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Crivello M, Bonaventura MM, Chamson-Reig A, Arany E, Bettler B, Libertun C, Lux-Lantos V. Postnatal development of the endocrine pancreas in mice lacking functional GABAB receptors. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2013; 304:E1064-76. [PMID: 23531612 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00569.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Adult mice lacking functional GABAB receptors (GABAB1KO) have glucose metabolism alterations. Since GABAB receptors (GABABRs) are expressed in progenitor cells, we evaluated islet development in GABAB1KO mice. Postnatal day 4 (PND4) and adult, male and female, GABAB1KO, and wild-type littermates (WT) were weighed and euthanized, and serum insulin and glucagon was measured. Pancreatic glucagon and insulin content were assessed, and pancreas insulin, glucagon, PCNA, and GAD65/67 were determined by immunohistochemistry. RNA from PND4 pancreata and adult isolated islets was obtained, and Ins1, Ins2, Gcg, Sst, Ppy, Nes, Pdx1, and Gad1 transcription levels were determined by quantitative PCR. The main results were as follows: 1) insulin content was increased in PND4 GABAB1KO females and in both sexes in adult GABAB1KOs; 2) GABAB1KO females had more clusters (<500 μm(2)) and less islets than WT females; 3) cluster proliferation was decreased at PND4 and increased in adult GABAB1KO mice; 4) increased β-area at the expense of the α-cell area was present in GABAB1KO islets; 5) Ins2, Sst, and Ppy transcription were decreased in PND4 GABAB1KO pancreata, adult GABAB1KO female islets showed increased Ins1, Ins2, and Sst expression, Pdx1 was increased in male and female GABAB1KO islets; and 6) GAD65/67 was increased in adult GABAB1KO pancreata. We demonstrate that several islet parameters are altered in GABAB1KO mice, further pinpointing the importance of GABABRs in islet physiology. Some changes persist from neonatal ages to adulthood (e.g., insulin content in GABAB1KO females), whereas other features are differentially regulated according to age (e.g., Ins2 was reduced in PND4, whereas it was upregulated in adult GABAB1KO females).
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Affiliation(s)
- Martín Crivello
- Neuroendocrinology Laboratory, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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202
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Bolego C, Cignarella A, Staels B, Chinetti-Gbaguidi G. Macrophage function and polarization in cardiovascular disease: a role of estrogen signaling? Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2013; 33:1127-34. [PMID: 23640494 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.113.301328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are plastic and versatile cells adapting their function/phenotype to the microenvironment. Distinct macrophage subpopulations with different functions, including classically (M1) and (M2) activated macrophages, have been described. Reciprocal skewing of macrophage polarization between the M1 and M2 state is a process modulated by transcription factors, such as the nuclear peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors. However, whether the estrogen/estrogen receptor pathways control the balance between M1/M2 macrophages is only partially understood. Estrogen-dependent effects on the macrophage system may be regarded as potential targets of pharmacological approaches to protect postmenopausal women from the elevated risk of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Bolego
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
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203
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Link JC, Chen X, Arnold AP, Reue K. Metabolic impact of sex chromosomes. Adipocyte 2013; 2:74-9. [PMID: 23805402 PMCID: PMC3661109 DOI: 10.4161/adip.23320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Revised: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity and associated metabolic diseases are sexually dimorphic. To provide better diagnosis and treatment for both sexes, it is of interest to identify the factors that underlie male/female differences in obesity. Traditionally, sexual dimorphism has been attributed to effects of gonadal hormones, which influence numerous metabolic processes. However, the XX/XY sex chromosome complement is an additional factor that may play a role. Recent data using the four core genotypes mouse model have revealed that sex chromosome complement—independently from gonadal sex—plays a role in adiposity, feeding behavior, fatty liver and glucose homeostasis. Potential mechanisms for the effects of sex chromosome complement include differential gene dosage from X chromosome genes that escape inactivation, and distinct genomic imprints on X chromosomes inherited from maternal or paternal parents. Here we review recent data in mice and humans concerning the potential impact of sex chromosome complement on obesity and metabolic disease.
