201
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Putelat T, Recho P, Truskinovsky L. Mechanical stress as a regulator of cell motility. Phys Rev E 2018; 97:012410. [PMID: 29448458 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.97.012410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The motility of a cell can be triggered or inhibited not only by an applied force but also by a mechanically neutral force couple. This type of loading, represented by an applied stress and commonly interpreted as either squeezing or stretching, can originate from extrinsic interaction of a cell with its neighbors. To quantify the effect of applied stresses on cell motility we use an analytically transparent one-dimensional model accounting for active myosin contraction and induced actin turnover. We show that stretching can polarize static cells and initiate cell motility while squeezing can symmetrize and arrest moving cells. We show further that sufficiently strong squeezing can lead to the loss of cell integrity. The overall behavior of the system depends on the two dimensionless parameters characterizing internal driving (chemical activity) and external loading (applied stress). We construct a phase diagram in this parameter space distinguishing between static, motile, and collapsed states. The obtained results are relevant for the mechanical understanding of contact inhibition and the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Putelat
- DEM, Queen's School of Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TR, United Kingdom
| | - P Recho
- LIPhy, CNRS-UMR 5588, Université Grenoble Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France
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202
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Dittmann J, Dietzel A, Böl M. Mechanical characterisation of oocytes - The influence of sample geometry on parameter identification. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2018; 77:764-775. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2017.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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203
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Glass DG, McAlinden N, Millington OR, Wright AJ. A minimally invasive optical trapping system to understand cellular interactions at onset of an immune response. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0188581. [PMID: 29220398 PMCID: PMC5722315 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
T-cells and antigen presenting cells are an essential part of the adaptive immune response system and how they interact is crucial in how the body effectively fights infection or responds to vaccines. Much of the experimental work studying interaction forces between cells has looked at the average properties of bulk samples of cells or applied microscopy to image the dynamic contact between these cells. In this paper we present a novel optical trapping technique for interrogating the force of this interaction and measuring relative interaction forces at the single-cell level. A triple-spot optical trap is used to directly manipulate the cells of interest without introducing foreign bodies such as beads to the system. The optical trap is used to directly control the initiation of cell-cell contact and, subsequently to terminate the interaction at a defined time point. The laser beam power required to separate immune cell pairs is determined and correlates with the force applied by the optical trap. As proof of concept, the antigen-specific increase in interaction force between a dendritic cell and a specific T-cell is demonstrated. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that this interaction force is completely abrogated when T-cell signalling is blocked. As a result the potential of using optical trapping to interrogate cellular interactions at the single cell level without the need to introduce foreign bodies such as beads is clearly demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G. Glass
- Institute of Photonics, SUPA, The University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Niall McAlinden
- Institute of Photonics, SUPA, The University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Owain R. Millington
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Amanda J. Wright
- Optics and Photonics Group, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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204
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Nyberg KD, Hu KH, Kleinman SH, Khismatullin DB, Butte MJ, Rowat AC. Quantitative Deformability Cytometry: Rapid, Calibrated Measurements of Cell Mechanical Properties. Biophys J 2017; 113:1574-1584. [PMID: 28978449 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2017.06.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in methods that determine cell mechanical phenotype, or mechanotype, have demonstrated the utility of biophysical markers in clinical and research applications ranging from cancer diagnosis to stem cell enrichment. Here, we introduce quantitative deformability cytometry (q-DC), a method for rapid, calibrated, single-cell mechanotyping. We track changes in cell shape as cells deform into microfluidic constrictions, and we calibrate the mechanical stresses using gel beads. We observe that time-dependent strain follows power-law rheology, enabling single-cell measurements of apparent elastic modulus, Ea, and power-law exponent, β. To validate our method, we mechanotype human promyelocytic leukemia (HL-60) cells and thereby confirm q-DC measurements of Ea = 0.53 ± 0.04 kPa. We also demonstrate that q-DC is sensitive to pharmacological perturbations of the cytoskeleton as well as differences in the mechanotype of human breast cancer cell lines (Ea = 2.1 ± 0.1 and 0.80 ± 0.19 kPa for MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells). To establish an operational framework for q-DC, we investigate the effects of applied stress and cell/pore-size ratio on mechanotype measurements. We show that Ea increases with applied stress, which is consistent with stress stiffening behavior of cells. We also find that Ea increases for larger cell/pore-size ratios, even when the same applied stress is maintained; these results indicate strain stiffening and/or dependence of mechanotype on deformation depth. Taken together, the calibrated measurements enabled by q-DC should advance applications of cell mechanotype in basic research and clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendra D Nyberg
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, California; Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Kenneth H Hu
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Sara H Kleinman
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | | | - Manish J Butte
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Los Angeles, California; Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Amy C Rowat
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, California; Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California; UCLA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, California; Broad Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, California; Center for Biological Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, California.
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205
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Sule N, Yifat Y, Gray SK, Scherer NF. Rotation and Negative Torque in Electrodynamically Bound Nanoparticle Dimers. NANO LETTERS 2017; 17:6548-6556. [PMID: 28961013 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b02196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We examine the formation and concomitant rotation of electrodynamically bound dimers (EBD) of 150 nm diameter Ag nanoparticles trapped in circularly polarized focused Gaussian beams. The rotation frequency of an EBD increases linearly with the incident beam power, reaching mean values of ∼4 kHz for relatively low incident powers of 14 mW. Using a coupled-dipole/effective polarizability model, we reveal that retardation of the scattered fields and electrodynamic interactions can lead to a "negative torque" causing rotation of the EBD in the direction opposite to that of the circular polarization. This intriguing opposite-handed rotation due to negative torque is clearly demonstrated using electrodynamics-Langevin dynamics simulations by changing particle separations and thus varying the retardation effects. Finally, negative torque is also demonstrated in experiments from statistical analysis of the EBD trajectories. These results demonstrate novel rotational dynamics of nanoparticles in optical matter using circular polarization and open a new avenue to control orientational dynamics through coupling to interparticle separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishant Sule
- James Franck Institute, The University of Chicago , 929 E. 57th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Yuval Yifat
- James Franck Institute, The University of Chicago , 929 E. 57th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Stephen K Gray
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory , 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Norbert F Scherer
- James Franck Institute, The University of Chicago , 929 E. 57th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago , 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
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206
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Rosenthal K, Oehling V, Dusny C, Schmid A. Beyond the bulk: disclosing the life of single microbial cells. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2017; 41:751-780. [PMID: 29029257 PMCID: PMC5812503 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fux044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbial single cell analysis has led to discoveries that are beyond what can be resolved with population-based studies. It provides a pristine view of the mechanisms that organize cellular physiology, unbiased by population heterogeneity or uncontrollable environmental impacts. A holistic description of cellular functions at the single cell level requires analytical concepts beyond the miniaturization of existing technologies, defined but uncontrolled by the biological system itself. This review provides an overview of the latest advances in single cell technologies and demonstrates their potential. Opportunities and limitations of single cell microbiology are discussed using selected application-related examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Rosenthal
- Department Solar Materials, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Leipzig, Germany
- Laboratory of Chemical Biotechnology, Department of Biochemical & Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Verena Oehling
- Department Solar Materials, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Leipzig, Germany
- Laboratory of Chemical Biotechnology, Department of Biochemical & Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Christian Dusny
- Department Solar Materials, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andreas Schmid
- Department Solar Materials, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Leipzig, Germany
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207
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Label-free analysis of the characteristics of a single cell trapped by acoustic tweezers. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14092. [PMID: 29074938 PMCID: PMC5658370 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14572-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Single-cell analysis is essential to understand the physical and functional characteristics of cells. The basic knowledge of these characteristics is important to elucidate the unique features of various cells and causative factors of diseases and determine the most effective treatments for diseases. Recently, acoustic tweezers based on tightly focused ultrasound microbeam have attracted considerable attention owing to their capability to grab and separate a single cell from a heterogeneous cell sample and to measure its physical cell properties. However, the measurement cannot be performed while trapping the target cell, because the current method uses long ultrasound pulses for grabbing one cell and short pulses for interrogating the target cell. In this paper, we demonstrate that short ultrasound pulses can be used for generating acoustic trapping force comparable to that with long pulses by adjusting the pulse repetition frequency (PRF). This enables us to capture a single cell and measure its physical properties simultaneously. Furthermore, it is shown that short ultrasound pulses at a PRF of 167 kHz can trap and separate either one red blood cell or one prostate cancer cell and facilitate the simultaneous measurement of its integrated backscattering coefficient related to the cell size and mechanical properties.
