201
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Juliano RL. Intracellular Trafficking and Endosomal Release of Oligonucleotides: What We Know and What We Don't. Nucleic Acid Ther 2018; 28:166-177. [PMID: 29708838 DOI: 10.1089/nat.2018.0727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the cellular uptake and intracellular trafficking of oligonucleotides provides an important basic underpinning for the developing field of oligonucleotide-based therapeutics. Whether delivered as "free" oligonucleotides, as ligand-oligonucleotide conjugates, or in association with various nanocarriers, all forms of oligonucleotide enter cells by endocytosis and are initially ensconced within membrane-limited vesicles. Accordingly, the locus and extent of release to the cytosol and nucleus are key determinants of the pharmacological actions of oligonucleotides. A number of recent studies have explored the intracellular trafficking of various forms of oligonucleotides and their release from endomembrane compartments. These studies reveal a surprising convergence on an early-intermediate compartment in the trafficking pathway as the key locus of release for oligonucleotides administered in "free" form as well as those delivered with lipid complexes. Thus, oligonucleotide release from multivesicular bodies or from late endosomes seems to be the crucial endogenous process for attaining pharmacological effects. This intrinsic process of oligonucleotide release may be amplified by delivery agents such as lipid complexes or small molecule enhancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Juliano
- Initos Pharmaceuticals LLC, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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202
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Witzgall R. Golgi bypass of ciliary proteins. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2018; 83:51-58. [PMID: 29559335 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2018.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 03/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Primary cilia represent small, yet distinct compartments of the plasma membrane. They are speculated to exercise chemo- and mechanosensory functions and to serve as signaling hubs for crucial pathways such as the Wnt and hedgehog cascades. It is therefore necessary that specific integral membrane proteins, in particular sensors and receptors, are sorted to the cilium and not to the surrounding somatic plasma membrane upon being synthesized at the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Apparently no singular "zip code" for the primary cilium exists but rather several ciliary targeting signals whose biochemical and cell biological implications are just about being unravelled. Among the better understood proteins residing in the primary cilium is polycystin-2 which is mutated in patients suffering from autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease. A special case in the context of this review concerns the connecting cilium which serves as the trafficking pathway for proteins involved in visual sensation of retinal photoreceptor cells. In order to efficiently capture photons, the photopigments are organized in discs or membrane invaginations. Mutations in certain proteins involved in these processes lead to retinal degeneration and ultimately to blindness. One example is peripherin/rds which is mutated in the rds (retinal degeneration slow) mouse. The trafficking of peripherin/rds from the inner to the outer segment of photoreceptor cells by way of the connecting cilium also seems to diverge at the Golgi apparatus, and the routes of polycystin-2 and peripherin/rds may represent paradigms of ciliary proteins for the type IV pathway of unconventional protein "secretion". This review is part of a special issue of Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology edited by Walter Nickel and Catherine Rabouille.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph Witzgall
- Institute for Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany.
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203
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Abstract
Lysosomes perform degradative functions that are important for all cells. However, neurons are particularly dependent on optimal lysosome function due to their extremes of longevity, size and polarity. Axons in particular exemplify the major spatial challenges faced by neurons in the maintenance of lysosome biogenesis and function. What impact does this have on the regulation and functions of lysosomes in axons? This review focuses on the mechanisms whereby axonal lysosome biogenesis, transport and function are adapted to meet neuronal demand. Important features include the dynamic relationship between endosomes, autophagosomes and lysosomes as well as the transport mechanisms that support the movement of lysosome precursors in axons. A picture is emerging wherein intermediates in the lysosome maturation processes that would only exist transiently within the crowded confines of a neuronal cell body are spatially and temporally separated over the extreme distances encountered in axons. Axons may thus offer significant opportunities for the analysis of the mechanisms that control lysosome biogenesis. Insights from the genetics and pathology of human neurodegenerative diseases furthermore emphasize the importance of efficient axonal transport of lysosomes and their precursors.
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204
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Jonker CTH, Galmes R, Veenendaal T, Ten Brink C, van der Welle REN, Liv N, de Rooij J, Peden AA, van der Sluijs P, Margadant C, Klumperman J. Vps3 and Vps8 control integrin trafficking from early to recycling endosomes and regulate integrin-dependent functions. Nat Commun 2018; 9:792. [PMID: 29476049 PMCID: PMC5824891 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03226-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Recycling endosomes maintain plasma membrane homeostasis and are important for cell polarity, migration, and cytokinesis. Yet, the molecular machineries that drive endocytic recycling remain largely unclear. The CORVET complex is a multi-subunit tether required for fusion between early endosomes. Here we show that the CORVET-specific subunits Vps3 and Vps8 also regulate vesicular transport from early to recycling endosomes. Vps3 and Vps8 localise to Rab4-positive recycling vesicles and co-localise with the CHEVI complex on Rab11-positive recycling endosomes. Depletion of Vps3 or Vps8 does not affect transferrin recycling, but delays the delivery of internalised integrins to recycling endosomes and their subsequent return to the plasma membrane. Consequently, Vps3/8 depletion results in defects in integrin-dependent cell adhesion and spreading, focal adhesion formation, and cell migration. These data reveal a role for Vps3 and Vps8 in a specialised recycling pathway important for integrin trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- C T H Jonker
- Section Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Ophthalmology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - R Galmes
- Section Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, 72 Huntley Street, London, WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - T Veenendaal
- Section Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - C Ten Brink
- Section Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - R E N van der Welle
- Section Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - N Liv
- Section Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - J de Rooij
- Section Molecular Cancer Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht Universty, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - A A Peden
- Department of Biomedical Science, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - P van der Sluijs
- Section Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Cellular Protein Chemistry, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, 3584, CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - C Margadant
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sanquin Research, Plesmanlaan 125, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J Klumperman
- Section Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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205
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Zhang W, Jiang X, Bao J, Wang Y, Liu H, Tang L. Exosomes in Pathogen Infections: A Bridge to Deliver Molecules and Link Functions. Front Immunol 2018; 9:90. [PMID: 29483904 PMCID: PMC5816030 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are extracellular vesicles derived from cell endocytosis which act as transmitters between cells. They are composed of proteins, lipids, and RNAs through which they participate in cellular crosstalk. Consequently, they play an important role in health and disease. Our view is that exosomes exert a bidirectional regulatory effect on pathogen infections by delivering their content. First, exosomes containing proteins and RNAs derived from pathogens can promote infections in three ways: (1) mediating further infection by transmitting pathogen-related molecules; (2) participating in the immune escape of pathogens; and (3) inhibiting immune responses by favoring immune cell apoptosis. Second, exosomes play anti-infection roles through: (1) inhibiting pathogen proliferation and infection directly; (2) inducing immune responses such as those related to the function of monocyte-macrophages, NK cells, T cells, and B cells. We believe that exosomes act as “bridges” during pathogen infections through the mechanisms mentioned above. The purpose of this review is to describe present findings regarding exosomes and pathogen infections, and highlight their enormous potential in clinical diagnosis and treatment. We discuss two opposite aspects: infection and anti-infection, and we hypothesize a balance between them. At the same time, we elaborate on the role of exosomes in immune regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenchao Zhang
- School of Life Science, Central South University, Changsha, China.,XiangYa School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaofeng Jiang
- School of Life Science, Central South University, Changsha, China.,XiangYa School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jinghui Bao
- School of Life Science, Central South University, Changsha, China.,XiangYa School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yi Wang
- School of Life Science, Central South University, Changsha, China.,XiangYa School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Huixing Liu
- School of Life Science, Central South University, Changsha, China.,XiangYa School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lijun Tang
- School of Life Science, Central South University, Changsha, China.,XiangYa School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
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206
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Gulei D, Irimie AI, Cojocneanu-Petric R, Schultze JL, Berindan-Neagoe I. Exosomes—Small Players, Big Sound. Bioconjug Chem 2018; 29:635-648. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.8b00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Diana Gulei
- MEDFUTURE-Research Center for Advanced Medicine, “Iuliu-Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Marinescu 23 Street, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Alexandra Iulia Irimie
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry and Dental Materials, Division Dental Propaedeutics, Aesthetics, Faculty of Dentistry, “Iuliu-Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Marinescu 23 Street, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Roxana Cojocneanu-Petric
- Research Center for Functional Genomics, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, “Iuliu-Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Marinescu 23 Street, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Joachim L. Schultze
- Genomics and Immunoregulation, LIMES-Institute, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
- Platform for Single Cell Genomics and Epigenomics, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, 53175 Bonn, Germany
| | - Ioana Berindan-Neagoe
- MEDFUTURE-Research Center for Advanced Medicine, “Iuliu-Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Marinescu 23 Street, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Research Center for Functional Genomics, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, “Iuliu-Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Marinescu 23 Street, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Department of Functional Genomics and Experimental Pathology, The Oncology Institute “Prof. Dr. Ion Chiricuta”, Republicii 34-36 Street, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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207
