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Moore BD, Jin RU, Osaki L, Romero-Gallo J, Noto J, Peek RM, Mills JC. Identification of alanyl aminopeptidase (CD13) as a surface marker for isolation of mature gastric zymogenic chief cells. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2015; 309:G955-64. [PMID: 26514774 PMCID: PMC4683299 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00261.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Injury and inflammation in the gastric epithelium can cause disruption of the pathways that guide the differentiation of cell lineages, which in turn can cause persistent alterations in differentiation patterns, known as metaplasia. Metaplasia that occurs in the stomach is associated with increased risk for cancer. Methods for isolating distinct gastric epithelial cell populations would facilitate dissection of the molecular and cellular pathways that guide normal and metaplastic differentiation. Here, we identify alanyl aminopeptidase (CD13) as a specific surface marker of zymogenic chief cells (ZCs) in the gastric epithelium. We show that 1) among gastric epithelial cells alanyl aminopeptidase expression is confined to mature ZCs, and 2) its expression is lost en route to metaplasia in both mouse and human stomachs. With this new marker coupled with new techniques that we introduce for dissociating gastric epithelial cells and overcoming their constitutive autofluorescence, we are able to reliably isolate enriched populations of ZCs for both molecular analysis and for the establishment of ZC-derived ex vivo gastroid cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D. Moore
- 1Division of Gastroenterology, Departments of Medicine, Pathology, and Immunology, and Developmental Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri;
| | - Ramon U. Jin
- 1Division of Gastroenterology, Departments of Medicine, Pathology, and Immunology, and Developmental Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri;
| | - Luciana Osaki
- 1Division of Gastroenterology, Departments of Medicine, Pathology, and Immunology, and Developmental Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri;
| | - Judith Romero-Gallo
- 2Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Jennifer Noto
- 2Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Richard M. Peek
- 2Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Jason C. Mills
- 1Division of Gastroenterology, Departments of Medicine, Pathology, and Immunology, and Developmental Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri;
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202
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Lu YC, Yang CX, Yan XP. Radiopaque tantalum oxide coated persistent luminescent nanoparticles as multimodal probes for in vivo near-infrared luminescence and computed tomography bioimaging. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:17929-17937. [PMID: 26462601 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr05623c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The design and fabrication of multimodal imaging nanoparticles is of great importance in medical diagnosis. Here we report the fabrication of core-shell structured Zn2.94Ga1.96Ge2O10:Cr(3+),Pr(3+)@TaOx@SiO2 nanoparticles for persistent luminescence and X-ray computed tomography (CT) imaging. Persistent luminescent nanoparticles Zn2.94Ga1.96Ge2O10:Cr(3+),Pr(3+) were used as the core to provide near-infrared luminescence, and a TaOx layer was grown on the core to serve as the contrast agent for CT. The tenuous outermost SiO2 shell was fabricated on the TaOx layer to gain high biocompatibility and to facilitate post-modification with tumor-targeting peptides. The fabricated core-shell structured nanoparticle shows intense near-infrared luminescence and the CT contrast effect. No obvious mutual interference was found in these two modalities, which ensures that each imaging modality merits could be brought in a full play. Furthermore, covalent bonding of cyclic-Asn-Gly-Arg peptides makes the core-shell structured nanoparticles promising for in vivo targeted imaging of tumor-bearing mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chen Lu
- College of Chemistry, Research Center for Analytical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology (Nankai University), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Biosensing, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China.
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203
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First-in-human, phase I/IIa clinical study of the peptidase potentiated alkylator melflufen administered every three weeks to patients with advanced solid tumor malignancies. Invest New Drugs 2015; 33:1232-41. [PMID: 26553306 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-015-0299-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Melflufen (melphalan flufenamide, previously designated J1) is an optimized and targeted derivative of melphalan, hydrolyzed by aminopeptidases overexpressed in tumor cells resulting in selective release and trapping of melphalan, and enhanced activity in preclinical models. METHODS This was a prospective, single-armed, open-label, first-in-human, dose-finding phase I/IIa study in 45 adult patients with advanced and progressive solid tumors without standard treatment options. Most common tumor types were ovarian carcinoma (n = 20) and non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC, n = 11). RESULTS In the dose-escalating phase I part of the study, seven patients were treated with increasing fixed doses of melflufen (25-130 mg) Q3W. In the subsequent phase IIa part, 38 patients received in total 115 cycles of therapy at doses of 30-75 mg. No dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs) were observed at 25 and 50 mg; at higher doses DLTs were reversible neutropenias and thrombocytopenias, particularly evident in heavily pretreated patients, and the recommended phase II dose (RPTD) was set to 50 mg. Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumors (RECIST) evaluation after 3 cycles of therapy (27 patients) showed partial response in one (ovarian cancer), and stable disease in 18 patients. One NSCLC patient received nine cycles of melflufen and progressed after 7 months of therapy. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, melflufen can safely be given to cancer patients, and the toxicity profile was as expected for alkylating agents; RPTD is 50 mg Q3W. Reversible and manageable bone marrow suppression was identified as a DLT. Clinical activity is suggested in ovarian cancer, but modest activity in treatment of refractory NSCLC.
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204
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Sun ZP, Zhang J, Shi LH, Zhang XR, Duan Y, Xu WF, Dai G, Wang XJ. Aminopeptidase N inhibitor 4cc synergizes antitumor effects of 5-fluorouracil on human liver cancer cells through ROS-dependent CD13 inhibition. Biomed Pharmacother 2015; 76:65-72. [PMID: 26653552 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2015.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aminopeptidase N (APN, also known as CD13) is involved in cellular processes of various types of tumors and a potential anti-cancer therapeutic target. Here, we report the effect of an APN inhibitor 4cc in enhancing sensitivity of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell lines and xenograft model in response to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in vivo and in vitro. The treatment of the combination of 4cc with 5-FU, compared to the combination of bestain with 5-FU, markedly suppressed cell growth and induced apoptosis of HCC cells, accompanying the increase in the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and followed by a decrease in the mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨM). Furthermore, the combination of 4cc and 5-FU showed a significant inhibitory effect on the growth of HCC xenograft tumors. In addition, following the treatment of 4cc, APN activity and clonogenic formation and the number of CD13-positive cells in PLC/PRF/5 cells were significantly decreased, suggesting that 4cc may also inhibit liver cancer stem cells by CD13 inhibition. These results showed that the APN inhibitor 4cc synergizes antitumor effects of 5-FU on human liver cancer cells via ROS-mediated drug resistance inhibition and concurrent activation of the mitochondrial pathways of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Peng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Applied Pharmacology in Universities of Shandong, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, Shandong, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Medical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, Shandong, China
| | - Li-Hong Shi
- Key Laboratory of Applied Pharmacology in Universities of Shandong, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, Shandong, China
| | - Xiu-Rong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Pharmacology in Universities of Shandong, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, Shandong, China
| | - Yu Duan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, Shandong, China
| | - Wen-Fang Xu
- Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Gong Dai
- Key Laboratory of Applied Pharmacology in Universities of Shandong, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, Shandong, China.
| | - Xue-Jian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Pharmacology in Universities of Shandong, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, Shandong, China.
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205
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Activity profiling of aminopeptidases in cell lysates using a fluorogenic substrate library. Biochimie 2015; 122:31-7. [PMID: 26449746 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2015.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Aminopeptidases are exopeptidases that process peptide bonds at the N-terminus of protein substrates, and they are involved in controlling several metabolic pathways. Due to their involvement in diseases such as cancer or rheumatoid arthritis, their presence can also be used as a predictive biomarker. Here, we used a library of fluorogenic substrates containing natural and unnatural amino acids to reliably measure the aminopeptidase N (APN) activity in cell lysates obtained from human, pig and rat kidneys. We compared our results to the substrate specificity profile of isolated APN. Our data strongly support the observation that fluorogenic substrates can be successfully used to identify aminopeptidases and to measure their activity in cell lysates. Moreover, in contrast to assays using single substrates, which can result in overlapping specificity due to cleavage by several aminopeptidases, our library fingerprint can provide information about single enzymes.