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208
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Raj A, Dixit M, Doble M, Sen AK. A combined experimental and theoretical approach towards mechanophenotyping of biological cells using a constricted microchannel. LAB ON A CHIP 2017; 17:3704-3716. [PMID: 28983550 DOI: 10.1039/c7lc00599g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
We report a combined experimental and theoretical technique that enables the characterization of various mechanical properties of biological cells. The cells were infused into a microfluidic device that comprises multiple parallel micro-constrictions to eliminate device clogging and facilitate characterization of cells of different sizes and types on a single device. The extension ratio λ and transit velocity Uc of the cells were measured using high-speed and high-resolution imaging which were then used in a theoretical model to predict the Young's modulus Ec = f(λ, Uc) of the cells. The predicted Young's modulus Ec values for three different cell lines (182 ± 34.74 Pa for MDA MB 231, 360 ± 75 Pa for MCF 10A and, 763 ± 93 Pa for HeLa) compare well with those reported in the literature from micropipette measurements and atomic force microscopy measurement within 10% and 15%, respectively. Also, the Young's modulus of MDA-MB-231 cells treated with 50 μM 4-hyrdroxyacetophenone (for localization of myosin II) for 30 min was found out to be 260 ± 52 Pa. The entry time te of cells into the micro-constrictions was predicted using the model and validated using experimentally measured data. The entry and transit behaviors of cells in the micro-constriction including cell deformation (extension ratio λ) and velocity Uc were experimentally measured and used to predict various cell properties such as the Young's modulus, cytoplasmic viscosity and induced hydrodynamic resistance of different types of cells. The proposed combined experimental and theoretical approach leads to a new paradigm for mechanophenotyping of biological cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Raj
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai-600036, India.
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209
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Liu W, Wu C. Rheological Study of Soft Matters: A Review of Microrheology and Microrheometers. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201700307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Department of Physics; The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Shatin N.T. Hong Kong 999077
| | - Chi Wu
- Department of Chemistry; The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Shatin N.T. Hong Kong 999077
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210
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Hebert CG, Hart S, Leski TA, Terray A, Lu Q. Label-Free Detection of Bacillus anthracis Spore Uptake in Macrophage Cells Using Analytical Optical Force Measurements. Anal Chem 2017; 89:10296-10302. [PMID: 28876903 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b01983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the interaction between macrophage cells and Bacillus anthracis spores is of significant importance with respect to both anthrax disease progression, spore detection for biodefense, as well as understanding cell clearance in general. While most detection systems rely on specific molecules, such as nucleic acids or proteins and fluorescent labels to identify the target(s) of interest, label-free methods probe changes in intrinsic properties, such as size, refractive index, and morphology, for correlation with a particular biological event. Optical chromatography is a label free technique that uses the balance between optical and fluidic drag forces within a microfluidic channel to determine the optical force on cells or particles. Here we show an increase in the optical force experienced by RAW264.7 macrophage cells upon the uptake of both microparticles and B. anthracis Sterne 34F2 spores. In the case of spores, the exposure was detected in as little as 1 h without the use of antibodies or fluorescent labels of any kind. An increase in the optical force was also seen in macrophage cells treated with cytochalasin D, both with and without a subsequent exposure to spores, indicating that a portion of the increase in the optical force arises independent of phagocytosis. These results demonstrate the capability of optical chromatography to detect subtle biological differences in a rapid and sensitive manner and suggest future potential in a range of applications, including the detection of biological threat agents for biodefense and pathogens for the prevention of sepsis and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin G Hebert
- Naval Research Laboratory , Chemistry Division, Bio/Analytical Chemistry Section, Code 6112, 4555 Overlook Avenue SW, Washington, District of Columbia 20375, United States
| | - Sean Hart
- LumaCyte, LLC , 1145 River Road, Suite 16, Charlottesville, Virginia 22901, United States
| | - Tomasz A Leski
- Naval Research Laboratory , Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Code 6910, 4555 Overlook Avenue SW, Washington, District of Columbia 20375, United States
| | - Alex Terray
- Naval Research Laboratory , Chemistry Division, Bio/Analytical Chemistry Section, Code 6112, 4555 Overlook Avenue SW, Washington, District of Columbia 20375, United States
| | - Qin Lu
- Naval Research Laboratory , Chemistry Division, Bio/Analytical Chemistry Section, Code 6112, 4555 Overlook Avenue SW, Washington, District of Columbia 20375, United States
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211
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Li X, Liu C, Chen S, Wang Y, Cheng SH, Sun D. In Vivo Manipulation of Single Biological Cells With an Optical Tweezers-Based Manipulator and a Disturbance Compensation Controller. IEEE T ROBOT 2017. [DOI: 10.1109/tro.2017.2718554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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212
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Barazani B, Warnat S, MacIntosh AJ, Hubbard T. MEMS measurements of single cell stiffness decay due to cyclic mechanical loading. Biomed Microdevices 2017; 19:77. [PMID: 28842775 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-017-0219-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to measure the mechanical stiffness of individual cells and to observe changes due to the application of repeated cell mechanical loads. 28 single baker's yeast cells (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) were fatigue tested and had their stiffness measured during repetitive loading cycles performed by a MEMS squeezer in aqueous media. Electrothermal micro-actuators compressed individual cells against a reference back spring; cell and spring motions were measured using a FFT image analysis technique with ~10 nm resolution. Cell stiffness was calculated based on measurements of cell elongation vs. applied force which resulted in stiffness values in the 2-10 N/m range. The effect of increased force was studied for cells mechanically cycled 37 times. Cell stiffness decreased as the force and the cycle number increased. After 37 loading cycles (~4 min), forces of 0.24, 0.29, 0.31, and 0.33 μN caused stiffness drops of 5%, 13%, 31% and 41% respectively. Cells force was then set to 0.29 μN and cells were tested over longer runs of 118 and 268 cycles. After 118 cycles (~12 min) cells experienced an average stiffness drop of 68%. After 268 cycles (~25 min) cells had a stiffness drop of 77%, and appeared to reach a stiffness plateau of 20-25% of the initial stiffness after approximately 200 cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Barazani
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Stephan Warnat
- Mechanical & Industrial Engineering Department, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, 59717-3800, USA
| | - Andrew J MacIntosh
- Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611-0370, USA
| | - Ted Hubbard
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada.
