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Abstract
Auxin signaling through the SCF(TIR1)-Aux/IAA-ARF pathway is one of the best-studied plant hormone response pathways. Components of this pathway, from receptors through to transcription factors, have been identified and analyzed in detail. Although we understand elementary aspects of how the auxin signal is perceived and leads to a transcriptional response, many questions remain about the in vivo function of the pathway. Two crucial issues are the tissue specificity of the response, i.e. how distinct cell types can interpret the same auxin signal differently, and the response to a signaling gradient, i.e. how a graded distribution of auxin can elicit distinct expression patterns along its range. Here, we speculate on how signaling through the canonical SCF(TIR1)-Aux/IAA-ARF pathway may achieve divergent responses.
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202
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Suppression of elongation and growth of tomato seedlings by auxin biosynthesis inhibitors and modeling of the growth and environmental response. Sci Rep 2014; 4:4556. [PMID: 24690949 PMCID: PMC5380132 DOI: 10.1038/srep04556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
To develop a growth inhibitor, the effects of auxin inhibitors were investigated. Application of 30 μM L-α-aminooxy-β-phenylpropionic acid (AOPP) or (S)-methyl 2-((1,3-dioxoisoindolin-2-yl)oxy)-3-phenylpropanoate (KOK1101), decreased the endogenous IAA levels in tomato seedlings at 8 days after sowing. Then, 10-1200 μM AOPP or KOK1101 were sprayed on the leaves and stem of 2-3 leaf stage tomato plants grown under a range of environmental conditions. We predicted plant growth and environmental response using a model based on the observed suppression of leaf enlargement. Spraying AOPP or KOK1101 decreased stem length and leaf area. Concentration-dependent inhibitions and dose response curves were observed. Although the effects of the inhibitors on dry weight varied according to the environmental conditions, the net assimilation rate was not influenced by the inhibitors. Accordingly, the observed decrease in dry weight caused by the inhibitors may result from decreased leaf area. Validation of the model based on observed data independent of the dataset showed good correlations between the observed and predicted values of dry weight and leaf area index.
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203
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Hayashi Y, Takahashi K, Inoue SI, Kinoshita T. Abscisic acid suppresses hypocotyl elongation by dephosphorylating plasma membrane H(+)-ATPase in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 55:845-53. [PMID: 24492258 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcu028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Plasma membrane H(+)-ATPase is thought to mediate hypocotyl elongation, which is induced by the phytohormone auxin through the phosphorylation of the penultimate threonine of H(+)-ATPase. However, regulation of the H(+)-ATPase during hypocotyl elongation by other signals has not been elucidated. Hypocotyl elongation in etiolated seedlings of Arabidopsis thaliana was suppressed by the H(+)-ATPase inhibitors vanadate and erythrosine B, and was significantly reduced in aha2-5, which is a knockout mutant of the major H(+)-ATPase isoform in etiolated seedlings. Application of the phytohormone ABA to etiolated seedlings suppressed hypocotyl elongation within 30 min at the half-inhibitory concentration (4.2 µM), and induced dephosphorylation of the penultimate threonine of H(+)-ATPase without affecting the amount of H(+)-ATPase. Interestingly, an ABA-insensitive mutant, abi1-1, did not show ABA inhibition of hypocotyl elongation or ABA-induced dephosphorylation of H(+)-ATPase. This indicates that ABI1, which is an early ABA signaling component through the ABA receptor PYR/PYL/RCARs (pyrabactin resistance/pyrabactin resistance 1-like/regulatory component of ABA receptor), is involved in these responses. In addition, we found that the fungal toxin fusiccocin (FC), an H(+)-ATPase activator, induced hypocotyl elongation and phosphorylation of the penultimate threonine of H(+)-ATPase, and that FC-induced hypocotyl elongation and phosphorylation of H(+)-ATPase were significantly suppressed by ABA. Taken together, these results indicate that ABA has an antagonistic effect on hypocotyl elongation through, at least in part, dephosphorylation of H(+)-ATPase in etiolated seedlings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Hayashi
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602 Japan
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204