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Wang J, Faict S, Maes K, De Bruyne E, Van Valckenborgh E, Schots R, Vanderkerken K, Menu E. Extracellular vesicle cross-talk in the bone marrow microenvironment: implications in multiple myeloma. Oncotarget 2018; 7:38927-38945. [PMID: 26950273 PMCID: PMC5122441 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The bone marrow (BM) represents a complex microenvironment containing stromal cells, immune cells, osteoclasts, osteoblasts, and hematopoietic cells, which are crucial for the immune response, bone formation, and hematopoiesis. Apart from soluble factors and direct cell-cell contact, extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes, were recently identified as a third mediator for cell communication. Solid evidence has already demonstrated the involvement of various BM-derived cells and soluble factors in the regulation of multiple biological processes whereas the EV-mediated message delivery system from the BM has just been explored in recent decades. These EVs not only perform physiological functions but can also play a role in cancer development, including in Multiple Myeloma (MM) which is a plasma cell malignancy predominantly localized in the BM. This review will therefore focus on the multiple functions of EVs derived from BM cells, the manipulation of the BM by cancer-derived EVs, and the role of BM EVs in MM progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinheng Wang
- Department of Hematology and Immunology, Myeloma Center Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussels (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sylvia Faict
- Department of Hematology and Immunology, Myeloma Center Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussels (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ken Maes
- Department of Hematology and Immunology, Myeloma Center Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussels (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Elke De Bruyne
- Department of Hematology and Immunology, Myeloma Center Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussels (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Els Van Valckenborgh
- Department of Hematology and Immunology, Myeloma Center Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussels (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Rik Schots
- Department of Clinical Hematology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Karin Vanderkerken
- Department of Hematology and Immunology, Myeloma Center Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussels (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Eline Menu
- Department of Hematology and Immunology, Myeloma Center Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussels (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
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208
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van Niel G, D'Angelo G, Raposo G. Shedding light on the cell biology of extracellular vesicles. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2018; 19:213-228. [PMID: 29339798 DOI: 10.1038/nrm.2017.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4720] [Impact Index Per Article: 786.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles are a heterogeneous group of cell-derived membranous structures comprising exosomes and microvesicles, which originate from the endosomal system or which are shed from the plasma membrane, respectively. They are present in biological fluids and are involved in multiple physiological and pathological processes. Extracellular vesicles are now considered as an additional mechanism for intercellular communication, allowing cells to exchange proteins, lipids and genetic material. Knowledge of the cellular processes that govern extracellular vesicle biology is essential to shed light on the physiological and pathological functions of these vesicles as well as on clinical applications involving their use and/or analysis. However, in this expanding field, much remains unknown regarding the origin, biogenesis, secretion, targeting and fate of these vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume van Niel
- Center of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, INSERM U895, Paris 75014, France
| | - Gisela D'Angelo
- Institut Curie, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR144, Structure and Membrane Compartments, Paris F-75005, France
| | - Graça Raposo
- Institut Curie, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR144, Structure and Membrane Compartments, Paris F-75005, France
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209
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Jonker C, de Heus C, Faber L, ten Brink C, Potze L, Fermie J, Liv N, Klumperman J. An adapted protocol to overcome endosomal damage caused by polyethylenimine (PEI) mediated transfections. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.19185/matters.201711000012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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210
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Myocardial Regeneration via Progenitor Cell-Derived Exosomes. Stem Cells Int 2017; 2017:7849851. [PMID: 29333167 PMCID: PMC5733225 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7849851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past 20 years, a variety of cell products has been evaluated in terms of their capacity to treat patients with acute myocardial infarction and chronic heart failure. Despite initial enthusiasm, therapeutic efficacy has overall been disappointing, and clinical application is costly and complex. Recently, a subset of small extracellular vesicles (EVs), commonly referred to as "exosomes," was shown to confer cardioprotective and regenerative signals at a magnitude similar to that of their donor cells. The conceptual advantage is that they may be produced in industrial quantities and stored at the point-of-care for off-the-shelf application, ideally without eliciting a relevant recipient immune response or other adverse effects associated with viable cells. The body of evidence on beneficial exosome-mediated effects in animal models of heart diseases is rapidly growing. However, there is significant heterogeneity in terms of exosome source cells, isolation process, therapeutic dosage, and delivery mode. This review summarizes the current state of research on exosomes as experimental therapy of heart diseases and seeks to identify roadblocks that need to be overcome prior to clinical application.
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211
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Gustafson D, Veitch S, Fish JE. Extracellular Vesicles as Protagonists of Diabetic Cardiovascular Pathology. Front Cardiovasc Med 2017; 4:71. [PMID: 29209616 PMCID: PMC5701646 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2017.00071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) represent an emerging mechanism of cell–cell communication in the cardiovascular system. Recent data suggest that EVs are produced and taken up by multiple cardiovascular cell types, influencing target cells through signaling or transfer of cargo (including proteins, lipids, messenger RNA, and non-coding RNA). The concentration and contents of circulating EVs are altered in several diseases and represent explicit signatures of cellular activation, making them of particular interest as circulating biomarkers. EVs also actively contribute to the progression of various cardiovascular diseases, including diabetes-related vascular disease. Understanding the relationships between circulating EVs, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease is of importance as diabetic patients are at elevated risk for developing several debilitating cardiovascular pathologies, including diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM), a disease that remains an enigma at the molecular level. Enhancing and exploiting our understanding of EV biology could facilitate the development of effective non-invasive diagnostics, prognostics, and therapeutics. This review will focus on EV biology in diabetic cardiovascular diseases, including atherosclerosis and DCM. We will review EV biogenesis and functional properties, as well as provide insight into their emerging role in cell–cell communication. Finally, we will address the utility of EVs as clinical biomarkers and outline their impact as a biomedical tool in the development of therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dakota Gustafson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Shawn Veitch
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jason E Fish
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Heart & Stroke Richard Lewar Center of Excellence in Cardiovascular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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212
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Soto-Heredero G, Baixauli F, Mittelbrunn M. Interorganelle Communication between Mitochondria and the Endolysosomal System. Front Cell Dev Biol 2017; 5:95. [PMID: 29164114 PMCID: PMC5681906 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2017.00095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The function of mitochondria and lysosomes has classically been studied separately. However, evidence has now emerged of intense crosstalk between these two organelles, such that the activity or stress status of one organelle may affect the other. Direct physical contacts between mitochondria and the endolysosomal compartment have been reported as a rapid means of interorganelle communication, mediating lipid or other metabolite exchange. Moreover, mitochondrial derived vesicles can traffic obsolete mitochondrial proteins into the endolysosomal system for their degradation or secretion to the extracellular milieu as exosomes, representing an additional mitochondrial quality control mechanism that connects mitochondria and lysosomes independently of autophagosome formation. Here, we present what is currently known about the functional and physical communication between mitochondria and lysosomes or lysosome-related organelles, and their role in sustaining cellular homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Francesc Baixauli
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - María Mittelbrunn
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
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213
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Abstract
Viral-like nanovesicles of endosomal origin, or “exosomes,” are newly recognized vehicles of signals that cells use to communicate, in various systemic diseases, including cancer. Yet the molecular mechanisms that regulate the biogenesis and activity of exosomes remain obscure. Here, we establish that the oncogenic protein SRC stimulates the secretion of exosomes loaded with syntenin and syndecans, known co-receptors for a plethora of signaling and adhesion molecules. SRC phosphorylates conserved tyrosine residues in the syndecans and syntenin and stimulates their endosomal budding. Moreover, SRC-dependent exosomes have a promigratory activity that strictly depends on syntenin expression. This work sheds light on a function of SRC in cell-to-cell communication and mechanisms of exosome biogenesis and activity, with potential broad impact for physiopathology. The cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase SRC controls cell growth, proliferation, adhesion, and motility. The current view is that SRC acts primarily downstream of cell-surface receptors to control intracellular signaling cascades. Here we reveal that SRC functions in cell-to-cell communication by controlling the biogenesis and the activity of exosomes. Exosomes are viral-like particles from endosomal origin that can reprogram recipient cells. By gain- and loss-of-function studies, we establish that SRC stimulates the secretion of exosomes having promigratory activity on endothelial cells and that syntenin is mandatory for SRC exosomal function. Mechanistically, SRC impacts on syndecan endocytosis and on syntenin–syndecan endosomal budding, upstream of ARF6 small GTPase and its effector phospholipase D2, directly phosphorylating the conserved juxtamembrane DEGSY motif of the syndecan cytosolic domain and syntenin tyrosine 46. Our study uncovers a function of SRC in cell–cell communication, supported by syntenin exosomes, which is likely to contribute to tumor–host interactions.
