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Abstract
Receptor-interacting protein kinase-3 (RIP3, or RIPK3) is an essential protein in the "programmed", or "regulated" necrosis cell death pathway that is activated in response to death receptor ligands and other types of cellular stress. Programmed necrotic cell death is distinguished from its apoptotic counterpart in that it is not characterized by the activation of caspases; unlike apoptosis, programmed necrosis results in plasma membrane rupture, thus spilling the contents of the cell and triggering the activation of the immune system and inflammation. Here we discuss findings, including our own recent data, which show that RIP3 protein expression is absent in many cancer cell lines. The recent data suggests that the lack of RIP3 expression in a majority of these deficient cell lines is due to methylation-dependent silencing, which limits the responses of these cells to pro-necrotic stimuli. Importantly, RIP3 expression may be restored in many cancer cells through the use of hypomethylating agents, such as decitabine. The potential implications of loss of RIP3 expression in cancer are explored, along with possible consequences for chemotherapeutic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Morgan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - You-Sun Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Ajou University School of Medicine, 3Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School, Ajou University, Suwon 443-749, Korea
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202
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Wang K, Long B, Li N, Li L, Liu CY, Dong YH, Gao JN, Zhou LY, Wang CQ, Li PF. MicroRNA-2861 regulates programmed necrosis in cardiomyocyte by impairing adenine nucleotide translocase 1 expression. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 91:58-67. [PMID: 26654759 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Revised: 11/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Necrosis is programmed and is one of the main forms of cell death in the pathological process in cardiac diseases. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as key gene regulators in many diseases. However, how miRNAs contribute to programmed necrosis is poorly defined. Here we report that miR-2861 and adenine nucleotide translocase 1 (ANT1) constitute an axis that regulates necrotic cell death in the heart. Our results show that ANT1 inhibits H2O2-induced cardiomyocytes necrosis. ANT1 also antagonizes myocardial necrosis in a mouse ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) model. We further demonstrate that miR-2861 directly binds to the coding sequence of ANT1 and suppresses the expression of ANT1 mRNA and protein. MiR-2861 induces necrotic cell death. In contrast, knockdown of miR-2861 attenuates H2O2-induced necrosis in cardiomyocytes. Also, miR-2861 knockdown protects heart from I/R injury and necrotic cell death in vivo. MiR-2861 regulates necrosis and myocardial infarction through targeting ANT1. Collectively, these data identify miR-2861 and ANT1 as two novel regulators of cardiomyocyte necrosis and myocardial infarction, and suggest potential therapeutic targets in treatment of cardiac diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Wang
- Center for Developmental Cardiology, Institute for Translational Medicine, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China.
| | - Bo Long
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Central Research Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Na Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Ling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Cui-Yun Liu
- Center for Developmental Cardiology, Institute for Translational Medicine, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China
| | - Yan-Han Dong
- Center for Developmental Cardiology, Institute for Translational Medicine, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China
| | - Jin-Ning Gao
- Center for Developmental Cardiology, Institute for Translational Medicine, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China
| | - Lu-Yu Zhou
- Center for Developmental Cardiology, Institute for Translational Medicine, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China
| | - Chao-Qun Wang
- Center for Developmental Cardiology, Institute for Translational Medicine, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China
| | - Pei-Feng Li
- Center for Developmental Cardiology, Institute for Translational Medicine, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China.
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203
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Moriwaki K, Chan FKM. Regulation of RIPK3- and RHIM-dependent Necroptosis by the Proteasome. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:5948-5959. [PMID: 26786097 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.700997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Receptor-interacting protein kinase 3 (RIPK3) is a serine/threonine kinase with essential function in necroptosis. The activity of RIPK3 is controlled by phosphorylation. Once activated, RIPK3 phosphorylates and activates the downstream effector mixed lineage kinase domain-like (MLKL) to induce necroptosis. In certain situations, RIPK3 has also been shown to promote apoptosis or cytokine expression in a necroptosis and kinase-independent manner. The ubiquitin-proteasome system is the major pathway for selective degradation of cellular proteins and thus has a critical role in many cellular processes such as cell survival and cell death. Clinically, proteasome inhibition has shown promise as an anti-cancer agent. Here we show that the proteasome inhibitors MG132 and bortezomib activate the RIPK3-MLKL necroptotic pathway in mouse fibroblasts as well as human leukemia cells. Unlike necroptosis induced by classical TNF-like cytokines, necroptosis induced by proteasome inhibitors does not require caspase inhibition. However, an intact RIP homotypic interaction motif (RHIM) is essential. Surprisingly, when recruitment of MLKL to RIPK3 is restricted, proteasome inhibitors induced RIPK3-dependent apoptosis. Proteasome inhibition led to accumulation of K48-linked ubiquitinated RIPK3, which was partially reduced when Lys-264 was mutated. Taken together, these results reveal the ubiquitin-proteasome system as a novel regulatory mechanism for RIPK3-dependent necroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Moriwaki
- From the Department of Pathology, Immunology and Microbiology Program, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
| | - Francis Ka-Ming Chan
- From the Department of Pathology, Immunology and Microbiology Program, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605.
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204
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Evaluation of RIP1K and RIP3K expressions in the malignant and benign breast tumors. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:8849-56. [PMID: 26749282 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-4762-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 (RIP1K) and RIP3K belong to RIPK family, which regulate cell survival and cell death. In the present investigation, the expression levels of RIP1K and RIP3K were evaluated in the 30 malignant, 15 benign, and 20 normal breast tissues, and their correlation with clinicopathological characteristics was also studied. The expression levels of RIP1K and RIP3K were determined, by western blot analysis. The relative RIP1K expression was significantly higher in the malignant and benign tumors when compared to those of normal tissues (P < 0.0001 and P < 0.001, respectively). However, the expression level of RIP3K was significantly lower in the malignant tumors than those of normal and benign values (P < 0.001 and P < 0.01, respectively). Positive significant correlation was found for RIP1K expression with tumor size (P < 0.001), grades (P < 0.0001), and c-erbB2 (P < 0.001), but negative significant correlation was detected with patient's age (P < 0.001), estrogen receptor (ER) (P < 0.001), progesterone receptor (PR) (P < 0.01), and P53 (P<0.01) status. RIP3K expression was significantly lower in the pre-menopauses (P < 0.01), grade III (P < 0.05), ER-negative (P < 0.05), and c-erbB2-negative malignant tumors, but no correlation was detected with tumor size, PR, and P53 status. No significant correlation was observed for RIP1K and RIP3K expressions with Ki67 and Her2. Based on the present results, it is concluded that reduction of RIP3K expression in the malignant breast tumor might be an important evidence to support the antitumor activity of this enzyme in vivo. However, RIP1K expression was shown to be higher in the malignant breast tumors than those of normal and benign breast tissues, which probably designates as a poor prognostic factor.
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205
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Zhang T, Zhang Y, Cui M, Jin L, Wang Y, Lv F, Liu Y, Zheng W, Shang H, Zhang J, Zhang M, Wu H, Guo J, Zhang X, Hu X, Cao CM, Xiao RP. CaMKII is a RIP3 substrate mediating ischemia- and oxidative stress-induced myocardial necroptosis. Nat Med 2016; 22:175-82. [PMID: 26726877 DOI: 10.1038/nm.4017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 556] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Regulated necrosis (necroptosis) and apoptosis are crucially involved in severe cardiac pathological conditions, including myocardial infarction, ischemia-reperfusion injury and heart failure. Whereas apoptotic signaling is well defined, the mechanisms that underlie cardiomyocyte necroptosis remain elusive. Here we show that receptor-interacting protein 3 (RIP3) triggers myocardial necroptosis, in addition to apoptosis and inflammation, through activation of Ca(2+)-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CaMKII) rather than through the well-established RIP3 partners RIP1 and MLKL. In mice, RIP3 deficiency or CaMKII inhibition ameliorates myocardial necroptosis and heart failure induced by ischemia-reperfusion or by doxorubicin treatment. RIP3-induced activation of CaMKII, via phosphorylation or oxidation or both, triggers opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore and myocardial necroptosis. These findings identify CaMKII as a new RIP3 substrate and delineate a RIP3-CaMKII-mPTP myocardial necroptosis pathway, a promising target for the treatment of ischemia- and oxidative stress-induced myocardial damage and heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Mingyao Cui
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Li Jin
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yimei Wang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Fengxiang Lv
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuli Liu
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Wen Zheng
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Haibao Shang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Mao Zhang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongkun Wu
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaojiao Guo
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiuqin Zhang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xinli Hu
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Chun-Mei Cao
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Rui-Ping Xiao
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Beijing City Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China
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206
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Herpes Simplex Virus 1 (HSV-1) and HSV-2 Mediate Species-Specific Modulations of Programmed Necrosis through the Viral Ribonucleotide Reductase Large Subunit R1. J Virol 2015; 90:1088-95. [PMID: 26559832 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02446-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Receptor-interacting protein kinase 3 (RIP3) and its substrate mixed-lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL) are core regulators of programmed necrosis. The elimination of pathogen-infected cells by programmed necrosis acts as an important host defense mechanism. Here, we report that human herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) and HSV-2 had opposite impacts on programmed necrosis in human cells versus their impacts in mouse cells. Similar to HSV-1, HSV-2 infection triggered programmed necrosis in mouse cells. However, neither HSV-1 nor HSV-2 infection was able to induce programmed necrosis in human cells. Moreover, HSV-1 or HSV-2 infection in human cells blocked tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-induced necrosis by preventing the induction of an RIP1/RIP3 necrosome. The HSV ribonucleotide reductase large subunit R1 was sufficient to suppress TNF-induced necrosis, and its RIP homotypic interaction motif (RHIM) domain was required to disrupt the RIP1/RIP3 complex in human cells. Therefore, this study provides evidence that HSV has likely evolved strategies to evade the host defense mechanism of programmed necrosis in human cells. IMPORTANCE This study demonstrated that infection with HSV-1 and HSV-2 blocked TNF-induced necrosis in human cells while these viruses directly activated programmed necrosis in mouse cells. Expression of HSV R1 suppressed TNF-induced necrosis of human cells. The RHIM domain of R1 was essential for its association with human RIP3 and RIP1, leading to disruption of the RIP1/RIP3 complex. This study provides new insights into the species-specific modulation of programmed necrosis by HSV.