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Kirpichnikova AA, Rudashevskaya EL, Yemelyanov VV, Shishova MF. Ca(2+)-Transport through Plasma Membrane as a Test of Auxin Sensitivity. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2014; 3:209-22. [PMID: 27135501 PMCID: PMC4844295 DOI: 10.3390/plants3020209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Revised: 03/09/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Auxin is one of the crucial regulators of plant growth and development. The discovered auxin cytosolic receptor (TIR1) is not involved in the perception of the hormone signal at the plasma membrane. Instead, another receptor, related to the ABP1, auxin binding protein1, is supposed to be responsible for the perception at the plasma membrane. One of the fast and sensitive auxin-induced reactions is an increase of Ca(2+) cytosolic concentration, which is suggested to be dependent on the activation of Ca(2+) influx through the plasma membrane. This investigation was carried out with a plasmalemma enriched vesicle fraction, obtained from etiolated maize coleoptiles. The magnitude of Ca(2+) efflux through the membrane vesicles was estimated according to the shift of potential dependent fluorescent dye diS-C₃-(5). The obtained results showed that during coleoptiles ageing (3rd, 4th and 5th days of seedling etiolated growth) the magnitude of Ca(2+) efflux from inside-out vesicles was decreased. Addition of ABP1 led to a recovery of Ca(2+) efflux to the level of the youngest and most sensitive cells. Moreover, the efflux was more sensitive, responding from 10(-8) to 10(-6) M 1-NAA, in vesicles containing ABP1, whereas native vesicles showed the highest efflux at 10(-6) M 1-NAA. We suggest that auxin increases plasma membrane permeability to Ca(2+) and that ABP1 is involved in modulation of this reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia A. Kirpichnikova
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya emb. 7/9, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia; E-Mails: (A.A.K.); (V.V.Y.)
| | - Elena L. Rudashevskaya
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya emb. 7/9, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia; E-Mails: (A.A.K.); (V.V.Y.)
| | - Vladislav V. Yemelyanov
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya emb. 7/9, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia; E-Mails: (A.A.K.); (V.V.Y.)
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya emb. 7/9, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - Maria F. Shishova
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya emb. 7/9, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia; E-Mails: (A.A.K.); (V.V.Y.)
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205
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Haruta M, Sabat G, Stecker K, Minkoff BB, Sussman MR. A peptide hormone and its receptor protein kinase regulate plant cell expansion. Science 2014; 343:408-11. [PMID: 24458638 DOI: 10.1126/science.1244454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 538] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Plant cells are immobile; thus, plant growth and development depend on cell expansion rather than cell migration. The molecular mechanism by which the plasma membrane initiates changes in the cell expansion rate remains elusive. We found that a secreted peptide, RALF (rapid alkalinization factor), suppresses cell elongation of the primary root by activating the cell surface receptor FERONIA in Arabidopsis thaliana. A direct peptide-receptor interaction is supported by specific binding of RALF to FERONIA and reduced binding and insensitivity to RALF-induced growth inhibition in feronia mutants. Phosphoproteome measurements demonstrate that the RALF-FERONIA interaction causes phosphorylation of plasma membrane H(+)-adenosine triphosphatase 2 at Ser(899), mediating the inhibition of proton transport. The results reveal a molecular mechanism for RALF-induced extracellular alkalinization and a signaling pathway that regulates cell expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyoshi Haruta
- Biotechnology Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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206
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Rodrigues RB, Sabat G, Minkoff BB, Burch HL, Nguyen TT, Sussman MR. Expression of a translationally fused TAP-tagged plasma membrane proton pump in Arabidopsis thaliana. Biochemistry 2014; 53:566-78. [PMID: 24397334 PMCID: PMC3985734 DOI: 10.1021/bi401096m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The Arabidopsis thaliana plasma
membrane proton ATPase genes, AHA1 and AHA2, are the two most highly expressed isoforms of an 11 gene family
and are collectively essential for embryo development. We report the
translational fusion of a tandem affinity-purification tag to the
5′ end of the AHA1 open reading frame in a genomic clone. Stable
expression of TAP-tagged AHA1 in Arabidopsis rescues the embryonic lethal phenotype of endogenous double aha1/aha2 knockdowns. Western blots of SDS-PAGE and Blue
Native gels show enrichment of AHA1 in plasma membrane fractions and
indicate a hexameric quaternary structure. TAP-tagged AHA1 rescue
lines exhibited reduced vertical root growth. Analysis of the plasma
membrane and soluble proteomes identified several plasma membrane-localized
proteins with alterred abundance in TAP-tagged AHA1 rescue lines compared
to wild type. Using affinity-purification mass spectrometry, we uniquely
identified two additional AHA isoforms, AHA9 and AHA11, which copurified