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214
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Carter SD, Mageswaran SK, Farino ZJ, Mamede JI, Oikonomou CM, Hope TJ, Freyberg Z, Jensen GJ. Distinguishing signal from autofluorescence in cryogenic correlated light and electron microscopy of mammalian cells. J Struct Biol 2017; 201:15-25. [PMID: 29078993 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2017.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 10/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In cryogenic correlated light and electron microscopy (cryo-CLEM), frozen targets of interest are identified and located on EM grids by fluorescence microscopy and then imaged at higher resolution by cryo-EM. Whilst working with these methods, we discovered that a variety of mammalian cells exhibit strong punctate autofluorescence when imaged under cryogenic conditions (80 K). Autofluorescence originated from multilamellar bodies (MLBs) and secretory granules. Here we describe a method to distinguish fluorescent protein tags from these autofluorescent sources based on the narrower emission spectrum of the former. The method is first tested on mitochondria and then applied to examine the ultrastructural variability of secretory granules within insulin-secreting pancreatic beta-cell-derived INS-1E cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen D Carter
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Shrawan K Mageswaran
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Zachary J Farino
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - João I Mamede
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | | | - Thomas J Hope
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Zachary Freyberg
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
| | - Grant J Jensen
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI), California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
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215
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Cerniello FM, Carretero OA, Longo Carbajosa NA, Cerrato BD, Santos RA, Grecco HE, Gironacci MM. MAS1 Receptor Trafficking Involves ERK1/2 Activation Through a β-Arrestin2-Dependent Pathway. Hypertension 2017; 70:982-989. [PMID: 28874464 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.117.09789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The MAS1 receptor (R) exerts protective effects in the brain, heart, vessels, and kidney. R trafficking plays a critical function in signal termination and propagation and in R resensitization. We examined MAS1R internalization and trafficking on agonist stimulation and the role of β-arrestin2 in the activation of ERK1/2 (extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2) and Akt after MAS1R stimulation. Human embryonic kidney 293T cells were transfected with the coding sequence for MAS1R-YFP (MAS1R fused to yellow fluorescent protein). MAS1R internalization was evaluated by measuring the MAS1R present in the plasma membrane after agonist stimulation using a ligand-binding assay. MAS1R trafficking was evaluated by its colocalization with trafficking markers. MAS1R internalization was blocked in the presence of shRNAcaveolin-1 and with dominant negatives for Eps15 (a protein involved in endocytosed Rs by clathrin-coated pits) and for dynamin. After stimulation, MAS1R colocalized with Rab11-a slow recycling vesicle marker-and not with Rab4-a fast recycling vesicle marker-or LysoTracker-a lysosome marker. Cells transfected with MAS1R showed an increase in Akt and ERK1/2 activation on angiotensin-(1-7) stimulation, which was blocked when the clathrin-coated pits pathway was blocked. Suppression of β-arrestin2 by shRNA reduced the angiotensin-(1-7)-induced ERK1/2 activation, whereas Akt activation was not modified. We conclude that on agonist stimulation, MAS1R is internalized through clathrin-coated pits and caveolae in a dynamin-dependent manner and is then slowly recycled back to the plasma membrane. MAS1R induced Akt and ERK1/2 activation from early endosomes, and the activation of ERK1/2 was mediated by β-arrestin2. Thus, MAS1R activity and density may be tightly controlled by the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia M Cerniello
- From the Departamento de Química Biológica, IQUIFIB-CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina (F.M.C., N.L.C., B.D.C., M.M.G.); Division of Hypertension and Vascular Research, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI (O.A.C.); Department of Physiology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (R.A.S.); and Departamento de Física, Universidad de Buenos Aires and IFIBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina (H.E.G.)
| | - Oscar A Carretero
- From the Departamento de Química Biológica, IQUIFIB-CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina (F.M.C., N.L.C., B.D.C., M.M.G.); Division of Hypertension and Vascular Research, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI (O.A.C.); Department of Physiology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (R.A.S.); and Departamento de Física, Universidad de Buenos Aires and IFIBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina (H.E.G.)
| | - Nadia A Longo Carbajosa
- From the Departamento de Química Biológica, IQUIFIB-CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina (F.M.C., N.L.C., B.D.C., M.M.G.); Division of Hypertension and Vascular Research, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI (O.A.C.); Department of Physiology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (R.A.S.); and Departamento de Física, Universidad de Buenos Aires and IFIBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina (H.E.G.)
| | - Bruno D Cerrato
- From the Departamento de Química Biológica, IQUIFIB-CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina (F.M.C., N.L.C., B.D.C., M.M.G.); Division of Hypertension and Vascular Research, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI (O.A.C.); Department of Physiology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (R.A.S.); and Departamento de Física, Universidad de Buenos Aires and IFIBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina (H.E.G.)
| | - Robson A Santos
- From the Departamento de Química Biológica, IQUIFIB-CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina (F.M.C., N.L.C., B.D.C., M.M.G.); Division of Hypertension and Vascular Research, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI (O.A.C.); Department of Physiology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (R.A.S.); and Departamento de Física, Universidad de Buenos Aires and IFIBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina (H.E.G.)
| | - Hernán E Grecco
- From the Departamento de Química Biológica, IQUIFIB-CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina (F.M.C., N.L.C., B.D.C., M.M.G.); Division of Hypertension and Vascular Research, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI (O.A.C.); Department of Physiology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (R.A.S.); and Departamento de Física, Universidad de Buenos Aires and IFIBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina (H.E.G.)
| | - Mariela M Gironacci
- From the Departamento de Química Biológica, IQUIFIB-CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina (F.M.C., N.L.C., B.D.C., M.M.G.); Division of Hypertension and Vascular Research, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI (O.A.C.); Department of Physiology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (R.A.S.); and Departamento de Física, Universidad de Buenos Aires and IFIBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina (H.E.G.).
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Lu M, Xing H, Yang Z, Sun Y, Yang T, Zhao X, Cai C, Wang D, Ding P. Recent advances on extracellular vesicles in therapeutic delivery: Challenges, solutions, and opportunities. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2017; 119:381-395. [PMID: 28739288 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2017.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Revised: 06/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are intrinsic mediators of intercellular communication in our body, allowing functional transfer of biomolecules (lipids, proteins, and nucleic acid) between diverse locations. Such an instrumental role evokes a surge of interest within the drug delivery community in tailoring EVs for therapeutic delivery. These vesicles represent a novel generation of drug delivery systems, providing high delivery efficiency, intrinsic targeting properties, and low immunogenicity. In the recent years, considerable research efforts have been directed toward developing safe and efficient EV-based delivery vehicles. Although EVs are shown to harbor great promise in therapeutic delivery, substantial improvements in exploring standardized isolation techniques with high efficiency and robust yield, scalable production, standard procedures for EV storage, efficient loading methods without damaging EV integrity, understanding their in vivo trafficking, and developing novel EV-based nanocarriers are still required before their clinical transformation. In this review, we seek to summarize the recent advance on harnessing EVs for drug delivery with focus on state-of-the-art solutions for overcoming major challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Lu
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Haonan Xing
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhen Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yanping Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Tianzhi Yang
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Husson University, Bangor, ME, USA
| | - Xiaoyun Zhao
- School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Cuifang Cai
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Dongkai Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China.
| | - Pingtian Ding
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China.
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217
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Reversal of Pathologic Lipid Accumulation in NPC1-Deficient Neurons by Drug-Promoted Release of LAMP1-Coated Lamellar Inclusions. J Neurosci 2017; 36:8012-25. [PMID: 27466344 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0900-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Aging and pathologic conditions cause intracellular aggregation of macromolecules and the dysfunction and degeneration of neurons, but the mechanisms are largely unknown. Prime examples are lysosomal storage disorders such as Niemann-Pick type C (NPC) disease, where defects in the endosomal-lysosomal protein NPC1 or NPC2 cause intracellular accumulation of unesterified cholesterol and other lipids leading to neurodegeneration and fatal neurovisceral symptoms. Here, we investigated the impact of NPC1 deficiency on rodent neurons using pharmacologic and genetic models of the disease. Improved ultrastructural detection of lipids and correlative light and electron microscopy identified lamellar inclusions as the subcellular site of cholesterol accumulation in neurons with impaired NPC1 activity. Immunogold labeling combined with transmission electron microscopy revealed the presence of CD63 on internal lamellae and of LAMP1 on the membrane surrounding the inclusions, indicating their origins from intraluminal vesicles of late endosomes and of a lysosomal compartment, respectively. Lamellar inclusions contained cell-intrinsic cholesterol and surface-labeled GM1, indicating the incorporation of plasma membrane components. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the therapeutic drug candidate β-cyclodextrin induces the subplasmalemmal location of lamellar inclusions and their subsequent release to the extracellular space. In parallel, β-cyclodextrin mediated the NPC1-independent redistribution of cholesterol within neurons and thereby abolished a deleterious cycle of enhanced cholesterol synthesis and its intracellular accumulation, which was indicated by neuron-specific transcript analysis. Our study provides new mechanistic insight into the pathologic aggregation of macromolecules in neurons and suggests exocytosis as cellular target for its therapeutic reversal. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Many neurodegenerative diseases involve pathologic accumulation of molecules within neurons, but the subcellular location and the cellular impact are often unknown and therapeutic approaches lacking. We investigated these questions in the lysosomal storage disorder Niemann-Pick type C (NPC), where a defect in intracellular cholesterol transport causes loss of neurons and fatal neurovisceral symptoms. Here, we identify lamellar inclusions as the subcellular site of lipid accumulation in neurons, we uncover a vicious cycle of cholesterol synthesis and accretion, which may cause gradual neurodegeneration, and we reveal how β-cyclodextrin, a potential therapeutic drug, reverts these changes. Our study provides new mechanistic insight in NPC disease and uncovers new targets for therapeutic approaches.
