201
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Ramos JMJ. Rapid decay of spatial memory acquired in rats with ventral hippocampus lesions. Behav Brain Res 2022; 431:113962. [PMID: 35697178 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2022.113962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Several memory consolidation theories have proposed that following a learning situation the hippocampus gradually stabilizes labile recent memories into long-lasting remote memories. Most work in this field has focused on the dorsal hippocampus (DHip), giving little consideration to a possible contribution by the ventral hippocampus (VHip), particularly when spatial paradigms are used. However, in recent years a growing number of studies have suggested the existence of a functional continuum, related to spatial processing and navigation, along the dorsoventral hippocampal axis. For this reason, in the present study we compare the effect of DHip vs. VHip lesions on long-term spatial memory retention. Using a four-arm plus-shaped maze, rats with lesions in the DHip, VHip or sham-lesioned learned to criterion a place discrimination task based on allothetic cues. During two retraining phases (2 days and 24 days after learning) retention of the spatial information learned during the acquisition phase was evaluated. The main findings revealed no deficit 2 days after learning, but 24 days after learning both lesioned groups showed a profound impairment compared to control animals (expt. 1). In contrast, when rats learned a cue-guided navigation task in the acquisition phase, both lesioned groups performed the two retention tests, 2 days and 24 days after learning, at the same level as the control group (expt. 2). These results suggest not only that the DHip is vital, but also that normal VHip activity is critical during the post-learning period in order for a recent spatial memory to become a stable long-term memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan M J Ramos
- Department of Psychobiology and Mind, Brain and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC), University of Granada, Granada 18071, Spain.
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202
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Synaptic plasticity during systems memory consolidation. Neurosci Res 2022; 183:1-6. [PMID: 35667493 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2022.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
After learning, memory is initially encoded in the hippocampus but subsequently stabilized in other brain regions such as the cortex for long-lasting storage. This process is known as systems memory consolidation, and its cellular mechanism has long been a fundamental question. Synaptic plasticity is the major cellular mechanism underlying learning and memory, and is therefore considered a key function in the process of systems memory consolidation. Therefore, many studies have aimed to establish a causal link between synaptic plasticity in the brain and memory-associated behaviors. In this review, I discuss the various lines of research showing the function of synaptic plasticity, mainly in the hippocampus and cortex during memory consolidation.
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203
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Barykina NV, Karasev MM, Verkhusha VV, Shcherbakova DM. Technologies for large-scale mapping of functional neural circuits active during a user-defined time window. Prog Neurobiol 2022; 216:102290. [PMID: 35654210 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2022.102290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The mapping of neural circuits activated during behavior down to individual neurons is crucial for decoding how the brain processes information. Technologies allowing activity-dependent labeling of neurons during user-defined restricted time windows are rapidly developing. Precise marking of the time window with light, in addition to chemicals, is now possible. In these technologies, genetically encoded molecules integrate molecular events resulting from neuronal activity with light/drug-dependent events. The outputs are either changes in fluorescence or activation of gene expression. Molecular reporters allow labeling of activated neurons for visualization and cell-type identification. The transcriptional readout also allows further control of activated neuronal populations using optogenetic tools as reporters. Here we review the design of these technologies and discuss their demonstrated applications to reveal previously unknown connections in the mammalian brain. We also consider the strengths and weaknesses of the current approaches and provide a perspective for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia V Barykina
- P.K. Anokhin Institute of Normal Physiology, Moscow 125315, Russia; Medicum, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00290, Finland
| | - Maksim M Karasev
- Medicum, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00290, Finland
| | - Vladislav V Verkhusha
- Department of Genetics, and Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Medicum, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00290, Finland
| | - Daria M Shcherbakova
- Department of Genetics, and Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
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204
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Berdugo-Vega G, Graeff J. Inquiring the librarian about the location of memory. Cogn Neurosci 2022; 13:134-136. [PMID: 35616221 DOI: 10.1080/17588928.2022.2076075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Where memories are stored in the brain is an age-old question in psychology and neuroscience alike. In particular, whether hippocampus-encoded memories are transferred to the cortex or remain hippocampus-dependent over time has not been definitely answered. New evidence from fMRI studies in humans suggest that while hippocampo-cortical connections lose weight during declarative memory consolidation, the hippocampus - alongside corticocortical connections - stays equally engaged between recent and remote memory recall. These findings lend experimental support for the indexing theory of memory consolidation, which postulates the hippocampus to act as a librarian to retrieve the cortical books of memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Berdugo-Vega