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204
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Kolar
- Department of Developmental Cardiology; Institute of Physiology; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Prague; Czech Republic
| | - B. Ostadal
- Department of Developmental Cardiology; Institute of Physiology; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Prague; Czech Republic
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205
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Swithers SE, Sample CH, Davidson TL. Adverse effects of high-intensity sweeteners on energy intake and weight control in male and obesity-prone female rats. Behav Neurosci 2013; 127:262-74. [PMID: 23398432 PMCID: PMC3985091 DOI: 10.1037/a0031717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The use of high-intensity sweeteners has been proposed as a method to combat increasing rates of overweight and obesity in the human population. However, previous work with male rats suggests that consumption of such sweeteners might contribute to, rather than ameliorate, weight gain. The goals of the present experiments were to assess whether intake of high-intensity sweeteners is associated with increased food intake and body weight gain in female rats; to evaluate whether this effect depends on composition of the maintenance diet (i.e., standard chow compared with diets high in energy, fat, and sugar [HE diets]); and to determine whether the phenotype of the rats with regard to propensity to gain weight on HE diets affects the consequences of consuming high-intensity sweeteners. The data demonstrated that female rats fed a low-fat, standard laboratory chow diet did not gain extra weight when fed yogurt dietary supplements sweetened with saccharin compared with those fed glucose-sweetened dietary supplements. However, female rats maintained on a "Westernized" diet high in fat and sugar (HE diet) showed significant increases in energy intake, weight gain, and adiposity when given saccharin-sweetened compared with glucose-sweetened yogurt supplements. These differences were most pronounced in female rats known to be prone to obesity prior to the introduction of the yogurt diets. Both selectively bred Crl:OP[CD] rats and outbred Sprague-Dawley rats fed an HE diet showing high levels of weight gain (diet-induced obese [DIO] rats) had increased weight gain in response to consuming saccharin-sweetened compared with glucose-sweetened supplements. However, in male rats fed an HE diet, saccharin-sweetened supplements produced extra weight gain regardless of obesity phenotype. These results suggest that the most negative consequences of consuming high-intensity sweeteners may occur in those most likely to use them for weight control, females consuming a "Westernized" diet and already prone to excess weight gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan E Swithers
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, 703 Third Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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206
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Lutz TA. The interaction of amylin with other hormones in the control of eating. Diabetes Obes Metab 2013; 15:99-111. [PMID: 22862822 DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-1326.2012.01670.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2012] [Revised: 07/20/2012] [Accepted: 07/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Twenty years of research established amylin as an important control of energy homeostasis. Amylin controls nutrient and energy fluxes by reducing energy intake, by modulating nutrient utilization via an inhibition of postprandial glucagon secretion and by increasing energy disposal via a prevention of compensatory decreases of energy expenditure in weight reduced individuals. Like many other gastrointestinal hormones, amylin is secreted in response to meals and it reduces eating by promoting meal-ending satiation. Not surprisingly, amylin interacts with many of these hormones to control eating. These interactions seem to occur at different levels because amylin seems to mediate the eating inhibitory effect of some of these gastrointestinal hormones, and the combination of some of these hormones seems to lead to a stronger reduction in eating than single hormones alone. Amylin's effect on eating is thought to be mediated by a stimulation of specific amylin receptors in the area postrema. Secondary brain sites that were defined to mediate amylin action - and hence potential additional sites of interaction with other hormones - include the nucleus of the solitary tract, the lateral parabrachial nucleus, the lateral hypothalamic area and other hypothalamic nuclei. The focus of this review is to summarize the current knowledge of amylin interactions in the control of eating. In most cases, these interactions have only been studied at a descriptive rather than a mechanistic level and despite the clear knowledge on primary sites of amylin action, the interaction sites between amylin and other hormones are often unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Lutz
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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207
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Zuo H, Shi Z, Yuan B, Dai Y, Wu G, Hussain A. Association between serum leptin concentrations and insulin resistance: a population-based study from China. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54615. [PMID: 23349940 PMCID: PMC3551759 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Insulin resistance contributes to the cardio-metabolic risk. The effect of leptin in obese and overweight population on insulin resistance was seldom reported. Methods A total of 1234 subjects (572 men and 662 women) aged ≥18 y was sampled by the procedure. Adiposity measures included BMI, waist circumference, hip circumference, WHR, upper arm circumference, triceps skinfold and body fat percentage. Serum leptin concentrations were measured by an ELISA method. The homeostasis model (HOMA-IR) was applied to estimate insulin resistance. Results In men, BMI was the variable which was most strongly correlated with leptin, whereas triceps skinfold was most sensitive for women. More importantly, serum leptin levels among insulin resistant subjects were almost double compared to the subjects who had normal insulin sensitivity at the same level of adiposity in both men and women, after controlling for potential confounders. In addition, HOMA-IR increased significantly across leptin quintiles after adjustment for age, BMI, total energy intake, physical activity and smoking status in both men and women (p for trend <0.0001). Conclusions There was a significant association between HOMA-IR and serum leptin concentrations in Chinese men and women, independently of adiposity levels. This may suggest that serum leptin concentration is an important predictor of insulin resistance and other metabolic risks irrespective of obesity levels. Furthermore, leptin levels may be used to identify the cardio-metabolic risk in obese and overweight population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zuo
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China.