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213
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Cushing KW, Garofalo F, Magnusson C, Ekblad L, Bruus H, Laurell T. Ultrasound Characterization of Microbead and Cell Suspensions by Speed of Sound Measurements of Neutrally Buoyant Samples. Anal Chem 2017; 89:8917-8923. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b01388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin W. Cushing
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Fabio Garofalo
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Magnusson
- Department
of Translational Medicine, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Lars Ekblad
- Division
of Oncology, Clinical Sciences, Lund University and Skane University Hospital, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Henrik Bruus
- Department
of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Thomas Laurell
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
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214
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Yamamoto R, Koyama D, Matsukawa M. On-chip ultrasonic manipulation of microparticles by using the flexural vibration of a glass substrate. ULTRASONICS 2017; 79:81-86. [PMID: 28453970 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2016.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
As biotechnology develops, techniques for manipulating and separating small particles such as cells and DNA are required in the life sciences. This paper investigates on-chip manipulation of microparticles in small channels by using ultrasonic vibration. The chip consists of a rectangular glass substrate with a cross-shaped channel (cross-section: 2.0×2.0mm2) and four lead zirconate titanate transducers attached to the substrate's four corners. To efficiently generate the flexural vibration mode on the chip, we used finite element analysis to optimize the configurations of the glass substrate and transducers. Silicon carbide microparticles with an average diameter of 50μm were immersed in the channels, which were filled with ethanol. By applying an in-phase input voltage of 75V at 225kHz to the four transducers, a flexural vibration mode with a wavelength of 13mm was excited on the glass substrate, and this flexural vibration generated an acoustic standing wave in the channel. The particles could be trapped at the nodal lines of the standing wave. By controlling the driving phase difference between the two pairs of transducers, the vibrational distribution of the substrate could be moved along the channels so that the acoustic standing wave moved in the same direction. The trapped particles could be manipulated by the two-phase drive, and the transport direction could be switched at the junction of the channels orthogonally by changing the combination of the driving condition to four transducers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Yamamoto
- Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, 1-3 Tataramiyakodani, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0321, Japan; Wave Electronics Research Center, Doshisha University, 1-3 Tataramiyakodani, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0321, Japan
| | - Daisuke Koyama
- Wave Electronics Research Center, Doshisha University, 1-3 Tataramiyakodani, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0321, Japan; Faculty of Science and Engineering, Doshisha University, 1-3 Tataramiyakodani, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0321, Japan.
| | - Mami Matsukawa
- Wave Electronics Research Center, Doshisha University, 1-3 Tataramiyakodani, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0321, Japan; Faculty of Science and Engineering, Doshisha University, 1-3 Tataramiyakodani, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0321, Japan
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215
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Bian Y, Guo F, Yang S, Mao Z, Bachman H, Tang SY, Ren L, Zhang B, Gong J, Guo X, Huang TJ. Acoustofluidic waveguides for localized control of acoustic wavefront in microfluidics. MICROFLUIDICS AND NANOFLUIDICS 2017; 21:132. [PMID: 29358901 PMCID: PMC5774628 DOI: 10.1007/s10404-017-1971-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The precise manipulation of acoustic fields in microfluidics is of critical importance for the realization of many biomedical applications. Despite the tremendous efforts devoted to the field of acoustofluidics during recent years, dexterous control, with an arbitrary and complex acoustic wavefront, in a prescribed, microscale region is still out of reach. Here, we introduce the concept of acoustofluidic waveguide, a three-dimensional compact configuration that is capable of locally guiding acoustic waves into a fluidic environment. Through comprehensive numerical simulations, we revealed the possibility of forming complex field patterns with defined pressure nodes within a highly localized, pre-determined region inside the microfluidic chamber. We also demonstrated the tunability of the acoustic field profile through controlling the size and shape of the waveguide geometry, as well as the operational frequency of the acoustic wave. The feasibility of the waveguide concept was experimentally verified via microparticle trapping and patterning. Our acoustofluidic waveguiding structures can be readily integrated with other microfluidic configurations and can be further designed into more complex types of passive acoustofluidic devices. The waveguide platform provides a promising alternative to current acoustic manipulation techniques and is useful in many applications such as single-cell analysis, point-of-care diagnostics, and studies of cell-cell interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusheng Bian
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Feng Guo
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Shujie Yang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Zhangming Mao
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Hunter Bachman
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Shi-Yang Tang
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Liqiang Ren
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Department of Fluid Machinery and Engineering, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianying Gong
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- MOE Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiasheng Guo
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics (MOE), Department of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Tony Jun Huang
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
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216
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Ebersole JL, Dawson D, Emecen-Huja P, Nagarajan R, Howard K, Grady ME, Thompson K, Peyyala R, Al-Attar A, Lethbridge K, Kirakodu S, Gonzalez OA. The periodontal war: microbes and immunity. Periodontol 2000 2017; 75:52-115. [DOI: 10.1111/prd.12222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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217
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Standardized Nanomechanical Atomic Force Microscopy Procedure (SNAP) for Measuring Soft and Biological Samples. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5117. [PMID: 28698636 PMCID: PMC5505948 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05383-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a procedure that allows a reliable determination of the elastic (Young's) modulus of soft samples, including living cells, by atomic force microscopy (AFM). The standardized nanomechanical AFM procedure (SNAP) ensures the precise adjustment of the AFM optical lever system, a prerequisite for all kinds of force spectroscopy methods, to obtain reliable values independent of the instrument, laboratory and operator. Measurements of soft hydrogel samples with a well-defined elastic modulus using different AFMs revealed that the uncertainties in the determination of the deflection sensitivity and subsequently cantilever's spring constant were the main sources of error. SNAP eliminates those errors by calculating the correct deflection sensitivity based on spring constants determined with a vibrometer. The procedure was validated within a large network of European laboratories by measuring the elastic properties of gels and living cells, showing that its application reduces the variability in elastic moduli of hydrogels down to 1%, and increased the consistency of living cells elasticity measurements by a factor of two. The high reproducibility of elasticity measurements provided by SNAP could improve significantly the applicability of cell mechanics as a quantitative marker to discriminate between cell types and conditions.
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218
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Ding T, Liao XY, Dong QL, Xuan XT, Chen SG, Ye XQ, Liu DH. Predictive modeling of microbial single cells: A review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 58:711-725. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2016.1217193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tian Ding
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xin-Yu Liao
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qing-Li Dong
- Institute of Food Quality and Safety, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Ting Xuan
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shi-Guo Chen
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xing-Qian Ye
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Dong-Hong Liu
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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219
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Zhang X, Wang W, Li F, Voiculescu I. Stretchable impedance sensor for mammalian cell proliferation measurements. LAB ON A CHIP 2017; 17:2054-2066. [PMID: 28513702 DOI: 10.1039/c7lc00375g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents the fabrication and testing of a novel stretchable electric cell-substrate impedance sensing (ECIS) lab on a chip device. This is the first time that ECIS electrodes were fabricated on a stretchable polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrate and ECIS measurements were performed on mammalian cells exposed to cyclic strain. The stretchable ECIS biosensors simulate in vitro the dynamic environment of organisms, such as pulsation, bending and stretching, which enables investigations on cell behavior that undergoes mechanical stimuli in biological tissue. Usually cell-based assays used in cell mechanobiology rely on endpoint cell tests, which provide a limited view on dynamic cellular mechanisms. The ECIS technique is a label-free, real-time and noninvasive method to monitor the cellular response to mechanical stimuli. Bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAECs) have been used in this research because the BAECs are exposed in vivo to cyclic physiologic elongation produced by blood circulation in the arteries. These innovative stretchable ECIS biosensors were used to analyze the proliferation of BAECs under different cyclic mechanical stimulations. The results of fluorescence based cell proliferation assays confirmed that the stretchable ECIS sensors were able to analyze in real-time the BAEC proliferation. The novel stretchable ECIS sensor has the ability to analyse cell proliferation, determine the cell number and density, and apply mechanical stimulation at the same time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xudong Zhang
- The City College of New York, Mechanical Engineering Department, USA.