with TAP-tagged AHA1. In conclusion, we have generated transgenic Arabidopsis lines in which a TAP-tagged AHA1 transgene
has complemented all essential endogenous AHA1 and AHA2 functions
and have shown that these plants can be used to purify AHA1 protein
and to identify in planta interacting proteins by
mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel B Rodrigues
- Department of Biochemistry, Biotechnology Center, University of Wisconsin , 425 Henry Mall, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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207
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Perrot-Rechenmann C. Auxin Signaling in Plants. Mol Biol 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-7570-5_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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208
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Abstract
The plasma membrane H(+)-ATPase is the pump that provides the driving force for transport of numerous solutes in plant cells, and plays an essential role for the growth and maintenance of cell homeostasis. Recent investigations using guard cells with respect to blue-light-induced stomatal opening uncovered the regulatory mechanisms of the H(+)-ATPase, and revealed that the phosphorylation status of penultimate threonine in the C-terminus of H(+)-ATPase is key step for the activity regulation. The same regulatory mechanisms for the H(+)-ATPase were evidenced in hypocotyl elongation in response to ABA and auxin, suggesting that the phosphorylation of the penultimate threonine is a common regulatory mechanism for the H(+)-ATPase. We also present the data that the activity of the H(+)-ATPase limits the plant growth. Typical structure of the H(+)-ATPase in the C-terminus was acquired in the transition of plants from water to the terrestrial land.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Wang
- Institute for Advanced Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan; Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM) Nagoya, Japan
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209
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Bailly A, Wang B, Zwiewka M, Pollmann S, Schenck D, Lüthen H, Schulz A, Friml J, Geisler M. Expression of TWISTED DWARF1 lacking its in-plane membrane anchor leads to increased cell elongation and hypermorphic growth. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 77:108-118. [PMID: 24313847 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Revised: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Plant growth is achieved predominantly by cellular elongation, which is thought to be controlled on several levels by apoplastic auxin. Auxin export into the apoplast is achieved by plasma membrane efflux catalysts of the PIN-FORMED (PIN) and ATP-binding cassette protein subfamily B/phosphor-glycoprotein (ABCB/PGP) classes; the latter were shown to depend on interaction with the FKBP42, TWISTED DWARF1 (TWD1). Here by using a transgenic approach in combination with phenotypical, biochemical and cell biological analyses we demonstrate the importance of a putative C-terminal in-plane membrane anchor of TWD1 in the regulation of ABCB-mediated auxin transport. In contrast with dwarfed twd1 loss-of-function alleles, TWD1 gain-of-function lines that lack a putative in-plane membrane anchor (HA-TWD1-Ct ) show hypermorphic plant architecture, characterized by enhanced stem length and leaf surface but reduced shoot branching. Greater hypocotyl length is the result of enhanced cell elongation that correlates with reduced polar auxin transport capacity for HA-TWD1-Ct . As a consequence, HA-TWD1-Ct displays higher hypocotyl auxin accumulation, which is shown to result in elevated auxin-induced cell elongation rates. Our data highlight the importance of C-terminal membrane anchoring for TWD1 action, which is required for specific regulation of ABCB-mediated auxin transport. These data support a model in which TWD1 controls lateral ABCB1-mediated export into the apoplast, which is required for auxin-mediated cell elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélien Bailly
- Department of Biology - Plant Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland; Institute of Plant Biology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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210