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207
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Interleukin-1 Family Cytokines in Liver Diseases. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:630265. [PMID: 26549942 PMCID: PMC4624893 DOI: 10.1155/2015/630265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The gene encoding IL-1 was sequenced more than 30 years ago, and many related cytokines, such as IL-18, IL-33, IL-36, IL-37, IL-38, IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra), and IL-36Ra, have since been identified. IL-1 is a potent proinflammatory cytokine and is involved in various inflammatory diseases. Other IL-1 family ligands are critical for the development of diverse diseases, including inflammatory and allergic diseases. Only IL-1Ra possesses the leader peptide required for secretion from cells, and many ligands require posttranslational processing for activation. Some require inflammasome-mediated processing for activation and release, whereas others serve as alarmins and are released following cell membrane rupture, for example, by pyroptosis or necroptosis. Thus, each ligand has the proper molecular process to exert its own biological functions. In this review, we will give a brief introduction to the IL-1 family cytokines and discuss their pivotal roles in the development of various liver diseases in association with immune responses. For example, an excess of IL-33 causes liver fibrosis in mice via activation and expansion of group 2 innate lymphoid cells to produce type 2 cytokines, resulting in cell conversion into pro-fibrotic M2 macrophages. Finally, we will discuss the importance of IL-1 family cytokine-mediated molecular and cellular networks in the development of acute and chronic liver diseases.
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208
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Godwin A, Sharma A, Yang WL, Wang Z, Nicastro J, Coppa GF, Wang P. Receptor-Interacting Protein Kinase 3 Deficiency Delays Cutaneous Wound Healing. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140514. [PMID: 26451737 PMCID: PMC4599740 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Wound healing consists of a complex, dynamic and overlapping process involving inflammation, proliferation and tissue remodeling. A better understanding of wound healing process at the molecular level is needed for the development of novel therapeutic strategies. Receptor-interacting protein kinase 3 (RIPK3) controls programmed necrosis in response to TNF-α during inflammation and has been shown to be highly induced during cutaneous wound repair. However, its role in wound healing remains to be demonstrated. To study this, we created dorsal cutaneous wounds on male wild-type (WT) and RIPK3-deficient (Ripk3-/-) mice. Wound area was measured daily until day 14 post-wound and skin tissues were collected from wound sites at various days for analysis. The wound healing rate in Ripk3-/- mice was slower than the WT mice over the 14-day course; especially, at day 7, the wound size in Ripk3-/- mice was 53% larger than that of WT mice. H&E and Masson-Trichrome staining analysis showed impaired quality of wound closure in Ripk3-/- wounds with delayed re-epithelialization and angiogenesis and defected granulation tissue formation and collagen deposition compared to WT. The neutrophil infiltration pattern was altered in Ripk3-/- wounds with less neutrophils at day 1 and more neutrophils at day 3. This altered pattern was also reflected in the differential expression of IL-6, KC, IL-1β and TNF-α between WT and Ripk3-/- wounds. MMP-9 protein expression was decreased with increased Timp-1 mRNA in the Ripk3-/- wounds compared to WT. The microvascular density along with the intensity and timing of induction of proangiogenic growth factors VEGF and TGF-β1 were also decreased or delayed in the Ripk3-/- wounds. Furthermore, mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) from Ripk3-/- mice migrated less towards chemoattractants TGF-β1 and PDGF than MEFs from WT mice. These results clearly demonstrate that RIPK3 is an essential molecule to maintain the temporal manner of the normal progression of wound closure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Godwin
- Department of Surgery, Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
| | - Archna Sharma
- Center for Translational Research, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
| | - Weng-Lang Yang
- Department of Surgery, Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
- Center for Translational Research, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
| | - Zhimin Wang
- Center for Translational Research, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey Nicastro
- Department of Surgery, Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
| | - Gene F. Coppa
- Department of Surgery, Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Surgery, Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
- Center for Translational Research, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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209
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Kanno H, Ozawa H, Tateda S, Yahata K, Itoi E. Upregulation of the receptor-interacting protein 3 expression and involvement in neural tissue damage after spinal cord injury in mice. BMC Neurosci 2015; 16:62. [PMID: 26450067 PMCID: PMC4599321 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-015-0204-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Necroptosis is a newly identified type of programmed cell death that differs from apoptosis. Recent studies have demonstrated that necroptosis is involved in multiple pathologies of various human diseases. Receptor-interacting protein 3 (RIP3) is known to be a critical regulator of necroptosis. This study investigated alterations in the RIP3 expression and the involvement in neural tissue damage after spinal cord injury (SCI) in mice. Results Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated that the RIP3 expression was significantly increased in the lesion site after spinal cord hemisection. The increased expression of RIP3 started at 24 h, peaked at 3 days and lasted for at least 21 days after hemisection. The RIP3 expression was observed in neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. Western blot analysis also demonstrated the RIP3 protein expression significantly upregulated in the injured spinal cord. RIP3 staining using propidium iodide (PI)-labeled sections showed most of the PI-labeled cells were observed as RIP3-positive. Double staining of TUNEL and RIP3 demonstrated that TUNEL-positive cells exhibiting shrunken or fragmented nuclei, as generally observed in apoptotic cells, rarely expressed RIP3. Conclusions The present study first demonstrated that the expression of RIP3 is dramatically upregulated in various neural cells in the injured spinal cord and peaked at 3 days after injury. Additionally, most of the PI-labeled cells expressed RIP3 in response to neural tissue damage after SCI. The present study suggested that the upregulation of the RIP3 expression may play a role as a novel molecular mechanism in secondary neural tissue damage following SCI. However, further study is needed to clarify the specific molecular mechanism underlying the relationship between the RIP3 expression and cell death in the injured spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruo Kanno
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8574, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Ozawa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8574, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Tateda
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8574, Japan.
| | - Kenichiro Yahata
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8574, Japan.
| | - Eiji Itoi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8574, Japan.
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210
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Regulation of NKT cell-mediated immune responses to tumours and liver inflammation by mitochondrial PGAM5-Drp1 signalling. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8371. [PMID: 26381214 PMCID: PMC4576739 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The receptor-interacting protein kinase 3 (RIPK3) plays crucial roles in programmed necrosis and innate inflammatory responses. However, a little is known about the involvement of RIPK3 in NKT cell-mediated immune responses. Here, we demonstrate that RIPK3 plays an essential role in NKT cell function via activation of the mitochondrial phosphatase phosphoglycerate mutase 5 (PGAM5). RIPK3-mediated activation of PGAM5 promotes the expression of cytokines by facilitating nuclear translocation of NFAT and dephosphorylation of dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1), a GTPase is essential for mitochondrial homoeostasis. Ripk3(-/-) mice show reduced NKT cell responses to metastatic tumour cells, and both deletion of RIPK3 and pharmacological inhibition of Drp1 protects mice from NKT cell-mediated induction of acute liver damage. Collectively, the results identify a crucial role for RIPK3-PGAM5-Drp1/NFAT signalling in NKT cell activation, and further suggest that RIPK3-PGAM5 signalling may mediate crosstalk between mitochondrial function and immune signalling.
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211
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Harris KG, Morosky SA, Drummond CG, Patel M, Kim C, Stolz DB, Bergelson JM, Cherry S, Coyne CB. RIP3 Regulates Autophagy and Promotes Coxsackievirus B3 Infection of Intestinal Epithelial Cells. Cell Host Microbe 2015; 18:221-32. [PMID: 26269957 PMCID: PMC4562276 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2015.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Revised: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Receptor interacting protein kinase-3 (RIP3) is an essential kinase for necroptotic cell death signaling and has been implicated in antiviral cell death signaling upon DNA virus infection. Here, we performed high-throughput RNAi screening and identified RIP3 as a positive regulator of coxsackievirus B3 (CVB) replication in intestinal epithelial cells (IECs). RIP3 regulates autophagy, a process utilized by CVB for viral replication factory assembly, and depletion of RIP3 inhibits autophagic flux and leads to the accumulation of autophagosomes and amphisomes. Additionally, later in infection, RIP3 is cleaved by the CVB-encoded cysteine protease 3C(pro), which serves to abrogate RIP3-mediated necrotic signaling and induce a nonnecrotic form of cell death. Taken together, our results show that temporal targeting of RIP3 allows CVB to benefit from its roles in regulating autophagy while inhibiting the induction of necroptotic cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharine G Harris
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Stefanie A Morosky
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Coyne G Drummond
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Maulik Patel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| | - Chonsaeng Kim
- Virus Research and Testing Group, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 305-600, Korea
| | - Donna B Stolz
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Bergelson
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sara Cherry
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Carolyn B Coyne
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA.
