201
|
Self-renewal and phenotypic conversion are the main physiological responses of macrophages to the endogenous estrogen surge. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44270. [PMID: 28317921 PMCID: PMC5357836 DOI: 10.1038/srep44270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Beyond the physiology of reproduction, estrogen controls the homeostasis of several tissues. Although macrophages play a key role in tissue remodeling, the interplay with estrogen is still ill defined. Using a transcriptomic approach we first obtained a comprehensive list of genes that are differentially expressed in peritoneal macrophages in response to physiological levels of 17β-estradiol (E2) injected in intact female mice. Our data also showed the dynamic nature of the macrophage response to E2 and pointed to specific biological programs induced by the hormone, with cell proliferation, immune response and wound healing being the most prominent functional categories. Indeed, the exogenous administration of E2 and, more importantly, the endogenous hormonal surge proved to support macrophage proliferation in vivo, as shown by cell cycle gene expression, BrdU incorporation and cell number. Furthermore, E2 promoted an anti-inflammatory and pro-resolving macrophage phenotype, which converged on the induction of genes related to macrophage alternative activation and on IL-10 expression in vivo. Hormone action was maintained in an experimental model of peritoneal inflammation based on zymosan injection. These findings highlight a direct effect of estrogen on macrophage expansion and phenotypic adaptation in homeostatic conditions and suggest a role for this interplay in inflammatory pathologies.
Collapse
|
202
|
Rückerl D, Campbell SM, Duncan S, Sutherland TE, Jenkins SJ, Hewitson JP, Barr TA, Jackson-Jones LH, Maizels RM, Allen JE. Macrophage origin limits functional plasticity in helminth-bacterial co-infection. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006233. [PMID: 28334040 PMCID: PMC5364000 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid reprogramming of the macrophage activation phenotype is considered important in the defense against consecutive infection with diverse infectious agents. However, in the setting of persistent, chronic infection the functional importance of macrophage-intrinsic adaptation to changing environments vs. recruitment of new macrophages remains unclear. Here we show that resident peritoneal macrophages expanded by infection with the nematode Heligmosomoides polygyrus bakeri altered their activation phenotype in response to infection with Salmonella enterica ser. Typhimurium in vitro and in vivo. The nematode-expanded resident F4/80high macrophages efficiently upregulated bacterial induced effector molecules (e.g. MHC-II, NOS2) similarly to newly recruited monocyte-derived macrophages. Nonetheless, recruitment of blood monocyte-derived macrophages to Salmonella infection occurred with equal magnitude in co-infected animals and caused displacement of the nematode-expanded, tissue resident-derived macrophages from the peritoneal cavity. Global gene expression analysis revealed that although nematode-expanded resident F4/80high macrophages made an anti-bacterial response, this was muted as compared to newly recruited F4/80low macrophages. However, the F4/80high macrophages adopted unique functional characteristics that included enhanced neutrophil-stimulating chemokine production. Thus, our data provide important evidence that plastic adaptation of MΦ activation does occur in vivo, but that cellular plasticity is outweighed by functional capabilities specific to the tissue origin of the cell.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Rückerl
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Sharon M. Campbell
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Sheelagh Duncan
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Tara E. Sutherland
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen J. Jenkins
- Centre for Inflammation Research, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - James P. Hewitson
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Tom A. Barr
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Lucy H. Jackson-Jones
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Rick M. Maizels
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Judith E. Allen
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
203
|
de Kouchkovsky DA, Ghosh S, Rothlin CV. Negative Regulation of Type 2 Immunity. Trends Immunol 2017; 38:154-167. [PMID: 28082101 PMCID: PMC5510550 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 12/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 immunity encompasses the mechanisms through which the immune system responds to helminths and an array of environmental substances such as allergens. In the developing world, billions of individuals are chronically infected with endemic parasitic helminths. In comparison, in the industrialized world, millions of individuals suffer from dysregulated type 2 immunity, referred to clinically as atopic diseases including asthma, allergic rhinitis, and atopic dermatitis. Thus, type 2 immunity must be carefully regulated to mount protective host responses yet avoid inappropriate activation and immunopathology. In this review, we describe the key players and connections at play in type 2 responses and focus on the emerging mechanisms involved in the negative regulation of type 2 immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sourav Ghosh
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
| | - Carla V Rothlin
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
204
|
Braune J, Weyer U, Hobusch C, Mauer J, Brüning JC, Bechmann I, Gericke M. IL-6 Regulates M2 Polarization and Local Proliferation of Adipose Tissue Macrophages in Obesity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:2927-2934. [PMID: 28193830 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is associated with chronic low-grade inflammation of adipose tissue (AT) and an increase of AT macrophages (ATMs) that is linked to the onset of type 2 diabetes. We have recently shown that focal sites of inflammation around dying adipocytes, so-called crown-like structures, exhibit a unique microenvironment for macrophage proliferation. Interestingly, locally proliferating macrophages were not classically activated (M1), but they exhibited a rather alternatively activated (M2) immune phenotype. In this study, we established organotypic cell cultures of AT explants to study the impact of cytokine treatment on local ATM proliferation, without the bias of early monocyte recruitment. We show that exposure of AT to Th2 cytokines, such as IL-4, IL-13, and GM-CSF, stimulates ATM proliferation, whereas Th1 cytokines, such as TNF-α, inhibit local ATM proliferation. Furthermore, AT from obese mice exhibits an increased sensitivity to IL-4 stimulation, indicated by an increased phosphorylation of STAT6. In line with this, gene expression of the IL-4 receptor (Il4ra) and its ligand IL-13 are elevated in AT of obese C57BL/6 mice. Most importantly, Il4ra expression and susceptibility to IL-4 or IL-13 treatment depend on IL-6 signaling, which seems to be the underlying mechanism of local ATM proliferation in obesity. We conclude that IL-6 acts as a Th2 cytokine in obesity by stimulating M2 polarization and local ATM proliferation, presumably due to upregulation of the IL-4 receptor α.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Braune
- Institute of Anatomy, Leipzig University, 04317 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ulrike Weyer
- Institute of Anatomy, Leipzig University, 04317 Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Jan Mauer
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065; and
| | - Jens C Brüning
- Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Ingo Bechmann
- Institute of Anatomy, Leipzig University, 04317 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Martin Gericke
- Institute of Anatomy, Leipzig University, 04317 Leipzig, Germany;
| |
Collapse
|
205
|
Gombozhapova A, Rogovskaya Y, Shurupov V, Rebenkova M, Kzhyshkowska J, Popov SV, Karpov RS, Ryabov V. Macrophage activation and polarization in post-infarction cardiac remodeling. J Biomed Sci 2017; 24:13. [PMID: 28173864 PMCID: PMC5297120 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-017-0322-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Adverse cardiac remodeling leads to impaired ventricular function and heart failure, remaining a major cause of mortality and morbidity in patients with acute myocardial infarction. It have been shown that, even if all the recommended therapies for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction are performed, one third of patients undergoes progressive cardiac remodeling that represents morphological basis for following heart failure. The need to extend our knowledge about factors leading to different clinical scenarios of myocardial infarction and following complications has resulted in a research of immuno-inflammatory pathways and molecular activities as the basis for post-infarction remodeling. Recently, macrophages (cells of the innate immune system) have become a subject of scientific interest under both normal and pathological conditions. Macrophages, besides their role in host protection and tissue homeostasis, play an important role in pathophysiological processes induced by myocardial infarction. In this article we summarize data about the function of monocytes and macrophages plasticity in myocardial infarction and outline potential role of these cells as effective targets to control processes of inflammation, cardiac remodeling and healing following acute coronary event.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Gombozhapova
- Cardiology Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk 111a Kievskaya Street, 634012, Tomsk, Russian Federation. .,National Research Tomsk State University, 36 Lenin Avenue, 634050, Tomsk, Russian Federation.