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206
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Li S, Tian Y, Zhao Y, Zhang Y, Su S, Wang J, Wu M, Shi Q, Anderson GJ, Thomsen J, Zhao R, Ji T, Wang J, Nie G. pHLIP-mediated targeting of truncated tissue factor to tumor vessels causes vascular occlusion and impairs tumor growth. Oncotarget 2015; 6:23523-32. [PMID: 26143637 PMCID: PMC4695134 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Occluding tumor blood supply by delivering the extracellular domain of coagulation-inducing protein tissue factor (truncated tissue factor, tTF) to tumor vasculature has enormous potential to eliminate solid tumors. Yet few of the delivery technologies are moved into clinical practice due to their non-specific tissue biodistribution and rapid clearance by the reticuloendothelial system. Here we introduced a novel tTF delivery method by generating a fusion protein (tTF-pHLIP) consisting of tTF fused with a peptide with a low pH-induced transmembrane structure (pHLIP). This protein targets the acidic tumor vascular endothelium and effectively induces local blood coagulation. tTF-pHLIP, wherein pHLIP is cleverly designed to mimic the natural tissue factor transmembrane domain, triggered thrombogenic activity of the tTF by locating it to the endothelial cell surface, as demonstrated by coagulation assays and confocal microscopy. Systemic administration of tTF-pHLIP into tumor-bearing mice selectively induced thrombotic occlusion of tumor vessels, reducing tumor perfusion and impairing tumor growth without overt side effects. Our work introduces a promising strategy for using tTF as an anti-cancer drug, which has great potential value for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suping Li
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials & Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, China, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yanhua Tian
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ying Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials & Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, China, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yinlong Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials & Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, China, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Shishuai Su
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials & Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, China, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jing Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials & Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, China, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Meiyu Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials & Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, China, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Quanwei Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials & Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, China, Beijing 100190, China
| | | | - Johannes Thomsen
- Sino-Danish Center for Education and Research, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Ruifang Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials & Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, China, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Tianjiao Ji
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials & Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, China, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Thoracic Medical Oncology, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing 100142, China
| | - Guangjun Nie
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials & Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, China, Beijing 100190, China
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207
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Trzeciakiewicz H, Esteves-Villanueva J, Soudy R, Kaur K, Martic-Milne S. Electrochemical Characterization of Protein Adsorption onto YNGRT-Au and VLGXE-Au Surfaces. SENSORS 2015; 15:19429-42. [PMID: 26262621 PMCID: PMC4570378 DOI: 10.3390/s150819429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2015] [Revised: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The adsorption of the proteins CD13, mucin and bovine serum albumin on VLGXE-Au and YNGRT-Au interfaces was monitored by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy in the presence of [Fe(CN)6]3−/4−. The hydrophobicity of the Au surface was tailored using specific peptides, blocking agents and diluents. The combination of blocking agents (ethanolamine or n-butylamine) and diluents (hexanethiol or 2-mercaptoethanol) was used to prepare various peptide-modified Au surfaces. Protein adsorption onto the peptide-Au surfaces modified with the combination of n-butylamine and hexanethiol produced a dramatic decrease in the charge transfer resistance, Rct, for all three proteins. In contrast, polar peptide-surfaces induced a minimal change in Rct for all three proteins. Furthermore, an increase in Rct was observed with CD13 (an aminopeptidase overexpressed in certain cancers) in comparison to the other proteins when the VLGXE-Au surface was modified with n-butylamine as a blocking agent. The electrochemical data indicated that protein adsorption may be modulated by tailoring the peptide sequence on Au surfaces and that blocking agents and diluents play a key role in promoting or preventing protein adsorption. The peptide-Au platform may also be used for targeting cancer biomarkers with designer peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Trzeciakiewicz
- Department of Chemistry, Oakland University, 2200 North Squirrel Road, Rochester, MI 48309, USA; E-Mails: (H.T.); (J.E.-V.)
| | - Jose Esteves-Villanueva
- Department of Chemistry, Oakland University, 2200 North Squirrel Road, Rochester, MI 48309, USA; E-Mails: (H.T.); (J.E.-V.)
| | - Rania Soudy
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, 87 Avenue, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada; E-Mails: (R.S.); (K.K.)
| | - Kamaljit Kaur
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, 87 Avenue, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada; E-Mails: (R.S.); (K.K.)
- Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, Chapman University, Irvine, CA 92618-1908, USA
| | - Sanela Martic-Milne
- Department of Chemistry, Oakland University, 2200 North Squirrel Road, Rochester, MI 48309, USA; E-Mails: (H.T.); (J.E.-V.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +1-248-370-3088; Fax: +1-248-370-2321
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208
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Lucarelli G, Rutigliano M, Galleggiante V, Giglio A, Palazzo S, Ferro M, Simone C, Bettocchi C, Battaglia M, Ditonno P. Metabolomic profiling for the identification of novel diagnostic markers in prostate cancer. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2015; 15:1211-24. [PMID: 26174441 DOI: 10.1586/14737159.2015.1069711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Metabolomic profiling offers a powerful methodology for understanding the perturbations of biochemical systems occurring during a disease process. During neoplastic transformation, prostate cells undergo metabolic reprogramming to satisfy the demands of growth and proliferation. An early event in prostate cell transformation is the loss of capacity to accumulate zinc. This change is associated with a higher energy efficiency and increased lipid biosynthesis for cellular proliferation, membrane formation and cell signaling. Moreover, recent studies have shown that sarcosine, an N-methyl derivative of glycine, was significantly increased during disease progression from normal to localized to metastatic prostate cancer. Mapping the metabolomic profiles to their respective biochemical pathways showed an upregulation of androgen-induced protein synthesis, an increased amino acid metabolism and a perturbation of nitrogen breakdown pathways, along with high total choline-containing compounds and phosphocholine levels. In this review, the role of emerging biomarkers is summarized, based on the current understanding of the prostate cancer metabolome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Lucarelli
- a 1 Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation - Urology, Andrology and Kidney Transplantation Unit, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
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209
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Revelant G, Al-Lakkis-Wehbe M, Schmitt M, Alavi S, Schmitt C, Roux L, Al-Masri M, Schifano-Faux N, Maiereanu C, Tarnus C, Albrecht S. Exploring S1 plasticity and probing S1′ subsite of mammalian aminopeptidase N/CD13 with highly potent and selective aminobenzosuberone inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:3192-207. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.04.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Revised: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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210
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Targeting CD13 (aminopeptidase-N) in turn downregulates ADAM17 by internalization in acute myeloid leukaemia cells. Oncotarget 2015; 5:8211-22. [PMID: 25246708 PMCID: PMC4226678 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.1788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Secreted matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-2 and MMP-9 and membrane-anchored aminopeptidase-N/CD13 are abnormally expressed in human acute myeloid leukaemia (AML). We previously showed that CD13 ligation by anti-CD13 monoclonal antibodies can induce apoptosis in AML cells. Here, we assessed ADAM17 expression in primary blood blasts CD13+CD33+ from patients with AML. Primary AML cells expressed ADAM17 transcript and its surface expression was higher in subtype M4 (myelomonocytic) and M5 (monocytic) AML specimens than in M0 and M1/M2 (early and granulocytic) specimens. In AML cell lines defining distinct AML subfamilies (HL-60/M2, NB4/M3, THP-1/M5, U937/M5) and primary AML cells cultured ex vivo, anti-CD13 antibodies downregulated surface CD13 and ADAM17 without affecting MMP-2/-9 release. Knockdown of CD13 by siRNA prevented anti-CD13-mediated ADAM17 downregulation, indicating that CD13 is required for ADAM17 downregulation. Soluble ADAM17 was not detected in the medium of anti-CD13 treated cells, suggesting that ADAM17 was not shed. After ligation by anti-CD13, CD13 and ADAM17 were internalized. Subsequently, we found that ADAM17 interacts with CD13. We postulate that the interaction of ADAM17 with CD13 and its downregulation following CD13 engagement has important implications in AML for the known roles of ADAM17 in tumour-associated cell growth, migration and invasion.
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211
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Translational potential of cancer stem cells: A review of the detection of cancer stem cells and their roles in cancer recurrence and cancer treatment. Exp Cell Res 2015; 335:135-47. [PMID: 25967525 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2015.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2015] [Revised: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a subpopulation of cancer cells with many clinical implications in most cancer types. One important clinical implication of CSCs is their role in cancer metastases, as reflected by their ability to initiate and drive micro and macro-metastases. The other important contributing factor for CSCs in cancer management is their function in causing treatment resistance and recurrence in cancer via their activation of different signalling pathways such as Notch, Wnt/β-catenin, TGF-β, Hedgehog, PI3K/Akt/mTOR and JAK/STAT pathways. Thus, many different therapeutic approaches are being tested for prevention and treatment of cancer recurrence. These may include treatment strategies targeting altered genetic signalling pathways by blocking specific cell surface molecules, altering the cancer microenvironments that nurture cancer stem cells, inducing differentiation of CSCs, immunotherapy based on CSCs associated antigens, exploiting metabolites to kill CSCs, and designing small interfering RNA/DNA molecules that especially target CSCs. Because of the huge potential of these approaches to improve cancer management, it is important to identify and isolate cancer stem cells for precise study and application of prior the research on their role in cancer. Commonly used methodologies for detection and isolation of CSCs include functional, image-based, molecular, cytological sorting and filtration approaches, the use of different surface markers and xenotransplantation. Overall, given their significance in cancer biology, refining the isolation and targeting of CSCs will play an important role in future management of cancer.