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Miyawaki KN, Yang Z. Extracellular signals and receptor-like kinases regulating ROP GTPases in plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:449. [PMID: 25295042 PMCID: PMC4170102 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Rho-like GTPase from plants (ROPs) function as signaling switches that control a wide variety of cellular functions and behaviors including cell morphogenesis, cell division and cell differentiation. The Arabidopsis thaliana genome encodes 11 ROPs that form a distinct single subfamily contrarily to animal or fungal counterparts where multiple subfamilies of Rho GTPases exist. Since Rho proteins bind to their downstream effector proteins only in their GTP-bound "active" state, the activation of ROPs by upstream factor(s) is a critical step in the regulation of ROP signaling. Therefore, it is critical to examine the input signals that lead to the activation of ROPs. Recent findings showed that the plant hormone auxin is an important signal for the activation of ROPs during pavement cell morphogenesis as well as for other developmental processes. In contrast to auxin, another plant hormone, abscisic acid, negatively regulates ROP signaling. Calcium is another emerging signal in the regulation of ROP signaling. Several lines of evidence indicate that plasma membrane localized-receptor like kinases play a critical role in the transmission of the extracellular signals to intracellular ROP signaling pathways. This review focuses on how these signals impinge upon various direct regulators of ROPs to modulate various plant processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhenbiao Yang
- Center for Plant Cell Biology, Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of CaliforniaRiverside, CA, USA
- *Correspondence: Zhenbiao Yang, Center for Plant Cell Biology, Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, 900 University Avenue, Riverside, CA 92521, USA e-mail:
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211
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Signaling: Auxin Signaling. Mol Biol 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0263-7_15-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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212
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Overexpression of plasma membrane H+-ATPase in guard cells promotes light-induced stomatal opening and enhances plant growth. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 111:533-8. [PMID: 24367097 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1305438111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Stomatal pores surrounded by a pair of guard cells in the plant epidermis control gas exchange between plants and the atmosphere in response to light, CO2, and the plant hormone abscisic acid. Light-induced stomatal opening is mediated by at least three key components: the blue light receptor phototropin (phot1 and phot2), plasma membrane H(+)-ATPase, and plasma membrane inward-rectifying K(+) channels. Very few attempts have been made to enhance stomatal opening with the goal of increasing photosynthesis and plant growth, even though stomatal resistance is thought to be the major limiting factor for CO2 uptake by plants. Here, we show that transgenic Arabidopsis plants overexpressing H(+)-ATPase using the strong guard cell promoter GC1 showed enhanced light-induced stomatal opening, photosynthesis, and plant growth. The transgenic plants produced larger and increased numbers of rosette leaves, with ∼42-63% greater fresh and dry weights than the wild type in the first 25 d of growth. The dry weights of total flowering stems of 45-d-old transgenic plants, including seeds, siliques, and flowers, were ∼36-41% greater than those of the wild type. In addition, stomata in the transgenic plants closed normally in response to darkness and abscisic acid. In contrast, the overexpression of phototropin or inward-rectifying K(+) channels in guard cells had no effect on these phenotypes. These results demonstrate that stomatal aperture is a limiting factor in photosynthesis and plant growth, and that manipulation of stomatal opening by overexpressing H(+)-ATPase in guard cells is useful for the promotion of plant growth.
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213
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Plant cell electrophysiology: Applications in growth enhancement, somatic hybridisation and gene transfer. Biotechnol Adv 2013; 31:1237-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2013.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 03/24/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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214
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Scheitz K, Lüthen H, Schenck D. Rapid auxin-induced root growth inhibition requires the TIR and AFB auxin receptors. PLANTA 2013; 238:1171-1176. [PMID: 23925852 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-013-1941-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the relation between auxin-induced gene expression and the rapid auxin-induced growth inhibition in Arabidopsis thaliana roots. The natural auxin indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) induced a strong activation of gene expression as visualized by the DR5rev::GFP reporter gene technique. This effect was specific for active auxins and was abolished in knockout mutants of the F-box auxin receptors. We measured the IAA-induced growth inhibition at high time resolution and show that the F-box auxin receptor mutants failed to display this effect. We conclude that the F-box auxin receptors are needed for the response. In hypocotyls, auxin induces an increase in elongation growth, and this effect has been earlier shown to be independent of the F-box receptors. Based on these findings, we discuss differences in the growth control modes in roots and shoots. We demonstrate that the rapid auxin-induced root growth inhibition, unlike the induction of growth in hypocotyls, requires the presence of the F-box auxin receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Scheitz