| | - Yuliya Rogovskaya
- Cardiology Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk 111a Kievskaya Street, 634012, Tomsk, Russian Federation.,National Research Tomsk State University, 36 Lenin Avenue, 634050, Tomsk, Russian Federation
| | - Vladimir Shurupov
- Cardiology Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk 111a Kievskaya Street, 634012, Tomsk, Russian Federation
| | - Mariya Rebenkova
- Cardiology Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk 111a Kievskaya Street, 634012, Tomsk, Russian Federation.,National Research Tomsk State University, 36 Lenin Avenue, 634050, Tomsk, Russian Federation
| | - Julia Kzhyshkowska
- National Research Tomsk State University, 36 Lenin Avenue, 634050, Tomsk, Russian Federation.,University of Heidelberg, 1-3 Theodor-Kutzer Ufer, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Sergey V Popov
- Cardiology Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk 111a Kievskaya Street, 634012, Tomsk, Russian Federation
| | - Rostislav S Karpov
- Cardiology Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk 111a Kievskaya Street, 634012, Tomsk, Russian Federation.,Siberian State Medical University, 2 Moscovsky trakt, 634055, Tomsk, Russian Federation
| | - Vyacheslav Ryabov
- Cardiology Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk 111a Kievskaya Street, 634012, Tomsk, Russian Federation.,National Research Tomsk State University, 36 Lenin Avenue, 634050, Tomsk, Russian Federation.,Siberian State Medical University, 2 Moscovsky trakt, 634055, Tomsk, Russian Federation
| |
Collapse
|
206
|
Zamarron BF, Mergian TA, Cho KW, Martinez-Santibanez G, Luan D, Singer K, DelProposto JL, Geletka LM, Muir LA, Lumeng CN. Macrophage Proliferation Sustains Adipose Tissue Inflammation in Formerly Obese Mice. Diabetes 2017; 66:392-406. [PMID: 28108608 PMCID: PMC5248991 DOI: 10.2337/db16-0500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Obesity causes dramatic proinflammatory changes in the adipose tissue immune environment, but relatively little is known regarding how this inflammation responds to weight loss (WL). To understand the mechanisms by which meta-inflammation resolves during WL, we examined adipose tissue leukocytes in mice after withdrawal of a high-fat diet. After 8 weeks of WL, mice achieved similar weights and glucose tolerance values as age-matched lean controls but showed abnormal insulin tolerance. Despite fat mass normalization, total and CD11c+ adipose tissue macrophage (ATM) content remained elevated in WL mice for up to 6 months and was associated with persistent fibrosis in adipose tissue. ATMs in formerly obese mice demonstrated a proinflammatory profile, including elevated expression of interferon-γ, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interleukin-1β. T-cell-deficient Rag1-/- mice showed a degree of ATM persistence similar to that in WT mice, but with reduced inflammatory gene expression. ATM proliferation was identified as the predominant mechanism by which ATMs are retained in adipose tissue with WL. Our study suggests that WL does not completely resolve obesity-induced ATM activation, which may contribute to the persistent adipose tissue damage and reduced insulin sensitivity observed in formerly obese mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian F Zamarron
- Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Taleen A Mergian
- College of Literature Sciences and Arts, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Kae Won Cho
- Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-bio Science, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan-si, Chungcheongnam-do, Korea
| | | | - Danny Luan
- College of Literature Sciences and Arts, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Kanakadurga Singer
- Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Jennifer L DelProposto
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Lynn M Geletka
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Lindsey A Muir
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Carey N Lumeng
- Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
| |
Collapse
|
207
|
Lysophosphatidic acid converts monocytes into macrophages in both mice and humans. Blood 2017; 129:1177-1183. [PMID: 28069607 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2016-10-743757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Monocytes and macrophages represent critical arms of the innate immune system and are considered regulators and effectors of inflammation and the innate immune response. Monocytes can mobilize from bone marrow, traffic to their required destination, and differentiate into effector cells, depending on the local tissue environment, to perform multiple roles during infection or inflammation, making them important components of body's immune defense. Macrophages have diverse roles in tissue homeostasis, development, and tissue repair following injury. Adult bone marrow monocytes can give rise to tissue-resident macrophages during infection or inflammatory reactions, besides self-replication of tissue resident macrophages. Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), a lipid by-product of autotaxin activity, is involved in cancer, vascular defects, and neural tissue, but is largely unexplored in immune system. Here, we reveal an unexpected function of LPA that transfigures CD11b+ murine monocytes into F4/80+ macrophages. LPA-stimulated Akt/mTOR signaling is critical for LPA-mediated macrophage development in mice. Additionally, transcriptome analysis reveals that PPARγ is the key transcriptional regulator in the development of LPA-induced macrophages. In humans, LPA mediates macrophage formation following similar pathways. These findings identify a critical role for LPA in regulating innate immune system.
Collapse
|
208
|
De Luca M, Pels K, Moleirinho S, Curtale G. The epigenetic landscape of innate immunity. AIMS MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.3934/molsci.2017.1.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
|
209
|
Italiani P, Boraschi D. Development and Functional Differentiation of Tissue-Resident Versus Monocyte-Derived Macrophages in Inflammatory Reactions. Results Probl Cell Differ 2017; 62:23-43. [PMID: 28455704 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-54090-0_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Mononuclear phagocytes are key cells in tissue integrity and defense. Tissue-resident macrophages are abundantly present in all tissues of the body and have a complex role in ensuring tissue functions and homeostatic balance. Circulating blood monocytes can enter tissue both in steady-state conditions, for helping in replenishing the tissue-resident macrophage pool and, in particular, for acting as potent effector cells during inflammatory events such as infections, traumas, and diseases. The heterogeneity of monocytes and macrophages depends on their ontogeny, their tissue location, and their functional programming, with both monocytes and macrophages able to exert distinct or similar functions depending on the tissue-specific and stimulus-specific microenvironment. In this short review, we will review the current hypotheses on tissue-resident macrophage ontogeny and functions, as compared to blood-derived monocytes, with a particular focus on inflammatory conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paola Italiani
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, National Research Council, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131, Naples, Italy.
| | - Diana Boraschi
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, National Research Council, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131, Naples, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
210
|
Anti-colony-stimulating factor therapies for inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2016; 16:53-70. [DOI: 10.1038/nrd.2016.231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
211
|
Seoane PI, Rückerl D, Casaravilla C, Barrios AA, Pittini Á, MacDonald AS, Allen JE, Díaz A. Particles from the Echinococcus granulosus laminated layer inhibit IL-4 and growth factor-driven Akt phosphorylation and proliferative responses in macrophages. Sci Rep 2016; 6:39204. [PMID: 27966637 PMCID: PMC5155279 DOI: 10.1038/srep39204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Proliferation of macrophages is a hallmark of inflammation in many type 2 settings including helminth infections. The cellular expansion is driven by the type 2 cytokine interleukin-4 (IL-4), as well as by M-CSF, which also controls homeostatic levels of tissue resident macrophages. Cystic echinococcosis, caused by the tissue-dwelling larval stage of the cestode Echinococcus granulosus, is characterised by normally subdued local inflammation. Infiltrating host cells make contact only with the acellular protective coat of the parasite, called laminated layer, particles of which can be ingested by phagocytic cells. Here we report that a particulate preparation from this layer (pLL) strongly inhibits the proliferation of macrophages in response to IL-4 or M-CSF. In addition, pLL also inhibits IL-4-driven up-regulation of Relm-α, without similarly affecting Chitinase-like 3 (Chil3/Ym1). IL-4-driven cell proliferation and up-regulation of Relm-α are both known to depend on the phosphatidylinositol (PI3K)/Akt pathway, which is dispensable for induction of Chil3/Ym1. Exposure to pLL in vitro inhibited Akt activation in response to proliferative stimuli, providing a potential mechanism for its activities. Our results suggest that the E. granulosus laminated layer exerts some of its anti-inflammatory properties through inhibition of PI3K/Akt activation and consequent limitation of macrophage proliferation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paula I Seoane
- Cátedra de Inmunología, Departamento de Biociencias (Facultad de Química) e Instituto de Química Biológica (Facultad de Ciencias), Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Dominik Rückerl
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Cecilia Casaravilla
- Cátedra de Inmunología, Departamento de Biociencias (Facultad de Química) e Instituto de Química Biológica (Facultad de Ciencias), Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Anabella A Barrios
- Cátedra de Inmunología, Departamento de Biociencias (Facultad de Química) e Instituto de Química Biológica (Facultad de Ciencias), Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Álvaro Pittini
- Cátedra de Inmunología, Departamento de Biociencias (Facultad de Química) e Instituto de Química Biológica (Facultad de Ciencias), Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Andrew S MacDonald
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research (MCCIR), University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Judith E Allen
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Alvaro Díaz
- Cátedra de Inmunología, Departamento de Biociencias (Facultad de Química) e Instituto de Química Biológica (Facultad de Ciencias), Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| |
Collapse
|
212
|
Diverse in vivo effects of soluble and membrane-bound M-CSF on tumor-associated macrophages in lymphoma xenograft model. Oncotarget 2016; 7:1354-66. [PMID: 26595525 PMCID: PMC4811465 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) is an important cytokine for monocyte/macrophage lineage. Secretory M-CSF (sM-CSF) and membrane-bound M-CSF (mM-CSF) are two major alternative splicing isoforms. The functional diversity of these isoforms in the activation of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), especially in lymphoma microenvironment, has not been documented. Here, we studied the effects of M-CSF isoforms on TAMs in xenograft mouse model. More infiltrating TAMs were detected in microenvironment with mM-CSF and sM-CSF. TAMs could be divided into three subpopulations based on their expression of CD206 and Ly6C. While sM-CSF had greater potential to recruit and induce differentiation of TAMs and TAM subpopulations, mM-CSF had greater potential to induce proliferation of TAMs and TAM subpopulations. Though both isoforms educated TAMs and TAM subpopulations to M2-like macrophages, mM-CSF and sM-CSF induced different spectrums of phenotype-associated genes in TAMs and TAM subpopulations. These results suggested the diverse effects of M-CSF isoforms on the activation of TAMs and TAM subpopulations in lymphoma microenvironments.