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218
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Klingeborn M, Dismuke WM, Bowes Rickman C, Stamer WD. Roles of exosomes in the normal and diseased eye. Prog Retin Eye Res 2017; 59:158-177. [PMID: 28465248 PMCID: PMC5537591 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2017.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are nanometer-sized vesicles that are released by cells in a controlled fashion and mediate a plethora of extra- and intercellular activities. Some key functions of exosomes include cell-cell communication, immune modulation, extracellular matrix turnover, stem cell division/differentiation, neovascularization and cellular waste removal. While much is known about their role in cancer, exosome function in the many specialized tissues of the eye is just beginning to undergo rigorous study. Here we review current knowledge of exosome function in the visual system in the context of larger bodies of data from other fields, in both health and disease. Additionally, we discuss recent advances in the exosome field including use of exosomes as a therapeutic vehicle, exosomes as a source of biomarkers for disease, plus current standards for isolation and validation of exosome populations. Finally, we use this foundational information about exosomes in the eye as a platform to identify areas of opportunity for future research studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikael Klingeborn
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke Eye Center, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - W Michael Dismuke
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke Eye Center, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Catherine Bowes Rickman
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke Eye Center, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - W Daniel Stamer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke Eye Center, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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219
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Rhana P, Trivelato RR, Beirão PSL, Cruz JS, Rodrigues ALP. Is there a role for voltage-gated Na+ channels in the aggressiveness of breast cancer? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 50:e6011. [PMID: 28591378 PMCID: PMC5463531 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20176011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women and its metastatic potential is responsible for numerous deaths. Thus, the need to find new targets for improving treatment, and even finding the cure, becomes increasingly greater. Ion channels are known to participate in several physiological functions, such as muscle contraction, cell volume regulation, immune response and cell proliferation. In breast cancer, different types of ion channels have been associated with tumorigenesis. Recently, voltage-gated Na+ channels (VGSC) have been implicated in the processes that lead to increased tumor aggressiveness. To explain this relationship, different theories, associated with pH changes, gene expression and intracellular Ca2+, have been proposed in an attempt to better understand the role of these ion channels in breast cancer. However, these theories are having difficulty being accepted because most of the findings are contrary to the present scientific knowledge. Several studies have shown that VGSC are related to different types of cancer, making them a promising pharmacological target against this debilitating disease. Molecular biology and cell electrophysiology have been used to look for new forms of treatment aiming to reduce aggressiveness and the disease progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Rhana
- Laboratório de Câncer de Mama, Canais Iônicos e AMP Cíclico, Faculdade de Ciências Humanas, Sociais e da Saúde, Universidade FUMEC, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil.,Laboratório de Membranas Excitáveis e de Biologia Cardiovascular, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - R R Trivelato
- Laboratório de Câncer de Mama, Canais Iônicos e AMP Cíclico, Faculdade de Ciências Humanas, Sociais e da Saúde, Universidade FUMEC, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - P S L Beirão
- Laboratório de Membranas Excitáveis e de Biologia Cardiovascular, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - J S Cruz
- Laboratório de Membranas Excitáveis e de Biologia Cardiovascular, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - A L P Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Câncer de Mama, Canais Iônicos e AMP Cíclico, Faculdade de Ciências Humanas, Sociais e da Saúde, Universidade FUMEC, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
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220
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Mellisho EA, Velásquez AE, Nuñez MJ, Cabezas JG, Cueto JA, Fader C, Castro FO, Rodríguez-Álvarez L. Identification and characteristics of extracellular vesicles from bovine blastocysts produced in vitro. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178306. [PMID: 28542562 PMCID: PMC5444795 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been identified within different body fluids and cell culture media. However, there is very little information on the secretion of these vesicles during early embryonic development. The aims of this work were first to demonstrate the secretion of extracellular vesicles by pre-implantation bovine embryos and second to identify and characterize the population of EVs secreted by bovine blastocysts during the period from day seven to nine of embryo culture and its correlation with further embryo development up to day 11. Bovine embryos were produced by in vitro fertilization (IVF) or parthenogenetic activation (PA) and cultured until blastocyst stage. Blastocyst selection was performed at day 7 post IVF/PA considering two variables: stage of development and quality of embryos. Selected blastocysts were cultured in vitro for 48 hours in groups (exp. 1) or individually (exp. 2) in SOF media depleted of exosomes. At day 9 post IVF/PA the media was collected and EVs isolated by ultracentrifugation. Transmission electron microscopy revealed the presence of heterogeneous vesicles of different sizes and population: microvesicles (MVs) and exosomes (EXs) of rounded shape, enclosed by a lipid bi-layer and ranging from 30 to 385 nm of diameter. Flow cytometry analysis allowed identifying CD63 and CD9 proteins as exosome markers. Nanoparticle tracking analysis generated a large number of variables, which required the use of multivariate statistics. The results indicated that the concentration of vesicles is higher in those blastocysts with arrested development from day 9 up to day 11 of in vitro development (6.7 x 108 particles/ml) derived from IVF (p <0.05), compared to PA blastocysts (4.7 x 108 particles/ml). Likewise, the profile (concentration and diameter) of particles secreted by embryos derived from IVF were different from those secreted by PA embryos. In conclusion, we demonstrated that bovine blastocysts secrete MVs/EXs to the culture media. Data suggest that characteristics of the population of EVs vary depending on embryo competence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin A. Mellisho
- Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Concepción, Chillán, Concepción, Chile
| | - Alejandra E. Velásquez
- Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Concepción, Chillán, Concepción, Chile
| | - María J. Nuñez
- Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Concepción, Chillán, Concepción, Chile
| | - Joel G. Cabezas
- Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Concepción, Chillán, Concepción, Chile
| | - Juan A. Cueto
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, IHEM-CONICET, Faculty of Medical Sciences, National University of Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Claudio Fader
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, IHEM-CONICET, Faculty of Medical Sciences, National University of Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Fidel O. Castro
- Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Concepción, Chillán, Concepción, Chile
| | - Lleretny Rodríguez-Álvarez
- Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Concepción, Chillán, Concepción, Chile
- * E-mail:
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Yang Y, Ye Y, Su X, He J, Bai W, He X. MSCs-Derived Exosomes and Neuroinflammation, Neurogenesis and Therapy of Traumatic Brain Injury. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:55. [PMID: 28293177 PMCID: PMC5329010 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are endosomal origin membrane-enclosed small vesicles (30-100 nm) that contain various molecular constituents including proteins, lipids, mRNAs and microRNAs. Accumulating studies demonstrated that exosomes initiated and regulated neuroinflammation, modified neurogenic niches and neurogenesis, and were even of potential significance in treating some neurological diseases. These tiny extracellular vesicles (EVs) can derive from some kinds of multipotent cells such as mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) that have been confirmed to be a potentially promising therapy for traumatic brain injury (TBI) in experimental models and in preclinical studies. Nevertheless, subsequent studies demonstrated that the predominant mechanisms of MSCs's contributions to brain tissue repairment and functional recovery after TBI were not the cell replacement effects but likely the secretion-based paracrine effects produced by EVs such as MSCs-derived exosomes. These nanosized exosomes derived from MSCs cannot proliferate, are easier to preserve and transfer and have lower immunogenicity, compared with transplanted exogenous MSCs. These reports revealed that MSCs-derived exosomes might promise to be a new and valuable therapeutic strategy for TBI than MSCs themselves. However, the concrete mechanisms involved in the positive effects induced by MSCs-derived exosomes in TBI are still ambiguous. In this review, we intend to explore the potential effects of MSCs-derived exosomes on neuroinflammation and neurogenesis in TBI and, especially, on therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxiang Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'an, China; Department of Neurosurgery, PLA 422nd HospitalZhanjiang, China
| | - Yuqin Ye
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'an, China; Department of Neurosurgery, PLA 163rd Hospital (Second Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University)Changsha, China
| | - Xinhong Su
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an, China
| | - Jun He
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an, China
| | - Wei Bai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaosheng He
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an, China
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Barford K, Deppmann C, Winckler B. The neurotrophin receptor signaling endosome: Where trafficking meets signaling. Dev Neurobiol 2017; 77:405-418. [PMID: 27503831 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Neurons are the largest cells in the body and form subcellular compartments such as axons and dendrites. During both development and adulthood building blocks must be continually trafficked long distances to maintain the different regions of the neuron. Beyond building blocks, signaling complexes are also transported, allowing for example, axons to communicate with the soma. The critical roles of signaling via ligand-receptor complexes is perhaps best illustrated in the context of development, where they are known to regulate polarization, survival, axon outgrowth, dendrite development, and synapse formation. However, knowing 'when' and 'how much' signaling is occurring does not provide the complete story. The location of signaling has a significant impact on the functional outcomes. There are therefore complex and functionally important trafficking mechanisms in place to control the precise spatial and temporal aspects of many signal transduction events. In turn, many of these signaling events affect trafficking mechanisms, setting up an intricate connection between trafficking and signaling. In this review we will use neurotrophin receptors, specifically TrkA and TrkB, to illustrate the cell biology underlying the links between trafficking and signaling. Briefly, we will discuss the concepts of how trafficking and signaling are intimately linked for functional and diverse signaling outputs, and how the same protein can play different roles for the same receptor depending on its localization. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 77: 419-437, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Barford
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, 1340 Jefferson Park Avenue, Charlottesville, Virginia, 22908
| | - Christopher Deppmann
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Physical Life Sciences Building (PLSB), 90 Geldard Drive, Charlottesville, Virginia, 22903
| | - Bettina Winckler
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, 1340 Jefferson Park Avenue, Charlottesville, Virginia, 22908
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223
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The role of extracellular vesicles in neurodegenerative diseases. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 483:1178-1186. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.09.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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224
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Current Perspectives on In Vivo Noninvasive Tracking of Extracellular Vesicles with Molecular Imaging. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:9158319. [PMID: 28246609 PMCID: PMC5303595 DOI: 10.1155/2017/9158319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Clinical and preclinical in vivo tracking of extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a crucial tool for the development and optimization of EV-based diagnosis and treatment. EVs have gained interest due to their unique properties that make them excellent candidates for biological applications. Noninvasive in vivo EV tracking has allowed marked progress towards elucidating the mechanisms and functions of EVs in real time in preclinical and clinical studies. In this review, we summarize several molecular imaging methods that deal with EVs derived from different cells, which have allowed investigations of EV biodistribution, as well as their tracking, delivery, and tumor targeting, to determine their physiological functions and to exploit imaging-derived information for EV-based theranostics.
