basis for the leukocyte infiltrate observed in EBV-associated cancer and its supporting role, as well as potential points for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adele Hannigan
- College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK.
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247
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Johnston A, Xing X, Guzman AM, Riblett M, Loyd CM, Ward NL, Wohn C, Prens EP, Wang F, Maier LE, Kang S, Voorhees JJ, Elder JT, Gudjonsson JE. IL-1F5, -F6, -F8, and -F9: a novel IL-1 family signaling system that is active in psoriasis and promotes keratinocyte antimicrobial peptide expression. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 186:2613-22. [PMID: 21242515 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1003162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
IL-1F6, IL-1F8, and IL-1F9 and the IL-1R6(RP2) receptor antagonist IL-1F5 constitute a novel IL-1 signaling system that is poorly characterized in skin. To further characterize these cytokines in healthy and inflamed skin, we studied their expression in healthy control, uninvolved psoriasis, and psoriasis plaque skin using quantitative RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. Expression of IL-1F5, -1F6, -1F8, and -1F9 were increased 2 to 3 orders of magnitude in psoriasis plaque versus uninvolved psoriasis skin, which was supported immunohistologically. Moreover, treatment of psoriasis with etanercept led to significantly decreased IL-1F5, -1F6, -1F8, and -1F9 mRNAs, concomitant with clinical improvement. Similarly increased expression of IL-1F5, -1F6, -1F8, and -1F9 was seen in the involved skin of two mouse models of psoriasis. Suggestive of their importance in inflamed epithelia, IL-1α and TNF-α induced IL-1F5, -1F6, -1F8, and -1F9 transcript expression by normal human keratinocytes. Microarray analysis revealed that these cytokines induce the expression of antimicrobial peptides and matrix metalloproteinases by reconstituted human epidermis. In particular, IL-1F8 increased mRNA expression of human β-defensin (HBD)-2, HBD-3, and CAMP and protein secretion of HBD-2 and HBD-3. Collectively, our data suggest important roles for these novel cytokines in inflammatory skin diseases and identify these peptides as potential targets for antipsoriatic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Johnston
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Feldmeyer L, Werner S, French LE, Beer HD. Interleukin-1, inflammasomes and the skin. Eur J Cell Biol 2010; 89:638-44. [PMID: 20605059 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2010.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2010] [Revised: 04/26/2010] [Accepted: 04/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-1 is a highly active and pleiotropic pro-inflammatory cytokine. Recent data impressively demonstrate that activating mutations in a human gene involved in proIL-1beta maturation or loss-of-function mutations in the gene encoding IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) cause excessive activity of this cytokine. This can result in life-threatening systemic and local inflammation, particularly in the skin. Interestingly, experiments in mice revealed that epidermal keratinocytes can secrete large amounts of IL-1alpha, which induces an inflammatory response in the skin. Secretion of IL-1 requires caspase-1 activity, and activation of the protease takes place in innate immune complexes, called inflammasomes. As keratinocytes express and activate caspase-1 in an inflammasome-dependent manner, these epithelial cells might be critically involved in the innate immunity of the skin. In this review we summarize the current knowledge on IL-1 and inflammasomes in the skin, particularly their involvement in skin homeostasis and disease. In addition, we discuss the hypothesis that keratinocytes are not only static bricks of the epidermal wall, but immunologically active cells critically involved in different (auto)-inflammatory (skin) diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Feldmeyer
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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