Collapse
|
213
|
Abstract
Macrophages regulate tissue regeneration following injury. They can worsen tissue injury by producing reactive oxygen species and other toxic mediators that disrupt cell metabolism, induce apoptosis, and exacerbate ischemic injury. However, they also produce a variety of growth factors, such as IGF-1, VEGF-α, TGF-β, and Wnt proteins that regulate epithelial and endothelial cell proliferation, myofibroblast activation, stem and tissue progenitor cell differentiation, and angiogenesis. Proresolving macrophages in turn restore tissue homeostasis by functioning as anti-inflammatory cells, and macrophage-derived matrix metalloproteinases regulate fibrin and collagen turnover. However, dysregulated macrophage function impairs wound healing and contributes to the development of fibrosis. Consequently, the mechanisms that regulate these different macrophage activation states have become active areas of research. In this review, we discuss the common and unique mechanisms by which macrophages instruct tissue repair in the liver, nervous system, heart, lung, skeletal muscle, and intestine and illustrate how macrophages might be exploited therapeutically.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M Vannella
- Immunopathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; ,
| | - Thomas A Wynn
- Immunopathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; ,
| |
Collapse
|
214
|
Fontana MF, de Melo GL, Anidi C, Hamburger R, Kim CY, Lee SY, Pham J, Kim CC. Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor Derived from CD4+ T Cells Contributes to Control of a Blood-Borne Infection. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1006046. [PMID: 27923070 PMCID: PMC5140069 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynamic regulation of leukocyte population size and activation state is crucial for an effective immune response. In malaria, Plasmodium parasites elicit robust host expansion of macrophages and monocytes, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here we show that myeloid expansion during P. chabaudi infection is dependent upon both CD4+ T cells and the cytokine Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor (MCSF). Single-cell RNA-Seq analysis on antigen-experienced T cells revealed robust expression of Csf1, the gene encoding MCSF, in a sub-population of CD4+ T cells with distinct transcriptional and surface phenotypes. Selective deletion of Csf1 in CD4+ cells during P. chabaudi infection diminished proliferation and activation of certain myeloid subsets, most notably lymph node-resident CD169+ macrophages, and resulted in increased parasite burden and impaired recovery of infected mice. Depletion of CD169+ macrophages during infection also led to increased parasitemia and significant host mortality, confirming a previously unappreciated role for these cells in control of P. chabaudi. This work establishes the CD4+ T cell as a physiologically relevant source of MCSF in vivo; probes the complexity of the CD4+ T cell response during type 1 infection; and delineates a novel mechanism by which T helper cells regulate myeloid cells to limit growth of a blood-borne intracellular pathogen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mary F. Fontana
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MFF); (CCK)
| | - Gabrielly L. de Melo
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Chioma Anidi
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Rebecca Hamburger
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Chris Y. Kim
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - So Youn Lee
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Pham
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Charles C. Kim
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MFF); (CCK)
| |
Collapse
|
215
|
Zlatanova I, Pinto C, Silvestre JS. Immune Modulation of Cardiac Repair and Regeneration: The Art of Mending Broken Hearts. Front Cardiovasc Med 2016; 3:40. [PMID: 27790620 PMCID: PMC5063859 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2016.00040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The accumulation of immune cells is among the earliest responses that manifest in the cardiac tissue after injury. Both innate and adaptive immunity coordinate distinct and mutually non-exclusive events governing cardiac repair, including elimination of the cellular debris, compensatory growth of the remaining cardiac tissue, activation of resident or circulating precursor cells, quantitative and qualitative modifications of the vascular network, and formation of a fibrotic scar. The present review summarizes the mounting evidence suggesting that the inflammatory response also guides the regenerative process following cardiac damage. In particular, recent literature has reinforced the central role of monocytes/macrophages in poising the refreshment of cardiomyocytes in myocardial infarction- or apical resection-induced cardiac insult. Macrophages dictate cardiac myocyte renewal through stimulation of preexisting cardiomyocyte proliferation and/or neovascularization. Nevertheless, substantial efforts are required to identify the nature of these macrophage-derived factors as well as the molecular mechanisms engendered by the distinct subsets of macrophages pertaining in the cardiac tissue. Among the growing inflammatory intermediaries that have been recognized as essential player in heart regeneration, we will focus on the role of interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-13. Finally, it is likely that within the mayhem of the injured cardiac tissue, additional types of inflammatory cells, such as neutrophils, will enter the dance to ignite and refresh the broken heart. However, the protective and detrimental inflammatory pathways have been mainly deciphered in animal models. Future research should be focused on understanding the cellular effectors and molecular signals regulating inflammation in human heart to pave the way for the development of factual therapies targeting the inflammatory compartment in cardiac diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Zlatanova
- UMRS-970, Paris Centre de Recherche Cardiovasculaire, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes , Paris , France
| | - Cristina Pinto
- UMRS-970, Paris Centre de Recherche Cardiovasculaire, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes , Paris , France
| | - Jean-Sébastien Silvestre
- UMRS-970, Paris Centre de Recherche Cardiovasculaire, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes , Paris , France
| |
Collapse
|
216
|
Groves AM, Johnston CJ, Misra RS, Williams JP, Finkelstein JN. Effects of IL-4 on pulmonary fibrosis and the accumulation and phenotype of macrophage subpopulations following thoracic irradiation. Int J Radiat Biol 2016; 92:754-765. [PMID: 27539247 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2016.1222094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Thoracic irradiation injures lung parenchyma, triggering inflammation and immune cell activation, leading to pneumonitis and fibrosis. Macrophage polarization contributes to these processes. Since IL-4 promotes pro-fibrotic macrophage activation, its role in radiation-induced lung injury was investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS Lung macrophage subpopulations were characterized from 3-26 weeks following exposure of WT and IL-4-/- mice to 0 or 12.5 Gray single dose thoracic irradiation. RESULTS Loss of IL-4 did not prevent fibrosis, but blunted macrophage accumulation within the parenchyma. At 3 weeks following exposure, cell numbers and expression of F4/80 and CD206, an alternative activation marker, decreased in alveolar macrophages but increased in infiltrating macrophages in WT mice. Loss of IL-4 impaired recovery of these markers in alveolar macrophages and blunted expansion of these populations in infiltrating macrophages. CD206+ cells were evident in fibrotic regions of WT mice only, however Arg-1+ cells increased in fibrotic regions in IL-4-/- mice only. Radiation-induced proinflammatory Ly6C expression was more apparent in alveolar and interstitial macrophages from IL-4-/- mice. CONCLUSIONS IL-4 loss did not prevent alternative macrophage activation and fibrosis in irradiated mice. Instead, a role is indicated for IL-4 in maintenance of macrophage populations in the lung following high single dose thoracic irradiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angela M Groves
- a Department of Pediatrics M&D Neonatology, University of Rochester Medical Center , Rochester , NY , USA
| | - Carl J Johnston
- a Department of Pediatrics M&D Neonatology, University of Rochester Medical Center , Rochester , NY , USA.,b Department of Environmental Medicine , University of Rochester Medical Center , Rochester , NY , USA
| | - Ravi S Misra
- a Department of Pediatrics M&D Neonatology, University of Rochester Medical Center , Rochester , NY , USA
| | - Jacqueline P Williams
- b Department of Environmental Medicine , University of Rochester Medical Center , Rochester , NY , USA
| | - Jacob N Finkelstein
- a Department of Pediatrics M&D Neonatology, University of Rochester Medical Center , Rochester , NY , USA.,b Department of Environmental Medicine , University of Rochester Medical Center , Rochester , NY , USA
| |
Collapse
|
217
|
Proliferation of Perivascular Macrophages Contributes to the Development of Encephalitic Lesions in HIV-Infected Humans and in SIV-Infected Macaques. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32900. [PMID: 27610547 PMCID: PMC5017189 DOI: 10.1038/srep32900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate if macrophage proliferation occurs in the brain during simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection of adult macaques. We examined the expression of the Ki-67 proliferation marker in the brains of uninfected and SIV-infected macaques with or without encephalitis. Double-label immunohistochemistry using antibodies against the pan-macrophage marker CD68 and Ki-67 showed that there was a significant increase in CD68+Ki-67+ cells in macaques with SIV encephalitis (SIVE) compared to uninfected and SIV-infected animals without encephalitis, a trend that was also confirmed in brain samples from patients with HIV encephalitis. Multi-label immunofluorescence for CD163 and Ki-67 confirmed that the vast majority of Ki-67+ nuclei were localized to CD163+ macrophages in perivascular cuffs and lesions. The proliferative capacity of Ki-67+ perivascular macrophages (PVM) was confirmed by their nuclear incorporation of bromodeoxyuridine. Examining SIVE lesions, using double-label immunofluorescence with antibodies against SIV-Gag-p28 and Ki-67, showed that the population of Ki-67+ cells were productively infected and expanded proportionally with lesions. Altogether, this study shows that there are subpopulations of resident PVM that express Ki-67 and are SIV-infected, suggesting a mechanism of macrophage accumulation in the brain via PVM proliferation.
Collapse
|
218
|
Pradel LP, Ooi CH, Romagnoli S, Cannarile MA, Sade H, Rüttinger D, Ries CH. Macrophage Susceptibility to Emactuzumab (RG7155) Treatment. Mol Cancer Ther 2016; 15:3077-3086. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-16-0157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
219
|
NK cells activated by Interleukin-4 in cooperation with Interleukin-15 exhibit distinctive characteristics. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:10139-44. [PMID: 27551096 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1600112113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are known to be activated by Th1-type cytokines, such as IL-2, -12, or -18, and they secrete a large amount of IFN-γ that accelerates Th1-type responses. However, the roles of NK cells in Th2-type responses have remained unclear. Because IL-4 acts as an initiator of Th2-type responses, we examined the characteristics of NK cells in mice overexpressing IL-4. In this study, we report that IL-4 overexpression induces distinctive characteristics of NK cells (B220(high)/CD11b(low)/IL-18Rα(low)), which are different from mature conventional NK (cNK) cells (B220(low)/CD11b(high)/IL-18Rα(high)). IL-4 overexpression induces proliferation of tissue-resident macrophages, which contributes to NK cell proliferation via production of IL-15. These IL-4-induced NK cells (IL4-NK cells) produce higher levels of IFN-γ, IL-10, and GM-CSF, and exhibit high cytotoxicity compared with cNK cells. Furthermore, incubation of cNK cells with IL-15 and IL-4 alters their phenotype to that similar to IL4-NK cells. Finally, parasitic infection, which typically causes strong Th2-type responses, induces the development of NK cells with characteristics similar to IL4-NK cells. These IL4-NK-like cells do not develop in IL-4Rα KO mice by parasitic infection. Collectively, these results suggest a novel role of IL-4 in immune responses through the induction of the unique NK cells.
Collapse
|
220
|
Type 2 Interleukin-4 Receptor Signaling in Neutrophils Antagonizes Their Expansion and Migration during Infection and Inflammation. Immunity 2016; 45:172-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2016.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
221
|
Long-lived self-renewing bone marrow-derived macrophages displace embryo-derived cells to inhabit adult serous cavities. Nat Commun 2016; 7:ncomms11852. [PMID: 27292029 PMCID: PMC4910019 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Peritoneal macrophages are one of the most studied macrophage populations in the body, yet the composition, developmental origin and mechanisms governing the maintenance of this compartment are controversial. Here we show resident F4/80(hi)GATA6(+) macrophages are long-lived, undergo non-stochastic self-renewal and retain cells of embryonic origin for at least 4 months in mice. However, Ly6C(+) monocytes constitutively enter the peritoneal cavity in a CCR2-dependent manner, where they mature into short-lived F4/80(lo)MHCII(+) cells that act, in part, as precursors of F4/80(hi)GATA6(+) macrophages. Notably, monocyte-derived F4/80(hi) macrophages eventually displace the embryonic population with age in a process that is highly gender dependent and not due to proliferative exhaustion of the incumbent embryonic population, despite the greater proliferative activity of newly recruited cells. Furthermore, although monocyte-derived cells acquire key characteristics of the embryonic population, expression of Tim4 was impaired, leading to cumulative changes in the population with age.