- Laboratory of Neuroepigenetics, Brain Mind Institute, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale Lausanne (EPFL-EPFL-SV-BMI-UPGRAEFF), Station 19, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Johannes Graeff
- Laboratory of Neuroepigenetics, Brain Mind Institute, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale Lausanne (EPFL-EPFL-SV-BMI-UPGRAEFF), Station 19, Lausanne, Switzerland
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205
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Runyan JD, Brooks NW. Evidence for the standard model, multiple trace theory, or the unified theory? Cogn Neurosci 2022; 13:151-153. [PMID: 35603813 DOI: 10.1080/17588928.2022.2076663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
There have been two dominating theories for memory consolidation: the standard model (SM) and multiple trace theory (MTT). Whereas lesion studies have largely indicated a waning role for the hippocampus in memory consolidation, and thus have supported SM, findings from neuroimaging studies have produced varying results. Tallman et al. (this issue) argue that this variability may result from confounding factors and that, once these factors are accounted for, their neuroimaging results support SM. They do not, however, consider a third option: the unified theory. Here, we suggest that their findings, along with neurobiochemical and engram cell studies, may better fit this third theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason D Runyan
- Psychology Department, Indiana Wesleyan University, Marion, IN, USA
| | - Nathan W Brooks
- Psychology Department, Indiana Wesleyan University, Marion, IN, USA
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206
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Wu L, Canna A, Narvaez O, Ma J, Sang S, Lehto LJ, Sierra A, Tanila H, Zhang Y, Gröhn O, Low WC, Filip P, Mangia S, Michaeli S. Orientation selective DBS of entorhinal cortex and medial septal nucleus modulates activity of rat brain areas involved in memory and cognition. Sci Rep 2022; 12:8565. [PMID: 35595790 PMCID: PMC9122972 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-12383-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The recently introduced orientation selective deep brain stimulation (OS-DBS) technique freely controls the direction of the electric field's spatial gradient by using multiple contacts with independent current sources within a multielectrode array. The goal of OS-DBS is to align the electrical field along the axonal track of interest passing through the stimulation site. Here we utilized OS-DBS with a planar 3-channel electrode for stimulating the rat entorhinal cortex (EC) and medial septal nucleus (MSN), two promising areas for DBS treatment of Alzheimer's disease. The brain responses to OS-DBS were monitored by whole brain functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) at 9.4 T with Multi-Band Sweep Imaging with Fourier Transformation (MB-SWIFT). Varying the in-plane OS-DBS stimulation angle in the EC resulted in activity modulation of multiple downstream brain areas involved in memory and cognition. Contrary to that, no angle dependence of brain activations was observed when stimulating the MSN, consistent with predictions based on the electrode configuration and on the main axonal directions of the targets derived from diffusion MRI tractography and histology. We conclude that tuning the OS-DBS stimulation angle modulates the activation of brain areas relevant to Alzheimer's disease, thus holding great promise in the DBS treatment of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Wu
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Antonietta Canna
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Omar Narvaez
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jun Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Sheng Sang
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Lauri J Lehto
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Alejandra Sierra
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Heikki Tanila
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Olli Gröhn
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Walter C Low
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Pavel Filip
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,Department of Neurology, First Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Silvia Mangia
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Shalom Michaeli
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA. .,Radiology Department, Center for MR Research, University of Minnesota, 2021 6th St. SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
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207
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Mandal PK, Dwivedi D, Shukla D, Samkaria A, Roy RG, Arora Y, Jindal K. Interplay Between Hippocampal Glutathione Depletion and pH Increment in Alzheimer’s Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2022; 88:1-6. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-215729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress (OS) is a critical factor in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Elevated OS in AD lowers the level of glutathione (GSH), a brain antioxidant. Currently, GSH is under examination in the clinical population for understanding its association with oxidative load in AD research. Significant depletion in hippocampal GSH, as observed using in vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), reportedly correlates with cognitive impairment in AD. Alterations in cellular-energy metabolism and increased hippocampal pH have also been reported in AD. Hence, this combined molecular interplay between hippocampal GSH and pH must be studied longitudinally for advancing AD research. Herein, we propose a schematic model depicting the molecular events in AD pathogenesis and provide a possible link between OS, GSH depletion, and pH alterations in the hippocampus. The model would further potentiate the need for in vivo longitudinal studies to confirm the interlinked mechanism between OS, hippocampal GSH depletion, and pH increment in an AD patient brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pravat K. Mandal