- Department of Plant Physiology, Biozentrum Flottbek of the University, Ohnhorststraße 18, 22609, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hartwig Lüthen
- Department of Plant Physiology, Biozentrum Flottbek of the University, Ohnhorststraße 18, 22609, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Daniel Schenck
- Department of Plant Physiology, Biozentrum Flottbek of the University, Ohnhorststraße 18, 22609, Hamburg, Germany
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215
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Jin X, Wang RS, Zhu M, Jeon BW, Albert R, Chen S, Assmann SM. Abscisic acid-responsive guard cell metabolomes of Arabidopsis wild-type and gpa1 G-protein mutants. THE PLANT CELL 2013; 25:4789-811. [PMID: 24368793 PMCID: PMC3903988 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.113.119800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Revised: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Individual metabolites have been implicated in abscisic acid (ABA) signaling in guard cells, but a metabolite profile of this specialized cell type is lacking. We used liquid chromatography-multiple reaction monitoring mass spectrometry for targeted analysis of 85 signaling-related metabolites in Arabidopsis thaliana guard cell protoplasts over a time course of ABA treatment. The analysis utilized ∼ 350 million guard cell protoplasts from ∼ 30,000 plants of the Arabidopsis Columbia accession (Col) wild type and the heterotrimeric G-protein α subunit mutant, gpa1, which has ABA-hyposensitive stomata. These metabolomes revealed coordinated regulation of signaling metabolites in unrelated biochemical pathways. Metabolites clustered into different temporal modules in Col versus gpa1, with fewer metabolites showing ABA-altered profiles in gpa1. Ca(2+)-mobilizing agents sphingosine-1-phosphate and cyclic adenosine diphosphate ribose exhibited weaker ABA-stimulated increases in gpa1. Hormone metabolites were responsive to ABA, with generally greater responsiveness in Col than in gpa1. Most hormones also showed different ABA responses in guard cell versus mesophyll cell metabolomes. These findings suggest that ABA functions upstream to regulate other hormones, and are also consistent with G proteins modulating multiple hormonal signaling pathways. In particular, indole-3-acetic acid levels declined after ABA treatment in Col but not gpa1 guard cells. Consistent with this observation, the auxin antagonist α-(phenyl ethyl-2-one)-indole-3-acetic acid enhanced ABA-regulated stomatal movement and restored partial ABA sensitivity to gpa1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofen Jin
- Biology Department, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Rui-Sheng Wang
- Physics Department, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Mengmeng Zhu
- Biology Department, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Byeong Wook Jeon
- Biology Department, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Reka Albert
- Physics Department, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Sixue Chen
- Department of Biology, Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610
| | - Sarah M. Assmann
- Biology Department, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
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216
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Vanneste S, Friml J. Calcium: The Missing Link in Auxin Action. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2013; 2:650-75. [PMID: 27137397 PMCID: PMC4844386 DOI: 10.3390/plants2040650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Revised: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Due to their sessile lifestyles, plants need to deal with the limitations and stresses imposed by the changing environment. Plants cope with these by a remarkable developmental flexibility, which is embedded in their strategy to survive. Plants can adjust their size, shape and number of organs, bend according to gravity and light, and regenerate tissues that were damaged, utilizing a coordinating, intercellular signal, the plant hormone, auxin. Another versatile signal is the cation, Ca(2+), which is a crucial second messenger for many rapid cellular processes during responses to a wide range of endogenous and environmental signals, such as hormones, light, drought stress and others. Auxin is a good candidate for one of these Ca(2+)-activating signals. However, the role of auxin-induced Ca(2+) signaling is poorly understood. Here, we will provide an overview of possible developmental and physiological roles, as well as mechanisms underlying the interconnection of Ca(2+) and auxin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Vanneste
- Plant Systems Biology, VIB, and Plant Biotechnology and Bio-informatics, Ghent University, Ghent 9052, Belgium.