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225
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Tumor Microenvironment Modulation via Gold Nanoparticles Targeting Malicious Exosomes: Implications for Cancer Diagnostics and Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18010162. [PMID: 28098821 PMCID: PMC5297795 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18010162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2016] [Revised: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are nanovesicles formed in the endosomal pathway with an important role in paracrine and autocrine cell communication. Exosomes secreted by cancer cells, malicious exosomes, have important roles in tumor microenvironment maturation and cancer progression. The knowledge of the role of exosomes in tumorigenesis prompted a new era in cancer diagnostics and therapy, taking advantage of the use of circulating exosomes as tumor biomarkers due to their stability in body fluids and targeting malignant exosomes’ release and/or uptake to inhibit or delay tumor development. In recent years, nanotechnology has paved the way for the development of a plethora of new diagnostic and therapeutic platforms, fostering theranostics. The unique physical and chemical properties of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) make them suitable vehicles to pursuit this goal. AuNPs’ properties such as ease of synthesis with the desired shape and size, high surface:volume ratio, and the possibility of engineering their surface as desired, potentiate AuNPs’ role in nanotheranostics, allowing the use of the same formulation for exosome detection and restraining the effect of malicious exosomes in cancer progression.
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226
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Wang J, Zheng Y, Zhao M. Exosome-Based Cancer Therapy: Implication for Targeting Cancer Stem Cells. Front Pharmacol 2017; 7:533. [PMID: 28127287 PMCID: PMC5226951 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug resistance, difficulty in specific targeting and self-renewal properties of cancer stem cells (CSCs) all contribute to cancer treatment failure and relapse. CSCs have been suggested as both the seeds of the primary cancer, and the roots of chemo- and radio-therapy resistance. The ability to precisely deliver drugs to target CSCs is an urgent need for cancer therapy, with nanotechnology-based drug delivery system being one of the most promising tools to achieve this in the clinic. Exosomes are cell-derived natural nanometric vesicles that are widely distributed in body fluids and involved in multiple disease processes, including tumorigenesis. Exosome-based nanometric vehicles have a number of advantages: they are non-toxic, non-immunogenic, and can be engineered to have robust delivery capacity and targeting specificity. This enables exosomes as a powerful nanocarrier to deliver anti-cancer drugs and genes for CSC targeting therapy. Here, we will introduce the current explorations of exosome-based delivery system in cancer therapy, with particular focus on several exosomal engineering approaches that have improved their efficiency and specificity for CSC targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinheng Wang
- Department of Hematology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen UniversityGuangzhou, China; Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-Sen UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Yongjiang Zheng
- Department of Hematology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou, China
| | - Meng Zhao
- Department of Hematology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen UniversityGuangzhou, China; Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-Sen UniversityGuangzhou, China; Department of Pathophysiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen UniversityGuangzhou, China
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SNX-1 and RME-8 oppose the assembly of HGRS-1/ESCRT-0 degradative microdomains on endosomes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E307-E316. [PMID: 28053230 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1612730114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
After endocytosis, transmembrane cargo reaches endosomes, where it encounters complexes dedicated to opposing functions: recycling and degradation. Microdomains containing endosomal sorting complexes required for transport (ESCRT)-0 component Hrs [hepatocyte growth factor-regulated tyrosine kinase substrate (HGRS-1) in Caenorhabditis elegans] mediate cargo degradation, concentrating ubiquitinated cargo and organizing the activities of ESCRT. At the same time, retromer associated sorting nexin one (SNX-1) and its binding partner, J-domain protein RME-8, sort cargo away from degradation, promoting cargo recycling to the Golgi. Thus, we hypothesized that there could be important regulatory interactions between retromer and ESCRT that balance degradative and recycling functions. Taking advantage of the naturally large endosomes of the C. elegans coelomocyte, we visualized complementary ESCRT-0 and RME-8/SNX-1 microdomains in vivo and assayed the ability of retromer and ESCRT microdomains to regulate one another. We found in snx-1(0) and rme-8(ts) mutants increased endosomal coverage and intensity of HGRS-1-labeled microdomains, as well as increased total levels of HGRS-1 bound to membranes. These effects are specific to SNX-1 and RME-8, as loss of other retromer components SNX-3 and vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 35 (VPS-35) did not affect HGRS-1 microdomains. Additionally, knockdown of hgrs-1 had little to no effect on SNX-1 and RME-8 microdomains, suggesting directionality to the interaction. Separation of the functionally distinct ESCRT-0 and SNX-1/RME-8 microdomains was also compromised in the absence of RME-8 and SNX-1, a phenomenon we observed to be conserved, as depletion of Snx1 and Snx2 in HeLa cells also led to greater overlap of Rme-8 and Hrs on endosomes.
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Abstract
Intracellular organelles have a particular morphological signature that can only be appreciated by ultrastructural analysis at the electron microscopy level. Optical imaging and associated methodologies allow to explore organelle localization and their dynamics at the cellular level. Deciphering the biogenesis and functions of lysosomes and lysosome-related organelles (LROs) and their dysfunctions requires their visualization and detailed characterization at high resolution by electron microscopy. Here, we provide detailed protocols for studying LROs by transmission electron microscopy. While conventional electron microscopy and its recent improvements is the method of choice to investigate organelle morphology, immunoelectron microscopy allows to localize organelle components and description of their molecular make up qualitatively and quantitatively.
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Abstract
The early/recycling endosomes of an eukaryotic cell perform diverse cellular functions. In addition, the endosomal system generates multiple organelles, including certain cell type-specific organelles called lysosome-related organelles (LROs). The biosynthesis of these organelles possibly occurs through a sequential maturation process in which the cargo-containing endosomal vesicular/tubular structures are fused with the maturing organelle. The molecular machinery that regulates the cargo delivery or the membrane fusion during LRO biogenesis is poorly understood. Here, we describe the known key molecules, such as SNAREs, that regulate both the biogenesis and secretion of multiple LROs. Moreover, we also describe other regulatory molecules, such as Rab GTPases and their effectors that modulate the SNARE activity for cargo delivery to one such LRO, the melanosome. Overall, this review will increase our current understanding of LRO biogenesis and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riddhi Atul Jani
- a Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology ; Indian Institute of Science ; Bangalore , India
| | - Sarmistha Mahanty
- a Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology ; Indian Institute of Science ; Bangalore , India
| | - Subba Rao Gangi Setty
- a Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology ; Indian Institute of Science ; Bangalore , India
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Abstract
The lysosome has long been viewed as the recycling center of the cell. However, recent discoveries have challenged this simple view and have established a central role of the lysosome in nutrient-dependent signal transduction. The degradative role of the lysosome and its newly discovered signaling functions are not in conflict but rather cooperate extensively to mediate fundamental cellular activities such as nutrient sensing, metabolic adaptation, and quality control of proteins and organelles. Moreover, lysosome-based signaling and degradation are subject to reciprocal regulation. Transcriptional programs of increasing complexity control the biogenesis, composition, and abundance of lysosomes and fine-tune their activity to match the evolving needs of the cell. Alterations in these essential activities are, not surprisingly, central to the pathophysiology of an ever-expanding spectrum of conditions, including storage disorders, neurodegenerative diseases, and cancer. Thus, unraveling the functions of this fascinating organelle will contribute to our understanding of the fundamental logic of metabolic organization and will point to novel therapeutic avenues in several human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rushika M Perera
- Department of Anatomy and Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143;
| | - Roberto Zoncu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Paul F. Glenn Center for Aging Research, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720;
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231
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Nagarajah S. Exosome Secretion - More Than Simple Waste Disposal? Implications for Physiology, Diagnostics and Therapeutics. J Circ Biomark 2016; 5:7. [PMID: 28936255 PMCID: PMC5548323 DOI: 10.5772/62975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Less than 100 nm in size and spherical in form - exosomes – vesicles expelled and taken up by cells, have ignited a new-found fascination. One which is derived from the sheer variety of exosomal content, ranging from microRNAs to transcription factors, capable of affecting a multitude of processes and pathways simultaneously within a target cell. Initially dismissed in 1983 as a waste disposal mechanism, today they form an entire field of research, being documented thus far in invertebrates, mammals, pathogens and potentially some plants. Many studies have suggested these spherical enigmas may possess a function, being implicated in processes ranging from animal behaviour to viral infection. This review will evaluate the evidence for the role of exosomes in physiology and pathophysiology, as well as their potential for application in the diagnosis and treatment of disease.
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232
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Endocytic pathways and endosomal trafficking: a primer. Wien Med Wochenschr 2016; 166:196-204. [PMID: 26861668 DOI: 10.1007/s10354-016-0432-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
This brief overview of endocytic trafficking is written in honor of Renate Fuchs, who retires this year. In the mid-1980s, Renate pioneered studies on the ion-conducting properties of the recently discovered early and late endosomes and the mechanisms governing endosomal acidification. As described in this review, after uptake through one of many mechanistically distinct endocytic pathways, internalized proteins merge into a common early/sorting endosome. From there they again diverge along distinct sorting pathways, back to the cell surface, on to the trans-Golgi network or across polarized cells. Other transmembrane receptors are packaged into intraluminal vesicles of late endosomes/multivesicular bodies that eventually fuse with and deliver their content to lysosomes for degradation. Endosomal acidification, in part, determines sorting along this pathway. We describe other sorting machinery and mechanisms, as well as the rab proteins and phosphatidylinositol lipids that serve to dynamically define membrane compartments along the endocytic pathway.