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220
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Xie S, Wang X, Jiao N, Tung S, Liu L. Programmable micrometer-sized motor array based on live cells. LAB ON A CHIP 2017; 17:2046-2053. [PMID: 28513721 DOI: 10.1039/c7lc00017k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Trapping and transporting microorganisms with intrinsic motility are important tasks for biological, physical, and biomedical applications. However, fast swimming speed makes the manipulation of these organisms an inherently challenging task. In this study, we demonstrated that an optoelectrical technique, namely, optically induced dielectrophoresis (ODEP), could effectively trap and manipulate Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (C. reinhardtii) cells swimming at velocities faster than 100 μm s-1. Furthermore, live C. reinhardtii cells trapped by ODEP can form a micrometer-sized motor array. The rotating frequency of the cells ranges from 50 to 120 rpm, which can be reversibly adjusted with a fast response speed by varying the optical intensity. Functional flagella have been demonstrated to play a decisive role in the rotation. The programmable cell array with a rotating motion can be used as a bio-micropump to drive the liquid flow in microfludic chips and may shed new light on bio-actuation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangxi Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Science, Shenyang, 10016, China.
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221
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Yasuda M, Takei K, Arie T, Akita S. Direct measurement of optical trapping force gradient on polystyrene microspheres using a carbon nanotube mechanical resonator. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2825. [PMID: 28588196 PMCID: PMC5460215 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03068-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Optical tweezers based on optical radiation pressure are widely used to manipulate nanoscale to microscale particles. This study demonstrates direct measurement of the optical force gradient distribution acting on a polystyrene (PS) microsphere using a carbon nanotube (CNT) mechanical resonator, where a PS microsphere with 3 μm diameter is welded at the CNT tip using laser heating. With the CNT mechanical resonator with PS microsphere, we measured the distribution of optical force gradient with resolution near the thermal noise limit of 0.02 pN/μm in vacuum, in which condition enables us to high accuracy measurement using the CNT mechanical resonator because of reduced mechanical damping from surrounding fluid. The obtained force gradient and the force gradient distribution agree well with theoretical values calculated using Lorenz–Mie theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Yasuda
- Department of Physics and Electronics, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, 599-8531, Japan
| | - Kuniharu Takei
- Department of Physics and Electronics, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, 599-8531, Japan
| | - Takayuki Arie
- Department of Physics and Electronics, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, 599-8531, Japan
| | - Seiji Akita
- Department of Physics and Electronics, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, 599-8531, Japan.
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222
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Single-cell genome sequencing at ultra-high-throughput with microfluidic droplet barcoding. Nat Biotechnol 2017; 35:640-646. [PMID: 28553940 PMCID: PMC5531050 DOI: 10.1038/nbt.3880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The application of single-cell genome sequencing to large cell populations has been hindered by technical challenges in isolating single cells during genome preparation. Here we present single-cell genomic sequencing (SiC-seq), which uses droplet microfluidics to isolate, fragment, and barcode the genomes of single cells, followed by Illumina sequencing of pooled DNA. We demonstrate ultra-high-throughput sequencing of >50,000 cells per run in a synthetic community of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria and fungi. The sequenced genomes can be sorted in silico based on characteristic sequences. We use this approach to analyze the distributions of antibiotic-resistance genes, virulence factors, and phage sequences in microbial communities from an environmental sample. The ability to routinely sequence large populations of single cells will enable the de-convolution of genetic heterogeneity in diverse cell populations.
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223
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Pulling cylindrical particles using a soft-nonparaxial tractor beam. Sci Rep 2017; 7:652. [PMID: 28381822 PMCID: PMC5429638 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00735-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to pull objects towards the light source a single tractor beam inevitably needs to be strongly nonparaxial. This stringent requirement makes such a tractor beam somewhat hypothetical. Here we reveal that the cylindrical shape of dielectric particles can effectively mitigate the nonparaxiality requirements, reducing the incidence angle of the partial plane waves of the light beam down to 45° and even to 30° for respectively dipole and dipole-quadrupole objects. The optical pulling force attributed to the interaction of magnetic dipole and magnetic quadrupole moments of dielectric cylinders occurs due to the TE rather than TM polarization. Therefore, the polarization state of the incident beam can be utilized as an external control for switching between the pushing and pulling forces. The results have application values towards optical micromanipulation, transportation and sorting of targeted particles.
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224
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Merola F, Barroso Á, Miccio L, Memmolo P, Mugnano M, Ferraro P, Denz C. Biolens behavior of RBCs under optically-induced mechanical stress. Cytometry A 2017; 91:527-533. [DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.23085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Merola
- Istituto di Scienze Applicate e Sistemi Intelligenti del CNR (ISASI-CNR); Via Campi Flegrei 34 Pozzuoli 80078 Italy
| | - Álvaro Barroso
- Institute of Applied Physics, University of Muenster; Corrensstrasse 2-4 Muenster 48149 Germany
| | - Lisa Miccio
- Istituto di Scienze Applicate e Sistemi Intelligenti del CNR (ISASI-CNR); Via Campi Flegrei 34 Pozzuoli 80078 Italy
| | - Pasquale Memmolo
- Istituto di Scienze Applicate e Sistemi Intelligenti del CNR (ISASI-CNR); Via Campi Flegrei 34 Pozzuoli 80078 Italy
| | - Martina Mugnano
- Istituto di Scienze Applicate e Sistemi Intelligenti del CNR (ISASI-CNR); Via Campi Flegrei 34 Pozzuoli 80078 Italy
| | - Pietro Ferraro
- Istituto di Scienze Applicate e Sistemi Intelligenti del CNR (ISASI-CNR); Via Campi Flegrei 34 Pozzuoli 80078 Italy
| | - Cornelia Denz
- Institute of Applied Physics, University of Muenster; Corrensstrasse 2-4 Muenster 48149 Germany
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225
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Conteduca D, Dell'Olio F, Krauss TF, Ciminelli C. Photonic and Plasmonic Nanotweezing of Nano- and Microscale Particles. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2017; 71:367-390. [PMID: 28287314 DOI: 10.1177/0003702816684839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The ability to manipulate and sense biological molecules is important in many life science domains, such as single-molecule biophysics, the development of new drugs and cancer detection. Although the manipulation of biological matter at the nanoscale continues to be a challenge, several types of nanotweezers based on different technologies have recently been demonstrated to address this challenge. In particular, photonic and plasmonic nanotweezers are attracting a strong research effort especially because they are efficient and stable, they offer fast response time, and avoid any direct physical contact with the target object to be trapped, thus preventing its disruption or damage. In this paper, we critically review photonic and plasmonic resonant technologies for biomolecule trapping, manipulation, and sensing at the nanoscale, with a special emphasis on hybrid photonic/plasmonic nanodevices allowing a very strong light-matter interaction. The state-of-the-art of competing technologies, e.g., electronic, magnetic, acoustic and carbon nanotube-based nanotweezers, and a description of their applications are also included.