| | - Jiří Friml
- Plant Systems Biology, VIB, and Plant Biotechnology and Bio-informatics, Ghent University, Ghent 9052, Belgium
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), Klosterneuburg 3400, Austria
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217
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Defining the Site of Light Perception and Initiation of Phototropism in Arabidopsis. Curr Biol 2013; 23:1934-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2013.07.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Revised: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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218
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Čovanová M, Sauer M, Rychtář J, Friml J, Petrášek J, Zažímalová E. Overexpression of the auxin binding protein1 modulates PIN-dependent auxin transport in tobacco cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70050. [PMID: 23894588 PMCID: PMC3720949 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Auxin binding protein 1 (ABP1) is a putative auxin receptor and its function is indispensable for plant growth and development. ABP1 has been shown to be involved in auxin-dependent regulation of cell division and expansion, in plasma-membrane-related processes such as changes in transmembrane potential, and in the regulation of clathrin-dependent endocytosis. However, the ABP1-regulated downstream pathway remains elusive. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Using auxin transport assays and quantitative analysis of cellular morphology we show that ABP1 regulates auxin efflux from tobacco BY-2 cells. The overexpression of ABP1can counterbalance increased auxin efflux and auxin starvation phenotypes caused by the overexpression of PIN auxin efflux carrier. Relevant mechanism involves the ABP1-controlled vesicle trafficking processes, including positive regulation of endocytosis of PIN auxin efflux carriers, as indicated by fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) and pharmacological manipulations. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The findings indicate the involvement of ABP1 in control of rate of auxin transport across plasma membrane emphasizing the role of ABP1 in regulation of PIN activity at the plasma membrane, and highlighting the relevance of ABP1 for the formation of developmentally important, PIN-dependent auxin gradients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milada Čovanová
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic, Czech Republic
| | - Michael Sauer
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB (Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie), Ghent, Belgium
- Departamento Genetica Molecular de Plantas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CSIC (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jan Rychtář
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, the University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jiří Friml
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), Klosterneuburg, Austria
- Department of Functional Genomics and Proteomics, Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Petrášek
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Zažímalová
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic, Czech Republic
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The basidiomycete Ustilago maydis has two plasma membrane H+-ATPases related to fungi and plants. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2013; 45:477-90. [DOI: 10.1007/s10863-013-9520-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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220
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Routier-Kierzkowska AL, Smith RS. Measuring the mechanics of morphogenesis. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 16:25-32. [PMID: 23218971 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2012.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Revised: 11/05/2012] [Accepted: 11/08/2012] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The past decades have seen a rapid increase in the understanding of plant morphogenesis at the molecular-genetic level. However, the control of growth and morphogenesis by molecular and signaling networks ultimately requires the coordinated regulation of mechanical properties in individual cells. There is also increasing evidence that mechanical stresses can feedback on hormone signaling and growth, and may have a central role in developmental patterning. Thus the development of techniques to investigate the mechanical properties of plant tissue at the cellular level is key to understanding growth and morphogenesis.
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221
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Seidel T, Siek M, Marg B, Dietz KJ. Energization of vacuolar transport in plant cells and its significance under stress. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 304:57-131. [PMID: 23809435 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-407696-9.00002-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The plant vacuole is of prime importance in buffering environmental perturbations and in coping with abiotic stress caused by, for example, drought, salinity, cold, or UV. The large volume, the efficient integration in anterograde and retrograde vesicular trafficking, and the dynamic equipment with tonoplast transporters enable the vacuole to fulfill indispensible functions in cell biology, for example, transient and permanent storage, detoxification, recycling, pH and redox homeostasis, cell expansion, biotic defence, and cell death. This review first focuses on endomembrane dynamics and then summarizes the functions, assembly, and regulation of secretory and vacuolar proton pumps: (i) the vacuolar H(+)-ATPase (V-ATPase) which represents a multimeric complex of approximately 800 kDa, (ii) the vacuolar H(+)-pyrophosphatase, and (iii) the plasma membrane H(+)-ATPase. These primary proton pumps regulate the cytosolic pH and provide the driving force for secondary active transport. Carriers and ion channels modulate the proton motif force and catalyze uptake and vacuolar compartmentation of solutes and deposition of xenobiotics or secondary compounds such as flavonoids. ABC-type transporters directly energized by MgATP complement the transport portfolio that realizes the multiple functions in stress tolerance of plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Seidel
- Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants, Faculty of Biology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany.