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212
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Andrews TE, Wang D, Harki DA. Cell surface markers of cancer stem cells: diagnostic macromolecules and targets for drug delivery. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2015; 3:121-42. [PMID: 25787981 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-012-0075-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The recognition that the persistence of cancer stem cells (CSCs) in patients following chemotherapy can result in disease relapse underscores the necessity to develop therapeutics against those cells. CSCs display a unique repertoire of cell surface macromolecules, which have proven essential for their characterization and isolation. Additionally, CSC-specific cell surface macromolecules or markers provide targets for the development of specific agents to destroy them. In this review, we compiled those cell surface molecules that have been validated as CSC markers for many common blood and solid tumors. We describe the unique chemical and structural features of the most common cell surface markers, as well as recent efforts to deliver chemotherapeutic agents into CSCs by targeting those macromolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy E Andrews
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 717 Delaware St SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55414, USA
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213
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McLean JB, Moylan JS, Horrell EMW, Andrade FH. Proteomic analysis of media from lung cancer cells reveals role of 14-3-3 proteins in cachexia. Front Physiol 2015; 6:136. [PMID: 25972815 PMCID: PMC4411971 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2015.00136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims: At the time of diagnosis, 60% of lung cancer patients present with cachexia, a severe wasting syndrome that increases morbidity and mortality. Tumors secrete multiple factors that contribute to cachectic muscle wasting, and not all of these factors have been identified. We used Orbitrap electrospray ionization mass spectrometry to identify novel cachexia-inducing candidates in media conditioned with Lewis lung carcinoma cells (LCM). Results: One-hundred and 58 proteins were confirmed in three biological replicates. Thirty-three were identified as secreted proteins, including 14-3-3 proteins, which are highly conserved adaptor proteins known to have over 200 binding partners. We confirmed the presence of extracellular 14-3-3 proteins in LCM via western blot and discovered that LCM contained less 14-3-3 content than media conditioned with C2C12 myotubes. Using a neutralizing antibody, we depleted extracellular 14-3-3 proteins in myotube culture medium, which resulted in diminished myosin content. We identified the proposed receptor for 14-3-3 proteins, CD13, in differentiated C2C12 myotubes and found that inhibiting CD13 via Bestatin also resulted in diminished myosin content. Conclusions: Our novel findings show that extracellular 14-3-3 proteins may act as previously unidentified myokines and may signal via CD13 to help maintain muscle mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie B McLean
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky Lexington, KY, USA ; Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Jennifer S Moylan
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky Lexington, KY, USA ; Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky Lexington, KY, USA ; Center for Clinical and Translational Science, University of Kentucky Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Erin M W Horrell
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky Lexington, KY, USA ; Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Francisco H Andrade
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky Lexington, KY, USA ; Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky Lexington, KY, USA
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214
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Larrinaga G, Perez I, Sanz B, Beitia M, Errarte P, Fernández A, Blanco L, Etxezarraga MC, Gil J, López JI. Dipeptidyl-peptidase IV activity is correlated with colorectal cancer prognosis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119436. [PMID: 25790122 PMCID: PMC4366149 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dipeptidyl-peptidase IV (EC 3.4.14.5) (DPPIV) is a serine peptidase involved in cell differentiation, adhesion, immune modulation and apoptosis, functions that control neoplastic transformation. Previous studies have demonstrated altered expression and activity of tissue and circulating DPPIV in several cancers and proposed its potential usefulness for early diagnosis in colorectal cancer (CRC). Methods and principal findings The activity and mRNA and protein expression of DPPIV was prospectively analyzed in adenocarcinomas, adenomas, uninvolved colorectal mucosa and plasma from 116 CRC patients by fluorimetric, quantitative RT-PCR and immunohistochemical methods. Results were correlated with the most important classic pathological data related to aggressiveness and with 5-year survival rates. Results showed that: 1) mRNA levels and activity of DPPIV increased in colorectal neoplasms (Kruskal-Wallis test, p<0.01); 2) Both adenomas and CRCs displayed positive cytoplasmic immunostaining with luminal membrane reinforcement; 3) Plasmatic DPPIV activity was lower in CRC patients than in healthy subjects (Mann-U test, p<0.01); 4) Plasmatic DPPIV activity was associated with worse overall and disease-free survivals (log-rank p<0.01, Cox analysis p<0.01). Conclusion/significance 1) Up-regulation of DPPIV in colorectal tumors suggests a role for this enzyme in the neoplastic transformation of colorectal tissues. This finding opens the possibility for new therapeutic targets in these patients. 2) Plasmatic DPPIV is an independent prognostic factor in survival of CRC patients. The determination of DPPIV activity levels in the plasma may be a safe, minimally invasive and inexpensive way to define the aggressiveness of CRC in daily practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gorka Larrinaga
- Department of Nursing I, School of Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry,University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
- BioCruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Itxaro Perez
- Department of Nursing I, School of Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry,University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
- BioCruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Begoña Sanz
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry,University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
- BioCruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Maider Beitia
- Department of Nursing I, School of Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry,University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
- BioCruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Peio Errarte
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry,University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
- BioCruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Ainhoa Fernández
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry,University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
- BioCruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Lorena Blanco
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry,University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
- BioCruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - María C. Etxezarraga
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Basurto University Hospital,University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Bizkaia, Spain
- BioCruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Javier Gil
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry,University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
- BioCruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - José I. López
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Cruces University Hospital, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain
- BioCruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain
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Enyedi KN, Czajlik A, Knapp K, Láng A, Majer Z, Lajkó E, Kőhidai L, Perczel A, Mező G. Development of cyclic NGR peptides with thioether linkage: structure and dynamics determining deamidation and bioactivity. J Med Chem 2015; 58:1806-17. [PMID: 25646854 DOI: 10.1021/jm501630j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
NGR peptides that recognize CD13 receptors in tumor neovasculature are of high interest, in particular due to their potential applications in drug targeting. Here we report the synthesis and structural analysis of novel thioether bond-linked cyclic NGR peptides. Our results show that their chemostability (resistance against spontaneous decomposition forming isoAsp and Asp derivatives) strongly depends on both sample handling conditions and structural properties. A significant correlation was found between chemostability and structural measures, such as NH(Gly)-CO(Asn-sc) distances. The side-chain orientation of Asn is a key determining factor; if it is turned away from HN(Gly), the chemostability increases. Structure stabilizing factors (e.g., H-bonds) lower their internal dynamics, and thus biomolecules become even more resistant against spontaneous decomposition. The effect of cyclic NGR peptides on cell adhesion was examined in A2058 melanoma cell lines. It was found that some of the investigated peptides gradually increased cell adhesion with long-term characteristics, indicating time-dependent formation of integrin binding isoAsp derivatives that are responsible for the adhesion-inducing effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kata Nóra Enyedi
- MTA-ELTE Research Group of Peptide Chemistry, Hungarian Academy of Sciences,▽MTA-ELTE Protein Modelling Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, ∥Laboratory for Chiroptical Structure Analysis, Institute of Chemistry, and ⊥Laboratory of Structural Chemistry and Biology, Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University , Pázmány P. sétány 1/A, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
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216
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Seo Y, Lee S, Kim YG. Stereoselective Synthesis of Novel Bestatin Analogs. APPLIED CHEMISTRY FOR ENGINEERING 2015. [DOI: 10.14478/ace.2014.1134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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217
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Emerging therapies and future directions in pulmonary arterial hypertension. Can J Cardiol 2015; 31:489-501. [PMID: 25840098 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2015.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a complex obliterative vascular disease. It remains deadly despite an explosion of basic research over the past 20 years that identified myriads of potential therapeutic targets, few of which have been translated into early phase trials. Despite the agreement over the past decade that its pathogenesis is based on an antiapoptotic and proproliferative environment within the pulmonary arterial wall, and not vasoconstriction, all the currently approved therapies were developed and tested in PAH because of their vasodilatory properties. Numerous potential therapies identified in preclinical research fail to be translated in clinical research. Here we discuss 7 concepts that might help address the "translational gap" in PAH. These include: a need to approach the "pulmonary arteries-right ventricle unit" comprehensively and develop right ventricle-specific therapies for heart failure; the metabolic and inflammatory theories of PAH that put many "diverse" abnormalities under 1 mechanistic roof, allowing the identification of more effective targets and biomarkers; the realization that PAH might be a systemic disease with primary abnormalities in extrapulmonary tissues including the right ventricle, skeletal muscle, immune system, and perhaps bone marrow, shifting our focus toward more systemic targets; the realization that many heritable components of PAH have an epigenetic basis that can be therapeutically targeted; and novel approaches like cell therapy or devices that can potentially improve access to transplanted organs. This progress marks the entrance into a new and exciting stage in our understanding and ability to fight this mysterious deadly disease.