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208
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Affiliation(s)
- P. B. Persson and
- Institute of Vegetative Physiology; Charité-Universitaetsmedizin Berlin; Berlin; Germany
| | - A. Bondke Persson
- Institute of Vegetative Physiology; Charité-Universitaetsmedizin Berlin; Berlin; Germany
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209
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Kadić D, Dautbegović-Stevanović D, Hasić S. Function of ß-cells and insulin resistance in long-standing type 2 diabetes mellitus. SCRIPTA MEDICA 2013. [DOI: 10.5937/scriptamed1302079k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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210
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Roysommuti S, Thaeomor A, Khimsuksri S, Lerdweeraphon W, Wyss JM. Perinatal taurine imbalance alters the interplay of renin-angiotensin system and estrogen on glucose-insulin regulation in adult female rats. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2013; 776:67-80. [PMID: 23392872 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-6093-0_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Perinatal taurine depletion followed by high sugar intake (postweaning) alters the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and glucose regulation in adult female rats. This study tests the hypothesis that in adult female rats, RAS and estrogen contribute to insulin resistance resulting from perinatal taurine imbalance. Female Sprague-Dawley rats were fed normal rat chow with 3% β-alanine (taurine depletion, TD), 3% taurine (taurine supplementation, TS), or water alone (control, C) from conception to weaning. Their female offspring were fed normal rat chow with 5% glucose in water (TDG, TSG, CG) or water alone (TDW, TSW, CW) throughout the experiment. At 7-8 weeks of age, animals were studied with or without captopril inhibition of the RAS and with or without estrogen receptor inhibition by tamoxifen. Compared to CW and CG groups, perinatal taurine depletion but not supplementation slightly increased plasma insulin levels. High sugar intake slightly increased plasma insulin only in TSG. Captopril treatment significantly increased plasma insulin in all groups except CG (the greatest increase was in TDG). Changes in insulin resistance and insulin secretion paralleled the changes in plasma insulin levels. In contrast, tamoxifen treatment increased insulin resistance and decreased insulin secretion only in TDG and this group displayed hyperglycemia and glucose intolerance. These data indicate that perinatal taurine imbalance alters the interplay of RAS and estrogen on glucose-insulin regulation in adult female rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanya Roysommuti
- Department of Physiology, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.
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211
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Persson AB, Persson PB. Ischaemia, reperfusion, pre-and post-conditioning: telling friend from foe. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2012; 206:157-9. [PMID: 23017102 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.2012.02477.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Bondke Persson
- Institute of Vegetative Physiology; Charité-Universitaetsmedizin Berlin; Berlin; Germany
| | - P. B. Persson
- Institute of Vegetative Physiology; Charité-Universitaetsmedizin Berlin; Berlin; Germany
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212
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Trend analysis of the correlation of amino acid plasma profile with glycemic status in Saudi diabetic patients. J Adv Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2011.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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213
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Yonezawa R, Wada T, Matsumoto N, Morita M, Sawakawa K, Ishii Y, Sasahara M, Tsuneki H, Saito S, Sasaoka T. Central versus peripheral impact of estradiol on the impaired glucose metabolism in ovariectomized mice on a high-fat diet. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2012; 303:E445-56. [PMID: 22550066 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00638.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Age-related loss of ovarian function promotes adiposity and insulin resistance in women. Estrogen (E(2)) directly enhances insulin sensitivity and suppresses lipogenesis in peripheral tissues. Recently, the central actions of E(2) in the regulation of energy homeostasis are becoming clearer; however, the functional relevance and degree of contribution of the central vs. peripheral actions of E(2) are currently unknown. Therefore, we prepared and analyzed four groups of mice. 1) CONTROL: sham-operated mice fed a regular diet, 2) OVX-HF: ovariectomized (OVX) mice fed a 60% high-fat diet (HF), 3) E2-SC: OVX-HF mice subcutaneously treated with E(2), and 4) E2-ICV: OVX-HF mice treated with E(2) intracerebroventricularly. OVX-HF mice showed increased body weight with both visceral and subcutaneous fat volume enlargement, glucose intolerance, and