Collapse
|
222
|
Irvine KM, Banh X, Gadd VL, Wojcik KK, Ariffin JK, Jose S, Lukowski S, Baillie GJ, Sweet MJ, Powell EE. CRIg-expressing peritoneal macrophages are associated with disease severity in patients with cirrhosis and ascites. JCI Insight 2016; 1:e86914. [PMID: 27699269 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.86914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections are an important cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with decompensated cirrhosis and ascites. Hypothesizing that innate immune dysfunction contributes to susceptibility to infection, we assessed ascitic fluid macrophage phenotype and function. The expression of complement receptor of the immunoglobulin superfamily (CRIg) and CCR2 defined two phenotypically and functionally distinct peritoneal macrophage subpopulations. The proportion of CRIghi macrophages differed between patients and in the same patient over time, and a high proportion of CRIghi macrophages was associated with reduced disease severity (model for end-stage liver disease) score. As compared with CRIglo macrophages, CRIghi macrophages were highly phagocytic and displayed enhanced antimicrobial effector activity. Transcriptional profiling by RNA sequencing and comparison with human macrophage and murine peritoneal macrophage expression signatures highlighted similarities among CRIghi cells, human macrophages, and mouse F4/80hi resident peritoneal macrophages and among CRIglo macrophages, human monocytes, and mouse F4/80lo monocyte-derived peritoneal macrophages. These data suggest that CRIghi and CRIglo macrophages may represent a tissue-resident population and a monocyte-derived population, respectively. In conclusion, ascites fluid macrophage subset distribution and phagocytic capacity is highly variable among patients with chronic liver disease. Regulating the numbers and/or functions of these macrophage populations could provide therapeutic opportunities in cirrhotic patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Juliana K Ariffin
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB), and.,IMB Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Matthew J Sweet
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB), and.,IMB Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Elizabeth E Powell
- School of Medicine.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
223
|
Ley K, Pramod AB, Croft M, Ravichandran KS, Ting JP. How Mouse Macrophages Sense What Is Going On. Front Immunol 2016; 7:204. [PMID: 27313577 PMCID: PMC4890338 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are central to both innate and adaptive immunity. With few exceptions, macrophages are the first cells that sense trouble and respond to disturbances in almost all tissues and organs. They sense their environment, inhibit or kill pathogens, take up apoptotic and necrotic cells, heal tissue damage, and present antigens to T cells. Although the origins (yolk sac versus monocyte-derived) and phenotypes (functions, gene expression profiles, surface markers) of macrophages vary between tissues, they have many receptors in common that are specific to one or a few molecular species. Here, we review the expression and function of almost 200 key macrophage receptors that help the macrophages sense what is going on, including pathogen-derived molecules, the state of the surrounding tissue cells, apoptotic and necrotic cell death, antibodies and immune complexes, altered self molecules, extracellular matrix components, and cytokines, including chemokines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Ley
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Akula Bala Pramod
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology , La Jolla, CA , USA
| | - Michael Croft
- Division of Immune Regulation, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology , La Jolla, CA , USA
| | - Kodi S Ravichandran
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia , Charlottesville, VA , USA
| | - Jenny P Ting
- Department of Genetics, The Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, NC , USA
| |
Collapse
|
224
|
The development and maintenance of resident macrophages. Nat Immunol 2016; 17:2-8. [PMID: 26681456 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 424] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The molecular and cellular mechanisms that underlie the many roles of macrophages in health and disease states in vivo remain poorly understood. The purpose of this Review is to present and discuss current knowledge on the developmental biology of macrophages, as it underlies the concept of a layered myeloid system composed of 'resident' macrophages that originate mainly from progenitor cells generated in the yolk sac and of 'passenger' or 'transitory' myeloid cells that originate and renew from bone marrow hematopoietic stem cells, and to provide a framework for investigating the functions of macrophages in vivo.
Collapse
|
225
|
Bettina A, Zhang Z, Michels K, Cagnina RE, Vincent IS, Burdick MD, Kadl A, Mehrad B. M-CSF Mediates Host Defense during Bacterial Pneumonia by Promoting the Survival of Lung and Liver Mononuclear Phagocytes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 196:5047-55. [PMID: 27183631 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Gram-negative bacterial pneumonia is a common and dangerous infection with diminishing treatment options due to increasing antibiotic resistance among causal pathogens. The mononuclear phagocyte system is a heterogeneous group of leukocytes composed of tissue-resident macrophages, dendritic cells, and monocyte-derived cells that are critical in defense against pneumonia, but mechanisms that regulate their maintenance and function during infection are poorly defined. M-CSF has myriad effects on mononuclear phagocytes but its role in pneumonia is unknown. We therefore tested the hypothesis that M-CSF is required for mononuclear phagocyte-mediated host defenses during bacterial pneumonia in a murine model of infection. Genetic deletion or immunoneutralization of M-CSF resulted in reduced survival, increased bacterial burden, and greater lung injury. M-CSF was necessary for the expansion of lung mononuclear phagocytes during infection but did not affect the number of bone marrow or blood monocytes, proliferation of precursors, or recruitment of leukocytes to the lungs. In contrast, M-CSF was essential to survival and antimicrobial functions of both lung and liver mononuclear phagocytes during pneumonia, and its absence resulted in bacterial dissemination to the liver and hepatic necrosis. We conclude that M-CSF is critical to host defenses against bacterial pneumonia by mediating survival and antimicrobial functions of mononuclear phagocytes in the lungs and liver.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Bettina
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Zhimin Zhang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Kathryn Michels
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - R Elaine Cagnina
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Isaah S Vincent
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Marie D Burdick
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Alexandra Kadl
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908; Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908; and
| | - Borna Mehrad
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908; Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| |
Collapse
|
226
|
Ogle ME, Segar CE, Sridhar S, Botchwey EA. Monocytes and macrophages in tissue repair: Implications for immunoregenerative biomaterial design. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2016; 241:1084-97. [PMID: 27229903 PMCID: PMC4898192 DOI: 10.1177/1535370216650293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 323] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Monocytes and macrophages play a critical role in tissue development, homeostasis, and injury repair. These innate immune cells participate in guiding vascular remodeling, stimulation of local stem and progenitor cells, and structural repair of tissues such as muscle and bone. Therefore, there is a great interest in harnessing this powerful endogenous cell source for therapeutic regeneration through immunoregenerative biomaterial engineering. These materials seek to harness specific subpopulations of monocytes/macrophages to promote repair by influencing their recruitment, positioning, differentiation, and function within a damaged tissue. Monocyte and macrophage phenotypes span a continuum of inflammatory (M1) to anti-inflammatory or pro-regenerative cells (M2), and their heterogeneous functions are highly dependent on microenvironmental cues within the injury niche. Increasing evidence suggests that division of labor among subpopulations of monocytes and macrophages could allow for harnessing regenerative functions over inflammatory functions of myeloid cells; however, the complex balance between necessary functions of inflammatory versus regenerative myeloid cells remains to be fully elucidated. Historically, biomaterial-based therapies for promoting tissue regeneration were designed to minimize the host inflammatory response; although, recent appreciation for the roles that innate immune cells play in tissue repair and material integration has shifted this paradigm. A number of opportunities exist to exploit known signaling systems of specific populations of monocytes/macrophages to promote repair and to better understand the biological and pathological roles of myeloid cells. This review seeks to outline the characteristics of distinct populations of monocytes and macrophages, identify the role of these cells within diverse tissue injury niches, and offer design criteria for immunoregenerative biomaterials given the intrinsic inflammatory response to their implantation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Molly E Ogle
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Claire E Segar
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Sraeyes Sridhar
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Edward A Botchwey
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| |
Collapse
|
227
|
The kidney regulates regeneration, but don’t upset the balance. Int Urol Nephrol 2016; 48:1371-1376. [DOI: 10.1007/s11255-016-1302-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
|
228
|
Lavin Y, Mortha A, Rahman A, Merad M. Regulation of macrophage development and function in peripheral tissues. Nat Rev Immunol 2016; 15:731-44. [PMID: 26603899 DOI: 10.1038/nri3920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 416] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages are immune cells of haematopoietic origin that provide crucial innate immune defence and have tissue-specific functions in the regulation and maintenance of organ homeostasis. Recent studies of macrophage ontogeny, as well as transcriptional and epigenetic identity, have started to reveal the decisive role of the tissue stroma in the regulation of macrophage function. These findings suggest that most macrophages seed the tissues during embryonic development and functionally specialize in response to cytokines and metabolites that are released by the stroma and drive the expression of unique transcription factors. In this Review, we discuss how recent insights into macrophage ontogeny and macrophage-stroma interactions contribute to our understanding of the crosstalk that shapes macrophage function and the maintenance of organ integrity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yonit Lavin
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute and the Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York 10029, USA
| | - Arthur Mortha
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute and the Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York 10029, USA
| | - Adeeb Rahman
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute and the Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York 10029, USA
| | - Miriam Merad
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute and the Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York 10029, USA
| |
Collapse
|
229
|
Lauvau G, Loke P, Hohl TM. Monocyte-mediated defense against bacteria, fungi, and parasites. Semin Immunol 2016; 27:397-409. [PMID: 27021645 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2016.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Circulating blood monocytes are a heterogeneous leukocyte population that contributes critical antimicrobial and regulatory functions during systemic and tissue-specific infections. These include patrolling vascular tissue for evidence of microbial invasion, infiltrating peripheral tissues and directly killing microbial invaders, conditioning the inflammatory milieu at sites of microbial tissue invasion, and orchestrating the activation of innate and adaptive immune effector cells. The central focus of this review is the in vivo mechanisms by which monocytes and their derivative cells promote microbial clearance and immune regulation. We include an overview of murine models to examine monocyte functions during microbial challenges and review our understanding of the functional roles of monocytes and their derivative cells in host defense against bacteria, fungi, and parasites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Grégoire Lauvau
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States.