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212
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Takemura R, Takaki H, Okada S, Shime H, Akazawa T, Oshiumi H, Matsumoto M, Teshima T, Seya T. PolyI:C-Induced, TLR3/RIP3-Dependent Necroptosis Backs Up Immune Effector-Mediated Tumor Elimination In Vivo. Cancer Immunol Res 2015; 3:902-14. [PMID: 25898986 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-14-0219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Double-stranded RNA directly acts on fibroblast and myeloid lineages to induce necroptosis as in TNFα. Here, we investigated whether this type of cell death occurred in cancer cells in response to polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (polyI:C) and the pan-caspase inhibitor z-Val-Ala-Asp fluromethyl ketone (zVAD). We found that the colon cancer cell line CT26 is highly susceptible to necroptosis, as revealed by staining with annexin V/propidium iodide. CT26 cells possess RNA sensors, TLR3 and MDA5, which are upregulated by interferon (IFN)-inducing pathways and linked to receptor-interacting protein kinase (RIP) 1/3 activation via TICAM-1 or MAVS adaptor, respectively. Although exogenously added polyI:C alone marginally induced necroptosis in CT26 cells, a combined regimen of polyI:C and zVAD induced approximately 50% CT26 necroptosis in vitro without secondary effects of TNFα or type I IFNs. CT26 necroptosis depended on the TLR3-TICAM-1-RIP3 axis in the tumor cells to produce reactive oxygen species, but not on MDA5, MAVS, or the caspases/inflammasome activation. However, the RNA-derived necroptosis was barely reproduced in vivo in a CT26 tumor-implanted Balb/c mouse model with administration of polyI:C + zVAD. Significant shrinkage of CT26 tumors was revealed only when polyI:C (100 μg) was injected intraperitoneally and zVAD (1 mg) subcutaneously into tumor-bearing mice that were depleted of cytotoxic T lymphocytes and natural killer cells. The results were confirmed with immune-compromised mice with no lymphocytes. Although necroptosis-induced tumor growth retardation appears mechanistically complicated and dependent on the injection routes of polyI:C and zVAD, anti-caspase reagent directed to tumor cells will make RNA adjuvant immunotherapy more effective by modulating the formation of the tumoricidal microenvironment and dendritic cell-inducing antitumor immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Takemura
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan. Department of Hematology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hiromi Takaki
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Seiji Okada
- Division of Hematopoiesis, Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Shime
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takashi Akazawa
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Research Institute, Osaka Medical Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Oshiumi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Misako Matsumoto
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takanori Teshima
- Department of Hematology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Seya
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
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213
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Kurmyshkina OV, Bogdanova AA, Volkova TO, Poltorak AN. Septic shock: innate molecular genetic mechanisms of the development of generalized inflammation. Russ J Dev Biol 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062360415040062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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214
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Gao M, Monian P, Quadri N, Ramasamy R, Jiang X. Glutaminolysis and Transferrin Regulate Ferroptosis. Mol Cell 2015; 59:298-308. [PMID: 26166707 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2015.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1228] [Impact Index Per Article: 136.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ferroptosis has emerged as a new form of regulated necrosis that is implicated in various human diseases. However, the mechanisms of ferroptosis are not well defined. This study reports the discovery of multiple molecular components of ferroptosis and its intimate interplay with cellular metabolism and redox machinery. Nutrient starvation often leads to sporadic apoptosis. Strikingly, we found that upon deprivation of amino acids, a more rapid and potent necrosis process can be induced in a serum-dependent manner, which was subsequently determined to be ferroptosis. Two serum factors, the iron-carrier protein transferrin and amino acid glutamine, were identified as the inducers of ferroptosis. We further found that the cell surface transferrin receptor and the glutamine-fueled intracellular metabolic pathway, glutaminolysis, played crucial roles in the death process. Inhibition of glutaminolysis, the essential component of ferroptosis, can reduce heart injury triggered by ischemia/reperfusion, suggesting a potential therapeutic approach for treating related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Gao
- Cell Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Prashant Monian
- Cell Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Nosirudeen Quadri
- Department of Medicine, Langone Medical Center, New York University, 522 1(st) Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Ravichandran Ramasamy
- Department of Medicine, Langone Medical Center, New York University, 522 1(st) Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Xuejun Jiang
- Cell Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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215
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Jaadane I, Boulenguez P, Chahory S, Carré S, Savoldelli M, Jonet L, Behar-Cohen F, Martinsons C, Torriglia A. Retinal damage induced by commercial light emitting diodes (LEDs). Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 84:373-384. [PMID: 25863264 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Revised: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Spectra of "white LEDs" are characterized by an intense emission in the blue region of the visible spectrum, absent in daylight spectra. This blue component and the high intensity of emission are the main sources of concern about the health risks of LEDs with respect to their toxicity to the eye and the retina. The aim of our study was to elucidate the role of blue light from LEDs in retinal damage. Commercially available white LEDs and four different blue LEDs (507, 473, 467, and 449nm) were used for exposure experiments on Wistar rats. Immunohistochemical stain, transmission electron microscopy, and Western blot were used to exam the retinas. We evaluated LED-induced retinal cell damage by studying oxidative stress, stress response pathways, and the identification of cell death pathways. LED light caused a state of suffering of the retina with oxidative damage and retinal injury. We observed a loss of photoreceptors and the activation of caspase-independent apoptosis, necroptosis, and necrosis. A wavelength dependence of the effects was observed. Phototoxicity of LEDs on the retina is characterized by a strong damage of photoreceptors and by the induction of necrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imene Jaadane
- INSERM U1138, Centre de Recherches des Cordeliers, Université Paris Descartes, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Boulenguez
- CSTB, Centre Scientifique et Technique du Bâtiment, Division Eclairage et électromagnétisme, Saint Martin d׳Heres, France
| | - Sabine Chahory
- ENVA, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d׳Alfort, Maison Alfort, France
| | - Samuel Carré
- CSTB, Centre Scientifique et Technique du Bâtiment, Division Eclairage et électromagnétisme, Saint Martin d׳Heres, France
| | - Michèle Savoldelli
- INSERM U1138, Centre de Recherches des Cordeliers, Université Paris Descartes, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Laurent Jonet
- INSERM U1138, Centre de Recherches des Cordeliers, Université Paris Descartes, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Francine Behar-Cohen
- INSERM U1138, Centre de Recherches des Cordeliers, Université Paris Descartes, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France; Hôpital Ophtalmique Jules Gonin, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Christophe Martinsons
- CSTB, Centre Scientifique et Technique du Bâtiment, Division Eclairage et électromagnétisme, Saint Martin d׳Heres, France
| | - Alicia Torriglia
- INSERM U1138, Centre de Recherches des Cordeliers, Université Paris Descartes, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France.
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216
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Zhang M, Harashima N, Moritani T, Huang W, Harada M. The Roles of ROS and Caspases in TRAIL-Induced Apoptosis and Necroptosis in Human Pancreatic Cancer Cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127386. [PMID: 26000607 PMCID: PMC4441514 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Death signaling provided by tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) can induce death in cancer cells with little cytotoxicity to normal cells; this cell death has been thought to involve caspase-dependent apoptosis. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are also mediators that induce cell death, but their roles in TRAIL-induced apoptosis have not been elucidated fully. In the current study, we investigated ROS and caspases in human pancreatic cancer cells undergoing two different types of TRAIL-induced cell death, apoptosis and necroptosis. TRAIL treatment increased ROS in two TRAIL-sensitive pancreatic cancer cell lines, MiaPaCa-2 and BxPC-3, but ROS were involved in TRAIL-induced apoptosis only in MiaPaCa-2 cells. Unexpectedly, inhibition of ROS by either N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), a peroxide inhibitor, or Tempol, a superoxide inhibitor, increased the annexin V-/propidium iodide (PI)+ early necrotic population in TRAIL-treated cells. Additionally, both necrostatin-1, an inhibitor of receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 (RIP1), and siRNA-mediated knockdown of RIP3 decreased the annexin V-/PI+ early necrotic population after TRAIL treatment. Furthermore, an increase in early apoptosis was induced in TRAIL-treated cancer cells under inhibition of either caspase-2 or -9. Caspase-2 worked upstream of caspase-9, and no crosstalk was observed between ROS and caspase-2/-9 in TRAIL-treated cells. Together, these results indicate that ROS contribute to TRAIL-induced apoptosis in MiaPaCa-2 cells, and that ROS play an inhibitory role in TRAIL-induced necroptosis of MiaPaCa-2 and BxPC-3 cells, with caspase-2 and -9 playing regulatory roles in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ningxia Medical University, Shengli Street, Yinchuan, China
- Department of Immunology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumi, Shimane, Japan
| | - Nanae Harashima
- Department of Immunology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumi, Shimane, Japan
| | - Tamami Moritani
- Department of Immunology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumi, Shimane, Japan
| | - Weidong Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ningxia Medical University, Shengli Street, Yinchuan, China
| | - Mamoru Harada
- Department of Immunology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumi, Shimane, Japan
- * E-mail:
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217
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Mouratidis PXE, Rivens I, Ter Haar G. A study of thermal dose-induced autophagy, apoptosis and necroptosis in colon cancer cells. Int J Hyperthermia 2015; 31:476-88. [PMID: 25974074 DOI: 10.3109/02656736.2015.1029995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Revised: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The pleiotropic effects of heat on cancer cells have been well documented. The biological effects seen depend on the temperature applied, and the heating duration. In this study we investigate the cytotoxic effects of heat on colon cancer cells and determine how different cell death processes such as autophagy, apoptosis and necroptosis play a role in cell response. MATERIALS AND METHODS The thermal dose concept was used to provide a parameter that will allow comparison of different thermal treatments. Two human colon cancer cell lines, HCT116 and HT29, were subjected to ablative temperatures using a polymerase chain reaction thermal cycler. Temperature was recorded using thermocouples. Cell viability was assessed using the MTT assay. Induction of apoptosis was estimated using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay that detects cleaved cytoplasmic nucleosomes. Protein regulation was determined using immunoblotting. The percentage of cells undergoing apoptosis and autophagy was determined with annexin V/propidium iodide staining and a cationic amphiphilic tracer using fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis. RESULTS Exposure of colon cancer cells to ablative thermal doses results in decreased cell viability. The cytotoxic effect of heat is associated with induction of apoptosis and autophagy, the amount depending on both the thermal dose applied and on the time elapsed after treatment. Autophagy induction is mainly seen in live cells. RIPK3 protein levels are increased after exposure of cells to heat. A necroptosis inhibitor does not affect cell viability. CONCLUSIONS Autophagy, apoptosis and necroptosis are associated with the response of these cancer cell lines to supra-normal temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petros X E Mouratidis
- Joint Department of Physics, Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, Institute of Cancer Research, Royal Marsden Hospital , London , UK
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218
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Pietkiewicz S, Schmidt JH, Lavrik IN. Quantification of apoptosis and necroptosis at the single cell level by a combination of Imaging Flow Cytometry with classical Annexin V/propidium iodide staining. J Immunol Methods 2015; 423:99-103. [PMID: 25975759 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2015.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Revised: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Precisely identifying the type of programmed cell death is one of the key questions in contemporary biomedical research. We developed a straightforward approach allowing quantitative discrimination between two types of cell death on the single cell level: apoptosis and necroptosis. This method uses the combination of imaging flow cytometry with classical Annexin V/propidium iodide staining, which allows for the ascertainment of typical features of dying cells: exposure of the phospholipid phosphatidylserine and the loss of membrane integrity. Image-based analysis of nuclear morphology enables us to distinguish between secondary necrotic/late apoptotic and necroptotic cells directly in one assay. This is a major advantage compared to other contemporary approaches of necroptosis detection, which require a parallel application of several methods. This approach can be used for the quantitative assessment of cell death in cell and systems biology studies of signal transduction networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Pietkiewicz
- Department of Translational Inflammation Research, Institute of Experimental Internal Medicine, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Jörn H Schmidt
- Department of Translational Inflammation Research, Institute of Experimental Internal Medicine, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Inna N Lavrik
- Department of Translational Inflammation Research, Institute of Experimental Internal Medicine, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.