insulin resistance. Both E2-SC and E2-ICV equally ameliorated these abnormalities. Although the size of adipocytes and number of CD11c-positive macrophages in perigonadal fat in OVX-HF were reduced by both E(2) treatments, peripherally administered E(2) decreased the expression of TNFα, lipoprotein lipase, and fatty acid synthase in the white adipose tissue (WAT) of OVX-HF. In contrast, centrally administered E(2) increased hormone-sensitive lipase in WAT, decreased the hepatic expression of gluconeogenic enzymes, and elevated core body temperature and energy expenditure with marked upregulation of uncoupling proteins in the brown adipose tissue. These results suggest that central and peripheral actions of E(2) regulate insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism via different mechanisms, and their coordinated effects may be important to prevent the development of obesity and insulin resistance in postmenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rika Yonezawa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
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214
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Woodside B, Budin R, Wellman MK, Abizaid A. Many mouths to feed: the control of food intake during lactation. Front Neuroendocrinol 2012; 33:301-14. [PMID: 23000403 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2012.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Revised: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Providing nutrients to their developing young is perhaps the most energetically demanding task facing female mammals. In this paper we focus primarily on studies carried out in rats to describe the changes in the maternal brain that enable the dam to meet the energetic demands of her offspring. In rats, providing milk for their litter is associated with a dramatic increase in caloric intake, a reduction in energy expenditure and changes in the pattern of energy utilization as well as storage. These behavioral and physiological adaptations result, in part, from alterations in the central pathways controlling energy balance. Differences in circulating levels of metabolic hormones such as leptin, ghrelin and insulin as well as in responsiveness to these signals between lactating and nonlactating animals, contribute to the modifications in energy balance pathways seen postpartum. Suckling stimulation from the pups both directly, and through the hormonal state that it induces in the mother, plays a key role in facilitating these adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Woodside
- Center for Studies in Behavioral Neurobiology/Groupe de recherches en neurobiologie comportementale, Concordia University, Montreal, Canada.
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215
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Notas G, Kampa M, Pelekanou V, Castanas E. Interplay of estrogen receptors and GPR30 for the regulation of early membrane initiated transcriptional effects: A pharmacological approach. Steroids 2012; 77:943-50. [PMID: 22138208 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2011.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2011] [Revised: 11/05/2011] [Accepted: 11/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Estrogens exert their effect through ERα and ERβ intracellular transcription factors and rapid, usually membrane-initiated receptors, influencing cytosolic signaling and transcription. The nature of extranuclear estrogen elements has not been elucidated so far; classical or alternatively transcribed ER isoforms (ERα36, ERα46) anchored to the plasma membrane and GPR30 (GPER1) have been reported to exert early estrogen actions. Here, we used E2-BSA, an impermeable estradiol analog for a transcriptome analysis in four GREP1 positive breast cancer cell lines with different estrogen receptor profiles (T47D, MCF-7, MDA-MB-231 and SKBR3) in order to evaluate GPER1 transcriptional effects. Early effects of E2-BSA were assayed after 3h of incubation, in the absence/presence of ICI182,780 (ER-inhibitor) or G15 (GREP1-specific inhibitor). E2-BSA specifically modified 277-549 transcripts in the different cell lines. Two different clusters of transcripts could be identified: (1) the majority of transcripts were inhibited by both ICI182,780 and G15, suggesting an interaction of E2-BSA with a common ER-related element, or a direct ER-GPER1 interaction; (2) a small number of G15-only modified transcripts, in two cell lines (T47D and SKBR3 cells), indicative of specific GPER1-related effects. The latter transcripts were significantly related to pathways including FOXA2/FOXA3 transcription factor networks, RNA-Polymerases Transcription Regulation and lipid metabolism, while ICI/G15 inhibited transcripts affected pathways related to apoptosis, erythropoietin signaling, metabolic effects through the citric acid cycle, IL-4 and IL-5 mediated events and homologous DNA recombination. Finally, we review the current literature of GPER1 actions, in view of our results of ER-dependent and independent GPER1-modified pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Notas
- Laboratory of Experimental Endocrinology, University of Crete, School of Medicine, Greece.