| | - P'ng Loke
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States.
| | - Tobias M Hohl
- Infectious Disease Service, Department of Medicine, Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cencer Center, New York, NY, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
230
|
Wynn TA, Vannella KM. Macrophages in Tissue Repair, Regeneration, and Fibrosis. Immunity 2016; 44:450-462. [PMID: 26982353 PMCID: PMC4794754 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2016.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2419] [Impact Index Per Article: 302.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory monocytes and tissue-resident macrophages are key regulators of tissue repair, regeneration, and fibrosis. After tissue injury, monocytes and macrophages undergo marked phenotypic and functional changes to play critical roles during the initiation, maintenance, and resolution phases of tissue repair. Disturbances in macrophage function can lead to aberrant repair, such that uncontrolled production of inflammatory mediators and growth factors, deficient generation of anti-inflammatory macrophages, or failed communication between macrophages and epithelial cells, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and stem or tissue progenitor cells all contribute to a state of persistent injury, and this could lead to the development of pathological fibrosis. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms that instruct macrophages to adopt pro-inflammatory, pro-wound-healing, pro-fibrotic, anti-inflammatory, anti-fibrotic, pro-resolving, and tissue-regenerating phenotypes after injury, and we highlight how some of these mechanisms and macrophage activation states could be exploited therapeutically.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Wynn
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Kevin M Vannella
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| |
Collapse
|
231
|
Low-level regulatory T-cell activity is essential for functional type-2 effector immunity to expel gastrointestinal helminths. Mucosal Immunol 2016; 9:428-43. [PMID: 26286232 PMCID: PMC4677460 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2015.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Helminth infection is frequently associated with the expansion of regulatory T cells (Tregs) and suppression of immune responses to bystander antigens. We show that infection of mice with the chronic gastrointestinal helminth Heligmosomoides polygyrus drives rapid polyclonal expansion of Foxp3(+)Helios(+)CD4(+) thymic (t)Tregs in the lamina propria and mesenteric lymph nodes while Foxp3(+)Helios(-)CD4(+) peripheral (p)Treg expand more slowly. Notably, in partially resistant BALB/c mice parasite survival positively correlates with Foxp3(+)Helios(+)CD4(+) tTreg numbers. Boosting of Foxp3(+)Helios(+)CD4(+) tTreg populations by administration of recombinant interleukin-2 (rIL-2):anti-IL-2 (IL-2C) complex increased worm persistence by diminishing type-2 responsiveness in vivo, including suppression of alternatively activated macrophage and granulomatous responses at the sites of infection. IL-2C also increased innate lymphoid cell (ILC) numbers, indicating that Treg functions dominate over ILC effects in this setting. Surprisingly, complete removal of Tregs in transgenic Foxp3-DTR mice also resulted in increased worm burdens, with "immunological chaos" evident in high levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and interferon-γ. In contrast, worm clearance could be induced by anti-CD25 antibody-mediated partial depletion of early Treg, alongside increased T helper type 2 responses and without incurring pathology. These findings highlight the overarching importance of the early Treg response to infection and the non-linear association between inflammation and the prevailing Treg frequency.
Collapse
|
232
|
Soucie EL, Weng Z, Geirsdóttir L, Molawi K, Maurizio J, Fenouil R, Mossadegh-Keller N, Gimenez G, VanHille L, Beniazza M, Favret J, Berruyer C, Perrin P, Hacohen N, Andrau JC, Ferrier P, Dubreuil P, Sidow A, Sieweke MH. Lineage-specific enhancers activate self-renewal genes in macrophages and embryonic stem cells. Science 2016; 351:aad5510. [PMID: 26797145 DOI: 10.1126/science.aad5510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Differentiated macrophages can self-renew in tissues and expand long term in culture, but the gene regulatory mechanisms that accomplish self-renewal in the differentiated state have remained unknown. Here we show that in mice, the transcription factors MafB and c-Maf repress a macrophage-specific enhancer repertoire associated with a gene network that controls self-renewal. Single-cell analysis revealed that, in vivo, proliferating resident macrophages can access this network by transient down-regulation of Maf transcription factors. The network also controls embryonic stem cell self-renewal but is associated with distinct embryonic stem cell-specific enhancers. This indicates that distinct lineage-specific enhancer platforms regulate a shared network of genes that control self-renewal potential in both stem and mature cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erinn L Soucie
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Université Aix-Marseille, UM2, Campus de Luminy, Case 906, 13288 Marseille Cedex 09, France. INSERM, U1104, Marseille, France. CNRS, UMR 7280, Marseille, France. Centre de Recherche en Cancerologie de Marseille, INSERM (U1068), CNRS (U7258), Université Aix-Marseille (UM105), Marseille, France.
| | - Ziming Weng
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5324, USA
| | - Laufey Geirsdóttir
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Université Aix-Marseille, UM2, Campus de Luminy, Case 906, 13288 Marseille Cedex 09, France. INSERM, U1104, Marseille, France. CNRS, UMR 7280, Marseille, France
| | - Kaaweh Molawi
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Université Aix-Marseille, UM2, Campus de Luminy, Case 906, 13288 Marseille Cedex 09, France. INSERM, U1104, Marseille, France. CNRS, UMR 7280, Marseille, France. Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin in der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft, 10 Robert-Rössle-Strasse, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Julien Maurizio
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Université Aix-Marseille, UM2, Campus de Luminy, Case 906, 13288 Marseille Cedex 09, France. INSERM, U1104, Marseille, France. CNRS, UMR 7280, Marseille, France
| | - Romain Fenouil
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Université Aix-Marseille, UM2, Campus de Luminy, Case 906, 13288 Marseille Cedex 09, France. INSERM, U1104, Marseille, France. CNRS, UMR 7280, Marseille, France
| | - Noushine Mossadegh-Keller
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Université Aix-Marseille, UM2, Campus de Luminy, Case 906, 13288 Marseille Cedex 09, France. INSERM, U1104, Marseille, France. CNRS, UMR 7280, Marseille, France
| | - Gregory Gimenez
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Université Aix-Marseille, UM2, Campus de Luminy, Case 906, 13288 Marseille Cedex 09, France. INSERM, U1104, Marseille, France. CNRS, UMR 7280, Marseille, France
| | - Laurent VanHille
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Université Aix-Marseille, UM2, Campus de Luminy, Case 906, 13288 Marseille Cedex 09, France. INSERM, U1104, Marseille, France. CNRS, UMR 7280, Marseille, France
| | - Meryam Beniazza
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Université Aix-Marseille, UM2, Campus de Luminy, Case 906, 13288 Marseille Cedex 09, France. INSERM, U1104, Marseille, France. CNRS, UMR 7280, Marseille, France
| | - Jeremy Favret
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Université Aix-Marseille, UM2, Campus de Luminy, Case 906, 13288 Marseille Cedex 09, France. INSERM, U1104, Marseille, France. CNRS, UMR 7280, Marseille, France
| | - Carole Berruyer
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Université Aix-Marseille, UM2, Campus de Luminy, Case 906, 13288 Marseille Cedex 09, France. INSERM, U1104, Marseille, France. CNRS, UMR 7280, Marseille, France
| | - Pierre Perrin
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Université Aix-Marseille, UM2, Campus de Luminy, Case 906, 13288 Marseille Cedex 09, France. INSERM, U1104, Marseille, France. CNRS, UMR 7280, Marseille, France
| | - Nir Hacohen
- Broad Institute of Harvard University and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - J-C Andrau
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Université Aix-Marseille, UM2, Campus de Luminy, Case 906, 13288 Marseille Cedex 09, France. INSERM, U1104, Marseille, France. CNRS, UMR 7280, Marseille, France. Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, CNRS UMR 5535, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier, France
| | - Pierre Ferrier
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Université Aix-Marseille, UM2, Campus de Luminy, Case 906, 13288 Marseille Cedex 09, France. INSERM, U1104, Marseille, France. CNRS, UMR 7280, Marseille, France
| | - Patrice Dubreuil
- Centre de Recherche en Cancerologie de Marseille, INSERM (U1068), CNRS (U7258), Université Aix-Marseille (UM105), Marseille, France
| | - Arend Sidow
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5324, USA. Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Michael H Sieweke
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Université Aix-Marseille, UM2, Campus de Luminy, Case 906, 13288 Marseille Cedex 09, France. INSERM, U1104, Marseille, France. CNRS, UMR 7280, Marseille, France. Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin in der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft, 10 Robert-Rössle-Strasse, 13125 Berlin, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
233
|
Abstract
Macrophages are myeloid immune cells that are strategically positioned throughout the body tissues, where they ingest and degrade dead cells, debris, and foreign material and orchestrate inflammatory processes. Here we review two major recent paradigm shifts in our understanding of tissue macrophage biology. The first is the realization that most tissue-resident macrophages are established prenatally and maintained through adulthood by longevity and self-renewal. Their generation and maintenance are thus independent from ongoing hematopoiesis, although the cells can be complemented by adult monocyte-derived macrophages. Second, aside from being immune sentinels, tissue macrophages form integral components of their host tissue. This entails their specialization in response to local environmental cues to contribute to the development and specific function of their tissue of residence. Factors that govern tissue macrophage specialization are emerging. Moreover, tissue specialization is reflected in discrete gene expression profiles of macrophages, as well as epigenetic signatures reporting actual and potential enhancer usage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Varol
- The Research Center for Digestive Tract and Liver Diseases, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 64239, Israel
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
234
|
Miron RJ, Bosshardt DD. OsteoMacs: Key players around bone biomaterials. Biomaterials 2015; 82:1-19. [PMID: 26735169 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 12/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Osteal macrophages (OsteoMacs) are a special subtype of macrophage residing in bony tissues. Interesting findings from basic research have pointed to their vast and substantial roles in bone biology by demonstrating their key function in bone formation and remodeling. Despite these essential findings, much less information is available concerning their response to a variety of biomaterials used for bone regeneration with the majority of investigation primarily focused on their role during the foreign body reaction. With respect to biomaterials, it is well known that cells derived from the monocyte/macrophage lineage are one of the first cell types in contact with implanted biomaterials. Here they demonstrate extremely plastic phenotypes with the ability to differentiate towards classical M1 or M2 macrophages, or subsequently fuse into osteoclasts or multinucleated giant cells (MNGCs). These MNGCs have previously been characterized as foreign body giant cells and associated with biomaterial rejection, however more recently their phenotypes have been implicated with wound healing and tissue regeneration by studies demonstrating their expression of key M2 markers around biomaterials. With such contrasting hypotheses, it becomes essential to better understand their roles to improve the development of osteo-compatible and osteo-promotive biomaterials. This review article expresses the necessity to further study OsteoMacs and MNGCs to understand their function in bone biomaterial tissue integration including dental/orthopedic implants and bone grafting materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Miron
- Department of Oral Surgery and Stomatology, Department of Periodontology, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 7, 3010 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Dieter D Bosshardt
- Department of Oral Surgery and Stomatology, Department of Periodontology, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 7, 3010 Bern, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
235
|
CD11b regulates obesity-induced insulin resistance via limiting alternative activation and proliferation of adipose tissue macrophages. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:E7239-48. [PMID: 26669445 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1500396113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity-associated inflammation is accompanied by the accumulation of adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs), which is believed to predispose obese individuals to insulin resistance. CD11b (integrin αM) is highly expressed on monocytes and macrophages and is critical for their migration and function. We found here that high-fat diet-induced insulin resistance was significantly reduced in CD11b-deficient mice. Interestingly, the recruitment of monocytes to adipose tissue is impaired when CD11b is deficient, although the cellularity of ATMs in CD11b-deficient mice is higher than that in wild-type mice. We further found that the increase in ATMs is caused mainly by their vigorous proliferation in the absence of CD11b. Moreover, the proliferation and alternative activation of ATMs are regulated by the IL-4/STAT6 axis, which is inhibited by CD11b through the activity of phosphatase SHP-1. Thus, CD11b plays a critical role in obesity-induced insulin resistance by limiting the proliferation and alternative activation of ATMs.