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218
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Najam-ul-Haq M, Jabeen F, Shafiq F, Sajid S, Saba A. New cellulose–silica composite IMAC/C18 for the selective enrichment of phosphorylated molecules and the improved recovery of hydrophilic species. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra10254a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A new methodology is reported for the synthesis of a hydrophilic cellulose–silica composite, followed by derivatization for the selective enrichment of phosphopeptides and use as a desalting material prior to mass spectrometric analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Najam-ul-Haq
- Division of Analytical Chemistry
- Institute of Chemical Sciences
- Bahauddin Zakariya University
- Multan 60800
- Pakistan
| | - Fahmida Jabeen
- Division of Analytical Chemistry
- Institute of Chemical Sciences
- Bahauddin Zakariya University
- Multan 60800
- Pakistan
| | - Faiza Shafiq
- Division of Analytical Chemistry
- Institute of Chemical Sciences
- Bahauddin Zakariya University
- Multan 60800
- Pakistan
| | - Salman Sajid
- Division of Analytical Chemistry
- Institute of Chemical Sciences
- Bahauddin Zakariya University
- Multan 60800
- Pakistan
| | - Ambreen Saba
- Division of Analytical Chemistry
- Institute of Chemical Sciences
- Bahauddin Zakariya University
- Multan 60800
- Pakistan
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219
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Raimondo F, Corbetta S, Savoia A, Chinello C, Cazzaniga M, Rocco F, Bosari S, Grasso M, Bovo G, Magni F, Pitto M. Comparative membrane proteomics: a technical advancement in the search of renal cell carcinoma biomarkers. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2015; 11:1708-16. [DOI: 10.1039/c5mb00020c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Set-up of a specific protocol for membrane protein analysis, applied to label free, comparative proteomics of renal cell carcinoma microdomains.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Andrea Savoia
- Department of Health Sciences
- Univ. of Milano-Bicocca
- Monza
- Italy
| | - Clizia Chinello
- Department of Health Sciences
- Univ. of Milano-Bicocca
- Monza
- Italy
| | - Marta Cazzaniga
- Department of Health Sciences
- Univ. of Milano-Bicocca
- Monza
- Italy
| | - Francesco Rocco
- Department of Specialistic Surgical Sciences
- Urology unit
- Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Foundation
- IRCCS
- Milano
| | - Silvano Bosari
- Department of Medicine
- Surgery and Dental Sciences
- Pathology Unit
- Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Foundation Milano
- IRCCS
| | - Marco Grasso
- Department of Surgical Pathology
- Cytology
- Medical Genetics and Nephropathology
- Azienda Ospedaliera San Gerardo
- Monza
| | - Giorgio Bovo
- Department of Surgical Pathology
- Cytology
- Medical Genetics and Nephropathology
- Azienda Ospedaliera San Gerardo
- Monza
| | - Fulvio Magni
- Department of Health Sciences
- Univ. of Milano-Bicocca
- Monza
- Italy
| | - Marina Pitto
- Department of Health Sciences
- Univ. of Milano-Bicocca
- Monza
- Italy
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220
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Perez I, Blanco L, Sanz B, Errarte P, Ariz U, Beitia M, Fernández A, Loizate A, Candenas ML, Pinto FM, Gil J, López JI, Larrinaga G. Altered Activity and Expression of Cytosolic Peptidases in Colorectal Cancer. Int J Med Sci 2015; 12:458-67. [PMID: 26078706 PMCID: PMC4466510 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.11808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE The role of peptidases in carcinogenic processes and their potential usefulness as tumor markers in colorectal cancer (CRC) have been classically attributed to cell-surface enzymes. The objective of the present study was to analyze the activity and mRNA expression of three cytosolic peptidases in the CRC and to correlate the obtained results with classic histopathological parameters for tumor prognosis and survival. METHODS The activity and mRNA levels of puromycin-sensitive aminopeptidase (PSA), aminopeptidase B (APB) and pyroglutamyl-peptidase I (PGI) were measured by fluorimetric and quantitative RT-PCR methods in colorectal mucosa and tumor tissues and plasma samples from CRC patients (n=81). RESULTS 1) PSA and APB activity was higher in adenomas and carcinomas than in the uninvolved mucosa. 2) mRNA levels of PSA and PGI was lower in tumors. 3) PGI activity in CRC tissue correlated negatively with histological grade, tumor size and 5-year overall survival of CRC patients. 4) Higher plasmatic APB activity was independently associated with better 5-year overall survival. CONCLUSIONS Data suggest that cytosolic peptidases may be involved in colorectal carcinogenesis and point to the determination of this enzymes as a valuable method in the determination of CRC prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itxaro Perez
- 1. Department of Nursing I, School of Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain ; 2. Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain ; 6. BioCruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Lorena Blanco
- 2. Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain ; 6. BioCruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Begoña Sanz
- 2. Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain ; 6. BioCruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Peio Errarte
- 2. Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain ; 6. BioCruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Usue Ariz
- 2. Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain ; 6. BioCruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Maider Beitia
- 2. Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain ; 6. BioCruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Ainhoa Fernández
- 2. Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain ; 6. BioCruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Alberto Loizate
- 3. Department of Surgery, Basurto University Hospital, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - M Luz Candenas
- 4. Institute for Chemical Research, CSIC-Isla de la Cartuja, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Francisco M Pinto
- 4. Institute for Chemical Research, CSIC-Isla de la Cartuja, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Javier Gil
- 2. Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain ; 6. BioCruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - José I López
- 5. Department of Anatomic Pathology, Cruces University Hospital, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain ; 6. BioCruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Gorka Larrinaga
- 1. Department of Nursing I, School of Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain ; 2. Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain ; 6. BioCruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain
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221
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Liu S, Xie F, Wang H, Liu Z, Liu X, Sun L, Niu Z. Ubenimex inhibits cell proliferation, migration and invasion in renal cell carcinoma: the effect is autophagy-associated. Oncol Rep 2014; 33:1372-80. [PMID: 25571917 DOI: 10.3892/or.2014.3693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Ubenimex is a low-molecular-weight dipeptide with the ability to inhibit aminopeptidase N (APN) activity, enhance the function of immunocompetent cells and confer antitumor effects. We sought to characterize the effects of ubenimex on renal cell carcinoma (RCC). The 786-O and OS-RC-2 human RCC cell lines were positive for APN expression and ubenimex decreased APN activity without affecting the expression. Ubenimex suppressed the proliferation of both cell lines in a concentration‑dependent manner, as assessed by curve growth analysis and WST-8 proliferation assay. Wound healing and Matrigel invasion assays demonstrated that the migration and invasion of the RCC cells were also markedly suppressed by ubenimex. Furthermore, ubenimex increased the mortality of both RCC cell lines as determined by the LDH cytotoxicity assay. This affect was accompanied by increased levels of LC3B with no apparent effect on Caspase3; and we observed that autophagy increased significantly after ubenimex treatment in both RCC cell lines by electron microscopy. Moreover, rapamycin enhanced the cytotoxic effect of ubenimex, while 3-methyladenine reversed the effect, indicating that ubenimex cytotoxicity occured through an autophagy-related mechanism. To further assess the potential applicability of ubenimex in the treatment of RCC, we performed immunohistochemistry using tissue microarrays representing 76 RCC patients that underwent radical nephrectomy. The results showed that APN was expressed in most, but not all of the RCC tissues and that the expression was reduced in RCC as compared to the normal kidney tissues, suggesting a potential role for APN in RCC development. Collectively, these results indicated that ubenimex inhibits proliferation, migration and invasion of RCC cells. Ubenimex may induce autophagy, which may be associated with its effect on the growth arrest and the cell death of RCC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Liu
- Department of Urology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250021, P.R. China
| | - Fang Xie
- Department of Urology, Weihai Municipal Hospital, Weihai, Shandong 264200, P.R. China
| | - Hafeng Wang
- Department of Urology, QiHe People's Hospital, Dezhou, Shandong 251100, P.R. China
| | - Zheng Liu
- Department of Urology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250021, P.R. China
| | - Xiaowen Liu
- Department of Urology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250021, P.R. China
| | - Liang Sun
- Department of Urology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250021, P.R. China
| | - Zhihong Niu
- Department of Urology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250021, P.R. China
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222
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Zhou J, Belov L, Chapuis P, Chan C, Armstrong N, Kaufman KL, Solomon MJ, Clarke SJ, Christopherson RI. Surface profiles of live colorectal cancer cells and tumor infiltrating lymphocytes from surgical samples correspond to prognostic categories. J Immunol Methods 2014; 416:59-68. [PMID: 25445327 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Revised: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Extensive surface profiles of colorectal cancer (CRC) cells and tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) have been obtained from 45 surgical resection samples. Live cells were captured on an antibody microarray and stained with fluorescently-labeled antibodies. Minimal panels of 11 CRC antigens (CD13, CD24, CD26, CD49d, CD138, CD166, CA-125, CA19-9, EGFR, Galectin-4 and HLA-DR) and 11 T-cell antigens (CD10, CD11b, CD11c, CD25, CD31, CD95, CD151, CD181, Galectin-4, CA19-9, TSP-1) provide signatures for relapse and survival. Hierarchical clustering of profiles from CRC cells and TIL identified groups of patients for survival, systemic relapse and death. The groups from CRC and TIL profiles for systemic relapse showed 79.2% concordance, enabling prediction of relapse after surgery. The results demonstrate communication between CRC cells and TIL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry Zhou
- School of Molecular Bioscience, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Larissa Belov
- School of Molecular Bioscience, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Pierre Chapuis
- Discipline of Surgery, Sydney Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; Department of Colorectal Surgery, Concord Hospital, Concord West, NSW 2139, Australia
| | - Charles Chan