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219
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Methylation-dependent loss of RIP3 expression in cancer represses programmed necrosis in response to chemotherapeutics. Cell Res 2015; 25:707-25. [PMID: 25952668 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2015.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 338] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Revised: 02/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Receptor-interacting protein kinase-3 (RIP3 or RIPK3) is an essential part of the cellular machinery that executes "programmed" or "regulated" necrosis. Here we show that programmed necrosis is activated in response to many chemotherapeutic agents and contributes to chemotherapy-induced cell death. However, we show that RIP3 expression is often silenced in cancer cells due to genomic methylation near its transcriptional start site, thus RIP3-dependent activation of MLKL and downstream programmed necrosis during chemotherapeutic death is largely repressed. Nevertheless, treatment with hypomethylating agents restores RIP3 expression, and thereby promotes sensitivity to chemotherapeutics in a RIP3-dependent manner. RIP3 expression is reduced in tumors compared to normal tissue in 85% of breast cancer patients, suggesting that RIP3 deficiency is positively selected during tumor growth/development. Since hypomethylating agents are reasonably well-tolerated in patients, we propose that RIP3-deficient cancer patients may benefit from receiving hypomethylating agents to induce RIP3 expression prior to treatment with conventional chemotherapeutics.
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220
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémie Gautheron
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Diseases and Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Mihael Vucur
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Diseases and Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Tom Luedde
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Diseases and Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
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221
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Ratovitski EA. Phospho-ΔNp63α-responsive microRNAs contribute to the regulation of necroptosis in squamous cell carcinoma upon cisplatin exposure. FEBS Lett 2015; 589:1352-8. [PMID: 25910754 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2015.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Revised: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This study shows that specific microRNAs differentially regulated by ΔNp63α in cisplatin-sensitive and resistant squamous cell carcinoma (SSC) cells of larynx and tongue affect the expression of members of the necroptotic pathway CYLD, RIPK1, and MLKL. Different degrees of protein interaction between necroptotic signaling intermediates were also observed in SCC cells sensitive or resistant to cisplatin. Modulation of RIPK1 with miR-101-3p mimic or inhibitor, as well as with siRNA, or chemical inhibitors was shown to affect sensitivity of SCC cells to cisplatin. This is the first report showing the modulatory effect of ΔNp63α-responsive microRNAs on the specific members of necroptotic pathway in SCC tumor cells variably responding to platinum chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward A Ratovitski
- Head and Neck Cancer Research Division, Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA.
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222
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Tait SWG, Ichim G, Green DR. Die another way--non-apoptotic mechanisms of cell death. J Cell Sci 2015; 127:2135-44. [PMID: 24833670 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.093575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulated, programmed cell death is crucial for all multicellular organisms. Cell death is essential in many processes, including tissue sculpting during embryogenesis, development of the immune system and destruction of damaged cells. The best-studied form of programmed cell death is apoptosis, a process that requires activation of caspase proteases. Recently it has been appreciated that various non-apoptotic forms of cell death also exist, such as necroptosis and pyroptosis. These non-apoptotic cell death modalities can be either triggered independently of apoptosis or are engaged should apoptosis fail to execute. In this Commentary, we discuss several regulated non-apoptotic forms of cell death including necroptosis, autophagic cell death, pyroptosis and caspase-independent cell death. We outline what we know about their mechanism, potential roles in vivo and define outstanding questions. Finally, we review data arguing that the means by which a cell dies actually matters, focusing our discussion on inflammatory aspects of cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen W G Tait
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Gabriel Ichim
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Douglas R Green
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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223
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Omoto S, Guo H, Talekar GR, Roback L, Kaiser WJ, Mocarski ES. Suppression of RIP3-dependent necroptosis by human cytomegalovirus. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:11635-48. [PMID: 25778401 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.646042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Necroptosis is an alternate programmed cell death pathway that is unleashed by caspase-8 compromise and mediated by receptor-interacting protein kinase 3 (RIP3). Murine cytomegalovirus (CMV) and herpes simplex virus (HSV) encode caspase-8 inhibitors that prevent apoptosis together with competitors of RIP homotypic interaction motif (RHIM)-dependent signal transduction to interrupt the necroptosis. Here, we show that pro-necrotic murine CMV M45 mutant virus drives virus-induced necroptosis during nonproductive infection of RIP3-expressing human fibroblasts, whereas WT virus does not. Thus, M45-encoded RHIM competitor, viral inhibitor of RIP activation, sustains viability of human cells like it is known to function in infected mouse cells. Importantly, human CMV is shown to block necroptosis induced by either TNF or M45 mutant murine CMV in RIP3-expressing human cells. Human CMV blocks TNF-induced necroptosis after RIP3 activation and phosphorylation of the mixed lineage kinase domain-like (MLKL) pseudokinase. An early, IE1-regulated viral gene product acts on a necroptosis step that follows MLKL phosphorylation prior to membrane leakage. This suppression strategy is distinct from RHIM signaling competition by murine CMV or HSV and interrupts an execution process that has not yet been fully elaborated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Omoto
- From the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Hongyan Guo
- From the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Ganesh R Talekar
- From the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Linda Roback
- From the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - William J Kaiser
- From the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Edward S Mocarski
- From the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
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224
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Dowling JP, Nair A, Zhang J. A novel function of RIP1 in postnatal development and immune homeostasis by protecting against RIP3-dependent necroptosis and FADD-mediated apoptosis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2015; 3:12. [PMID: 25767797 PMCID: PMC4341114 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2015.00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
RIP1 is an adaptor kinase originally identified as being able to associate with TNFR1 and Fas, and is later shown to be involved in signaling induced by TLRs. Major signaling pathways regulated by RIP1 include necroptosis, apoptosis, and pro-survival/inflammation NF-κB activation. Previous studies show that RIP1 deficiency has no effect on mouse embryogenesis, but blocks postnatal development. This phenotype could not readily be explained, since mice lacking TNFR1, Fas, or TLRs show no apparent developmental defect. Certain types of RIP1-deficient cells are hypersensitive to TNF-induced apoptosis. However, in our previous study, deletion of the apoptotic adaptor protein, FADD, provides marginal improvement of postnatal development of rip1−/− mice. Remarkably, the current data shows that haploid insufficiency of RIP3, a known mediator of necroptosis, allowed survival of rip1−/−fadd−/− mice beyond weaning age, although the resulting rip1−/−fadd−/− rip3+/− mice were significant smaller in size and weight. Moreover, complete absence of RIP3 further improved postnatal development of the resulting rip1−/−fadd−/−rip3−/− mice, which display normal size and weight. In such triple knockout (TKO) mice, lymphocytes underwent normal development, but progressively accumulated as mice age. This lymphoproliferative (lpr) disease in TKO mice is, however, less severe than that of fadd−/−rip3−/− double knockout mice. In total, the data show that the postnatal developmental defect in rip1−/− mice is due in part to FADD-mediated apoptosis as well as RIP3-dependent necroptosis. Moreover, the function of RIP1 contributes to development of lpr diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Dowling
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Anirudh Nair
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jianke Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University Philadelphia, PA, USA
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225