Collapse
|
236
|
Stutchfield BM, Antoine DJ, Mackinnon AC, Gow DJ, Bain CC, Hawley CA, Hughes MJ, Francis B, Wojtacha D, Man TY, Dear JW, Devey LR, Mowat AM, Pollard JW, Park BK, Jenkins SJ, Simpson KJ, Hume DA, Wigmore SJ, Forbes SJ. CSF1 Restores Innate Immunity After Liver Injury in Mice and Serum Levels Indicate Outcomes of Patients With Acute Liver Failure. Gastroenterology 2015; 149:1896-1909.e14. [PMID: 26344055 PMCID: PMC4672154 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2015.08.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Revised: 08/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Liver regeneration requires functional liver macrophages, which provide an immune barrier that is compromised after liver injury. The numbers of liver macrophages are controlled by macrophage colony-stimulating factor (CSF1). We examined the prognostic significance of the serum level of CSF1 in patients with acute liver injury and studied its effects in mice. METHODS We measured levels of CSF1 in serum samples collected from 55 patients who underwent partial hepatectomy at the Royal Infirmary Edinburgh between December 2012 and October 2013, as well as from 78 patients with acetaminophen-induced acute liver failure admitted to the Royal Infirmary Edinburgh or the University of Kansas Medical Centre. We studied the effects of increased levels of CSF1 in uninjured mice that express wild-type CSF1 receptor or a constitutive or inducible CSF1-receptor reporter, as well as in chemokine receptor 2 (Ccr2)-/- mice; we performed fate-tracing experiments using bone marrow chimeras. We administered CSF1-Fc (fragment, crystallizable) to mice after partial hepatectomy and acetaminophen intoxication, and measured regenerative parameters and innate immunity by clearance of fluorescent microbeads and bacterial particles. RESULTS Serum levels of CSF1 increased in patients undergoing liver surgery in proportion to the extent of liver resected. In patients with acetaminophen-induced acute liver failure, a low serum level of CSF1 was associated with increased mortality. In mice, administration of CSF1-Fc promoted hepatic macrophage accumulation via proliferation of resident macrophages and recruitment of monocytes. CSF1-Fc also promoted transdifferentiation of infiltrating monocytes into cells with a hepatic macrophage phenotype. CSF1-Fc increased innate immunity in mice after partial hepatectomy or acetaminophen-induced injury, with resident hepatic macrophage as the main effector cells. CONCLUSIONS Serum CSF1 appears to be a prognostic marker for patients with acute liver injury. CSF1 might be developed as a therapeutic agent to restore innate immune function after liver injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M. Stutchfield
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom,Division of Clinical and Surgical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel J. Antoine
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Alison C. Mackinnon
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Deborah J. Gow
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Calum C. Bain
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine A. Hawley
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Michael J. Hughes
- Division of Clinical and Surgical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin Francis
- Department of Biostatistics, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Davina Wojtacha
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Tak Y. Man
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - James W. Dear
- National Poisons Information Service Edinburgh, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Luke R. Devey
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Alan M. Mowat
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Jeffrey W. Pollard
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - B. Kevin Park
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen J. Jenkins
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Kenneth J. Simpson
- Division of Clinical and Surgical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - David A. Hume
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen J. Wigmore
- Division of Clinical and Surgical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart J. Forbes
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom,Reprint requests Address requests for reprints to: S. J. Forbes, MD, Scottish Centre for Regenerative Medicine, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, United Kingdom. fax: (44) (0)131-651-9501.
| |
Collapse
|
237
|
Lagassé HAD, Anidi IU, Craig JM, Limjunyawong N, Poupore AK, Mitzner W, Scott AL. Recruited monocytes modulate malaria-induced lung injury through CD36-mediated clearance of sequestered infected erythrocytes. J Leukoc Biol 2015; 99:659-71. [PMID: 26516185 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.4hi0315-130rrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary complications occur in a significant percentage of adults and children during the course of severe malaria. The cellular and molecular innate immune mechanisms that limit the extent of pulmonary inflammation and preserve lung function during severe Plasmodium infections remain unclear. In particular, the contributions to pulmonary complications by parasitized erythrocyte sequestration and subsequent clearance from the lung microvasculature by immune cells have not been clearly defined. We used the Plasmodium berghei ANKA-C57BL/6 mouse model of severe malaria to investigate the mechanisms governing the nature and extent of malaria-associated lung injury. We have demonstrated that sequestration of infected erythrocytes on postcapillary endothelial surfaces results in acute lung injury and the rapid recruitment of CCR2(+)CD11b(+)Ly6C(hi) monocytes from the circulation. These recruited cells remain in the lungs as monocyte-derived macrophages and are instrumental in the phagocytic clearance of adherent Plasmodium berghei-infected erythrocytes. In contrast, alveolar macrophages do not play a significant role in the clearance of malaria-infected cells. Furthermore, the results obtained from Ccr2(-/-), Cd36(-/-), and CD36 bone marrow chimeric mice showed that sequestration in the absence of CD36-mediated phagocytic clearance by monocytes leads to exaggerated lung pathologic features. In summary, our data indicate that the intensity of malaria-induced lung pathologic features is proportional to the steady-state levels of Plasmodium-infected erythrocytes adhering to the pulmonary vasculature. Moreover, the present work has defined a major role of recruited monocytes in clearing infected erythrocytes from the pulmonary interstitium, thus minimizing lung damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H A Daniel Lagassé
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA, and
| | - Ifeanyi U Anidi
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA, and
| | - John M Craig
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA, and
| | - Nathachit Limjunyawong
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Amy K Poupore
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA, and
| | - Wayne Mitzner
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Alan L Scott
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA, and
| |
Collapse
|
238
|
Proximal tubule-derived colony stimulating factor-1 mediates polarization of renal macrophages and dendritic cells, and recovery in acute kidney injury. Kidney Int 2015; 88:1274-1282. [PMID: 26422503 PMCID: PMC4675680 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2015.295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Revised: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Infiltrating cells play an important role in both the development of and recovery from acute kidney injury (AKI). Macrophages and renal dendritic cells are of particular interest because they can exhibit distinctly different functional phenotypes, broadly characterized as proinflammatory (M1) or tissue reparative (M2). Resident renal macrophages and dendritic cells participate in recovery from AKI in response to either ischemia/reperfusion or a model of selective proximal tubule injury induced by diphtheria toxin-induced apoptosis in transgenic mice expressing the human diphtheria toxin receptor on proximal tubule cells. Colony Stimulating Factor-1 (CSF-1) is an important factor mediating the recovery from AKI, and CSF-1 can stimulate macrophage and dendritic cell proliferation and polarization during the recovery phase of AKI. The kidney, and specifically the proximal tubule, is a major source of intrarenal CSF-1 production in response to AKI. We induced selective deletion of proximal tubule CSF-1 to determine its role in expansion and proliferation of renal macrophages and dendritic cells and in recovery from AKI. In both models of AKI, there was decreased M2 polarization, delayed functional and structural recovery and increased tubulointerstitial fibrosis. Thus, intrarenal CSF-1 is an important mediator of macrophage/dendritic cell polarization and recovery from AKI.