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Concord Hospital, Concord West, NSW 2139, Australia; Discipline of Pathology, Concord Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Nicola Armstrong
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Kimberley L Kaufman
- School of Molecular Bioscience, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Michael J Solomon
- Discipline of Surgery, Sydney Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; Discipline of Surgery, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Stephen J Clarke
- Bill Walsh Cancer Research Laboratories, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia
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223
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Wang X, Li S, Shi Y, Chuan X, Li J, Zhong T, Zhang H, Dai W, He B, Zhang Q. The development of site-specific drug delivery nanocarriers based on receptor mediation. J Control Release 2014; 193:139-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Revised: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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224
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Liu C, Yang Y, Chen L, Lin YL, Li F. A unified mechanism for aminopeptidase N-based tumor cell motility and tumor-homing therapy. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:34520-9. [PMID: 25359769 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.566802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor cell surface aminopeptidase N (APN or CD13) has two puzzling functions unrelated to its enzymatic activity: mediating tumor cell motility and serving as a receptor for tumor-homing peptides (peptides that bring anti-cancer drugs to tumor cells). To investigate APN-based tumor-homing therapy, we determined the crystal structure of APN complexed with a tumor-homing peptide containing a representative Asn-Gly-Arg (NGR) motif. The tumor-homing peptide binds to the APN enzymatic active site, but it resists APN degradation due to a distorted scissile peptide bond. To explore APN-based tumor cell motility, we examined the interactions between APN and extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. APN binds to, but does not degrade, NGR motifs in ECM proteins that share similar conformations with the NGR motif in the APN-bound tumor-homing peptide. Therefore, APN-based tumor cell motility and tumor-homing therapy rely on a unified mechanism in which both functions are driven by the specific and stable interactions between APN and the NGR motifs in ECM proteins and tumor-homing peptides. This study further implicates APN as an integrin-like molecule that functions broadly in cell motility and adhesion by interacting with its signature NGR motifs in the extracellular environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Liu
- From the Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Yang Yang
- From the Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Lang Chen
- From the Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Yi-Lun Lin
- From the Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Fang Li
- From the Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
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225
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Mistry SN, Drinkwater N, Ruggeri C, Sivaraman KK, Loganathan S, Fletcher S, Drag M, Paiardini A, Avery VM, Scammells PJ, McGowan S. Two-Pronged Attack: Dual Inhibition of Plasmodium falciparum M1 and M17 Metalloaminopeptidases by a Novel Series of Hydroxamic Acid-Based Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2014; 57:9168-83. [DOI: 10.1021/jm501323a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shailesh N. Mistry
- Medicinal
Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Nyssa Drinkwater
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Chiara Ruggeri
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
- Dipartmento
di Scienze Biochimiche “A. Rossi Fanelli”, Sapienza Universita di Roma, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Komagal Kannan Sivaraman
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Sasdekumar Loganathan
- Discovery
Biology, Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia
| | - Sabine Fletcher
- Discovery
Biology, Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia
| | - Marcin Drag
- Division
of Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Technology, Wyb. Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Alessandro Paiardini
- Dipartmento
di Scienze Biochimiche “A. Rossi Fanelli”, Sapienza Universita di Roma, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Vicky M. Avery
- Discovery
Biology, Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia
| | - Peter J. Scammells
- Medicinal
Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Sheena McGowan
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
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Vassiliou S, Węglarz-Tomczak E, Berlicki Ł, Pawełczak M, Nocek B, Mulligan R, Joachimiak A, Mucha A. Structure-guided, single-point modifications in the phosphinic dipeptide structure yield highly potent and selective inhibitors of neutral aminopeptidases. J Med Chem 2014; 57:8140-51. [PMID: 25192493 PMCID: PMC4331105 DOI: 10.1021/jm501071f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Seven crystal structures of alanyl aminopeptidase from Neisseria meningitides (the etiological agent of meningitis, NmAPN) complexed with organophosphorus compounds were resolved to determine the optimal inhibitor-enzyme interactions. The enantiomeric phosphonic acid analogs of Leu and hPhe, which correspond to the P1 amino acid residues of well-processed substrates, were used to assess the impact of the absolute configuration and the stereospecific hydrogen bond network formed between the aminophosphonate polar head and the active site residues on the binding affinity. For the hPhe analog, an imperfect stereochemical complementarity could be overcome by incorporating an appropriate P1 side chain. The constitution of P1'-extended structures was rationally designed and the lead, phosphinic dipeptide hPhePψ[CH2]Phe, was modified in a single position. Introducing a heteroatom/heteroatom-based fragment to either the P1 or P1' residue required new synthetic pathways. The compounds in the refined structure were low nanomolar and subnanomolar inhibitors of N. meningitides, porcine and human APNs, and the reference leucine aminopeptidase (LAP). The unnatural phosphinic dipeptide analogs exhibited a high affinity for monozinc APNs associated with a reasonable selectivity versus dizinc LAP. Another set of crystal structures containing the NmAPN dipeptide ligand were used to verify and to confirm the predicted binding modes; furthermore, novel contacts, which were promising for inhibitor development, were identified, including a π-π stacking interaction between a pyridine ring and Tyr372.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stamatia Vassiliou
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Athens , Panepistimiopolis, Zografou, 15701 Athens, Greece
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Feng X, Gan N, Zhou J, Li T, Cao Y, Hu F, Yu H, Jiang Q. A novel dual-template molecularly imprinted electrochemiluminescence immunosensor array using Ru(bpy)32+-Silica@Poly-L-lysine-Au composite nanoparticles as labels for near-simultaneous detection of tumor markers. Electrochim Acta 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2014.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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228
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Shao Y, Liang W, Kang F, Yang W, Ma X, Li G, Zong S, Chen K, Wang J. A direct comparison of tumor angiogenesis with ⁶⁸Ga-labeled NGR and RGD peptides in HT-1080 tumor xenografts using microPET imaging. Amino Acids 2014; 46:2355-64. [PMID: 24990522 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-014-1788-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Peptides containing asparagine-glycine-arginine (NGR) and arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) sequence are being developed for tumor angiogenesis-targeted imaging and therapy. The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of NGR- and RGD-based probes for imaging tumor angiogenesis in HT-1080 tumor xenografts. Two PET probes, (68)Ga-NOTA-G₃-NGR2 and ⁶⁸Ga-NOTA-G₃-RGD2, were successfully prepared. In vitro stability, partition coefficient, tumor cell binding, as well as in vivo biodistribution properties were also analyzed for both PET probes. The results revealed that the two probes were both hydrophilic and stable in vitro and in vivo, and they were excreted predominately and rapidly through the kidneys. For both probes, the higher tumor uptake and lower accumulation in vital organs were determined. No significant difference between two probes was observed in terms of tumor uptake and the in vivo biodistribution properties. We concluded that these two probes are promising in tumor angiogenesis imaging. ⁶⁸Ga-NOTA-G₃-NGR2 has the potential as an alternative for PET imaging in patients with fibrosarcoma, and it may offer an opportunity to noninvasively monitor CD13-targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahui Shao
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, 15 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
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Filip S, Pontillo C, Peter Schanstra J, Vlahou A, Mischak H, Klein J. Urinary proteomics and molecular determinants of chronic kidney disease: possible link to proteases. Expert Rev Proteomics 2014; 11:535-48. [DOI: 10.1586/14789450.2014.926224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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230
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Wang H, Chai Y, Yuan R, Cao Y, Bai L. Highly enhanced electrochemiluminescent strategy for tumor biomarkers detection with in situ generation of l-homocysteine for signal amplification. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 815:16-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Revised: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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231
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Du S, Guo Z, Chen B, Sha Y, Jiang X, Li X, Gan N, Wang S. Electrochemiluminescence immunosensor for tumor markers based on biological barcode mode with conductive nanospheres. Biosens Bioelectron 2014; 53:135-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2013.09.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Revised: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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232
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Carmona-Cortés J, Rodríguez-Gómez I, Wangensteen R, Banegas I, García-Lora ÁM, Quesada A, Osuna A, Vargas F. Effect of thyroid hormone–nitric oxide interaction on tumor growth, angiogenesis, and aminopeptidase activity in mice. Tumour Biol 2014; 35:5519-26. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-1726-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Li J, Chen L, Wu W, Zhang W, Ma Z, Cheng Y, Du L, Li M. Discovery of Bioluminogenic Probes for Aminopeptidase N Imaging. Anal Chem 2014; 86:2747-51. [DOI: 10.1021/ac404176x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of
Chemical Biology (MOE), School of Pharmacy, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Laizhong Chen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of
Chemical Biology (MOE), School of Pharmacy, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Wenxiao Wu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of
Chemical Biology (MOE), School of Pharmacy, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of
Chemical Biology (MOE), School of Pharmacy, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Zhao Ma