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Tsang KY, Chan D, Cheah KSE. Fate of growth plate hypertrophic chondrocytes: death or lineage extension? Dev Growth Differ 2015; 57:179-92. [PMID: 25714187 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Revised: 01/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The vertebrate growth plate is an essential tissue that mediates and controls bone growth. It forms through a multistep differentiation process in which chondrocytes differentiate, proliferate, stop dividing and undergo hypertrophy, which entails a 20-fold increase in size. Hypertrophic chondrocytes are specialized cells considered to be the end state of the chondrocyte differentiation pathway, and are essential for bone growth. They are characterized by expression of type X collagen encoded by the Col10a1 gene, and synthesis of a calcified cartilage matrix. Whether hypertrophy marks a transition preceding osteogenesis, or it is the terminal differentiation stage of chondrocytes with cell death as the ultimate fate has been the subject of debate for over a century. In this review, we revisit this debate in the light of new findings arising from genetic-mediated lineage tracing studies showing that hypertrophic chondrocytes can survive at the chondro-osseous junction and further make the transition to become osteoblasts and osteocytes. The contribution of chondrocytes to the osteoblast lineage has important implications in bone development, disease and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwok Yeung Tsang
- Department of Biochemistry, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
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226
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Liu T, Bao YH, Wang Y, Jiang JY. The role of necroptosis in neurosurgical diseases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 48:292-8. [PMID: 25714887 PMCID: PMC4418358 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20144310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Programmed necrosis or necroptosis is an alternative form of cell death that is
executed through a caspase-independent pathway. Necroptosis has been implicated in
many pathological conditions. Genetic or pharmacological inhibition of necroptotic
signaling has been shown to confer neuroprotection after traumatic and ischemic brain
injury. Therefore, the necroptotic pathway represents a potential target for
neurological diseases that are managed by neurosurgeons. In this review, we summarize
recent advances in the understanding of necroptotic signaling pathways and explore
the role of necroptotic cell death in craniocerebral trauma, brain tumors, and
cerebrovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Y H Bao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Y Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - J Y Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
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227
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Moriwaki K, Bertin J, Gough PJ, Orlowski GM, Chan FKM. Differential roles of RIPK1 and RIPK3 in TNF-induced necroptosis and chemotherapeutic agent-induced cell death. Cell Death Dis 2015; 6:e1636. [PMID: 25675296 PMCID: PMC4669795 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2015.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Revised: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis is a key mechanism for metazoans to eliminate unwanted cells. Resistance to apoptosis is a hallmark of many cancer cells and a major roadblock to traditional chemotherapy. Recent evidence indicates that inhibition of caspase-dependent apoptosis sensitizes many cancer cells to a form of non-apoptotic cell death termed necroptosis. This has led to widespread interest in exploring necroptosis as an alternative strategy for anti-cancer therapy. Here we show that in human colon cancer tissues, the expression of the essential necroptosis adaptors receptor interacting protein kinase (RIPK)1 and RIPK3 is significantly decreased compared with adjacent normal colon tissues. The expression of RIPK1 and RIPK3 was suppressed by hypoxia, but not by epigenetic DNA modification. To explore the role of necroptosis in chemotherapy-induced cell death, we used inhibitors of RIPK1 or RIPK3 kinase activity, and modulated their expression in colon cancer cell lines using short hairpin RNAs. We found that RIPK1 and RIPK3 were largely dispensable for classical chemotherapy-induced cell death. Caspase inhibitor and/or second mitochondria-derived activator of caspase mimetic, which sensitize cells to RIPK1- and RIPK3-dependent necroptosis downstream of tumor necrosis factor receptor-like death receptors, also did not alter the response of cancer cells to chemotherapeutic agents. In contrast to the RIPKs, we found that cathepsins are partially responsible for doxorubicin or etoposide-induced cell death. Taken together, these results indicate that traditional chemotherapeutic agents are not efficient inducers of necroptosis and that more potent pathway-specific drugs are required to fully harness the power of necroptosis in anti-cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Moriwaki
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Microbiology Program, University of Massachusetts Medical School (UMMS), Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - J Bertin
- Pattern Recognition Receptor Discovery Performance Unit, Immuno-Inflammation Therapeutic Area, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA 19422, USA
| | - P J Gough
- Pattern Recognition Receptor Discovery Performance Unit, Immuno-Inflammation Therapeutic Area, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA 19422, USA
| | - G M Orlowski
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Microbiology Program, University of Massachusetts Medical School (UMMS), Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - F K M Chan
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Microbiology Program, University of Massachusetts Medical School (UMMS), Worcester, MA 01655, USA
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228
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Positive and negative phosphorylation regulates RIP1- and RIP3-induced programmed necrosis. Biochem J 2015; 456:409-15. [PMID: 24059293 DOI: 10.1042/bj20130860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Programmed necrosis or necroptosis is controlled by the action of two serine/threonine kinases, RIP1 (receptor-interacting serine/threonine protein kinase 1; also known as RIPK1) and RIP3. The phosphorylation of RIP1 and RIP3 is critical for assembly of the necrosome, an amyloid-like complex that initiates transmission of the pro-necrotic signal. In the present study, we used site-directed mutagenesis to systematically examine the effects of putative phosphoacceptor sites on RIP1 and RIP3 on TNF (tumour necrosis factor)-induced programmed necrosis. We found that mutation of individual serine residues in the kinase domain of RIP1 had little effect on RIP1 kinase activity and TNF-induced programmed necrosis. Surprisingly, an alanine residue substitution for Ser(89) enhanced RIP1 kinase activity and TNF-induced programmed necrosis without affecting RIP1-RIP3 necrosome formation. This indicates that Ser(89) is an inhibitory phosphoacceptor site that can dampen the pro-necrotic function of RIP1. In addition, we show that a phosphomimetic mutant of RIP3, S204D, led to programmed necrosis that was refractory to RIP1 siRNA and insensitive to necrostatin-1 inhibition. Our results show that programmed necrosis is regulated by positive and inhibitory phosphorylation events.
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229
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Zamaraev AV, Kopeina GS, Zhivotovsky B, Lavrik IN. Cell death controlling complexes and their potential therapeutic role. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:505-517. [PMID: 25323133 PMCID: PMC11113151 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1757-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Programmed cell death plays a central role in the regulation of homeostasis and development of multicellular organisms. Deregulation of programmed cell death is connected to a number of disorders, including cancer and autoimmune diseases. Initiation of cell death occurs in the multiprotein complexes or high molecular weight platforms. Composition, structure, and molecular interactions within these platforms influence the cellular decision toward life or death and, therefore, define the induction of a particular cell death program. Here, we discuss in detail the key cell-death complexes-including DISC, complex II, and TNFRI complex I/II, and the necrosome, RIPoptosome, apoptosome, and PIDDosome-that control apoptosis or necroptosis pathways as well as their regulation. The possibility of their pharmacological targeting leading to the development of new strategies of interference with cell death programs via control of the high molecular weight platforms will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey V Zamaraev
- Faculty of Basic Medicine, MV Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Gelina S Kopeina
- Faculty of Basic Medicine, MV Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Boris Zhivotovsky
- Faculty of Basic Medicine, MV Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991, Moscow, Russia.
- Division of Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Inna N Lavrik
- Faculty of Basic Medicine, MV Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Translational Inflammation, Institute of Experimental Internal Medicine, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
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230
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Necroptosis suppresses inflammation via termination of TNF- or LPS-induced cytokine and chemokine production. Cell Death Differ 2015; 22:1313-27. [PMID: 25613374 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2014.222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Revised: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
TNF promotes a regulated form of necrosis, called necroptosis, upon inhibition of caspase activity in cells expressing RIPK3. Because necrosis is generally more pro-inflammatory than apoptosis, it is widely presumed that TNF-induced necroptosis may be detrimental in vivo due to excessive inflammation. However, because TNF is intrinsically highly pro-inflammatory, due to its ability to trigger the production of multiple cytokines and chemokines, rapid cell death via necroptosis may blunt rather than enhance TNF-induced inflammation. Here we show that TNF-induced necroptosis potently suppressed the production of multiple TNF-induced pro-inflammatory factors due to RIPK3-dependent cell death. Similarly, necroptosis also suppressed LPS-induced pro-inflammatory cytokine production. Consistent with these observations, supernatants from TNF-stimulated cells were more pro-inflammatory than those from TNF-induced necroptotic cells in vivo. Thus necroptosis attenuates TNF- and LPS-driven inflammation, which may benefit intracellular pathogens that evoke this mode of cell death by suppressing host immune responses.