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216
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Manrique C, Lastra G, Habibi J, Mugerfeld I, Garro M, Sowers JR. Loss of Estrogen Receptor α Signaling Leads to Insulin Resistance and Obesity in Young and Adult Female Mice. Cardiorenal Med 2012; 2:200-210. [PMID: 22969776 DOI: 10.1159/000339563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS: There are important sex-related differences in the prevalence of obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease. Indeed, premenopausal women have a lower prevalence of these conditions relative to age-matched men. Estrogen participates in the modulation of insulin sensitivity, energy balance, and body composition. In this paper, we investigated the impact of estrogen signaling through estrogen receptor α (ERα) on systemic insulin sensitivity and insulin signaling in skeletal muscle. METHODS: In 14- and 30-week-old female ERα knockout (ERαKO) mice and age-matched controls, we assessed insulin sensitivity by a euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp and intraperitoneal glucose tolerance testing. Blood pressure was evaluated by tail cuff and telemetry. We studied ex vivo insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in skeletal muscle tissue, as well as insulin metabolic signaling molecule phosphorylation by immunoblotting and oxidative stress by immunostaining for 3-nitrotyrosine. RESULTS: Body weight was higher in ERαKO mice at 14 and 30 weeks of age. At 30 weeks, intraperitoneal glucose tolerance testing and clamp results demonstrated impaired systemic insulin sensitivity in ERαKO mice. Insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in soleus was lower in ERαKO mice at both ages. The insulin receptor substrate 1/phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase association and the activation of protein kinase B were decreased in ERαKO mice, whereas immunostaining for 3-nitrotyrosine was increased. CONCLUSIONS: Our data demonstrate a critical age-dependent role for estrogen signaling through ERα on whole-body insulin sensitivity and insulin metabolic signaling in skeletal muscle tissue. These findings have potential translational implications for the prevention and management of type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease in women, who are at increased risk for these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Manrique
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Center, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Mo., USA
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217
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Wakabayashi I. Age-dependent influence of gender on the association between obesity and a cluster of cardiometabolic risk factors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 9:267-77. [PMID: 22748425 DOI: 10.1016/j.genm.2012.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2012] [Revised: 05/28/2012] [Accepted: 05/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is a main risk factor in metabolic syndrome. Gender is known to influence the risk of obesity and other cardiovascular risk factors. However, it remains to be determined whether there is a gender-specific difference in the relationship between obesity and accumulation of other cardiometabolic risk factors such as hypertension, dyslipidemia, and diabetes. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine whether the association between obesity and a cluster of other cardiometabolic risk factors is modified by gender. METHODS The subjects were 17,791 Japanese men and women who were divided into younger (35-40 years) and older (60-70 years) age groups. The relationships between obesity (body mass index [BMI] ≥25 kg/m(2) or waist-to-height ratio [WHtR] ≥0.5) and multiple cardiometabolic risk factors (≥2 of the risk factors of high blood pressure, dyslipidema, and hyperglycemia) were compared between men and women in each age group. RESULTS In the younger group, the crude odds ratios (ORs) for multiple cardiometabolic risk factors in obese versus nonobese subjects were significantly higher in women than in men (BMI: 6.23 [range, 5.53-7.02] in men vs 16.63 [range, 12.37-22.37] in women, P < 0.01; WHtR: 6.04 [range, 5.36-6.81] in men vs 9.77 [range, 7.14-13.37] in women, P < 0.01), whereas this difference was not found in the older group (BMI: 3.03 [range, 2.69-3.42] in men vs 2.92 [range, 2.33-3.67] in women P = 0.076; WHtR: 3.11 [range, 2.78-3.47] in men vs 2.50 [range, 2.02-3.09] in women, P < 0.05). On multivariate logistic regression analysis, the ORs for multiple cardiometabolic risk factors after adjusting for age, smoking, alcohol consumption, and regular exercise in subjects with versus subjects without a large waist circumference tended to be higher in women than in men in the younger group but not in the older group. The ORs of the interaction term consisting of gender and each adiposity index for multiple cardiometabolic risk factors were significantly higher than a reference level of 1.00 in the younger group (BMI: 2.68 [range, 1.95-3.69], P < 0.01; WHtR: 1.62 [range, 1.16-2.27], P < 0.01) but not in the older group (BMI: 0.95 [range, 0.74-1.23], P = 0.712; WHtR: 0.80 [range, 0.63-1.02], P = 0.066). CONCLUSION The results suggest that the association between obesity and a cluster of cardiometabolic risk factors is stronger in women than in men, and this gender-specific difference exists in younger (35-40 years) but not in older (60-70 years) individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ichiro Wakabayashi
- Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan.
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218
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A comparison of inflammatory and oxidative stress markers in adipose tissue from weight-matched obese male and female mice. EXPERIMENTAL DIABETES RESEARCH 2012; 2012:859395. [PMID: 22778716 PMCID: PMC3384924 DOI: 10.1155/2012/859395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Accepted: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Expansion of intra-abdominal adipose tissue and the accompanying inflammatory response has been put forward as a unifying link between obesity and the development of chronic diseases. However, an apparent sexual dimorphism exists between obesity and chronic disease risk due to differences in the distribution and abundance of adipose tissue. A range of experimental protocols have been employed to demonstrate the role of estrogen in regulating health benefits; however, most studies are confounded by significant differences in body weight and adiposity. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to compare weight-matched obese male and female mice to determine if the sex-dependent health benefits remain when body weight is similar. The development of obesity in female mice receiving a high-fat diet was delayed; however, subsequent comparisons of weight-matched obese mice revealed greater adiposity in obese female mice. Despite excess adiposity and enlarged adipocyte size, obese females remained more glucose tolerant than weight-matched male mice, and this benefit was associated with increased expression of adiponectin and reductions in immune cell infiltration and oxidative stress in adipose tissue. Therefore, the protective benefits of estrogen persist in the obese state and appear to improve the metabolic phenotype of adipose tissue and the individual.