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226
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Muhamed I, Chowdhury F, Maruthamuthu V. Biophysical Tools to Study Cellular Mechanotransduction. Bioengineering (Basel) 2017; 4:E12. [PMID: 28952491 PMCID: PMC5590431 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering4010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The cell membrane is the interface that volumetrically isolates cellular components from the cell's environment. Proteins embedded within and on the membrane have varied biological functions: reception of external biochemical signals, as membrane channels, amplification and regulation of chemical signals through secondary messenger molecules, controlled exocytosis, endocytosis, phagocytosis, organized recruitment and sequestration of cytosolic complex proteins, cell division processes, organization of the cytoskeleton and more. The membrane's bioelectrical role is enabled by the physiologically controlled release and accumulation of electrochemical potential modulating molecules across the membrane through specialized ion channels (e.g., Na⁺, Ca2+, K⁺ channels). The membrane's biomechanical functions include sensing external forces and/or the rigidity of the external environment through force transmission, specific conformational changes and/or signaling through mechanoreceptors (e.g., platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule (PECAM), vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin, epithelial (E)-cadherin, integrin) embedded in the membrane. Certain mechanical stimulations through specific receptor complexes induce electrical and/or chemical impulses in cells and propagate across cells and tissues. These biomechanical sensory and biochemical responses have profound implications in normal physiology and disease. Here, we discuss the tools that facilitate the understanding of mechanosensitive adhesion receptors. This article is structured to provide a broad biochemical and mechanobiology background to introduce a freshman mechano-biologist to the field of mechanotransduction, with deeper study enabled by many of the references cited herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismaeel Muhamed
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
| | - Farhan Chowdhury
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Energy Processes, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA.
| | - Venkat Maruthamuthu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA.
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227
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Arora N, Imran Alsous J, Guggenheim JW, Mak M, Munera J, Wells JM, Kamm RD, Asada HH, Shvartsman SY, Griffith LG. A process engineering approach to increase organoid yield. Development 2017; 144:1128-1136. [PMID: 28174251 DOI: 10.1242/dev.142919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Temporal manipulation of the in vitro environment and growth factors can direct differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells into organoids - aggregates with multiple tissue-specific cell types and three-dimensional structure mimicking native organs. A mechanistic understanding of early organoid formation is essential for improving the robustness of these methods, which is necessary prior to use in drug development and regenerative medicine. We investigated intestinal organoid emergence, focusing on measurable parameters of hindgut spheroids, the intermediate step between definitive endoderm and mature organoids. We found that 13% of spheroids were pre-organoids that matured into intestinal organoids. Spheroids varied by several structural parameters: cell number, diameter and morphology. Hypothesizing that diameter and the morphological feature of an inner mass were key parameters for spheroid maturation, we sorted spheroids using an automated micropipette aspiration and release system and monitored the cultures for organoid formation. We discovered that populations of spheroids with a diameter greater than 75 μm and an inner mass are enriched 1.5- and 3.8-fold for pre-organoids, respectively, thus providing rational guidelines towards establishing a robust protocol for high quality intestinal organoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Arora
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jasmin Imran Alsous
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
| | - Jacob W Guggenheim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Michael Mak
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jorge Munera
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - James M Wells
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Roger D Kamm
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - H Harry Asada
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Stanislav Y Shvartsman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
| | - Linda G Griffith
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA .,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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228
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Zhu Z, Yang CJ. Hydrogel Droplet Microfluidics for High-Throughput Single Molecule/Cell Analysis. Acc Chem Res 2017; 50:22-31. [PMID: 28029779 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.6b00370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Heterogeneity among individual molecules and cells has posed significant challenges to traditional bulk assays, due to the assumption of average behavior, which would lose important biological information in heterogeneity and result in a misleading interpretation. Single molecule/cell analysis has become an important and emerging field in biological and biomedical research for insights into heterogeneity between large populations at high resolution. Compared with the ensemble bulk method, single molecule/cell analysis explores the information on time trajectories, conformational states, and interactions of individual molecules/cells, all key factors in the study of chemical and biological reaction pathways. Various powerful techniques have been developed for single molecule/cell analysis, including flow cytometry, atomic force microscopy, optical and magnetic tweezers, single-molecule fluorescence spectroscopy, and so forth. However, some of them have the low-throughput issue that has to analyze single molecules/cells one by one. Flow cytometry is a widely used high-throughput technique for single cell analysis but lacks the ability for intercellular interaction study and local environment control. Droplet microfluidics becomes attractive for single molecule/cell manipulation because single molecules/cells can be individually encased in monodisperse microdroplets, allowing high-throughput analysis and manipulation with precise control of the local environment. Moreover, hydrogels, cross-linked polymer networks that swell in the presence of water, have been introduced into droplet microfluidic systems as hydrogel droplet microfluidics. By replacing an aqueous phase with a monomer or polymer solution, hydrogel droplets can be generated on microfluidic chips for encapsulation of single molecules/cells according to the Poisson distribution. The sol-gel transition property endows the hydrogel droplets with new functionalities and diversified applications in single molecule/cell analysis. The hydrogel can act as a 3D cell culture matrix to mimic the extracellular environment for long-term single cell culture, which allows further heterogeneity study in proliferation, drug screening, and metastasis at the single-cell level. The sol-gel transition allows reactions in solution to be performed rapidly and efficiently with product storage in the gel for flexible downstream manipulation and analysis. More importantly, controllable sol-gel regulation provides a new way to maintain phenotype-genotype linkages in the hydrogel matrix for high throughput molecular evolution. In this Account, we will review the hydrogel droplet generation on microfluidics, single molecule/cell encapsulation in hydrogel droplets, as well as the progress made by our group and others in the application of hydrogel droplet microfluidics for single molecule/cell analysis, including single cell culture, single molecule/cell detection, single cell sequencing, and molecular evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Zhu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Chaoyong James Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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229
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Abstract
Isolated microfluidic stagnation points – formed within microfluidic interfaces – have come a long way as a tool for characterizing materials, manipulating micro particles, and generating confined flows and localized chemistries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayoola T. Brimmo
- Division of Engineering
- New York University Abu Dhabi
- Abu Dhabi
- UAE
- Tandon School of Engineering
| | - Mohammad A. Qasaimeh
- Division of Engineering
- New York University Abu Dhabi
- Abu Dhabi
- UAE
- Tandon School of Engineering
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230
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Abstract
Due to their high position and force sensitivity and the ability to remotely apply forces and torques, optical tweezers are widely used in diverse fields, such as biology, material science, and physics. Often, small dielectric particles are trapped and used as probes, which for experimental convenience are mostly spherical and composed of silica or polystyrene. The optical properties of these materials together with the microsphere size determine the trapping efficiency, and the position and force resolution. However, using only a single, homogeneous, isotropic, and unstructured material limits the range of trapping properties and thereby the applications of optical tweezers. Here, we show how custom-made microspheres composed of coated high-refractive-index materials-titania and nanodiamonds-and birefringent, liquid crystals extend the range and combination of desired trapping properties. These custom-made microspheres either enable the generation of high forces, a high force or time resolution, or the applications of torques. Custom-made probes expand the range of possible experiments and approaches broadening the scope and applicability of optical tweezers.