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of
Chemical Biology (MOE), School of Pharmacy, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Yanna Cheng
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Lupei Du
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of
Chemical Biology (MOE), School of Pharmacy, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Minyong Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of
Chemical Biology (MOE), School of Pharmacy, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
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DiNardo CD, Cortes JE. Tosedostat for the treatment of relapsed and refractory acute myeloid leukemia. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2014; 23:265-72. [PMID: 24313331 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2014.864276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite recent improvements in the scientific understanding of leukemia biology, the overall prognosis for adults with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) remains disappointingly poor. Therapeutic options for AML that are relapsed or refractory to front-line chemotherapy are limited, and the development of effective agents for this indication is an unmet need. The aminopeptidase-inhibitor tosedostat (CHR-2797) is a novel metalloenzyme inhibitor that blocks a critical step in the protein degradation and re-synthesizes intracellular pathway. This orally bioavailable agent has shown promising activity in vitro and in early clinical trials for patients with relapsed/refractory AML. AREAS COVERED This review summarizes the development of tosedostat to date. Specifically, the authors review the literature on its mechanism of action, pharmacoepidemiology and the currently available preclinical and clinical data. EXPERT OPINION Tosedostat is an oral agent with a novel mechanism of action. Early trials of tosedostat in relapsed/refractory elderly AML have shown encouraging results in a population with an overall very poor prognosis. This is particularly noted in patients with a prior history of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and hypomethylating-agent (HMA) use. Additional studies of tosedostat in rationally designed combinations with cytarabine and HMAs in advanced MDS and refractory AML populations are ongoing. Furthermore, the safety and efficacy evaluation is similarly ongoing, and patient selection will be an important consideration in the continued development of this promising compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney D DiNardo
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Leukemia , 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Unit 0428, Houston, TX 77030 , USA +1 713 794 5783 ; +1 713 745 4612 ;
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Hitzerd SM, Verbrugge SE, Ossenkoppele G, Jansen G, Peters GJ. Positioning of aminopeptidase inhibitors in next generation cancer therapy. Amino Acids 2014; 46:793-808. [PMID: 24385243 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-013-1648-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Aminopeptidases represent a class of (zinc) metalloenzymes that catalyze the cleavage of amino acids nearby the N-terminus of polypeptides, resulting in hydrolysis of peptide bonds. Aminopeptidases operate downstream of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway and are implicated in the final step of intracellular protein degradation either by trimming proteasome-generated peptides for antigen presentation or full hydrolysis into free amino acids for recycling in renewed protein synthesis. This review focuses on the function and subcellular location of five key aminopeptidases (aminopeptidase N, leucine aminopeptidase, puromycin-sensitive aminopeptidase, leukotriene A4 hydrolase and endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidase 1/2) and their association with different diseases, in particular cancer and their current position as target for therapeutic intervention by aminopeptidase inhibitors. Historically, bestatin was the first prototypical aminopeptidase inhibitor that entered the clinic 35 years ago and is still used for the treatment of lung cancer. More recently, new generation aminopeptidase inhibitors became available, including the aminopeptidase inhibitor prodrug tosedostat, which is currently tested in phase II clinical trials for acute myeloid leukemia. Beyond bestatin and tosedostat, medicinal chemistry has emerged with additional series of potential aminopeptidases inhibitors which are still in an early phase of (pre)clinical investigations. The expanded knowledge of the unique mechanism of action of aminopeptidases has revived interest in aminopeptidase inhibitors for drug combination regimens in anti-cancer treatment. In this context, this review will discuss relevant features and mechanisms of action of aminopeptidases and will also elaborate on factors contributing to aminopeptidase inhibitor efficacy and/or loss of efficacy due to drug resistance-related phenomena. Together, a growing body of data point to aminopeptidase inhibitors as attractive tools for combination chemotherapy, hence their implementation may be a step forward in a new era of personalized treatment of cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarina M Hitzerd
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Rm 1.42, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Larrinaga G, Perez I, Blanco L, Sanz B, Errarte P, Beitia M, Etxezarraga MC, Loizate A, Gil J, Irazusta J, López JI. Prolyl endopeptidase activity is correlated with colorectal cancer prognosis. Int J Med Sci 2014; 11:199-208. [PMID: 24465166 PMCID: PMC3894405 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.7178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Prolyl endopeptidase (PEP) (EC 3.4.21.26) is a serine peptidase involved in differentiation, development and proliferation processes of several tissues. Recent studies have demonstrated the increased expression and activity of this cytosolic enzyme in colorectal cancer (CRC). However, there are no available data about the impact of this peptidase in the biological aggressiveness of this tumor in patient survival. METHODS The activity of PEP in tissue (n=80) and plasma (n=40) of patients with CRC was prospectively analyzed by fluorimetric methods. Results were correlated with the most important classic pathological data related to aggressiveness, with 5-year survival rates and other clinical variables. RESULTS 1) PEP is more active in early phases of CRC; 2) Lower levels of the enzyme in tumors were located in the rectum and this decrease could be related with preoperative chemo-radiotherapy; 3) PEP activity in tissue was higher in patients with better overall and disease-free survival (log-rank p<0.01, Cox analysis p<0.01); 4) Plasmatic PEP activity was significantly higher in CRC patients than in healthy individuals and this was associated with distant metastases and with worse overall and disease-free survivals (log-rank p<0.05, Cox analysis p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS PEP activity in tissue and plasma from CRC patients is an independent prognostic factor in survival. The determination of PEP activity in the plasma may be a safe, minimally invasive and inexpensive way to define the aggressiveness of CRC in daily practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gorka Larrinaga
- 1. Department of Nursing I, School of Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain; ; 2. Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain; ; 6. BioCruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Itxaro Perez
- 1. Department of Nursing I, School of Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain; ; 2. Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain; ; 6. BioCruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Lorena Blanco
- 2. Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain; ; 6. BioCruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Begoña Sanz
- 2. Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain; ; 6. BioCruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Peio Errarte
- 2. Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain; ; 6. BioCruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Maider Beitia
- 2. Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain; ; 6. BioCruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - María C Etxezarraga
- 3. Department of Anatomic Pathology, Basurto University Hospital, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Bizkaia, Spain; ; 6. BioCruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Alberto Loizate
- 4. Department of Surgery, Basurto University Hospital, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Bizkaia, Spain; ; 6. BioCruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Javier Gil
- 2. Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain; ; 6. BioCruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Jon Irazusta
- 2. Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain; ; 6. BioCruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - José I López
- 5. Department of Anatomic Pathology, Cruces University Hospital, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain; ; 6. BioCruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain
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68Ga-DOTA-NGR as a novel molecular probe for APN-positive tumor imaging using MicroPET. Nucl Med Biol 2013; 41:268-75. [PMID: 24438818 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2013.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Aminopeptidase N (APN) is selectively expressed on many tumors and the endothelium of tumor neovasculature, and may serve as a promising target for cancer diagnosis and therapy. Asparagine-glycine-arginine (NGR) peptides have been shown to bind specifically to the APN receptor and have served as vehicles for the delivery of various therapeutic drugs in previous studies. The purpose of this study was to synthesize and evaluate the efficacy of a (68)Ga-labeled NGR peptide as a new molecular probe that binds to APN. METHODS NGR peptide was conjugated with 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-N,N',N",N"'-tetraacetic acid (DOTA) and labeled with (68)Ga at 95°C for 10 min. In vitro uptake and binding analysis was performed with A549 and MDA-MB231 cells. Biodistribution of (68)Ga-DOTA-NGR was determined in normal mice by dissection method. (68)Ga-DOTA-NGR PET was performed in A549 and MDA-MB231 xenografts, and included dynamic and static imaging. APN expression in tumors and new vasculatures was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS The radiochemical purity of (68)Ga-DOTA-NGR was 98.0% ± 1.4% with a specific activity of about 17.49 MBq/nmol. The uptake of (68)Ga-DOTA-NGR in A549 cells increased with longer incubation times, and could be blocked by cold DOTA-NGR, while no specific uptake was found in MDA-MB231 cells. In vivo biodistribution studies showed that (68)Ga-DOTA-NGR was mainly excreted from the kidney, and rapidly cleared from blood and nonspecific organs. MicroPET imaging showed that high focal accumulation had occurred in the tumor site at 1 h post-injection (pi) in A549 tumor xenografts. A significant reduction of tumor uptake was observed following coinjection with a blocking dose of DOTA-NGR, whereas only mild uptake was found in MDA-MB231 tumor xenografts. Tumor uptake, measured as the tumor/lung ratio, increased with time peaking at 12.58 ± 1.26 at 1.5 h pi. Immunohistochemical staining confirmed that APN was overexpressed on A549 cells and neovasculature. CONCLUSIONS (68)Ga-DOTA-NGR was easily synthesized and showed favorable biodistribution and kinetics. (68)Ga-DOTA-NGR could also specifically bind to the APN receptor in vitro and in vivo, and might be a potential molecular probe for the noninvasive detection of APN-positive tumors and neovasculature.