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219
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Miyai N, Utsumi M, Gowa Y, Igarashi Y, Miyashita K, Takeda S, Arita M. Age-specific nomogram of brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity in Japanese adolescents. Clin Exp Hypertens 2012; 35:95-101. [PMID: 22680041 DOI: 10.3109/10641963.2012.690473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
To obtain data on the brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) distribution during adolescence, a total of 3215 Japanese adolescents ranging from 12 to 18 years of age were studied. The brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity increased substantially with age and was significantly higher in males than in females. Multivariate regression analysis revealed that age, weight, and systolic and diastolic blood pressures were the major determinants of baPWV for both genders. Age-specific centile curves of baPWV were constructed for males and females by regression curve analysis. The proposed distribution curves of baPWV and its derived cutoff values may allow the atherosclerotic risk profile among adolescents of different ages to be more precisely estimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyuki Miyai
- School of Health and Nursing Science, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan.
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220
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Lutz TA. Control of energy homeostasis by amylin. Cell Mol Life Sci 2012; 69:1947-65. [PMID: 22193913 PMCID: PMC11114503 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-011-0905-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2011] [Revised: 11/13/2011] [Accepted: 12/06/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Amylin is an important control of nutrient fluxes because it reduces energy intake, modulates nutrient utilization by inhibiting postprandial glucagon secretion, and increases energy disposal by preventing compensatory decreases of energy expenditure in weight-reduced individuals. The best investigated function of amylin which is cosecreted with insulin is to reduce eating by promoting meal-ending satiation. This effect is thought to be mediated by a stimulation of specific amylin receptors in the area postrema. Secondary brain sites to mediate amylin action include the nucleus of the solitary tract and the lateral parabrachial nucleus, which convey the neural signal to the lateral hypothalamic area and other hypothalamic nuclei. Amylin may also signal adiposity because plasma levels of amylin are increased in adiposity and because higher amylin concentrations in the brain result in reduced body weight gain and adiposity, while amylin receptor antagonists increase body adiposity. The central mechanisms involved in amylin's effect on energy expenditure are much less known. A series of recent experiments in animals and humans indicate that amylin is a promising option for anti-obesity therapy especially in combination with other hormones. The most extensive dataset is available for the combination therapy of amylin and leptin. Ongoing research focuses on the mechanisms of these interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Lutz
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zurich, Switzerland.
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221
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Abstract
Male factor infertility is increasing in developed countries, and several factors linked to lifestyle have been shown to negatively affect spermatogenesis. Sertoli cells are pivotal to spermatogenesis, providing nutritional support to germ cells throughout their development. Sertoli cells display atypical features in their cellular metabolism; they can metabolize various substrates, preferentially glucose, the majority of which is converted to lactate and not oxidized via the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Why Sertoli cells preferentially export lactate for germ cells is not entirely understood. However, lactate is utilized as the main energy substrate by developing germ cells and has an antiapoptotic effect on these cells. Several biochemical mechanisms contribute to the modulation of lactate secretion by Sertoli cells. These include the transport of glucose through the plasma membrane, mediated by glucose transporters; the interconversion of pyruvate to lactate by lactate dehydrogenase; and the release of lactate mediated by monocarboxylate transporters. Several factors that modulate Sertoli cell metabolism have been identified, including sex steroid hormones, which are crucial for maintenance of energy homeostasis, influencing the metabolic balance of the whole body. In fact, energy status is essential for normal reproductive function, since the reproductive axis has the capacity to respond to metabolic cues.