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231
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Rodríguez-Sevilla P, Labrador-Páez L, Jaque D, Haro-González P. Optical trapping for biosensing: materials and applications. J Mater Chem B 2017; 5:9085-9101. [DOI: 10.1039/c7tb01921a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Optical trapping has been evidence as a very powerful tool for the manipulation and study of biological entities. This review explains the main concepts regarding the use of optical trapping for biosensing, focusing its attention to those applications involving the manipulation of particles which are used as handles, force transducers and sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Rodríguez-Sevilla
- Fluorescence Imaging Group
- Departamento de Física de Materiales
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
- Madrid
- Spain
| | - L. Labrador-Páez
- Fluorescence Imaging Group
- Departamento de Física de Materiales
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
- Madrid
- Spain
| | - D. Jaque
- Fluorescence Imaging Group
- Departamento de Física de Materiales
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
- Madrid
- Spain
| | - P. Haro-González
- Fluorescence Imaging Group
- Departamento de Física de Materiales
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
- Madrid
- Spain
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232
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Song H, Liu Y, Zhang B, Tian K, Zhu P, Lu H, Tang Q. Study of in vitro RBCs membrane elasticity with AOD scanning optical tweezers. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 8:384-394. [PMID: 28101425 PMCID: PMC5231307 DOI: 10.1364/boe.8.000384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The elasticity of red cell membrane is a critical physiological index for the activity of RBC. Study of the inherent mechanism for RBCs membrane elasticity transformation is attention-getting all along. This paper proposes an optimized measurement method of erythrocytes membrane shear modulus incorporating acousto-optic deflector (AOD) scanning optical tweezers system. By use of this method, both membrane shear moduli and sizes of RBCs with different in vitro times were determined. The experimental results reveal that the RBCs membrane elasticity and size decline with in vitro time extension. In addition, semi quantitative measurements of S-nitrosothiol content in blood using fluorescent spectrometry during in vitro storage show that RBCs membrane elasticity change is positively associated with the S-nitrosylation level of blood. The analysis considered that the diminished activity of the nitric oxide synthase makes the S-nitrosylation of in vitro blood weaker gradually. The main reason for worse elasticity of the in vitro RBCs is that S-nitrosylation effect of spectrin fades. These results will provide a guideline for further study of in vitro cells activity and other clinical applications.
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233
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234
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Murray KK. Single molecule mass measurements and mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2016; 30:2671-2672. [PMID: 27704625 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
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235
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Tu C, Huang B, Zhou J, Liang Y, Tian J, Ji L, Liang X, Ye X. A Microfluidic Chip for Cell Patterning Utilizing Paired Microwells and Protein Patterns. MICROMACHINES 2016. [PMCID: PMC6190266 DOI: 10.3390/mi8010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cell patterning has been widely used in research on fundamental cell biology and in applications such as tissue engineering, neuron network formation, cell based biosensor and drug screening. Although various methods have been developed, cell patterning in an enclosed microfluidic device at single cell level remains challenging. This paper describes a microfluidic device with microwells and protein patterns paired together in a single microchannel for an easy cell patterning. Cells captured in the microwells were positioned directly onto the protein patterns within 5 min and the patterning performance was successfully demonstrated using HeLa cells and human gallbladder carcinoma cells (SGC-996). Cells survived for 6 days in the microchannel. Cell attachment, migration, proliferation and cell colony formation were observed. Our device is free of topographic constraint for the patterned cells and no complex chemical modification to the substrate is needed, offering a simple, fast, and easy-to-operate way of patterning cells at single cell level in an enclosed microfluidic channel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunlong Tu
- Biosensor National Special Laboratory, Key Laboratory of BME of the Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; (C.T.); (B.H.); (J.Z.); (Y.L.); (J.T.)
- College of Biomedical Engineering & Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Bobo Huang
- Biosensor National Special Laboratory, Key Laboratory of BME of the Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; (C.T.); (B.H.); (J.Z.); (Y.L.); (J.T.)
- College of Biomedical Engineering & Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Biosensor National Special Laboratory, Key Laboratory of BME of the Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; (C.T.); (B.H.); (J.Z.); (Y.L.); (J.T.)
- College of Biomedical Engineering & Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Yitao Liang
- Biosensor National Special Laboratory, Key Laboratory of BME of the Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; (C.T.); (B.H.); (J.Z.); (Y.L.); (J.T.)
- College of Biomedical Engineering & Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Jian Tian
- Biosensor National Special Laboratory, Key Laboratory of BME of the Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; (C.T.); (B.H.); (J.Z.); (Y.L.); (J.T.)
- College of Biomedical Engineering & Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Lin Ji
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, China; (L.J.); (X.L.)
| | - Xiao Liang
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, China; (L.J.); (X.L.)
| | - Xuesong Ye
- Biosensor National Special Laboratory, Key Laboratory of BME of the Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; (C.T.); (B.H.); (J.Z.); (Y.L.); (J.T.)
- College of Biomedical Engineering & Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- State Key Laboratory of CAD&CG, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-571-8795-2756
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236
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Salafi T, Zeming KK, Zhang Y. Advancements in microfluidics for nanoparticle separation. LAB ON A CHIP 2016; 17:11-33. [PMID: 27830852 DOI: 10.1039/c6lc01045h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles have been widely implemented for healthcare and nanoscience industrial applications. Thus, efficient and effective nanoparticle separation methods are essential for advancement in these fields. However, current technologies for separation, such as ultracentrifugation, electrophoresis, filtration, chromatography, and selective precipitation, are not continuous and require multiple preparation steps and a minimum sample volume. Microfluidics has offered a relatively simple, low-cost, and continuous particle separation approach, and has been well-established for micron-sized particle sorting. Here, we review the recent advances in nanoparticle separation using microfluidic devices, focusing on its techniques, its advantages over conventional methods, and its potential applications, as well as foreseeable challenges in the separation of synthetic nanoparticles and biological molecules, especially DNA, proteins, viruses, and exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thoriq Salafi
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, Centre for Life Sciences (CeLS), National University of Singapore, 05-01 28 Medical Drive, 117456 Singapore. and Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Block EA #03-12, 117576 Singapore
| | - Kerwin Kwek Zeming
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Block EA #03-12, 117576 Singapore
| | - Yong Zhang
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, Centre for Life Sciences (CeLS), National University of Singapore, 05-01 28 Medical Drive, 117456 Singapore. and Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Block EA #03-12, 117576 Singapore
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237
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Adhesion force of staphylococcus aureus on various biomaterial surfaces. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2016; 65:872-880. [PMID: 27814559 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2016.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2016] [Revised: 10/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus comprises of more than half of all pathogens in orthopedic implant infections and they can cause major bone infection which can result in destruction of joint and bone. In the current study, adhesion force of bacteria on the surface of various biomaterial surfaces is measured using atomic force microscope (AFM). Staphylococcus aureus was immobilized on an AFM tipless cantilever as a force probe to measure the adhesion force between bacteria and biomaterials (viz. ultra-high molecular weight poly ethylene (UHMWPE), stainless steel (SS), Ti-6Al-4V alloy, hydroxyapatite (HA)). At the contact time of 10s, UHMWPE shows weak adhesion force (~4nN) whereas SS showed strong adhesion force (~15nN) due to their surface energy and surface roughness. Bacterial retention and viability experiment (3M™ petrifilm test, agar plate) dictates that hydroxyapatite shows the lowest vaibility of bacteria, whereas lowest bacterial retention is observed on UHMWPE surface. Similar results were obtained from live/dead staining test, where HA shows 65% viability, whereas on UHMWPE, SS and Ti-6Al-4V, the bacterial viability is 78%, 94% and 97%, respectively. Lower adhesion forces, constrained pull-off distance (of bacterial) and high antibacterial resistance of bioactive-HA makes it a potential biomaterial for bone-replacement arthroplasty.