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Shi L, Wang Q, Wang H, Zhou H, Li Y, Li X. Sulphonamide 1,4-dithia-7-azaspiro[4,4]nonane derivatives as gelatinase A inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:7752-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Revised: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/12/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Chen X, Jia X, Han J, Ma J, Ma Z. Electrochemical immunosensor for simultaneous detection of multiplex cancer biomarkers based on graphene nanocomposites. Biosens Bioelectron 2013; 50:356-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2013.06.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2013] [Revised: 06/01/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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240
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Strese S, Wickström M, Fuchs PF, Fryknäs M, Gerwins P, Dale T, Larsson R, Gullbo J. The novel alkylating prodrug melflufen (J1) inhibits angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo. Biochem Pharmacol 2013; 86:888-95. [PMID: 23933387 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Revised: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Aminopeptidase N (APN) has been reported to have a functional role in tumor angiogenesis and repeatedly reported to be over-expressed in human tumors. The melphalan-derived prodrug melphalan-flufenamide (melflufen, previously designated J1) can be activated by APN. This suggests that this alkylating prodrug may exert anti-angiogenic properties, which will possibly contribute to the anti-tumoral activity in vivo. This work presents a series of experiments designed to investigate this effect of melflufen. In a cytotoxicity assay we show that bovine endothelial cells were more than 200 times more sensitive to melflufen than to melphalan, in HUVEC cells the difference was more than 30-fold and accompanied by aminopetidase-mediated accumulation of intracellular melphalan. In the chicken embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay it is indicated that both melflufen and melphalan inhibit vessel ingrowth. Two commercially available assays with human endothelial cells co-cultured with fibroblasts (TCS Cellworks AngioKit, and Essen GFP-AngioKit) also illustrate the superior anti-angiogenic effect of melflufen compared to melphalan. Finally, in a commercially available in vivo assay in mice (Cultrex DIVAA angio-reactor assay) melflufen displayed an anti-angiogenic effect, comparable to bevacizumab. In conclusion, this study demonstrates through all methods used, that melphalan-flufenamide besides being an alkylating agent also reveals anti-angiogenic effects in different preclinical models in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Strese
- Clinical Pharmacology, Institution of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Akademiska Sjukhuset, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
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Pathuri G, Hedrick AF, Awasthi V, Ihnat MA, Gali H. Evaluation of 99mTc-probestin for imaging APN expressing tumors by SPECT. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:5049-52. [PMID: 23937983 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.07.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Revised: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Aminopeptidase N (APN) is known to play important roles in tumor angiogenesis, tumor cell invasion, and metastasis. Thus, APN is an attractive biomarker for imaging tumor angiogenesis. Here we report results obtained from biodistribution and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging studies of a technetium-99m labeled probestin (a potent APN inhibitor) conjugate containing a tripeptide, Asp-DAP-Cys (DAP=2,3-diaminopropionic acid), chelator and a 8-amino-3,6-dioxaoctanoic acid (PEG2) linker conducted in nude mice xenografted with HT-1080 human fibrosarcoma tumors (APN-positive tumors). These results collectively demonstrate that (99m)Tc-probestin uptake by tumors and other APN expressing tissues in vivo is specific and validate the use of probestin as a vector for targeting APN in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopal Pathuri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73117, USA
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242
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Craddock KJ, Chen Y, Brandwein JM, Chang H. CD13 expression is an independent adverse prognostic factor in adults with Philadelphia chromosome negative B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Leuk Res 2013; 37:759-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2013.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2012] [Revised: 03/29/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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243
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Pathuri G, Thorpe JE, Disch BC, Bailey-Downs LC, Ihnat MA, Gali H. Solid phase synthesis and biological evaluation of probestin as an angiogenesis inhibitor. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:3561-4. [PMID: 23664876 PMCID: PMC7172075 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Revised: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Probestin is a potent aminopeptidase N (APN) inhibitor originally isolated from the bacterial culture broth. Here, we report probestin synthesis by solid phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) method and evaluated its activity to inhibit angiogenesis using a chicken embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay and a CAM tumor xenograft model. Results from these studies demonstrate that probestin inhibits the angiogenic activity and tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopal Pathuri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 1110 N. Stonewall Avenue, Room 301, Oklahoma City, OK 73117, USA
| | - Jessica E. Thorpe
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 1110 N. Stonewall Avenue, Room 301, Oklahoma City, OK 73117, USA
| | - Bryan C. Disch
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 1110 N. Stonewall Avenue, Room 301, Oklahoma City, OK 73117, USA
| | - Lora C. Bailey-Downs
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 1110 N. Stonewall Avenue, Room 301, Oklahoma City, OK 73117, USA
| | - Michael A. Ihnat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 1110 N. Stonewall Avenue, Room 301, Oklahoma City, OK 73117, USA
- Experimental Therapeutics Program, Peggy and Charles Stephenson Oklahoma Cancer Center, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73117, USA
| | - Hariprasad Gali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 1110 N. Stonewall Avenue, Room 301, Oklahoma City, OK 73117, USA
- Experimental Therapeutics Program, Peggy and Charles Stephenson Oklahoma Cancer Center, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73117, USA
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244
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Guo Z, Hao T, Du S, Chen B, Wang Z, Li X, Wang S. Multiplex electrochemiluminescence immunoassay of two tumor markers using multicolor quantum dots as labels and graphene asconductingbridge. Biosens Bioelectron 2013; 44:101-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2013.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2012] [Revised: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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245
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Chauhan D, Ray A, Viktorsson K, Spira J, Paba-Prada C, Munshi N, Richardson P, Lewensohn R, Anderson KC. In vitro and in vivo antitumor activity of a novel alkylating agent, melphalan-flufenamide, against multiple myeloma cells. Clin Cancer Res 2013; 19:3019-31. [PMID: 23584492 PMCID: PMC4098702 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-12-3752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The alkylating agent melphalan prolongs survival in patients with multiple myeloma; however, it is associated with toxicities and development of drug-resistance. Here, we evaluated the efficacy of melphalan-flufenamide (mel-flufen), a novel dipeptide prodrug of melphalan in multiple myeloma. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Multiple myeloma cell lines, primary patient cells, and the human multiple myeloma xenograft animal model were used to study the antitumor activity of mel-flufen. RESULTS Low doses of mel-flufen trigger more rapid and higher intracellular concentrations of melphalan in multiple myeloma cells than are achievable by free melphalan. Cytotoxicity analysis showed significantly lower IC50 of mel-flufen than melphalan in multiple myeloma cells. Importantly, mel-flufen induces apoptosis even in melphalan- and bortezomib-resistant multiple myeloma cells. Mechanistic studies show that siRNA knockdown of aminopeptidase N, a key enzyme mediating intracellular conversion of mel-flufen to melphalan, attenuates anti-multiple myeloma activity of mel-flufen. Furthermore, mel-flufen-induced apoptosis was associated with: (i) activation of caspases and PARP cleavage; (ii) reactive oxygen species generation; (iii) mitochondrial dysfunction and release of cytochrome c; and (iv) induction of DNA damage. Moreover, mel-flufen inhibits multiple myeloma cell migration and tumor-associated angiogenesis. Human multiple myeloma xenograft studies showed a more potent inhibition of tumor growth in mice treated with mel-flufen than mice receiving equimolar doses of melphalan. Finally, combining mel-flufen with lenalidomide, bortezomib, or dexamethasone triggers synergistic anti-multiple myeloma activity. CONCLUSION Our preclinical study supports clinical evaluation of mel-flufen to enhance therapeutic potential of melphalan, overcome drug-resistance, and improve multiple myeloma patient outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dharminder Chauhan