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222
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Batista TM, Alonso-Magdalena P, Vieira E, Amaral MEC, Cederroth CR, Nef S, Quesada I, Carneiro EM, Nadal A. Short-term treatment with bisphenol-A leads to metabolic abnormalities in adult male mice. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33814. [PMID: 22470480 PMCID: PMC3314682 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2011] [Accepted: 02/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Bisphenol-A (BPA) is one of the most widespread endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDC) used as the base compound in the manufacture of polycarbonate plastics. Although evidence points to consider exposure to BPA as a risk factor for insulin resistance, its actions on whole body metabolism and on insulin-sensitive tissues are still unclear. The aim of the present work was to study the effects of low doses of BPA in insulin-sensitive peripheral tissues and whole body metabolism in adult mice. Adult mice were treated with subcutaneous injection of 100 µg/kg BPA or vehicle for 8 days. Whole body energy homeostasis was assessed with in vivo indirect calorimetry. Insulin signaling assays were conducted by western blot analysis. Mice treated with BPA were insulin resistant and had increased glucose-stimulated insulin release. BPA-treated mice had decreased food intake, lower body temperature and locomotor activity compared to control. In skeletal muscle, insulin-stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of the insulin receptor β subunit was impaired in BPA-treated mice. This impairment was associated with a reduced insulin-stimulated Akt phosphorylation in the Thr(308) residue. Both skeletal muscle and liver displayed an upregulation of IRS-1 protein by BPA. The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway was also impaired in the skeletal muscle from BPA-treated mice. In the liver, BPA effects were of lesser intensity with decreased insulin-stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of the insulin receptor β subunit.In conclusion, short-term treatment with low doses of BPA slows down whole body energy metabolism and disrupts insulin signaling in peripheral tissues. Thus, our findings support the notion that BPA can be considered a risk factor for the development of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago M. Batista
- Departamento de Anatomia, Biologia Celular, Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Obesidade e Diabetes, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paloma Alonso-Magdalena
- Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Elche, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, CIBERDEM, Elche, Spain
| | - Elaine Vieira
- Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Elche, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, CIBERDEM, Elche, Spain
| | - Maria Esmeria C. Amaral
- Centro Universitário Hermínio Ometto, Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciências Biomédicas - UNIARARAS, Araras, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Christopher R. Cederroth
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Serge Nef
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ivan Quesada
- Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Elche, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, CIBERDEM, Elche, Spain
| | - Everardo M. Carneiro
- Departamento de Anatomia, Biologia Celular, Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Obesidade e Diabetes, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail: (EMC); (AN)
| | - Angel Nadal
- Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Elche, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, CIBERDEM, Elche, Spain
- * E-mail: (EMC); (AN)
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223
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Barton M, Baretella O, Meyer MR. Obesity and risk of vascular disease: importance of endothelium-dependent vasoconstriction. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 165:591-602. [PMID: 21557734 PMCID: PMC3315033 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01472.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2011] [Revised: 04/04/2011] [Accepted: 04/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Obesity has become a serious global health issue affecting both adults and children. Recent devolopments in world demographics and declining health status of the world's population indicate that the prevalence of obesity will continue to increase in the next decades. As a disease, obesity has deleterious effects on metabolic homeostasis, and affects numerous organ systems including heart, kidney and the vascular system. Thus, obesity is now regarded as an independent risk factor for atherosclerosis-related diseases such as coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction and stroke. In the arterial system, endothelial cells are both the source and target of factors contributing to atherosclerosis. Endothelial vasoactive factors regulate vascular homeostasis under physiological conditions and maintain basal vascular tone. Obesity results in an imbalance between endothelium-derived vasoactive factors favouring vasoconstriction, cell growth and inflammatory activation. Abnormal regulation of these factors due to endothelial cell dysfunction is both a consequence and a cause of vascular disease processes. Finally, because of the similarities of the vascular pathomechanisms activated, obesity can be considered to cause accelerated, 'premature' vascular aging. Here, we will review some of the pathomechanisms involved in obesity-related activation of endothelium-dependent vasoconstriction, the clinical relevance of obesity-associated vascular risk, and therapeutic interventions using 'endothelial therapy' aiming at maintaining or restoring vascular endothelial health. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Fat and Vascular Responsiveness. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2012.165.issue-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Barton
- Molecular Internal Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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224