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233
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Hyenne V, Apaydin A, Rodriguez D, Spiegelhalter C, Hoff-Yoessle S, Diem M, Tak S, Lefebvre O, Schwab Y, Goetz JG, Labouesse M. RAL-1 controls multivesicular body biogenesis and exosome secretion. J Cell Biol 2016; 211:27-37. [PMID: 26459596 PMCID: PMC4602040 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201504136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are secreted vesicles arising from the fusion of multivesicular bodies (MVBs) with the plasma membrane. Despite their importance in various processes, the molecular mechanisms controlling their formation and release remain unclear. Using nematodes and mammary tumor cells, we show that Ral GTPases are involved in exosome biogenesis. In Caenorhabditis elegans, RAL-1 localizes at the surface of secretory MVBs. A quantitative electron microscopy analysis of RAL-1-deficient animals revealed that RAL-1 is involved in both MVB formation and their fusion with the plasma membrane. These functions do not involve the exocyst complex, a common Ral guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase) effector. Furthermore, we show that the target membrane SNARE protein SYX-5 colocalizes with a constitutively active form of RAL-1 at the plasma membrane, and MVBs accumulate under the plasma membrane when SYX-5 is absent. In mammals, RalA and RalB are both required for the secretion of exosome-like vesicles in cultured cells. Therefore, Ral GTPases represent new regulators of MVB formation and exosome release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Hyenne
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Development and Stem Cells Program, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (UMR7104), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (U964), Université de Strasbourg, 67400 Illkirch, France MN3T, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (U1109), LabEx Medalis, Université de Strasbourg, 67200 Strasbourg, France Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, 67200 Strasbourg, France
| | - Ahmet Apaydin
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Development and Stem Cells Program, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (UMR7104), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (U964), Université de Strasbourg, 67400 Illkirch, France
| | - David Rodriguez
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Development and Stem Cells Program, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (UMR7104), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (U964), Université de Strasbourg, 67400 Illkirch, France
| | - Coralie Spiegelhalter
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire Imaging Center, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (UMR7104), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (U964), Université de Strasbourg, 67400 Illkirch, France
| | - Sarah Hoff-Yoessle
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Development and Stem Cells Program, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (UMR7104), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (U964), Université de Strasbourg, 67400 Illkirch, France
| | - Maxime Diem
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Development and Stem Cells Program, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (UMR7104), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (U964), Université de Strasbourg, 67400 Illkirch, France
| | - Saurabh Tak
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Development and Stem Cells Program, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (UMR7104), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (U964), Université de Strasbourg, 67400 Illkirch, France
| | - Olivier Lefebvre
- MN3T, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (U1109), LabEx Medalis, Université de Strasbourg, 67200 Strasbourg, France Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, 67200 Strasbourg, France
| | - Yannick Schwab
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire Imaging Center, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (UMR7104), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (U964), Université de Strasbourg, 67400 Illkirch, France Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jacky G Goetz
- MN3T, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (U1109), LabEx Medalis, Université de Strasbourg, 67200 Strasbourg, France Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, 67200 Strasbourg, France
| | - Michel Labouesse
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Development and Stem Cells Program, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (UMR7104), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (U964), Université de Strasbourg, 67400 Illkirch, France Institut de Biologie Paris (UMR7622), UPMC, 75005 Paris, France
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CLIC4 regulates apical exocytosis and renal tube luminogenesis through retromer- and actin-mediated endocytic trafficking. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10412. [PMID: 26786190 PMCID: PMC4736046 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chloride intracellular channel 4 (CLIC4) is a mammalian homologue of EXC-4 whose mutation is associated with cystic excretory canals in nematodes. Here we show that CLIC4-null mouse embryos exhibit impaired renal tubulogenesis. In both developing and developed kidneys, CLIC4 is specifically enriched in the proximal tubule epithelial cells, in which CLIC4 is important for luminal delivery, microvillus morphogenesis, and endolysosomal biogenesis. Adult CLIC4-null proximal tubules display aberrant dilation. In MDCK 3D cultures, CLIC4 is expressed on early endosome, recycling endosome and apical transport carriers before reaching its steady-state apical membrane localization in mature lumen. CLIC4 suppression causes impaired apical vesicle coalescence and central lumen formation, a phenotype that can be rescued by Rab8 and Cdc42. Furthermore, we show that retromer- and branched actin-mediated trafficking on early endosome regulates apical delivery during early luminogenesis. CLIC4 selectively modulates retromer-mediated apical transport by negatively regulating the formation of branched actin on early endosomes. Chloride intracellular channel (CLIC) 4 is an ion channel, localized in the cytoplasm, and first identified as an actin binding protein. Here, Chou et al. knockout CLIC4 in mice and observe tubulogenesis and renal proximal tubule dilation defects, which is caused by irregular actin and endosomal trafficking.
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235
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Bátiz LF, Castro MA, Burgos PV, Velásquez ZD, Muñoz RI, Lafourcade CA, Troncoso-Escudero P, Wyneken U. Exosomes as Novel Regulators of Adult Neurogenic Niches. Front Cell Neurosci 2016; 9:501. [PMID: 26834560 PMCID: PMC4717294 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult neurogenesis has been convincingly demonstrated in two regions of the mammalian brain: the sub-granular zone (SGZ) of the dentate gyrus (DG) in the hippocampus, and the sub-ventricular zone (SVZ) of the lateral ventricles (LV). SGZ newborn neurons are destined to the granular cell layer (GCL) of the DG, while new neurons from the SVZ neurons migrate rostrally into the olfactory bulb (OB). The process of adult neurogenesis persists throughout life and is supported by a pool of neural stem cells (NSCs), which reside in a unique and specialized microenvironment known as "neurogenic niche". Neurogenic niches are structured by a complex organization of different cell types, including the NSC-neuron lineage, glial cells and vascular cells. Thus, cell-to-cell communication plays a key role in the dynamic modulation of homeostasis and plasticity of the adult neurogenic process. Specific cell-cell contacts and extracellular signals originated locally provide the necessary support and regulate the balance between self-renewal and differentiation of NSCs. Furthermore, extracellular signals originated at distant locations, including other brain regions or systemic organs, may reach the niche through the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) or the vasculature and influence its nature. The role of several secreted molecules, such as cytokines, growth factors, neurotransmitters, and hormones, in the biology of adult NSCs, has been systematically addressed. Interestingly, in addition to these well-recognized signals, a novel type of intercellular messengers has been identified recently: the extracellular vesicles (EVs). EVs, and particularly exosomes, are implicated in the transfer of mRNAs, microRNAs (miRNAs), proteins and lipids between cells and thus are able to modify the function of recipient cells. Exosomes appear to play a significant role in different stem cell niches such as the mesenchymal stem cell niche, cancer stem cell niche and pre-metastatic niche; however, their roles in adult neurogenic niches remain virtually unexplored. This review focuses on the current knowledge regarding the functional relationship between cellular and extracellular components of the adult SVZ and SGZ neurogenic niches, and the growing evidence that supports the potential role of exosomes in the physiology and pathology of adult neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Federico Bátiz
- Center for Interdisciplinary Studies on the Nervous System (CISNe), Universidad Austral de ChileValdivia, Chile; Program for Cell Biology and Microscopy, Universidad Austral de ChileValdivia, Chile; Instituto de Anatomía, Histología y Patología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de ChileValdivia, Chile
| | - Maite A Castro
- Center for Interdisciplinary Studies on the Nervous System (CISNe), Universidad Austral de ChileValdivia, Chile; Program for Cell Biology and Microscopy, Universidad Austral de ChileValdivia, Chile; Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de ChileValdivia, Chile
| | - Patricia V Burgos
- Center for Interdisciplinary Studies on the Nervous System (CISNe), Universidad Austral de ChileValdivia, Chile; Program for Cell Biology and Microscopy, Universidad Austral de ChileValdivia, Chile; Instituto de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de ChileValdivia, Chile
| | - Zahady D Velásquez
- Center for Interdisciplinary Studies on the Nervous System (CISNe), Universidad Austral de ChileValdivia, Chile; Instituto de Anatomía, Histología y Patología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de ChileValdivia, Chile
| | - Rosa I Muñoz
- Center for Interdisciplinary Studies on the Nervous System (CISNe), Universidad Austral de ChileValdivia, Chile; Instituto de Anatomía, Histología y Patología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de ChileValdivia, Chile
| | - Carlos A Lafourcade
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Los Andes Santiago, Chile
| | - Paulina Troncoso-Escudero
- Center for Interdisciplinary Studies on the Nervous System (CISNe), Universidad Austral de ChileValdivia, Chile; Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de ChileValdivia, Chile
| | - Ursula Wyneken
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Los Andes Santiago, Chile
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Drusenheimer N, Migdal B, Jäckel S, Tveriakhina L, Scheider K, Schulz K, Gröper J, Köhrer K, Klein T. The Mammalian Orthologs of Drosophila Lgd, CC2D1A and CC2D1B, Function in the Endocytic Pathway, but Their Individual Loss of Function Does Not Affect Notch Signalling. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005749. [PMID: 26720614 PMCID: PMC4697852 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