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231
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Moriwaki K, Bertin J, Gough PJ, Chan FKM. A RIPK3-caspase 8 complex mediates atypical pro-IL-1β processing. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:1938-44. [PMID: 25567679 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Caspase 8, the initiator caspase for death receptor-induced apoptosis, functions as a negative regulator of receptor interacting protein kinase 3 (RIPK3), an essential factor for TNF-, TLR3-, and TLR4-induced necroptosis. In certain situations, caspase 8 can also participate in pro-IL-1β processing. However, the biochemical complex that mediates caspase 8-mediated processing is not defined. In this study, we show that RIPK3 is crucial for caspase 1- and caspase 8-mediated pro-IL-1β and pro-IL-18 processing in bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) in response to LPS stimulation. Caspase 8-mediated pro-IL-1β processing requires intact RIPK1, RIPK3, TRIF, and FADD. In response to LPS, a complex that contains RIPK1, RIPK3, FADD, and caspase 8 is formed. Surprisingly, RIPK3-specific kinase inhibitors strongly enhanced caspase 8 activation and pro-IL-1β processing in LPS-stimulated BMDCs. However, studies in BMDCs expressing the kinase-inactive RIPK3-K51A mutant or RIPK1-K45A mutant showed that the kinase activity of neither RIPK1 nor RIPK3 is required for LPS-induced caspase 8 activation and IL-1β secretion. Hence, RIPK3 is an unexpected positive regulator of caspase 8 activity that promotes IL-1β maturation in BMDCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Moriwaki
- Department of Pathology, Program in Immunology & Microbiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655; and
| | - John Bertin
- Pattern Recognition Receptor Discovery Performance Unit, Immuno-Inflammation Therapeutic Area, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA 19422
| | - Peter J Gough
- Pattern Recognition Receptor Discovery Performance Unit, Immuno-Inflammation Therapeutic Area, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA 19422
| | - Francis Ka-Ming Chan
- Department of Pathology, Program in Immunology & Microbiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655; and
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232
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Wang J, Qiu S, Chen S, Xiong C, Liu H, Wang J, Zhang N, Hou J, He Q, Nie Z. MALDI-TOF MS Imaging of Metabolites with a N-(1-Naphthyl) Ethylenediamine Dihydrochloride Matrix and Its Application to Colorectal Cancer Liver Metastasis. Anal Chem 2014; 87:422-30. [DOI: 10.1021/ac504294s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianing Wang
- Key Laboratory
of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Shulan Qiu
- The Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular
Diseases, Capital Medical University, Ministry of Education, Beijing
Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing Anzhen
Hospital Affiliated to the Capital Medical University, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Suming Chen
- Key Laboratory
of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Caiqiao Xiong
- Key Laboratory
of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Huihui Liu
- Key Laboratory
of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jiyun Wang
- Key Laboratory
of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Key Laboratory
of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jian Hou
- Key Laboratory
of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Qing He
- Key Laboratory
of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Zongxiu Nie
- Key Laboratory
of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Beijing Center for Mass Spectrometry, Beijing 100190, China
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Abstract
Cell proliferation and cell death are integral elements in maintaining homeostatic balance in metazoans. Disease pathologies ensue when these processes are disturbed. A plethora of evidence indicates that malfunction of cell death can lead to inflammation, autoimmunity, or immunodeficiency. Programmed necrosis or necroptosis is a form of nonapoptotic cell death driven by the receptor interacting protein kinase 3 (RIPK3) and its substrate, mixed lineage kinase domain-like (MLKL). RIPK3 partners with its upstream adaptors RIPK1, TRIF, or DAI to signal for necroptosis in response to death receptor or Toll-like receptor stimulation, pathogen infection, or sterile cell injury. Necroptosis promotes inflammation through leakage of cellular contents from damaged plasma membranes. Intriguingly, many of the signal adaptors of necroptosis have dual functions in innate immune signaling. This unique signature illustrates the cooperative nature of necroptosis and innate inflammatory signaling pathways in managing cell and organismal stresses from pathogen infection and sterile tissue injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Ka-Ming Chan
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Microbiology Program, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605;
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234
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Trendelenburg G. Molecular regulation of cell fate in cerebral ischemia: role of the inflammasome and connected pathways. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2014; 34:1857-67. [PMID: 25227604 PMCID: PMC4269743 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2014.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Revised: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Analogous to Toll-like receptors, NOD-like receptors represent a class of pattern recognition receptors, which are cytosolic and constitute part of different inflammasomes. These large protein complexes are activated not only by different pathogens, but also by sterile inflammation or by specific metabolic conditions. Mutations can cause hereditary autoinflammatory systemic diseases, and inflammasome activation has been linked to many multifactorial diseases, such as diabetes or cardiovascular diseases. Increasing data also support an important role in different central nervous diseases such as stroke. Thus, the current knowledge of the functional role of this intracellular 'master switch' of inflammation is discussed with a focus on its role in ischemic stroke, neurodegeneration, and also with regard to the recent data which argues for a relevant role in other organs or biologic systems which influence stroke incidence or prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Trendelenburg
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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235
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Vitner EB, Vardi A, Cox TM, Futerman AH. Emerging therapeutic targets for Gaucher disease. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2014; 19:321-34. [PMID: 25416676 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2014.981530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Gaucher disease (GD) is an inherited metabolic disorder caused by mutations in the glucocerebrosidase (GBA1) gene. Although infusions of recombinant GBA ameliorate the systemic effects of GD, this therapy has no effect on the neurological manifestations. Patients with the neuronopathic forms of GD (nGD) are often severely disabled and die prematurely. The search for innovative drugs is thus urgent for the neuronopathic forms. AREAS COVERED Here we briefly summarize the available treatments for GD. We then review recent studies of the molecular pathogenesis of GD, which suggest new avenues for therapeutic development. EXPERT OPINION Existing treatments for GD are designed to target the primary consequence of the inborn defects of sphingolipid metabolism, that is, lysosomal accumulation of glucosylceramide (GlcCer). Here we suggest that targeting other pathways, such as those that are activated as a consequence of GlcCer accumulation, may also have salutary clinical effects irrespective of whether excess substrate persists. These pathways include those implicated in neuroinflammation, and specifically, receptor-interacting protein kinase-3 (RIP3) and related components of this pathway, which appear to play a vital role in the pathogenesis of nGD. Once available, inhibitors to components of the RIP kinase pathway will hopefully offer new therapeutic opportunities in GD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Einat B Vitner
- Weizmann Institute of Science, Department of Biological Chemistry , Rehovot 76100 , Israel +972 8 9342353 ; +972 8 9344112 ;
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236
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Moriwaki K, Balaji S, McQuade T, Malhotra N, Kang J, Chan FKM. The necroptosis adaptor RIPK3 promotes injury-induced cytokine expression and tissue repair. Immunity 2014; 41:567-78. [PMID: 25367573 PMCID: PMC4220270 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2014.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 281] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Programmed necrosis or necroptosis is an inflammatory form of cell death that critically requires the receptor-interacting protein kinase 3 (RIPK3). Here we showed that RIPK3 controls a separate, necrosis-independent pathway of inflammation by regulating cytokine expression in dendritic cells (DCs). Ripk3(-/-) bone-marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) were highly defective in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced expression of inflammatory cytokines. These effects were caused by impaired NF-κB subunit RelB and p50 activation and by impaired caspase 1-mediated processing of interleukin-1β (IL-1β). This DC-specific function of RIPK3 was critical for injury-induced inflammation and tissue repair in response to dextran sodium sulfate (DSS). Ripk3(-/-) mice exhibited an impaired axis of injury-induced IL-1β, IL-23, and IL-22 cytokine cascade, which was partially corrected by adoptive transfer of wild-type DCs, but not Ripk3(-/-) DCs. These results reveal an unexpected function of RIPK3 in NF-κB activation, DC biology, innate inflammatory-cytokine expression, and injury-induced tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Moriwaki
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Microbiology Program, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Sakthi Balaji
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Microbiology Program, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Thomas McQuade
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Microbiology Program, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Nidhi Malhotra
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Microbiology Program, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Joonsoo Kang
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Microbiology Program, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Francis Ka-Ming Chan
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Microbiology Program, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA.
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237
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Direct activation of RIP3/MLKL-dependent necrosis by herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) protein ICP6 triggers host antiviral defense. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:15438-43. [PMID: 25316792 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1412767111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The receptor-interacting kinase-3 (RIP3) and its downstream substrate mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL) have emerged as the key cellular components in programmed necrotic cell death. Receptors for the cytokines of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family and Toll-like receptors (TLR) 3 and 4 are able to activate RIP3 through receptor-interacting kinase-1 and Toll/IL-1 receptor domain-containing adapter inducing IFN-β, respectively. This form of cell death has been implicated in the host-defense system. However, the molecular mechanisms that drive the activation of RIP3 by a variety of pathogens, other than the above-mentioned receptors, are largely unknown. Here, we report that human herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) infection triggers RIP3-dependent necrosis. This process requires MLKL but is independent of TNF receptor, TLR3, cylindromatosis, and host RIP homotypic interaction motif-containing protein DNA-dependent activator of IFN regulatory factor. After HSV-1 infection, the viral ribonucleotide reductase large subunit (ICP6) interacts with RIP3. The formation of the ICP6-RIP3 complex requires the RHIM domains of both proteins. An HSV-1 ICP6 deletion mutant failed to cause effective necrosis of HSV-1-infected cells. Furthermore, ectopic expression of ICP6, but not RHIM mutant ICP6, directly activated RIP3/MLKL-mediated necrosis. Mice lacking RIP3 exhibited severely impaired control of HSV-1 replication and pathogenesis. Therefore, this study reveals a previously uncharacterized host antipathogen mechanism.
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238
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Gao S, Andreeva K, Cooper NGF. Ischemia-reperfusion injury of the retina is linked to necroptosis via the ERK1/2-RIP3 pathway. Mol Vis 2014; 20:1374-87. [PMID: 25352744 PMCID: PMC4172004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury is involved in the pathology of many retinal disorders since it contributes to the death of retinal neurons and the subsequent decline in vision. We determined the molecular patterns of some of the principal molecules involved in necroptosis and investigated whether IR retinal injury is associated with the extracellular signal-regulated kinase-1/2- receptor-interacting protein kinase 3 (ERK1/2-RIP3) pathway. METHODS The cellular and subcellular localization of molecules involved in the cell death pathway, including RAGE, ERK1/2, FLIP, and RIP3, was determined with immunohistochemistry of cryosections of IR-injured retina from 2-month-old Long Evans rats. The total and phosphorylated protein levels were analyzed with quantitative western blots. ERK1/2 activity was inhibited by intravitreal injection of U0126, a highly selective inhibitor of mitogen-activated protein kinase 1/2 (MEK1/2). RESULTS The IR-injured rat retinas expressed two RAGE isoforms with different intracellular localizations at early time points after injury. At that time point, frame inhibition of ERK activation decreased RIP3 accumulation and cell death. FLIP was detected in the IR-injured rat retinas at early time points after ischemia reperfusion. CONCLUSIONS We report that the necroptotic cell death mechanism is executed by an ERK1/2-RIP3 pathway in the retinal ganglion cells in early stages after IR injury. Inhibition of ERK1/2 activity increased retinal ganglion cell (RGC) survival indicating that targeting of this pathway within the initial 12 h after IR injury can be used to inhibit the necroptosis pathway. We also provide evidence that a novel RAGE isoform is expressed in the early stages in rat retinal RGCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Gao
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville, School of Medicine, Louisville, KY
| | - Kalina Andreeva
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville, School of Medicine, Louisville, KY
| | - Nigel G. F. Cooper
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville, School of Medicine, Louisville, KY
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239
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Saeed WK, Jun DW. Necroptosis: An emerging type of cell death in liver diseases. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:12526-12532. [PMID: 25253954 PMCID: PMC4168087 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i35.12526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2013] [Revised: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell death has been extensively evaluated for decades and it is well recognized that pharmacological interventions directed to inhibit cell death can prevent significant cell loss and can thus improve an organ’s physiological function. For long, only apoptosis was considered as a sole form of programmed cell death. Recently necroptosis, a RIP1/RIP3-dependent programmed cell death, has been identified as an apoptotic backup cell death mechanism with necrotic morphology. The evidences of necroptosis and protective effects achieved by blocking necroptosis have been extensively reported in recent past. However, only a few studies reported the evidence of necroptosis and protective effects achieved by inhibiting necroptosis in liver related disease conditions. Although the number of necroptosis initiators is increasing; however, interestingly, it is still unclear that what actually triggers necroptosis in different liver diseases or if there is always a different necroptosis initiator in each specific disease condition followed by specific downstream signaling molecules. Understanding the precise mechanism of necroptosis as well as counteracting other cell death pathways in liver diseases could provide a useful insight towards achieving extensive therapeutic significance. By targeting necroptosis and/or other parallel death pathways, a significant cell loss and thus a decrement in an organ’s physiological function can be prevented.