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Batista TM, Alonso-Magdalena P, Vieira E, Amaral MEC, Cederroth CR, Nef S, Quesada I, Carneiro EM, Nadal A. Short-term treatment with bisphenol-A leads to metabolic abnormalities in adult male mice. PLoS One 2012. [PMID: 22470480 DOI: 10.31371/journal.pone.0033814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bisphenol-A (BPA) is one of the most widespread endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDC) used as the base compound in the manufacture of polycarbonate plastics. Although evidence points to consider exposure to BPA as a risk factor for insulin resistance, its actions on whole body metabolism and on insulin-sensitive tissues are still unclear. The aim of the present work was to study the effects of low doses of BPA in insulin-sensitive peripheral tissues and whole body metabolism in adult mice. Adult mice were treated with subcutaneous injection of 100 µg/kg BPA or vehicle for 8 days. Whole body energy homeostasis was assessed with in vivo indirect calorimetry. Insulin signaling assays were conducted by western blot analysis. Mice treated with BPA were insulin resistant and had increased glucose-stimulated insulin release. BPA-treated mice had decreased food intake, lower body temperature and locomotor activity compared to control. In skeletal muscle, insulin-stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of the insulin receptor β subunit was impaired in BPA-treated mice. This impairment was associated with a reduced insulin-stimulated Akt phosphorylation in the Thr(308) residue. Both skeletal muscle and liver displayed an upregulation of IRS-1 protein by BPA. The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway was also impaired in the skeletal muscle from BPA-treated mice. In the liver, BPA effects were of lesser intensity with decreased insulin-stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of the insulin receptor β subunit.In conclusion, short-term treatment with low doses of BPA slows down whole body energy metabolism and disrupts insulin signaling in peripheral tissues. Thus, our findings support the notion that BPA can be considered a risk factor for the development of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago M Batista
- Departamento de Anatomia, Biologia Celular, Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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225
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Fatty Acid Oxidation and Cardiovascular Risk during Menopause: A Mitochondrial Connection? J Lipids 2012; 2012:365798. [PMID: 22496981 PMCID: PMC3306973 DOI: 10.1155/2012/365798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2011] [Accepted: 10/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Menopause is a consequence of the normal aging process in women. This fact implies that the physiological and biochemical alterations resulting from menopause often blur with those from the aging process. It is thought that menopause in women presents a higher risk for cardiovascular disease although the precise mechanism is still under discussion. The postmenopause lipid profile is clearly altered, which can present a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Due to the role of mitochondria in fatty acid oxidation, alterations of the lipid profile in the menopausal women will also influence mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation fluxes in several organs. In this paper, we propose that alterations of mitochondrial bioenergetics in the heart, consequence from normal aging and/or from the menopausal process, result in decreased fatty acid oxidation and accumulation of fatty acid intermediates in the cardiomyocyte cytosol, resulting in lipotoxicity and increasing the cardiovascular risk in the menopausal women.
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226
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Nicotinamide mononucleotide, a key NAD(+) intermediate, treats the pathophysiology of diet- and age-induced diabetes in mice. Cell Metab 2011; 14:528-36. [PMID: 21982712 PMCID: PMC3204926 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2011.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 928] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2011] [Revised: 07/12/2011] [Accepted: 08/31/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) has become epidemic in our modern lifestyle, likely due to calorie-rich diets overwhelming our adaptive metabolic pathways. One such pathway is mediated by nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), the rate-limiting enzyme in mammalian NAD(+) biosynthesis, and the NAD(+)-dependent protein deacetylase SIRT1. Here, we show that NAMPT-mediated NAD(+) biosynthesis is severely compromised in metabolic organs by high-fat diet (HFD). Strikingly, nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN), a product of the NAMPT reaction and a key NAD(+) intermediate, ameliorates glucose intolerance by restoring NAD(+) levels in HFD-induced T2D mice. NMN also enhances hepatic insulin sensitivity and restores gene expression related to oxidative stress, inflammatory response, and circadian rhythm, partly through SIRT1 activation. Furthermore, NAD(+) and NAMPT levels show significant decreases in multiple organs during aging, and NMN improves glucose intolerance and lipid profiles in age-induced T2D mice. These findings provide critical insights into a potential nutriceutical intervention against diet- and age-induced T2D.
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227
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Abstract
Estrogens mediate profound effects throughout the body and regulate physiological and pathological processes in both women and men. The low prevalence of many diseases in premenopausal women is attributed to the presence of 17β-estradiol, the predominant and most potent endogenous estrogen. In addition to endogenous estrogens, several man-made and plant-derived molecules, such as bisphenol A and genistein, also exhibit estrogenic activity. Traditionally, the actions of 17β-estradiol are ascribed to two nuclear estrogen receptors (ERs), ERα and ERβ, which function as ligand-activated transcription factors. However, 17β-estradiol also mediates rapid signaling events via pathways that involve transmembrane ERs, such as G-protein-coupled ER 1 (GPER; formerly known as GPR30). In the past 10 years, GPER has been implicated in both rapid signaling and transcriptional regulation. With the discovery of GPER-selective ligands that can selectively modulate GPER function in vitro and in preclinical studies and with the use of Gper knockout mice, many more potential roles for GPER are being elucidated. This Review highlights the physiological roles of GPER in the reproductive, nervous, endocrine, immune and cardiovascular systems, as well as its pathological roles in a diverse array of disorders including cancer, for which GPER is emerging as a novel therapeutic target and prognostic indicator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric R Prossnitz
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
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