CC2D1A and CC2D1B belong to the evolutionary conserved Lgd protein family with members in all multi-cellular animals. Several functions such as centrosomal cleavage, involvement in signalling pathways, immune response and synapse maturation have been described for CC2D1A. Moreover, the Drosophila melanogaster ortholog Lgd was shown to be involved in the endosomal trafficking of the Notch receptor and other transmembrane receptors and physically interacts with the ESCRT-III component Shrub/CHMP4. To determine if this function is conserved in mammals we generated and characterized Cc2d1a and Cc2d1b conditional knockout mice. While Cc2d1b deficient mice displayed no obvious phenotype, we found that Cc2d1a deficient mice as well as conditional mutants that lack CC2D1A only in the nervous system die shortly after birth due to respiratory distress. This finding confirms the suspicion that the breathing defect is caused by the central nervous system. However, an involvement in centrosomal function could not be confirmed in Cc2d1a deficient MEF cells. To analyse an influence on Notch signalling, we generated intestine specific Cc2d1a mutant mice. These mice did not display any alterations in goblet cell number, proliferating cell number or expression of the Notch reporter Hes1-emGFP, suggesting that CC2D1A is not required for Notch signalling. However, our EM analysis revealed that the average size of endosomes of Cc2d1a mutant cells, but not Cc2d1b mutant cells, is increased, indicating a defect in endosomal morphogenesis. We could show that CC2D1A and its interaction partner CHMP4B are localised on endosomes in MEF cells, when the activity of the endosomal protein VPS4 is reduced. This indicates that CC2D1A cycles between the cytosol and the endosomal membrane. Additionally, in rescue experiments in D. melanogaster, CC2D1A and CC2D1B were able to functionally replace Lgd. Altogether our data suggest a functional conservation of the Lgd protein family in the ESCRT-III mediated process in metazoans. The proteins of the Lgd/CC2D1 family are conserved in all multicellular animals. The Drosophila melanogaster ortholog Lgd is involved in the regulation of signalling receptor degradation via the endosomal pathway. Loss of lgd function causes ectopic ligand-independent activation of the Notch signalling pathway due to a defect in the endosomal pathway. For the mammalian proteins no endosomal function has been defined so far. Here, we asked whether the function of Lgd is conserved in mammals with the focus on the question whether its orthologs are also involved in the endosomal pathway and regulation of Notch pathway activity. Therefore, we generated and characterised Cc2d1a and Cc2d1b conditional knockout mice. We found that the loss of Cc2d1b does not lead to an obvious phenotype, while the known lethality of Cc2d1a deficient newborns is nervous system dependent. In experiments with MEFs isolated from knockout animals we provide evidence that both CC2D1 proteins are involved in the function of the ESCRT-III complex in a similar manner as Lgd in D. melanogaster. Moreover, we found that the loss of one CC2D1 protein is not sufficient to cause ectopic activation of Notch signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadja Drusenheimer
- Institut für Genetik, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- * E-mail: (ND); (TK)
| | - Bernhard Migdal
- Institut für Genetik, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sandra Jäckel
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Lena Tveriakhina
- Institut für Molekularbiologie OE5250, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Kristina Scheider
- Institut für Genetik, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Katharina Schulz
- Institut für Genetik, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jieny Gröper
- Institut für Genetik, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Karl Köhrer
- Biological and Medical Research Center (BMFZ), Genomics and Transcriptomics Laboratory (GTL), Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Thomas Klein
- Institut für Genetik, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- * E-mail: (ND); (TK)
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237
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Delevoye C, Heiligenstein X, Ripoll L, Gilles-Marsens F, Dennis MK, Linares RA, Derman L, Gokhale A, Morel E, Faundez V, Marks MS, Raposo G. BLOC-1 Brings Together the Actin and Microtubule Cytoskeletons to Generate Recycling Endosomes. Curr Biol 2015; 26:1-13. [PMID: 26725201 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2015.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Recycling endosomes consist of a tubular network that emerges from vacuolar sorting endosomes and diverts cargoes toward the cell surface, the Golgi, or lysosome-related organelles. How recycling tubules are formed remains unknown. We show that recycling endosome biogenesis requires the protein complex BLOC-1. Mutations in BLOC-1 subunits underlie an inherited disorder characterized by albinism, the Hermansky-Pudlak Syndrome, and are associated with schizophrenia risk. We show here that BLOC-1 coordinates the kinesin KIF13A-dependent pulling of endosomal tubules along microtubules to the Annexin A2/actin-dependent stabilization and detachment of recycling tubules. These components cooperate to extend, stabilize and form tubular endosomal carriers that function in cargo recycling and in the biogenesis of pigment granules in melanocytic cells. By shaping recycling endosomal tubules, our data reveal that dysfunction of the BLOC-1-KIF13A-Annexin A2 molecular network underlies the pathophysiology of neurological and pigmentary disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Delevoye
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, Structure and Membrane Compartments, 75005 Paris, France; Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, Cell and Tissue Imaging Facility (PICT-IBiSA), 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Xavier Heiligenstein
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, Structure and Membrane Compartments, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Léa Ripoll
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, Structure and Membrane Compartments, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Floriane Gilles-Marsens
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, Structure and Membrane Compartments, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Megan K Dennis
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ricardo A Linares
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Laura Derman
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, Structure and Membrane Compartments, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Avanti Gokhale
- Department of Cell Biology and the Center for Social Translational Neuroscience, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Etienne Morel
- INSERM U1151-CNRS UMR 8253, Institut Necker Enfants-Malades (INEM) Université, Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité Paris, 75993 Paris Cedex 14, France
| | - Victor Faundez
- Department of Cell Biology and the Center for Social Translational Neuroscience, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Michael S Marks
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Graça Raposo
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, Structure and Membrane Compartments, 75005 Paris, France; Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, Cell and Tissue Imaging Facility (PICT-IBiSA), 75005 Paris, France
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Abstract
Lysosomes are membrane-bound intracellular organelles that receive macromolecules delivered by endocytosis, phagocytosis, and autophagy for degradation and recycling. Over the last decade, advances in lysosome research have established a broad role for the lysosome in the pathophysiology of disease. In this review, we highlight the recent discoveries in lysosome biology, with an emphasis on their implications for cancer therapy. We focus on targeting the lysosome in cancer by exploring lysosomal biogenesis and its role in the crosstalk between apoptosis and autophagy. We also discuss how lysosomal inhibition could emerge as a new therapeutic strategy to overcome drug resistance in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengfu Piao
- Department of Medicine and Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ravi K Amaravadi
- Department of Medicine and Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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239
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Friand V, David G, Zimmermann P. Syntenin and syndecan in the biogenesis of exosomes. Biol Cell 2015; 107:331-41. [PMID: 26032692 DOI: 10.1111/boc.201500010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cells communicate with their environment in various ways, including by secreting vesicles. Secreted vesicles are loaded with proteins, lipids and RNAs that compose 'a signature' of the cell of origin and potentially can reprogram recipient cells. Secreted vesicles recently gained in interest for medicine. They represent potential sources of biomarkers that can be collected from body fluids and, by disseminating pathogenic proteins, might also participate in systemic diseases like cancer, atherosclerosis and neurodegeneration. The mechanisms controlling the biogenesis and the uptake of secreted vesicles are poorly understood. Some of these vesicles originate from endosomes and are called 'exosomes'. In this review, we recapitulate recent insight on the role of the syndecan (SDC) heparan sulphate proteoglycans, the small intracellular adaptor syntenin and associated regulators in the biogenesis and loading of exosomes with cargo. SDC-syntenin-associated regulators include the endosomal sorting complex required for transport accessory component ALG-2-interacting protein X, the small GTPase adenosine 5'-diphosphate-ribosylation factor 6, the lipid-modifying enzyme phospholipase D2 and the endoglycosidase heparanase. All these molecules appear to support the budding of SDC-syntenin and associated cargo into the lumen of endosomes. This highlights a major mechanism for the formation of intraluminal vesicles that will be released as exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Friand
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), Inserm, U1068-CNRS UMR7258, Aix-Marseille Universite', Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, 13009, France.,Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, B-3000, Belgium
| | - Guido David
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), Inserm, U1068-CNRS UMR7258, Aix-Marseille Universite', Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, 13009, France.,Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, B-3000, Belgium
| | - Pascale Zimmermann
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), Inserm, U1068-CNRS UMR7258, Aix-Marseille Universite', Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, 13009, France.,Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, B-3000, Belgium
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240
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Chi RJ, Harrison MS, Burd CG. Biogenesis of endosome-derived transport carriers. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:3441-3455. [PMID: 26022064 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-1935-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Sorting of macromolecules within the endosomal system is vital for physiological control of nutrient homeostasis, cell motility, and proteostasis. Trafficking routes that export macromolecules from the endosome via vesicle and tubule transport carriers constitute plasma membrane recycling and retrograde endosome-to-Golgi pathways. Proteins of the sorting nexin family have been discovered to function at nearly every step of endosomal transport carrier biogenesis and it is becoming increasingly clear that they form the core machineries of cargo-specific transport pathways that are closely integrated with cellular physiology. Here, we summarize recent progress in elucidating the pathways that mediate the biogenesis of endosome-derived transport carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Chi
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, SHM C425B, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Megan S Harrison
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, SHM C425B, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Christopher G Burd
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, SHM C425B, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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241
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Vogel GF, Ebner HL, de Araujo MEG, Schmiedinger T, Eiter O, Pircher H, Gutleben K, Witting B, Teis D, Huber LA, Hess MW. Ultrastructural Morphometry Points to a New Role for LAMTOR2 in Regulating the Endo/Lysosomal System. Traffic 2015; 16:617-34. [DOI: 10.1111/tra.12271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Georg F. Vogel