Collapse
|
239
|
McCormick SM, Heller NM. Commentary: IL-4 and IL-13 receptors and signaling. Cytokine 2015; 75:38-50. [PMID: 26187331 PMCID: PMC4546937 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2015.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2015] [Revised: 05/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13 were discovered approximately 30years ago and were immediately linked to allergy and atopic diseases. Since then, new roles for IL-4 and IL-13 and their receptors in normal gestation, fetal development and neurological function and in the pathogenesis of cancer and fibrosis have been appreciated. Studying IL-4/-13 and their receptors has revealed important clues about cytokine biology and led to the development of numerous experimental therapeutics. Here we aim to highlight new discoveries and consolidate concepts in the field of IL-4 and IL-13 structure, receptor regulation, signaling and experimental therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M McCormick
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States
| | - Nicola M Heller
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States; Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
240
|
Layland LE, Ajendra J, Ritter M, Wiszniewsky A, Hoerauf A, Hübner MP. Development of patent Litomosoides sigmodontis infections in semi-susceptible C57BL/6 mice in the absence of adaptive immune responses. Parasit Vectors 2015. [PMID: 26209319 PMCID: PMC4514938 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-1011-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background One of the most advantageous research aspects of the murine model of filariasis, Litomosoides sigmodontis, is the availability of mouse strains with varying susceptibility to the nematode infection. In C57BL/6 mice, L. sigmodontis worms are largely eliminated in this strain by day 40 post-infection and never produce their offspring, microfilariae (Mf). This provides a unique opportunity to decipher potential immune pathways that are required by filariae to achieve a successful infection. In this study we tracked worm development and patency, the production of microfilariae and thus the transmission life-stage, in Rag2IL-2Rγ−/− mice which are deficient in T, B and NK cell populations. Findings Although worm burden was comparable between wildtype (WT) and Rag2IL-2Rγ−/− mice on d30, by day 72 post-infection, parasites in Rag2IL-2Rγ−/− mice were still in abundance, freely motile and all mice presented high quantities of Mf both at the site of infection, the thoracic cavity (TC), and in peripheral blood. Levels of cytokine (IL-4, IL-6, TNFα) and chemokine (MIP-2, RANTES, Eotaxin) parameters were generally low in the TC of infected Rag2IL-2Rγ−/−mice at both time-points. The frequency of neutrophils however was higher in Rag2IL-2Rγ−/−mice whereas eosinophils and macrophage populations, including alternatively activated macrophages, were elevated in WT controls. Conclusion Our data highlight that adaptive immune responses prevent the development of patent L. sigmodontis infections in semi-susceptible C57BL/6 mice and suggest that induction of such responses may offer a strategy to prevent transmission of human filariasis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-015-1011-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Layland
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital of Bonn, Sigmund Freud Straße 25, Bonn, 53105, Germany.
| | - Jesuthas Ajendra
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital of Bonn, Sigmund Freud Straße 25, Bonn, 53105, Germany.
| | - Manuel Ritter
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital of Bonn, Sigmund Freud Straße 25, Bonn, 53105, Germany.
| | - Anna Wiszniewsky
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital of Bonn, Sigmund Freud Straße 25, Bonn, 53105, Germany.
| | - Achim Hoerauf
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital of Bonn, Sigmund Freud Straße 25, Bonn, 53105, Germany.
| | - Marc P Hübner
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital of Bonn, Sigmund Freud Straße 25, Bonn, 53105, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
241
|
Mylonas KJ, Jenkins SJ, Castellan RFP, Ruckerl D, McGregor K, Phythian-Adams AT, Hewitson JP, Campbell SM, MacDonald AS, Allen JE, Gray GA. The adult murine heart has a sparse, phagocytically active macrophage population that expands through monocyte recruitment and adopts an 'M2' phenotype in response to Th2 immunologic challenge. Immunobiology 2015; 220:924-33. [PMID: 25700973 PMCID: PMC4451497 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2015.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Revised: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Tissue resident macrophages have vital homeostatic roles in many tissues but their roles are less well defined in the heart. The present study aimed to identify the density, polarisation status and distribution of macrophages in the healthy murine heart and to investigate their ability to respond to immune challenge. Histological analysis of hearts from CSF-1 receptor (csf1-GFP; MacGreen) and CX3CR1 (Cx3cr1(GFP/+)) reporter mice revealed a sparse population of GFP positive macrophages that were evenly distributed throughout the left and right ventricular free walls and septum. F4/80+CD11b+ cardiac macrophages, sorted from myocardial homogenates, were able to phagocytose fluorescent beads in vitro and expressed markers typical of both 'M1' (IL-1β, TNF and CCR2) and 'M2' activation (Ym1, Arg 1, RELMα and IL-10), suggesting no specific polarisation in healthy myocardium. Exposure to Th2 challenge by infection of mice with helminth parasites Schistosoma mansoni, or Heligmosomoides polygyrus, resulted in an increase in cardiac macrophage density, adoption of a stellate morphology and increased expression of Ym1, RELMα and CD206 (mannose receptor), indicative of 'M2' polarisation. This was dependent on recruitment of Ly6ChighCCR2+ monocytes and was accompanied by an increase in collagen content. In conclusion, in the healthy heart resident macrophages are relatively sparse and have a phagocytic role. Following Th2 challenge this population expands due to monocyte recruitment and adopts an 'M2' phenotype associated with increased tissue fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katie J Mylonas
- BHF/University Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute (QMRI), University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, Scotland, United Kingdom.
| | - Stephen J Jenkins
- Centre for Inflammation Research, QMRI, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Raphael F P Castellan
- BHF/University Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute (QMRI), University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Dominik Ruckerl
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research (IIIR), The King's Buildings, University of Edinburgh, Charlotte Auerbach Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Kieran McGregor
- BHF/University Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute (QMRI), University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander T Phythian-Adams
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research (IIIR), The King's Buildings, University of Edinburgh, Charlotte Auerbach Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, Scotland, United Kingdom; Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research (MCCIR), University of Manchester, Grafton Street, Manchester M13 9NT, England, United Kingdom
| | - James P Hewitson
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research (IIIR), The King's Buildings, University of Edinburgh, Charlotte Auerbach Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Sharon M Campbell
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research (IIIR), The King's Buildings, University of Edinburgh, Charlotte Auerbach Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew S MacDonald
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research (IIIR), The King's Buildings, University of Edinburgh, Charlotte Auerbach Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, Scotland, United Kingdom; Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research (MCCIR), University of Manchester, Grafton Street, Manchester M13 9NT, England, United Kingdom
| | - Judith E Allen
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research (IIIR), The King's Buildings, University of Edinburgh, Charlotte Auerbach Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Gillian A Gray
- BHF/University Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute (QMRI), University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, Scotland, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
242
|
Roy S, Schmeier S, Arner E, Alam T, Parihar SP, Ozturk M, Tamgue O, Kawaji H, de Hoon MJL, Itoh M, Lassmann T, Carninci P, Hayashizaki Y, Forrest ARR, Bajic VB, Guler R, Brombacher F, Suzuki H. Redefining the transcriptional regulatory dynamics of classically and alternatively activated macrophages by deepCAGE transcriptomics. Nucleic Acids Res 2015; 43:6969-82. [PMID: 26117544 PMCID: PMC4538831 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkv646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Classically or alternatively activated macrophages (M1 and M2, respectively) play distinct and important roles for microbiocidal activity, regulation of inflammation and tissue homeostasis. Despite this, their transcriptional regulatory dynamics are poorly understood. Using promoter-level expression profiling by non-biased deepCAGE we have studied the transcriptional dynamics of classically and alternatively activated macrophages. Transcription factor (TF) binding motif activity analysis revealed four motifs, NFKB1_REL_RELA, IRF1,2, IRF7 and TBP that are commonly activated but have distinct activity dynamics in M1 and M2 activation. We observe matching changes in the expression profiles of the corresponding TFs and show that only a restricted set of TFs change expression. There is an overall drastic and transient up-regulation in M1 and a weaker and more sustainable up-regulation in M2. Novel TFs, such as Thap6, Maff, (M1) and Hivep1, Nfil3, Prdm1, (M2) among others, were suggested to be involved in the activation processes. Additionally, 52 (M1) and 67 (M2) novel differentially expressed genes and, for the first time, several differentially expressed long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) transcriptome markers were identified. In conclusion, the finding of novel motifs, TFs and protein-coding and lncRNA genes is an important step forward to fully understand the transcriptional machinery of macrophage activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sugata Roy
- Division of Genomic Technologies, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan Riken Omics Science Center, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Sebastian Schmeier
- Massey University, Institute of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Erik Arner
- Division of Genomic Technologies, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan Riken Omics Science Center, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Tanvir Alam
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering Division (CEMSE), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Suraj P Parihar
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town Component, Cape Town, South Africa University of Cape Town, Health Science Faculty, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Division of Immunology, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Mumin Ozturk
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town Component, Cape Town, South Africa University of Cape Town, Health Science Faculty, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Division of Immunology, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Ousman Tamgue
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town Component, Cape Town, South Africa University of Cape Town, Health Science Faculty, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Division of Immunology, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Hideya Kawaji
- Division of Genomic Technologies, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan Riken Omics Science Center, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan Riken Preventive Medicine and Diagnosis Innovation Program (PMI), 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Michiel J L de Hoon
- Division of Genomic Technologies, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan Riken Omics Science Center, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Itoh
- Division of Genomic Technologies, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan Riken Omics Science Center, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan Riken Preventive Medicine and Diagnosis Innovation Program (PMI), 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Timo Lassmann
- Division of Genomic Technologies, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan Riken Omics Science Center, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Piero Carninci
- Division of Genomic Technologies, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan Riken Omics Science Center, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Yoshihide Hayashizaki
- Riken Omics Science Center, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan Riken Preventive Medicine and Diagnosis Innovation Program (PMI), 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Alistair R R Forrest
- Division of Genomic Technologies, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan Riken Omics Science Center, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Vladimir B Bajic
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering Division (CEMSE), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Reto Guler