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240
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Tomasella A, Blangy A, Brancolini C. A receptor-interacting protein 1 (RIP1)-independent necrotic death under the control of protein phosphatase PP2A that involves the reorganization of actin cytoskeleton and the action of cofilin-1. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:25699-710. [PMID: 25096578 PMCID: PMC4162173 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.575134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Revised: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell death by necrosis is emerging not merely as a passive phenomenon but as a cell-regulated process. Here, by using different necrotic triggers, we prove the existence of two distinct necrotic pathways. The mitochondrial reactive oxygen species generator 2,3-dimethoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone elicits necrosis characterized by the involvement of RIP1 and Drp1. However, G5, a non-selective isopeptidase inhibitor, triggers a distinct necrotic pathway that depends on the protein phosphatase PP2A and the actin cytoskeleton. PP2A catalytic subunit is stabilized by G5 treatment, and its activity is increased. Furthermore, PP2Ac accumulates into the cytoplasm during necrosis similarly to HMGB1. We have also defined in the actin-binding protein cofilin-1 a link between PP2A, actin cytoskeleton, and necrotic death. Cofilin-1-severing/depolymerization activity is negatively regulated by phosphorylation of serine 3. PP2A contributes to the dephosphorylation of serine 3 elicited by G5. Finally, a cofilin mutant that mimics phosphorylated Ser-3 can partially rescue necrosis in response to G5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Tomasella
- From the Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Biologiche Università degli Studi di Udine, P.le Kolbe 4-33100 Udine, Italy and
| | - Anne Blangy
- CNRS UMR 5237 CRBM Montpellier University 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Claudio Brancolini
- From the Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Biologiche Università degli Studi di Udine, P.le Kolbe 4-33100 Udine, Italy and
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242
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Medvetz D, Sun Y, Li C, Khabibullin D, Balan M, Parkhitko A, Priolo C, Asara JM, Pal S, Yu J, Henske EP. High-throughput drug screen identifies chelerythrine as a selective inducer of death in a TSC2-null setting. Mol Cancer Res 2014; 13:50-62. [PMID: 25185584 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-14-0440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is an autosomal dominant syndrome associated with tumors of the brain, heart, kidney, and lung. The TSC protein complex inhibits the mammalian or mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1). Inhibitors of mTORC1, including rapamycin, induce a cytostatic response in TSC tumors, resulting in temporary disease stabilization and prompt regrowth when treatment is stopped. The lack of TSC-specific cytotoxic therapies represents an important unmet clinical need. Using a high-throughput chemical screen in TSC2-deficient, patient-derived cells, we identified a series of molecules antagonized by rapamycin and therefore selective for cells with mTORC1 hyperactivity. In particular, the cell-permeable alkaloid chelerythrine induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) and depleted glutathione (GSH) selectively in TSC2-null cells based on metabolic profiling. N-acetylcysteine or GSH cotreatment protected TSC2-null cells from chelerythrine's effects, indicating that chelerythrine-induced cell death is ROS dependent. Induction of heme-oxygenase-1 (HMOX1/HO-1) with hemin also blocked chelerythrine-induced cell death. In vivo, chelerythrine inhibited the growth of TSC2-null xenograft tumors with no evidence of systemic toxicity with daily treatment over an extended period of time. This study reports the results of a bioactive compound screen and the identification of a potential lead candidate that acts via a novel oxidative stress-dependent mechanism to selectively induce necroptosis in TSC2-deficient tumors. IMPLICATIONS This study demonstrates that TSC2-deficient tumor cells are hypersensitive to oxidative stress-dependent cell death, and provide critical proof of concept that TSC2-deficient cells can be therapeutically targeted without the use of a rapalog to induce a cell death response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doug Medvetz
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Yang Sun
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Chenggang Li
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Damir Khabibullin
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Murugabaskar Balan
- Division of Nephrology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Andrey Parkhitko
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Carmen Priolo
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - John M Asara
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Soumitro Pal
- Division of Nephrology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jane Yu
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Elizabeth P Henske
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
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Qi Y, Jiang C, Tanaka N, Krausz KW, Brocker CN, Fang ZZ, Bredell BX, Shah YM, Gonzalez FJ. PPARα-dependent exacerbation of experimental colitis by the hypolipidemic drug fenofibrate. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2014; 307:G564-73. [PMID: 25035112 PMCID: PMC4154119 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00153.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Fibrates, such as fenofibrate, are peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPARα) agonists and have been used for several decades as hypolipidemic agents in the clinic. However, contradictory observations exist on the role of fibrates in host response to acute inflammation, with unclear mechanisms. The role of PPARα in colitis was assessed using fenofibrate and Ppara-null mice. Wild-type or Ppara-null mice were subjected to acute colitis under three distinct protocols, dextran sulfate sodium, trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid, and Salmonella Typhi. Serum and colon lipidomics were analyzed to characterize the metabolic profiles by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-coupled with electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Messenger RNAs of PPARα target genes and genes involved in inflammation were determined by qunatitative PCR analysis. Fenofibrate treatment exacerbated inflammation and tissue injury in acute colitis, and this was dependent on PPARα activation. Lipidomics analysis revealed that bioactive sphingolipids, including sphingomyelins (SM) and ceramides, were significantly increased in the colitis group compared with the control group; this was further potentiated following fenofibrate treatment. In the colon, fenofibrate did not reduce the markedly increased expression of mRNA encoding TNFα found in the acute colitis model, while it decreased hydrolysis and increased synthesis of SM, upregulated RIPK3-dependent necrosis, and elevated mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation, which were possibly related to the exacerbated colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunpeng Qi
- 1Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China; ,2Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; and
| | - Changtao Jiang
- 2Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; and
| | - Naoki Tanaka
- 2Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; and
| | - Kristopher W. Krausz
- 2Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; and
| | - Chad N. Brocker
- 2Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; and
| | - Zhong-Ze Fang
- 2Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; and
| | - Bryce X. Bredell
- 3Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Yatrik M. Shah
- 3Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Frank J. Gonzalez
- 2Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; and
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244
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Necroptosis, in vivo detection in experimental disease models. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2014; 35:2-13. [PMID: 25160988 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2014.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decade, our picture of cell death signals involved in experimental disease models totally shifted. Indeed, in addition to apoptosis, multiple forms of regulated necrosis have been associated with an increasing number of pathologies such as ischemia-reperfusion injury in brain, heart and kidney, inflammatory diseases, sepsis, retinal disorders, neurodegenerative diseases and infectious disorders. Especially necroptosis is currently attracting the attention of the scientific community. However, the in vivo identification of ongoing necroptosis in experimental disease conditions remains troublesome, mainly due to the lack of specific biomarkers. Initially, Receptor-Interacting Protein Kinase 1 (RIPK1) and RIPK3 kinase activity were uniquely associated with induction of necroptosis, however recent evidence suggests pleiotropic functions in cell death, inflammation and survival, obscuring a clear picture. In this review, we will present the last methodological advances for in vivo necroptosis identification and discuss past and recent data to provide an update of the so-called "necroptosis-associated pathologies".
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245
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RIP3 is downregulated in human myeloid leukemia cells and modulates apoptosis and caspase-mediated p65/RelA cleavage. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1384. [PMID: 25144719 PMCID: PMC4454320 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The receptor-interacting protein kinase 3 (RIP3) associates with RIP1 in a
necrosome complex that can induce necroptosis, apoptosis, or cell proliferation.
We analyzed the expression of RIP1 and RIP3 in CD34+ leukemia cells from a
cohort of patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and CD34+ cells from
healthy donors. RIP3 expression was significantly reduced in most AML samples,
whereas the expression of RIP1 did not differ significantly. When re-expressed
in the mouse DA1-3b leukemia cell line, RIP3 induced apoptosis and necroptosis
in the presence of caspase inhibitors. Transfection of RIP3 in the WEHI-3b
leukemia cell line or in the mouse embryonic fibroblasts also resulted in
increased cell death. Surprisingly, re-expression of a RIP3 mutant with an
inactive kinase domain (RIP3-kinase dead (RIP3-KD)) induced significantly more
and earlier apoptosis than wild-type RIP3 (RIP3-WT), indicating that the RIP3
kinase domain is an essential regulator of apoptosis/necroptosis in leukemia
cells. The induced in vivo expression of RIP3-KD but not RIP3-WT
prolonged the survival of mice injected with leukemia cells. The expression of
RIP3-KD induced p65/RelA nuclear factor-κB
(NF-κB) subunit caspase-dependent cleavage, and a
non-cleavable p65/RelA D361E mutant rescued these cells from apoptosis.
p65/RelA cleavage appears to be at least partially mediated by caspase-6.
These data indicate that RIP3 silencing in leukemia cells results in suppression
of the complex regulation of the apoptosis/necroptosis switch and
NF-κB activity.