- Division of Histology and Embryology; Medical University of Innsbruck; Müllerstrasse 59 A-6020 Innsbruck Austria
- Division of Cell Biology, Biocenter; Medical University of Innsbruck; Innrain 80-82 A-6020 Innsbruck Austria
| | - Hannes L. Ebner
- Division of Histology and Embryology; Medical University of Innsbruck; Müllerstrasse 59 A-6020 Innsbruck Austria
- Current address: Department for Trauma Surgery; Medical University of Innsbruck; Anichstrasse 35 A-6020 Innsbruck Austria
| | - Mariana E. G. de Araujo
- Division of Cell Biology, Biocenter; Medical University of Innsbruck; Innrain 80-82 A-6020 Innsbruck Austria
| | - Thomas Schmiedinger
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology; Medical University of Innsbruck; Anichstrasse 35 A-6020 Innsbruck Austria
| | - Oliver Eiter
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology; Medical University of Innsbruck; Anichstrasse 35 A-6020 Innsbruck Austria
| | - Haymo Pircher
- Research Institute for Biomedical Aging Research; University of Innsbruck; Rennweg 10 A-6020 Innsbruck Austria
| | - Karin Gutleben
- Division of Histology and Embryology; Medical University of Innsbruck; Müllerstrasse 59 A-6020 Innsbruck Austria
| | - Barbara Witting
- Division of Histology and Embryology; Medical University of Innsbruck; Müllerstrasse 59 A-6020 Innsbruck Austria
| | - David Teis
- Division of Cell Biology, Biocenter; Medical University of Innsbruck; Innrain 80-82 A-6020 Innsbruck Austria
| | - Lukas A. Huber
- Division of Cell Biology, Biocenter; Medical University of Innsbruck; Innrain 80-82 A-6020 Innsbruck Austria
| | - Michael W. Hess
- Division of Histology and Embryology; Medical University of Innsbruck; Müllerstrasse 59 A-6020 Innsbruck Austria
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242
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Hewson C, Morris KV. Form and Function of Exosome-Associated Long Non-coding RNAs in Cancer. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2015; 394:41-56. [PMID: 26739961 DOI: 10.1007/82_2015_486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The recent discovery that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are functional and are not merely "transcriptional noise" has spawned an entirely new arena of investigation. LncRNAs have been found to be functional in the regulation of a wide variety of genes, including those involved in cancer. Studies have identified that lncRNAs play a role in the development and regulation of cancer and can also act as prognostic markers. Meanwhile, exosomes , which are extracellular particles generated endogenously by cells, have been observed to act as transport vesicles for a variety of biological components, particularly proteins and RNAs. This transportation of biological components has been shown to impact a variety of biological processes including the development of cancer. Collectively, these observations, along with those of several recent studies, suggest that lncRNAs and exosomes may function together to disseminate cell signals that alter and/or control local cellular microenvironments. This review will identify the various roles that lncRNAs and exosomes play in cancer development, as well as the possibility that exosomes may transfer functional lncRNAs between cells as a means of cell-to-cell communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Hewson
- Biotechnology and Biomedical Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Kevin V Morris
- Biotechnology and Biomedical Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia. .,Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
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243
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Delevoye C, Goud B. Rab GTPases and kinesin motors in endosomal trafficking. Methods Cell Biol 2015; 130:235-46. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2015.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
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244
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Schmid SL, Sorkin A, Zerial M. Endocytosis: Past, present, and future. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2014; 6:a022509. [PMID: 25359499 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a022509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra L Schmid
- Department of Cell Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - Alexander Sorkin
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261
| | - Marino Zerial
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany
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245
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Wandinger-Ness A, Zerial M. Rab proteins and the compartmentalization of the endosomal system. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2014; 6:a022616. [PMID: 25341920 PMCID: PMC4413231 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a022616;] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Of the approximately 70 human Rab GTPases, nearly three-quarters are involved in endocytic trafficking. Significant plasticity in endosomal membrane transport pathways is closely coupled to receptor signaling and Rab GTPase-regulated scaffolds. Here we review current literature pertaining to endocytic Rab GTPase localizations, functions, and coordination with regulatory proteins and effectors. The roles of Rab GTPases in (1) compartmentalization of the endocytic pathway into early, recycling, late, and lysosomal routes; (2) coordination of individual transport steps from vesicle budding to fusion; (3) effector interactomes; and (4) integration of GTPase and signaling cascades are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Wandinger-Ness
- Department of Pathology MSC08 4640, University of New Mexico HSC, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131
| | - Marino Zerial
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany
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246
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Wandinger-Ness A, Zerial M. Rab proteins and the compartmentalization of the endosomal system. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2014; 6:a022616. [PMID: 25341920 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a022616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 414] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Of the approximately 70 human Rab GTPases, nearly three-quarters are involved in endocytic trafficking. Significant plasticity in endosomal membrane transport pathways is closely coupled to receptor signaling and Rab GTPase-regulated scaffolds. Here we review current literature pertaining to endocytic Rab GTPase localizations, functions, and coordination with regulatory proteins and effectors. The roles of Rab GTPases in (1) compartmentalization of the endocytic pathway into early, recycling, late, and lysosomal routes; (2) coordination of individual transport steps from vesicle budding to fusion; (3) effector interactomes; and (4) integration of GTPase and signaling cascades are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Wandinger-Ness
- Department of Pathology MSC08 4640, University of New Mexico HSC, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131
| | - Marino Zerial
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany
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247
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Colombo M, Raposo G, Théry C. Biogenesis, Secretion, and Intercellular Interactions of Exosomes and Other Extracellular Vesicles. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2014; 30:255-89. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-101512-122326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3537] [Impact Index Per Article: 353.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Colombo
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Paris, F-75248 France; ,
- Structure and Membrane Compartments CNRS, UMR144, Paris F-75248, France
- INSERM U932, Paris F-75248, France
- Paris Sciences et Lettres, Paris F-75005, France
| | - Graça Raposo
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Paris, F-75248 France; ,
- Structure and Membrane Compartments CNRS, UMR144, Paris F-75248, France
- Paris Sciences et Lettres, Paris F-75005, France
| | - Clotilde Théry
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Paris, F-75248 France; ,
- INSERM U932, Paris F-75248, France
- Paris Sciences et Lettres, Paris F-75005, France
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248
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Abstract
Lysosomes were once considered the end point of endocytosis, simply used for macromolecule degradation. They are now recognized to be dynamic organelles, able to fuse with a variety of targets and to be re-formed after fusion events. They are also now known to be the site of nutrient sensing and signaling to the cell nucleus. In addition, lysosomes are secretory organelles, with specialized machinery for regulated secretion of proteins in some cell types. The biogenesis of lysosomes and lysosome-related organelles is discussed, taking into account their dynamic nature and multiple roles.
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249
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Remaut K, Oorschot V, Braeckmans K, Klumperman J, De Smedt SC. Lysosomal capturing of cytoplasmic injected nanoparticles by autophagy: an additional barrier to non viral gene delivery. J Control Release 2014; 195:29-36. [PMID: 25125327 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Revised: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy or 'self-eating' is a process by which defective organelles and foreign material can be cleared from the cell's cytoplasm and delivered to the lysosomes in which degradation occurs. It remains an open question, however, whether nanoparticles that did not enter the cell through endocytosis can also be captured from the cytoplasm by autophagy. We demonstrate that nanoparticles that are introduced directly in the cytoplasm of the cells by microinjection, can trigger an autophagy response. Moreover, both polystyrene beads and plasmid DNA containing poly-ethylene-imine complexes colocalize with autophagosomes and lysosomes, as was confirmed by electron microscopy. This indicates that cytoplasmic capturing of nanoparticles can occur by an autophagy response. The capturing of nanoparticles from the cytoplasm most likely limits the time frame in which efficient nucleic acid delivery can be obtained. Hence, autophagy forms an additional barrier to non-viral gene delivery, a notion that was not often taken into account before. Furthermore, these findings urge us to reconsider the idea that a single endosomal escape event is sufficient to have the long-lasting presence of nanoparticles in the cytoplasm of the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrien Remaut
- Lab General Biochemistry & Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Viola Oorschot
- Dept. of Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Universital Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Kevin Braeckmans
- Lab General Biochemistry & Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Judith Klumperman
- Dept. of Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Universital Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Stefaan C De Smedt
- Lab General Biochemistry & Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
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250
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Abstract
Of the many pathogens that infect humans and animals, a large number use cells of the host organism as protected sites for replication. To reach the relevant intracellular compartments, they take advantage of the endocytosis machinery and exploit the network of endocytic organelles for penetration into the cytosol or as sites of replication. In this review, we discuss the endocytic entry processes used by viruses and bacteria and compare the strategies used by these dissimilar classes of pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascale Cossart
- Institut Pasteur, Unité des Interactions Bactéries-Cellules, Paris F-75015, France; INSERM U604, Paris F-75015, France; and INRA, USC2020, Paris F-75015, France
| | - Ari Helenius
- Institute of Biochemistry, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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