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222
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Keuskamp DH, Pierik R. Plant Competition: Light Signals Control Polar Auxin Transport. POLAR AUXIN TRANSPORT 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-35299-7_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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223
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Sairanen I, Novák O, Pěnčík A, Ikeda Y, Jones B, Sandberg G, Ljung K. Soluble carbohydrates regulate auxin biosynthesis via PIF proteins in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2012; 24:4907-16. [PMID: 23209113 PMCID: PMC3556965 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.112.104794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2012] [Revised: 11/01/2012] [Accepted: 11/13/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plants are necessarily highly competitive and have finely tuned mechanisms to adjust growth and development in accordance with opportunities and limitations in their environment. Sugars from photosynthesis form an integral part of this growth control process, acting as both an energy source and as signaling molecules in areas targeted for growth. The plant hormone auxin similarly functions as a signaling molecule and a driver of growth and developmental processes. Here, we show that not only do the two act in concert but that auxin metabolism is itself regulated by the availability of free sugars. The regulation of the biosynthesis and degradation of the main auxin, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), by sugars requires changes in the expression of multiple genes and metabolites linked to several IAA biosynthetic pathways. The induction also involves members of the recently described central regulator PHYTOCHROME-INTERACTING FACTOR transcription factor family. Linking these three known regulators of growth provides a model for the dynamic coordination of responses to a changing environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilkka Sairanen
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83 Umea, Sweden
| | - Ondřej Novák
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83 Umea, Sweden
| | - Aleš Pěnčík
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83 Umea, Sweden
| | - Yoshihisa Ikeda
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umea University, SE-901 87 Umea, Sweden
| | - Brian Jones
- Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia
| | - Göran Sandberg
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umea University, SE-901 87 Umea, Sweden
| | - Karin Ljung
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83 Umea, Sweden
- Address correspondence to
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224
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Murray JA, Jones A, Godin C, Traas J. Systems analysis of shoot apical meristem growth and development: integrating hormonal and mechanical signaling. THE PLANT CELL 2012; 24:3907-19. [PMID: 23110895 PMCID: PMC3517227 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.112.102194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2012] [Revised: 09/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The shoot apical meristem (SAM) is a small population of stem cells that continuously generates organs and tissues. This review covers our current understanding of organ initiation by the SAM in Arabidopsis thaliana. Meristem function and maintenance involves two major hormones, cytokinins and auxins. Cytokinins appear to play a major role in meristem maintenance and in controlling meristematic properties, such as cell proliferation. Self-organizing transport processes, which are still only partially understood, lead to the patterned accumulation of auxin at particular positions, where organs will grow out. A major downstream target of auxin-mediated growth regulation is the cell wall, which is a determinant for both growth rates and growth distribution, but feedbacks with metabolism and the synthetic capacity of the cytoplasm are crucial as well. Recent work has also pointed at a potential role of mechanical signals in growth coordination, but the precise mechanisms at work remain to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A.H. Murray
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales CF10 3AX, United Kingdom
| | - Angharad Jones
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales CF10 3AX, United Kingdom
| | - Christophe Godin
- Virtual Plants, Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développment, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique, Université Montpellier 2, 34095 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Jan Traas
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Unité Mixte de Recherche, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, École Normale Superieur de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, 69364 Lyon cedex 07, France
- Address correspondence to
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225
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Okumura M, Takahashi K, Inoue SI, Kinoshita T. Evolutionary appearance of the plasma membrane H (+) -ATPase containing a penultimate threonine in the bryophyte. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2012; 7:979-82. [PMID: 22836495 PMCID: PMC3474699 DOI: 10.4161/psb.20936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The plasma membrane H (+) -ATPase provides the driving force for solute transport via an electrochemical gradient of H (+) across the plasma membrane, and regulates pH homeostasis and membrane potential in plant cells. However, the plasma membrane H (+) -ATPase in non-vascular plant bryophyte is largely unknown. Here, we show that the moss Physcomitrella patens, which is known as a model bryophyte, expresses both the penultimate Thr-containing H (+) -ATPase (pT H (+) -ATPase) and non-pT H (+) -ATPase as in the green algae, and that pT H (+) -ATPase is regulated by phosphorylation of its penultimate Thr. A search in the P. patens genome database revealed seven H (+) -ATPase genes, designated PpHA (Physcomitrella patens H (+) -ATPase). Six isoforms are the pT H (+) -ATPase; a remaining isoform is non-pT H (+) -ATPase. An apparent 95-kD protein was recognized by anti-H (+) -ATPase antibodies against an isoform of Arabidopsis thaliana and was phosphorylated on the penultimate Thr in response to a fungal toxin fusicoccin and light in protonemata, indicating that the 95-kD protein contains pT H (+) -ATPase. Furthermore, we could not detect the pT H (+) -ATPase in the charophyte alga Chara braunii, which is the closest relative of the land plants, by immunological methods. These results strongly suggest the pT H (+) -ATPase most likely appeared for the first time in bryophyte.
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