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238
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Rianna C, Radmacher M. Comparison of viscoelastic properties of cancer and normal thyroid cells on different stiffness substrates. EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL: EBJ 2016; 46:309-324. [DOI: 10.1007/s00249-016-1168-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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239
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Lee LM, Lee JW, Chase D, Gebrezgiabhier D, Liu AP. Development of an advanced microfluidic micropipette aspiration device for single cell mechanics studies. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2016; 10:054105. [PMID: 27703591 PMCID: PMC5035296 DOI: 10.1063/1.4962968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Various micro-engineered tools or platforms have been developed recently for cell mechanics studies based on acoustic, magnetic, and optical actuations. Compared with other techniques for single cell manipulations, microfluidics has the advantages with simple working principles and device implementations. In this work, we develop a multi-layer microfluidic pipette aspiration device integrated with pneumatically actuated microfluidic control valves. This configuration enables decoupling of cell trapping and aspiration, and hence causes less mechanical perturbation on trapped single cells before aspiration. A high trapping efficiency is achieved by the microfluidic channel design based on fluid resistance model and deterministic microfluidics. Compared to conventional micropipette aspiration, the suction pressure applied on the aspirating cells is highly stable due to the viscous nature of low Reynolds number flow. As a proof-of-concept of this novel microfluidic technology, we built a microfluidic pipette aspiration device with 2 × 13 trapping arrays and used this device to measure the stiffness of a human breast cancer cell line, MDA-MB-231, through the observation of cell deformations during aspiration. As a comparison, we studied the effect of Taxol, a FDA-approved anticancer drug on single cancer cell stiffness. We found that cancer cells treated with Taxol were less deformable with a higher Young's modulus. The multi-layer microfluidic pipette aspiration device is a scalable technology for single cell mechanophenotyping studies and drug discovery applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lap Man Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Jin Woo Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Danielle Chase
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota , Twin Cities, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Daniel Gebrezgiabhier
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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240
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Okano K, Hsu HY, Li YK, Masuhara H. In situ patterning and controlling living cells by utilizing femtosecond laser. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY C-PHOTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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241
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Begemann I, Galic M. Correlative Light Electron Microscopy: Connecting Synaptic Structure and Function. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2016; 8:28. [PMID: 27601992 PMCID: PMC4993758 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2016.00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Many core paradigms of contemporary neuroscience are based on information obtained by electron or light microscopy. Intriguingly, these two imaging techniques are often viewed as complementary, yet separate entities. Recent technological advancements in microscopy techniques, labeling tools, and fixation or preparation procedures have fueled the development of a series of hybrid approaches that allow correlating functional fluorescence microscopy data and ultrastructural information from electron micrographs from a singular biological event. As correlative light electron microscopy (CLEM) approaches become increasingly accessible, long-standing neurobiological questions regarding structure-function relation are being revisited. In this review, we will survey what developments in electron and light microscopy have spurred the advent of correlative approaches, highlight the most relevant CLEM techniques that are currently available, and discuss its potential and limitations with respect to neuronal and synapse-specific applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabell Begemann
- DFG Cluster of Excellence 'Cells in Motion', (EXC 1003), University of Muenster, MuensterGermany; Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, University Hospital Münster, University of Muenster, MuensterGermany
| | - Milos Galic
- DFG Cluster of Excellence 'Cells in Motion', (EXC 1003), University of Muenster, MuensterGermany; Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, University Hospital Münster, University of Muenster, MuensterGermany
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242
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A Microfluidic Approach for Inducing Cell Rotation by Means of Hydrodynamic Forces. SENSORS 2016; 16:s16081326. [PMID: 27548187 PMCID: PMC5017491 DOI: 10.3390/s16081326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Microfluidic technology allows to realize devices in which cells can be imaged in their three-dimensional shape. However, there are still some limitations in the method, due to the fact that cells follow a straight path while they are flowing in a channel. This can result in a loss in information, since only one side of the cell will be visible. Our work has started from the consideration that if a cell rotates, it is possible to overcome this problem. Several approaches have been proposed for cell manipulation in microfluidics. In our approach, cells are controlled by only taking advantages of hydrodynamic forces. Two different devices have been designed, realized, and tested. The first device induces cell rotation in a plane that is parallel (in-plane) to the observation plane, while the second one induce rotation in a plane perpendicular (out-of-plane) to the observation plane.
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243
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Monticelli M, Conca DV, Albisetti E, Torti A, Sharma PP, Kidiyoor G, Barozzi S, Parazzoli D, Ciarletta P, Lupi M, Petti D, Bertacco R. Magnetic domain wall tweezers: a new tool for mechanobiology studies on individual target cells. LAB ON A CHIP 2016; 16:2882-2890. [PMID: 27364187 DOI: 10.1039/c6lc00368k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In vitro tests are of fundamental importance for investigating cell mechanisms in response to mechanical stimuli or the impact of the genotype on cell mechanical properties. In particular, the application of controlled forces to activate specific bio-pathways and investigate their effects, mimicking the role of the cellular environment, is becoming a prominent approach in the emerging field of mechanobiology. Here, we present an on-chip device based on magnetic domain wall manipulators, which allows the application of finely controlled and localized forces on target living cells. In particular, we demonstrate the application of a magnetic force in the order of hundreds of pN on the membrane of HeLa cells cultured on-chip, via manipulation of 1 μm superparamagnetic beads. Such a mechanical stimulus produces a sizable local indentation of the cellular membrane of about 2 μm. Upon evaluation of the beads' position within the magnetic field originated by the domain wall, the force applied during the experiments is accurately quantified via micromagnetic simulations. The obtained value is in good agreement with that calculated by the application of an elastic model to the cellular membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Monticelli
- Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy.
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244
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Chen Y, Fang Z, Merritt B, Strack D, Xu J, Lee S. Onset of particle trapping and release via acoustic bubbles. LAB ON A CHIP 2016; 16:3024-32. [PMID: 26805706 DOI: 10.1039/c5lc01420d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Trapping and sorting of micro-sized objects is one important application of lab on a chip devices, with the use of acoustic bubbles emerging as an effective, non-contact method. Acoustically actuated bubbles are known to exert a secondary radiation force (FSR) on micro-particles and stabilize them on the bubble surface, when this radiation force exceeds the external hydrodynamic forces that act to keep the particles in motion. While the theoretical expression of FSR has been derived by Nyborg decades ago, no direct experimental validation of this force has been performed, and the relationship between FSR and the bubble's ability to trap particles in a given lab on a chip device remains largely empirical. In order to quantify the connection between the bubble oscillation and the resultant FSR, we experimentally measure the amplitude of bubble oscillations that give rise to FSR and observe the trapping and release of a single microsphere in the presence of the mean flow at the corresponding acoustic parameters using an acoustofluidic device. By combining well-developed theories that connect bubble oscillations to the acoustic actuation, we derive the expression for the critical input voltage that leads to particle release into the flow, in good agreement with the experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX 77840, USA.
| | - Zecong Fang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Washington State University, Vancouver, WA 98686, USA
| | - Brett Merritt
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Washington State University, Vancouver, WA 98686, USA
| | - Dillon Strack
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX 77840, USA.
| | - Jie Xu
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60607, USA.
| | - Sungyon Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX 77840, USA.