- The LeBow Institute for Myeloma Therapeutics and Jerome Lipper Myeloma Center, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Arghya Ray
- The LeBow Institute for Myeloma Therapeutics and Jerome Lipper Myeloma Center, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Kristina Viktorsson
- Department of Oncology/Pathology, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jack Spira
- Oncopeptides AB, Karolinska Institutet Science Park, Solna, Sweden
| | - Claudia Paba-Prada
- The LeBow Institute for Myeloma Therapeutics and Jerome Lipper Myeloma Center, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Nikhil Munshi
- The LeBow Institute for Myeloma Therapeutics and Jerome Lipper Myeloma Center, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Paul Richardson
- The LeBow Institute for Myeloma Therapeutics and Jerome Lipper Myeloma Center, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Rolf Lewensohn
- Department of Oncology/Pathology, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kenneth C. Anderson
- The LeBow Institute for Myeloma Therapeutics and Jerome Lipper Myeloma Center, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
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246
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Hu Z, Yang W, Ma X, Ma W, Qu X, Liang J, Wang J, Tian J. Cerenkov Luminescence Tomography of Aminopeptidase N (APN/CD13) Expression in Mice Bearing HT1080 Tumors. Mol Imaging 2013; 12:7290.2012.00030. [DOI: 10.2310/7290.2012.00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhua Hu
- From the School of Life Sciences and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, China; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China; and Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Weidong Yang
- From the School of Life Sciences and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, China; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China; and Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaowei Ma
- From the School of Life Sciences and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, China; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China; and Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenhui Ma
- From the School of Life Sciences and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, China; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China; and Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaochao Qu
- From the School of Life Sciences and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, China; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China; and Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jimin Liang
- From the School of Life Sciences and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, China; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China; and Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Wang
- From the School of Life Sciences and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, China; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China; and Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Tian
- From the School of Life Sciences and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, China; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China; and Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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247
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Kolenko V, Teper E, Kutikov A, Uzzo R. Zinc and zinc transporters in prostate carcinogenesis. Nat Rev Urol 2013; 10:219-26. [PMID: 23478540 DOI: 10.1038/nrurol.2013.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The healthy human prostate accumulates the highest level of zinc of any soft tissue in the body. This unique property is retained in BPH, but is lost in prostatic malignancy, which implicates changes in zinc and its transporters in carcinogenesis. Indeed, zinc concentrations diminish early in the course of prostate carcinogenesis, preceding histopathological changes, and continue to decline during progression toward castration-resistant disease. Numerous studies suggest that increased zinc intake might protect against progression of prostatic malignancy. In spite of increased dietary intake, zinc accumulation might be limited by the diminished expression of zinc uptake transporters, resulting in decreased intratumoural zinc levels. This finding can explain the conflicting results of various epidemiological studies evaluating the role of zinc supplementation on primary and secondary prostate cancer prevention. Overall, more research into the mechanisms of zinc homeostasis are needed to fully understand its impact on prostate carcinogenesis. Only then can the potential of zinc and zinc transport proteins be harnessed in the diagnosis and treatment of men with prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Kolenko
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Department of Surgical Oncology, Philadelphia, PA 19111-2497, USA.
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248
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Schmitt C, Voegelin M, Marin A, Schmitt M, Schegg F, Hénon P, Guenot D, Tarnus C. Selective aminopeptidase-N (CD13) inhibitors with relevance to cancer chemotherapy. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:2135-44. [PMID: 23428964 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Revised: 12/15/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Aminopeptidase-N (APN/CD13) is highly expressed on the surface of numerous types of cancer cells and particularly on the endothelial cells of neoangiogenic vessels during tumourigenesis. This metallo-aminopeptidase has been identified as a potential target for cancer chemotherapy. In this work, we evaluated the efficacy of a novel series of benzosuberone analogues, which were previously reported to be highly potent, selective APN inhibitors with Ki values in the micromolar to sub-nanomolar range. Endothelial cell morphogenesis as well as cell motility were inhibited in vitro in a dose-dependent manner at concentrations that correlated with the potency of the compounds, thus confirming the key role of APN in these established models of angiogenesis. We report toxicity studies in mice showing that these compounds are well tolerated. We report the effects of the compounds, used alone or in combination with rapamycin, on the growth of a select panel of tumours that were subcutaneously xenografted onto Swiss nude mice. Our data indicate that the in vivo efficacy of these new APN inhibitors during the initial phase of tumour growth can be ascribed to their anti-angiogenic activities. However, we also provide evidence that these compounds are effective against established solid tumours. For colonic tumours, the anti-tumour effect depends on the level of APN expression in epithelial cells, and APN expression is associated with down-regulation of the transcription factor HIF-1α. These effects seem to be distinct from those of rapamycin. Our finding that the anti-tumour effect of the inhibitors in the colon requires APN expression strongly suggests that APN plays a crucial function in tumour cells that is distinct from its known role in neovascularisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Schmitt
- Université de Haute-Alsace, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Mulhouse, Laboratoire de Chimie Organique et Bioorganique EA4566, 3 rue Alfred Werner, 68093 Mulhouse Cedex, France
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249
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Halder AK, Saha A, Jha T. Exploration of structural and physicochemical requirements and search of virtual hits for aminopeptidase N inhibitors. Mol Divers 2013; 17:123-37. [PMID: 23341006 PMCID: PMC7089330 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-013-9422-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Aminopeptidase N (APN) inhibitors have been reported to be effective in treating of life threatening diseases including cancer. Validated ligand- and structure-based pharmacophore mapping approaches were combined with Bayesian modeling and recursive partitioning to identify structural and physicochemical requirements for highly active APN inhibitors. Based on the assumption that ligand- and structure-based pharmacophore models are complementary, the efficacy of 'multiple pharmacophore screening' for filtering true positive virtual hits was investigated. These multiple pharmacophore screening methods were utilized to search novel virtual hits for APN inhibition. The number of hits was refined and reduced by recursive partitioning, drug-likeliness, pharmacokinetic property prediction, and comparative molecular-docking studies. Four compounds were proposed as the potential virtual hits for APN enzyme inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit K. Halder
- Natural Science Laboratory, Division of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, P.O. Box 17020, Kolkata, 700032 India
| | - Achintya Saha
- Department of Chemical Technology, University of Calcutta, 92, APC Ray Road, Kolkata, 700009 India
| | - Tarun Jha
- Natural Science Laboratory, Division of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, P.O. Box 17020, Kolkata, 700032 India
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250
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Abstract
The third edition of the Handbook of Proteolytic Enzymes aims to be a comprehensive reference work for the enzymes that cleave proteins and peptides, and contains over 850 chapters. Each chapter is organized into sections describing the name and history, activity and specificity, structural chemistry, preparation, biological aspects, and distinguishing features for a specific peptidase. The subject of Chapter 79 is Aminopeptidase N. Keywords Actinonin, amastatin, angiogenesis, angiotensin, bestatin, brush border, cancer, CD13, coronavirus, cysteinyl-glycinase, dipeptidyl peptidase IV, enkephalin, glutathione, neprilysin, puromycin, stem cells.
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