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Pacheco FJ, Almaguel FG, Evans W, Rios-Colon L, Filippov V, Leoh LS, Rook-Arena E, Mediavilla-Varela M, De Leon M, Casiano CA. Docosahexanoic acid antagonizes TNF-α-induced necroptosis by attenuating oxidative stress, ceramide production, lysosomal dysfunction, and autophagic features. Inflamm Res 2014; 63:859-71. [PMID: 25095742 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-014-0760-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Revised: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE It was previously reported that docosahexanoic acid (DHA) reduces TNF-α-induced necrosis in L929 cells. However, the mechanisms underlying this reduction have not been investigated. The present study was designed to investigate cellular and biochemical mechanisms underlying the attenuation of TNF-α-induced necroptosis by DHA in L929 cells. METHODS L929 cells were pre-treated with DHA prior to exposure to TNF-α, zVAD, or Necrostatin-1 (Nec-1). Cell death and survival were assessed by MTT and caspase activity assays, and microscopic visualization. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) were measured by flow cytometry. C16- and C18-ceramides were measured by mass spectrometry. Lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP) was evaluated by fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry using Acridine Orange. Cathepsin L activation was evaluated by immunoblotting and fluorescence microscopy. Autophagy was assessed by immunoblotting of LC3-II and Beclin. RESULTS Exposure of L929 cells to TNF-α alone for 24 h induced necroptosis, as evidenced by the inhibition of cell death by Nec-1, absence of caspase-3 activity and Lamin B cleavage, and morphological analysis. DHA attenuated multiple biochemical events associated with TNF-α-induced necroptosis, including ROS generation, ceramide production, lysosomal dysfunction, cathepsin L activation, and autophagic features. DHA also attenuated zVAD-induced necroptosis but did not attenuate the enhanced apoptosis and necrosis induced by the combination of TNF-α with Actinomycin D or zVAD, respectively, suggesting that its protective effects might be limited by the strength of the cell death insult induced by TNF-α. CONCLUSIONS DHA effectively attenuates TNF-α-induced necroptosis and autophagy, most likely via its ability to inhibit TNF-α-induced sphingolipid metabolism and oxidative stress. These results highlight the role of this Omega-3 fatty acid in antagonizing inflammatory cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio J Pacheco
- Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine and Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA
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Ramírez-Labrada A, López-Royuela N, Jarauta V, Galán-Malo P, Azaceta G, Palomera L, Pardo J, Anel A, Marzo I, Naval J. Two death pathways induced by sorafenib in myeloma cells: Puma-mediated apoptosis and necroptosis. Clin Transl Oncol 2014; 17:121-32. [PMID: 25037851 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-014-1201-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Sorafenib is a multikinase inhibitor that targets the MAPK pathway and is currently used for the treatment of hepatocellular and renal carcinoma. Recently, it has been shown that sorafenib is also cytotoxic to multiple myeloma (MM) cells. Here, we have further analyzed the mechanism of sorafenib-induced death in MM cells. METHODS Cell death induced by sorafenib in MM cell lines and in plasma cells from MM patients was evaluated by analysis of gene expression by RT-MLPA and quantitative PCR, protein levels and functionality by Western blot and flow cytometry and gene silencing with siRNA. RESULTS Cell death was characterized by phosphatidylserine exposure, ΔΨm loss, cytochrome c release and caspase activation, hallmarks of apoptosis. DL50 at 24 h ranged from 6 to 10 µM. Ex vivo treatment with 20 µM sorafenib induced apoptosis in around 80 % myeloma cells from six multiple myeloma patients. Sorafenib induced caspase-dependent degradation of Bcl-xL and Mcl-1 proteins, destabilizing the mitochondria and speeding up the development of apoptosis. Sorafenib treatment increased levels of Puma at mRNA and protein level and gene silencing with siRNA confirmed a relevant role for Puma in the induction of apoptosis. Co-treatment with the pan-caspase inhibitor Z-VAD-fmk prevented cell death to a variable degree depending on the cell line. In RPMI 8226 cells, Z-VAD-fmk prevented most of sorafenib-induced death. However, death in MM.1S was only prevented by co-incubation with both Z-VAD-fmk and the RIP1K inhibitor necrostatin-1, indicating that under conditions of inefficient caspase activation, sorafenib induces death by necroptosis. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate a key role for Puma in the triggering of sorafenib-induced apoptosis and that this drug can also induce death by necroptosis in multiple myeloma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ramírez-Labrada
- Departamento de Bioquimica, Biologia Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
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Polykratis A, Hermance N, Zelic M, Roderick J, Kim C, Van TM, Lee TH, Chan FKM, Pasparakis M, Kelliher MA. Cutting edge: RIPK1 Kinase inactive mice are viable and protected from TNF-induced necroptosis in vivo. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:1539-1543. [PMID: 25015821 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 333] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The serine/threonine kinase RIPK1 is recruited to TNFR1 to mediate proinflammatory signaling and to regulate TNF-induced cell death. A RIPK1 deficiency results in perinatal lethality, impaired NFκB and MAPK signaling, and sensitivity to TNF-induced apoptosis. Chemical inhibitor and in vitro-reconstitution studies suggested that RIPK1 displays distinct kinase activity-dependent and -independent functions. To determine the contribution of RIPK1 kinase to inflammation in vivo, we generated knock-in mice endogenously expressing catalytically inactive RIPK1 D138N. Unlike Ripk1(-/-) mice, which die shortly after birth, Ripk1(D138N/D138N) mice are viable. Cells expressing RIPK1 D138N are resistant to TNF- and polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid-induced necroptosis in vitro, and Ripk1(D138N/D138N) mice are protected from TNF-induced shock in vivo. Moreover, Ripk1(D138N/D138N) mice fail to control vaccinia virus replication in vivo. This study provides genetic evidence that the kinase activity of RIPK1 is not required for survival but is essential for TNF-, TRIF-, and viral-initiated necroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apostolos Polykratis
- Institute for Genetics, Centre for Molecular Medicine (CMMC), and Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - Nicole Hermance
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Matija Zelic
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Justine Roderick
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Chun Kim
- Institute for Genetics, Centre for Molecular Medicine (CMMC), and Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - Trieu-My Van
- Institute for Genetics, Centre for Molecular Medicine (CMMC), and Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Francis K M Chan
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Manolis Pasparakis
- Institute for Genetics, Centre for Molecular Medicine (CMMC), and Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - Michelle A Kelliher
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
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Cho YS, Park SY. Harnessing of Programmed Necrosis for Fighting against Cancers. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2014; 22:167-75. [PMID: 25009696 PMCID: PMC4060077 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2014.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Revised: 05/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy has long been considered as one of useful strategies for cancer treatment. It is primarily based on the apoptosis that can selectively kill cancer cells. However, cancer cells can progressively develop an acquired resistance to apoptotic cell death, rendering refractory to chemo- and radiotherapies. Although the mechanism by which cells attained resistance to drug remains to be clarified, it might be caused by either pumping out of them or interfering with apoptotic signal cascades in response to cancer drugs. In case that cancer cells are defective in some part of apoptotic machinery by repeated exposure to anticancer drugs, alternative cell death mechanistically distinct from apoptosis could be adopted to remove cancer cells refractory to apoptosis-inducing agents. This review will mainly deal with harnessing of necrotic cell death, specifically, programmed necrosis and practical uses. Here, we begin with various defects of apoptotic death machinery in cancer cells, and then provide new perspective on programmed necrosis as an alternative anticancer approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Sik Cho
- College of Pharmacy, Keimyung University, Daegu 704-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Yeon Park
- College of Pharmacy, Keimyung University, Daegu 704-701, Republic of Korea
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Sharma A, Matsuo S, Yang WL, Wang Z, Wang P. Receptor-interacting protein kinase 3 deficiency inhibits immune cell infiltration and attenuates organ injury in sepsis. CRITICAL CARE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CRITICAL CARE FORUM 2014; 18:R142. [PMID: 24996547 PMCID: PMC4226938 DOI: 10.1186/cc13970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sepsis is defined as a systemic hyper-inflammatory immune response, with a subsequent immune-suppressive phase, which leads to multiple organ dysfunction and late lethality. Receptor-interacting protein kinase 3 (RIPK3)-dependent necrosis is implicated in driving tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α)- and sepsis-induced mortality in mice. However, it is unknown if RIPK3 deficiency has any impact on immune cell trafficking, which contributes to organ damage in sepsis. METHODS To study this, male wild-type (WT) and RIPK3-deficient (Ripk3-/-) mice on C57BL/6 background were subjected to sham operation or cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)-induced sepsis. Blood and tissue samples were collected 20 hours post-CLP for various measurements. RESULTS In our severe sepsis model, the mean survival time of Ripk3-/- mice was significantly extended to 68 hours compared to 41 hours for WT mice. Ripk3-/- mice had significantly decreased plasma levels of TNF-α and IL-6 and organ injury markers compared to WT mice post-CLP. In the lungs, Ripk3-/- mice preserved better integrity of microscopic structure with reduced apoptosis, and decreased levels of IL-6, macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-2 and keratinocyte-derived chemokine (KC), compared to WT. In the liver, the levels of MIP-1, MIP-2 and KC were also decreased in septic Ripk3-/- mice. Particularly, the total number of neutrophils in the lungs and liver of Ripk3-/- mice decreased by 59.9% and 66.7%, respectively, compared to WT mice post-CLP. In addition, the number of natural killer (NK) and CD8T cells in the liver decreased by 64.8% and 53.4%, respectively, in Ripk3-/- mice compared to WT mice post-sepsis. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that RIPK3 deficiency modestly protected from CLP-induced severe sepsis and altered the immune cell trafficking in an organ-specific manner attenuating organ injury. Thus, RIPK3 acts as a detrimental factor in contributing to the organ deterioration in sepsis.
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