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245
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Liu AP. Biophysical Tools for Cellular and Subcellular Mechanical Actuation of Cell Signaling. Biophys J 2016; 111:1112-1118. [PMID: 27456131 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2016.02.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Revised: 01/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to spatially control cell signaling can help resolve fundamental biological questions. Optogenetic and chemical dimerization techniques along with fluorescent biosensors to report cell signaling activities have enabled researchers to both visualize and perturb biochemistry in living cells. A number of approaches based on mechanical actuation using force-field gradients have emerged as complementary technologies to manipulate cell signaling in real time. This review covers several technologies, including optical, magnetic, and acoustic control of cell signaling and behavior and highlights some studies that have led to novel insights. I will also discuss some future direction on repurposing mechanosensitive channel for mechanical actuation of spatial cell signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allen P Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Biophysics Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
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246
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Silveira CB, Rohwer FL. Piggyback-the-Winner in host-associated microbial communities. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 2016; 2:16010. [PMID: 28721247 PMCID: PMC5515262 DOI: 10.1038/npjbiofilms.2016.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Phages can exploit their bacterial hosts by lytic infection, when many viral particles are released at cell lysis, or by lysogeny, when phages integrate into the host's genome. We recently proposed a new dynamic model of bacteria-phage interactions in which lysogeny predominates at high microbial abundance and growth rates. This model, named Piggyback-the-Winner (PtW), contrasts to current accepted models on the frequency of lysis and lysogeny and predicts that phages integrate into their hosts' genomes as prophages when microbial abundances and growth rates are high. According to PtW, switching to the temperate life cycle reduces phage predation control on bacterial abundance and confers superinfection exclusion, preventing that a closely-related phage infects the same bacterial cell. Here we examine how PtW is important for metazoans. Specifically, we postulate that PtW and the recently described bacteriophage adherence to mucus (BAM) model are strongly interrelated and have an important role in the development of the microbiome. In BAM, phage produced by the microbiome attach to mucins and protect underlying epithelial cells from invading bacteria. Spatial structuring of the mucus creates a gradient of phage replication strategies consistent with PtW. We predict that lysogeny is favored at the top mucosal layer and lytic predation predominates in the bacteria-sparse intermediary layers. The lysogeny confers competitive advantage to commensals against niche invasion and the lytic infection eliminates potential pathogens from deeper mucus layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia B Silveira
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Forest L Rohwer
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA
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247
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de Oliveira MAS, Moura DS, Fontes A, de Araujo RE. Damage induced in red blood cells by infrared optical trapping: an evaluation based on elasticity measurements. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2016; 21:75012. [PMID: 27435896 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.21.7.075012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated the damage caused to optically trapped red blood cells (RBCs) after 1 or 2 min of exposure to near-infrared (NIR) laser beams at 785 or 1064 nm. Damage was quantified by measuring cell elasticity using an automatic, real-time, homemade, optical tweezer system. The measurements, performed on a significant number (hundreds) of cells, revealed an overall deformability decrease up to ∼104% after 2 min of light exposure, under 10 mW optical trapping for the 785-nm wavelength. Wavelength dependence of the optical damage is attributed to the light absorption by hemoglobin. The results provided evidence that RBCs have their biomechanical properties affected by NIR radiation. Our findings establish limits for laser applications with RBCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos A S de Oliveira
- Federal University of Pernambuco, Laboratory of Biomedical Optics and Imaging, Avenida da Arquitetura, s/n, Cidade Universitária, Recife, Pernambuco 50740-530, Brazil
| | - Diógenes S Moura
- Federal University of Pernambuco, Laboratory of Biomedical Optics and Imaging, Avenida da Arquitetura, s/n, Cidade Universitária, Recife, Pernambuco 50740-530, BrazilbFederal University of Pernambuco, Colégio de Aplicação, Avenida da Arquitetura, s/n, Cid
| | - Adriana Fontes
- Federal University of Pernambuco, Laboratory of Biomedical Optics and Imaging, Avenida da Arquitetura, s/n, Cidade Universitária, Recife, Pernambuco 50740-530, Brazil
| | - Renato E de Araujo
- Federal University of Pernambuco, Laboratory of Biomedical Optics and Imaging, Avenida da Arquitetura, s/n, Cidade Universitária, Recife, Pernambuco 50740-530, Brazil
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248
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Formation of stable cell–cell contact without a solid/gel scaffold: Non-invasive manipulation by laser under depletion interaction with a polymer. Chem Phys Lett 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2016.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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249
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Campàs O. A toolbox to explore the mechanics of living embryonic tissues. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 55:119-30. [PMID: 27061360 PMCID: PMC4903887 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The sculpting of embryonic tissues and organs into their functional morphologies involves the spatial and temporal regulation of mechanics at cell and tissue scales. Decades of in vitro work, complemented by some in vivo studies, have shown the relevance of mechanical cues in the control of cell behaviors that are central to developmental processes, but the lack of methodologies enabling precise, quantitative measurements of mechanical cues in vivo have hindered our understanding of the role of mechanics in embryonic development. Several methodologies are starting to enable quantitative studies of mechanics in vivo and in situ, opening new avenues to explore how mechanics contributes to shaping embryonic tissues and how it affects cell behavior within developing embryos. Here we review the present methodologies to study the role of mechanics in living embryonic tissues, considering their strengths and drawbacks as well as the conditions in which they are most suitable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otger Campàs
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA; Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA; California Nanosystems Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA.
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250
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Barroso Á, Grüner M, Forbes T, Denz C, Strassert CA. Spatiotemporally Resolved Tracking of Bacterial Responses to ROS-Mediated Damage at the Single-Cell Level with Quantitative Functional Microscopy. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:15046-15057. [PMID: 27227509 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b02605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Herein we report on the implementation of photofunctional microparticles in combination with optical tweezers for the investigation of bacterial responses to oxidative stress by means of quantitative functional microscopy. A combination of a strongly hydrophobic axially substituted Si(IV) phthalocyanine adsorbed onto silica microparticles was developed, and the structural and photophysical characterization was carried out. The microparticles are able to produce reactive oxygen species under the fluorescence microscope upon irradiation with red light, and the behavior of individual bacteria can be consequently investigated in situ and in real time at the single cell level. For this purpose, a methodology was introduced to monitor phototriggered changes with spatiotemporal resolution. The defined distance between the photoactive particles and individual bacteria can be fixed under the microscope before the photosensitization process is started, and the photoinduced damage can be monitored by tracing the time-dependent fluorescence turn-on of a suitable marker. The results showed a distance-dependent photoinduced death time, defined as the onset of the incorporation of propidium iodide. Our methodology constitutes a new tool for the in vitro design and evaluation of photosensitizers for the treatment of cancer and infectious diseases with the aid of functional optical microscopy, as it enables a quantitative response evaluation of living systems toward oxidative stress. More generally, it provides a way to understand the response of an ensemble of living entities to reactive oxygen species by analyzing the behavior of a set of individual organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro Barroso
- Institut für Angewandte Physik and Center for Nonlinear Science (CeNoS), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster , Corrensstraße 2, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Malte Grüner
- Physikalisches Institut and Center for Nanotechnology (CeNTech), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster , Heisenbergstraße 11, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Taylor Forbes
- Institut für Angewandte Physik and Center for Nonlinear Science (CeNoS), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster , Corrensstraße 2, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Cornelia Denz
- Institut für Angewandte Physik and Center for Nonlinear Science (CeNoS), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster , Corrensstraße 2, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Cristian A Strassert
- Physikalisches Institut and Center for Nanotechnology (CeNTech), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster , Heisenbergstraße 11, D-48149 Münster, Germany
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