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town Component, Cape Town, South Africa University of Cape Town, Health Science Faculty, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Division of Immunology, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Frank Brombacher
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town Component, Cape Town, South Africa University of Cape Town, Health Science Faculty, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Division of Immunology, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Harukazu Suzuki
- Division of Genomic Technologies, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan Riken Omics Science Center, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
243
|
Abstract
Macrophages are cellular components of the innate immune system that reside in virtually all tissues and contribute to immunity, repair, and homeostasis. The traditional view that all tissue-resident macrophages derive from the bone marrow through circulating monocyte intermediates has dramatically shifted recently with the observation that macrophages from embryonic progenitors can persist into adulthood and self-maintain by local proliferation. In several tissues, however, monocytes also contribute to the resident macrophage population, on which the local environment can impose tissue-specific macrophage functions. These observations have raised important questions: What determines resident macrophage identity and function, ontogeny or environment? How is macrophage proliferation regulated? In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about the identity, proliferation, and turnover of tissue-resident macrophages and how they differ from freshly recruited short-lived monocyte-derived cells. We examine whether macrophage proliferation can be qualified as self-renewal of mature differentiated cells and whether the concepts and molecular pathways are comparable to self-renewal mechanisms in stem cells. Finally, we discuss how improved understanding of macrophage identity and self-renewal could be exploited for therapeutic intervention of macrophage-mediated pathologies by selectively targeting freshly recruited or resident macrophages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Gentek
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix-Marseille Université, UM2, Marseille, France; Institute National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1104, Marseille, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR7280, Marseille, France
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
244
|
Hume DA, Freeman TC. Transcriptomic analysis of mononuclear phagocyte differentiation and activation. Immunol Rev 2015; 262:74-84. [PMID: 25319328 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Monocytes and macrophages differentiate from progenitor cells under the influence of colony-stimulating factors. Genome-scale data have enabled the identification of the sets of genes that are associated with specific functions and the mechanisms by which thousands of genes are regulated in response to pathogen challenge. In large datasets, it is possible to identify large sets of genes that are coregulated with the transcription factors that regulate them. They include macrophage-specific genes, interferon-responsive genes, early inflammatory genes, and those associated with endocytosis. Such analyses can also extract macrophage-associated signatures from large cancer tissue datasets. However, cluster analysis provides no support for a signature that distinguishes macrophages from antigen-presenting dendritic cells, nor the classification of macrophage activation states as classical versus alternative, or M1 versus M2. Although there has been a focus on a small subset of lineage-enriched transcription factors, such as PU.1, more than half of the transcription factors in the genome can be expressed in macrophage lineage cells under some state of activation, and they interact in a complex network. The network architecture is conserved across species, but many of the target genes evolve rapidly and differ between mouse and human. The data and publication deluge related to macrophage biology require the development of new analytical tools and ways of presenting information in an accessible form.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David A Hume
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
245
|
Gordon S, Plüddemann A, Martinez Estrada F. Macrophage heterogeneity in tissues: phenotypic diversity and functions. Immunol Rev 2015; 262:36-55. [PMID: 25319326 PMCID: PMC4231239 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 489] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
During development and throughout adult life, macrophages derived from hematopoietic progenitors are seeded throughout the body, initially in the absence of inflammatory and infectious stimuli as tissue-resident cells, with enhanced recruitment, activation, and local proliferation following injury and pathologic insults. We have learned a great deal about macrophage properties ex vivo and in cell culture, but their phenotypic heterogeneity within different tissue microenvironments remains poorly characterized, although it contributes significantly to maintaining local and systemic homeostasis, pathogenesis, and possible treatment. In this review, we summarize the nature, functions, and interactions of tissue macrophage populations within their microenvironment and suggest questions for further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siamon Gordon
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
246
|
Rückerl D, Allen JE. Macrophage proliferation, provenance, and plasticity in macroparasite infection. Immunol Rev 2015; 262:113-33. [PMID: 25319331 PMCID: PMC4324133 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages have long been center stage in the host response to microbial infection, but only in the past 10–15 years has there been a growing appreciation for their role in helminth infection and the associated type 2 response. Through the actions of the IL-4 receptor α (IL-4Rα), type 2 cytokines result in the accumulation of macrophages with a distinctive activation phenotype. Although our knowledge of IL-4Rα-induced genes is growing rapidly, the specific functions of these macrophages have yet to be established in most disease settings. Understanding the interplay between IL-4Rα-activated macrophages and the other cellular players is confounded by the enormous transcriptional heterogeneity within the macrophage population and by their highly plastic nature. Another level of complexity is added by the new knowledge that tissue macrophages can be derived either from a resident prenatal population or from blood monocyte recruitment and that IL-4 can increase macrophage numbers through proliferative expansion. Here, we review current knowledge on the contribution of macrophages to helminth killing and wound repair, with specific attention paid to distinct cellular origins and plasticity potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Rückerl
- Institute for Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
247
|
Fu X, Wang X, Duan Z, Zhang C, Fu X, Yang J, Liu X, He J. Histone H3k9 and H3k27 Acetylation Regulates IL-4/STAT6-Mediated Igε Transcription in B Lymphocytes. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2015; 298:1431-9. [PMID: 25952120 DOI: 10.1002/ar.23172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
IL-4 activates STAT6 and causes the subsequent up-regulation of Ig heavy chain germline Igε via chromatin remodeling involved in B lymphocytes development. STAT6 acts as a molecular switch to regulate the higher-order chromatin remodeling via dynamically orchestrating co-activators (CBP/Tudor-SN) and co-repressors (HDAC1/PSF). Here, we demonstrated that STAT6/Tudor-SN/PSF form a complex, balancing the acetylation and deacetylation states to co-regulate IL-4/STAT6 gene transcription. In addition, we confirmed that IL-4 treatment increased the HATs activity in Ramos cells. As "active" markers, the expression of H3K9ac and H3K27ac increased after treatment with IL-4. However, transcriptional repressors such as H3K9me3 and H3K27me3 decreased in response to IL-4 stimulation. Moreover, IL-4 treatment enhanced H3 acetylation at the Igε promoter regions. Our results revealed that the Igε gene transcription is regulated by histone modifications in the IL-4/STAT6 pathway. The study will provide novel insights into the pathogenesis of allergic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Fu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xinting Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhongchao Duan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Chunyan Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xue Fu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Research Center of Basic Medical Science, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0T5, Canada
| | - Xin Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jinyan He
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| |
Collapse
|
248
|
Louis C, Cook AD, Lacey D, Fleetwood AJ, Vlahos R, Anderson GP, Hamilton JA. Specific Contributions of CSF-1 and GM-CSF to the Dynamics of the Mononuclear Phagocyte System. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:134-44. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
249
|
Chávez-Galán L, Olleros ML, Vesin D, Garcia I. Much More than M1 and M2 Macrophages, There are also CD169(+) and TCR(+) Macrophages. Front Immunol 2015; 6:263. [PMID: 26074923 PMCID: PMC4443739 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 294] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Monocytes are considered to be precursor cells of the mononuclear phagocytic system, and macrophages are one of the leading members of this cellular system. Macrophages play highly diverse roles in maintaining an organism's integrity by either directly participating in pathogen elimination or repairing tissue under sterile inflammatory conditions. There are different subpopulations of macrophages and each one has its own characteristics and functions. In this review, we summarize present knowledge on the polarization of macrophages that allows the generation of subpopulations called classically activated macrophages or M1 and alternative activated macrophages or M2. Furthermore, there are macrophages that their origin and characterization still remain unclear but have been involved as main players in some human pathologies. Thus, we also review three other categories of macrophages: tumor-associated macrophages, CD169(+) macrophages, and the recently named TCR(+) macrophages. Based on the literature, we provide information on the molecular characterization of these macrophage subpopulations and their specific involvement in several human pathologies such as cancer, infectious diseases, obesity, and asthma. The refined characterization of the macrophage subpopulations can be useful in designing new strategies, supplementing those already established for the treatment of diseases using macrophages as a therapeutic target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leslie Chávez-Galán
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Centre Medical Universitaire (CMU), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Integrative Immunology, National Institute of Respiratory Diseases Ismael Cosio Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Maria L. Olleros
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Centre Medical Universitaire (CMU), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Dominique Vesin
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Centre Medical Universitaire (CMU), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Irene Garcia
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Centre Medical Universitaire (CMU), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
250
|
Xue J, Sharma V, Hsieh MH, Chawla A, Murali R, Pandol SJ, Habtezion A. Alternatively activated macrophages promote pancreatic fibrosis in chronic pancreatitis. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7158. [PMID: 25981357 PMCID: PMC4632846 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic pancreatitis (CP) is a progressive and irreversible inflammatory and fibrotic disease with no cure. Unlike acute pancreatitis (AP), we find that alternatively activated macrophages (AAMs) are dominant in mouse and human CP. AAMs are dependent on interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13 signalling, and we show that mice lacking IL-4Rα, myeloid-specific IL-4Rα and IL-4/IL-13 were less susceptible to pancreatic fibrosis. Furthermore, we demonstrate that mouse and human pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs) are a source of IL-4/IL-13. Notably, we show that pharmacologic inhibition of IL-4/IL-13 in human ex vivo studies as well as in established mouse CP decreases pancreatic AAMs and fibrosis. We identify a critical role for macrophages in pancreatic fibrosis and in turn PSCs as important inducers of macrophage-alternative activation. Our study challenges and identifies pathways involved in crosstalk between macrophages and PSCs that can be targeted to reverse or halt pancreatic fibrosis progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xue
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Vishal Sharma
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Michael H Hsieh
- Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Ajay Chawla
- Department of Physiology and Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
| | - Ramachandran Murali
- Research division of immunology, Department of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA
| | - Stephen J Pandol
- Research division of immunology, Department of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA
| | - Aida Habtezion
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| |
Collapse
|