- Neuroimaging and Neurospectroscopy (NINS) Laboratory, National Brain Research Centre, Gurgaon, India
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne School of Medicine Campus, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Divya Dwivedi
- Neuroimaging and Neurospectroscopy (NINS) Laboratory, National Brain Research Centre, Gurgaon, India
| | - Deepika Shukla
- Neuroimaging and Neurospectroscopy (NINS) Laboratory, National Brain Research Centre, Gurgaon, India
| | - Avantika Samkaria
- Neuroimaging and Neurospectroscopy (NINS) Laboratory, National Brain Research Centre, Gurgaon, India
| | - Rimil Guha Roy
- Neuroimaging and Neurospectroscopy (NINS) Laboratory, National Brain Research Centre, Gurgaon, India
| | - Yashika Arora
- Neuroimaging and Neurospectroscopy (NINS) Laboratory, National Brain Research Centre, Gurgaon, India
| | - Komal Jindal
- Neuroimaging and Neurospectroscopy (NINS) Laboratory, National Brain Research Centre, Gurgaon, India
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208
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Ortega-de San Luis C, Ryan TJ. Understanding the physical basis of memory: Molecular mechanisms of the engram. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101866. [PMID: 35346687 PMCID: PMC9065729 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.101866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Memory, defined as the storage and use of learned information in the brain, is necessary to modulate behavior and critical for animals to adapt to their environments and survive. Despite being a cornerstone of brain function, questions surrounding the molecular and cellular mechanisms of how information is encoded, stored, and recalled remain largely unanswered. One widely held theory is that an engram is formed by a group of neurons that are active during learning, which undergoes biochemical and physical changes to store information in a stable state, and that are later reactivated during recall of the memory. In the past decade, the development of engram labeling methodologies has proven useful to investigate the biology of memory at the molecular and cellular levels. Engram technology allows the study of individual memories associated with particular experiences and their evolution over time, with enough experimental resolution to discriminate between different memory processes: learning (encoding), consolidation (the passage from short-term to long-term memories), and storage (the maintenance of memory in the brain). Here, we review the current understanding of memory formation at a molecular and cellular level by focusing on insights provided using engram technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Ortega-de San Luis
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Tomás J Ryan
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne Brain Centre, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Child & Brain Development Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR), Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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209
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Narvaes RF, Nachtigall EG, Marcondes LA, Izquierdo I, Myskiw JDC, Furini CR. Involvement of medial prefrontal cortex canonical Wnt/β-catenin and non-canonical Wnt/Ca2+ signaling pathways in contextual fear memory in male rats. Behav Brain Res 2022; 430:113948. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2022.113948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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210
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Liu J, Totty MS, Melissari L, Bayer H, Maren S. Convergent Coding of Recent and Remote Fear Memory in the Basolateral Amygdala. Biol Psychiatry 2022; 91:832-840. [PMID: 35246314 PMCID: PMC9018498 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2021.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In both rodents and humans, the basolateral amygdala (BLA) is essential for encoding and retrieving conditioned fear memories. Although the BLA is a putative storage site for these memories, recent evidence suggests that they become independent of the BLA with the passage of time. METHODS We systematically examined the role for the BLA in the retrieval of recent (1 day) and remote (2 weeks) fear memory using optogenetic, electrophysiological, and calcium imaging methods in male and female Long-Evans rats. Critically, we used a behavioral design that permits within-subjects comparison of recent and remote memory at the same time point; freezing behavior served as the index of learned fear. RESULTS We found that BLA c-Fos expression was similar after the retrieval of recent or remote fear memories. Extracellular single-unit recordings in awake, behaving animals revealed that single BLA neurons exhibit robust increases in spike firing to both recent and remote conditioned stimuli. Fiber photometry recordings revealed that these patterns of activity emerge from principal neurons. Consistent with these results, optogenetic inhibition of BLA principal neurons impaired conditioned freezing to both recent and remote conditioned stimuli. There were no sex differences in any of the measures or manipulations. CONCLUSIONS These data reveal that BLA neurons encode both recent and remote fear memories, suggesting substantial overlap in the allocation of temporally distinct events. This may underlie the broad generalization of fear memories across both space and time. Ultimately, these results provide evidence that the BLA is a long-term storage site for emotional memories.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Stephen Maren
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences and Institute for Neuroscience, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas.
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211
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Terranova JI, Yokose J, Osanai H, Marks WD, Yamamoto J, Ogawa SK, Kitamura T. Hippocampal-amygdala memory circuits govern experience-dependent observational fear. Neuron 2022; 110:1416-1431.e13. [PMID: 35139362 PMCID: PMC9035063 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2022.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The empathic ability to vicariously experience the other's fearful situation, a process called observational fear (OF), is critical to survive in nature and function in society. OF can be facilitated by both prior similar fear experience in the observer and social familiarity with the demonstrator. However, the neural circuit mechanisms of experience-dependent OF (Exp OF) remain unknown. Here, we demonstrate that hippocampal-basolateral amygdala (HPC-BLA) circuits in mice without involving the anterior cingulate cortex, considered a center of OF, mediate Exp OF. Dorsal HPC neurons generate fear memory engram cells in BLA encoding prior similar fear experiences, which are essential for Exp OF. On the other hand, ventral HPC neurons respond to the familiar demonstrator's aversive situation during Exp OF, which reactivates the fear memory engram cells in BLA to elicit Exp OF. Our study provides new insights into the memory engram-dependent perception-action coupling that underlies empathic behaviors like Exp OF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph I Terranova
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Jun Yokose
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Hisayuki Osanai
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - William D Marks
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Jun Yamamoto
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Sachie K Ogawa
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Takashi Kitamura
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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212
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Social experiences switch states of memory engrams through regulating hippocampal Rac1 activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2116844119. [PMID: 35377811 PMCID: PMC9169661 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2116844119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well known that silent memory engrams in pathological or artificial conditions can be artificially switched into the latent state for retrieval by natural recall cues. Thus, physiological strategies that depend on the underlying molecular mechanisms for switching between silent state and latent state are a subject for investigation. Here, we show that social experiences stimulated switching between latent and silent engrams to achieve flexible memory accessibility and also reveal the basic molecular mechanism of: 1) social reward turning silent engram to latent via suppression of Rac1 activity in CA1 neurons of the hippocampus; and 2) social stress switching latent memory engram into silent through activating Rac1. Together, this work demonstrates emotion-driven bidirectional switching between latent and silent engrams. In pathological or artificial conditions, memory can be formed as silenced engrams that are unavailable for retrieval by presenting conditioned stimuli but can be artificially switched into the latent state so that natural recall is allowed. However, it remains unclear whether such different states of engrams bear any physiological significance and can be switched through physiological mechanisms. Here, we show that an acute social reward experience switches the silent memory engram into the latent state. Conversely, an acute social stress causes transient forgetting via turning a latent memory engram into a silent state. Such emotion-driven bidirectional switching between latent and silent states of engrams is mediated through regulation of Rac1 activity–dependent reversible forgetting in the hippocampus, as stress-activated Rac1 suppresses retrieval, while reward recovers silenced memory under amnesia by inhibiting Rac1. Thus, data presented reveal hippocampal Rac1 activity as the basis for emotion-mediated switching between latent and silent engrams to achieve emotion-driven behavioral flexibility.
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213
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Roy DS, Park YG, Kim ME, Zhang Y, Ogawa SK, DiNapoli N, Gu X, Cho JH, Choi H, Kamentsky L, Martin J, Mosto O, Aida T, Chung K, Tonegawa S. Brain-wide mapping reveals that engrams for a single memory are distributed across multiple brain regions. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1799. [PMID: 35379803 PMCID: PMC8980018 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29384-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal ensembles that hold specific memory (memory engrams) have been identified in the hippocampus, amygdala, or cortex. However, it has been hypothesized that engrams of a specific memory are distributed among multiple brain regions that are functionally connected, referred to as a unified engram complex. Here, we report a partial map of the engram complex for contextual fear conditioning memory by characterizing encoding activated neuronal ensembles in 247 regions using tissue phenotyping in mice. The mapping was aided by an engram index, which identified 117 cFos+ brain regions holding engrams with high probability, and brain-wide reactivation of these neuronal ensembles by recall. Optogenetic manipulation experiments revealed engram ensembles, many of which were functionally connected to hippocampal or amygdala engrams. Simultaneous chemogenetic reactivation of multiple engram ensembles conferred a greater level of memory recall than reactivation of a single engram ensemble, reflecting the natural memory recall process. Overall, our study supports the unified engram complex hypothesis for memory storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dheeraj S Roy
- RIKEN-MIT Laboratory for Neural Circuit Genetics at the Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Biology and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA.
| | - Young-Gyun Park
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Chemical Engineering and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Minyoung E Kim
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Chemical Engineering and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Ying Zhang
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Sachie K Ogawa
- RIKEN-MIT Laboratory for Neural Circuit Genetics at the Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Biology and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Nicholas DiNapoli
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Chemical Engineering and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Xinyi Gu
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Chemical Engineering and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Jae H Cho
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Chemical Engineering and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Heejin Choi
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Chemical Engineering and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Lee Kamentsky
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Chemical Engineering and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Jared Martin
- RIKEN-MIT Laboratory for Neural Circuit Genetics at the Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Biology and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Olivia Mosto
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Tomomi Aida
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Kwanghun Chung
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA.
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Chemical Engineering and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
- Yonsei-IBS Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
| | - Susumu Tonegawa
- RIKEN-MIT Laboratory for Neural Circuit Genetics at the Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Biology and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
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214
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Takehara-Nishiuchi K. Neuronal ensemble dynamics in associative learning. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2022; 73:102530. [DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2022.102530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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215
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Miyamoto D. Optical imaging and manipulation of sleeping-brain dynamics in memory processing. Neurosci Res 2022; 181:9-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2022.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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216
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Nokia MS, Penttonen M. Rhythmic Memory Consolidation in the Hippocampus. Front Neural Circuits 2022; 16:885684. [PMID: 35431819 PMCID: PMC9011342 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2022.885684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Functions of the brain and body are oscillatory in nature and organized according to a logarithmic scale. Brain oscillations and bodily functions such as respiration and heartbeat appear nested within each other and coupled together either based on phase or based on phase and amplitude. This facilitates communication in wide-spread neuronal networks and probably also between the body and the brain. It is a widely accepted view, that nested electrophysiological brain oscillations involving the neocortex, thalamus, and the hippocampus form the basis of memory consolidation. This applies especially to declarative memories, that is, memories of life events, for example. Here, we present our view of hippocampal contribution to the process of memory consolidation based on the general ideas stated above and on some recent findings on the topic by us and by other research groups. We propose that in addition to the interplay between neocortical slow oscillations, spindles, and hippocampal sharp-wave ripples during sleep, there are also additional mechanisms available in the hippocampus to control memory consolidation: a rather non-oscillatory hippocampal electrophysiological phenomenon called the dentate spike might provide a means to not only consolidate but to also modify the neural representation of declarative memories. Further, we suggest that memory consolidation in the hippocampus might be in part paced by breathing. These considerations might open new possibilities for regulating memory consolidation in rest and sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam S. Nokia
- Department of Psychology, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Brain Research, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
- *Correspondence: Miriam S. Nokia
| | - Markku Penttonen
- Department of Psychology, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Brain Research, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
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217
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Luo W, Yun D, Hu Y, Tian M, Yang J, Xu Y, Tang Y, Zhan Y, Xie H, Guan JS. Acquiring new memories in neocortex of hippocampal-lesioned mice. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1601. [PMID: 35332120 PMCID: PMC8948206 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29208-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The hippocampus interacts with the neocortical network for memory retrieval and consolidation. Here, we found the lateral entorhinal cortex (LEC) modulates learning-induced cortical long-range gamma synchrony (20–40 Hz) in a hippocampal-dependent manner. The long-range gamma synchrony, which was coupled to the theta (7–10 Hz) rhythm and enhanced upon learning and recall, was mediated by inter-cortical projections from layer 5 neurons of the LEC to layer 2 neurons of the sensory and association cortices. Artificially induced cortical gamma synchrony across cortical areas improved memory encoding in hippocampal lesioned mice for originally hippocampal-dependent tasks. Mechanistically, we found that activities of cortical c-Fos labeled neurons, which showed egocentric map properties, were modulated by LEC-mediated gamma synchrony during memory recall, implicating a role of cortical synchrony to generate an integrative memory representation from disperse features. Our findings reveal the hippocampal mediated organization of cortical memories and suggest brain-machine interface approaches to improve cognitive function. Hippocampal lesioned mice form new memories. Here, the authors show the lateral entorhinal cortex modulates learning-induced cortical long-range gamma synchrony in a hippocampal-dependent manner and artificially induced cortical gamma synchrony across cortical areas improved memory encoding in hippocampal lesioned mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhan Luo
- School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, 201210, Shanghai, China
| | - Di Yun
- School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, 201210, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Hu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, 201210, Shanghai, China
| | - Miaomiao Tian
- School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, 201210, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiajun Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Yifan Xu
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Tang
- Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 518055, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yang Zhan
- Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 518055, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hong Xie
- Institute of Photonic Chips, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 200093, Shanghai, China.,Centre for Artificial-Intelligence Nanophotonics, School of Optical-Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Ji-Song Guan
- School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, 201210, Shanghai, China. .,CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China.
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218
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Takeuchi T, Tamura M, Tse D, Kajii Y, Fernández G, Morris RGM. Brain region networks for the assimilation of new associative memory into a schema. Mol Brain 2022; 15:24. [PMID: 35331310 PMCID: PMC8943948 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-022-00908-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Alterations in long-range functional connectivity between distinct brain regions are thought to contribute to the encoding of memory. However, little is known about how the activation of an existing network of neocortical and hippocampal regions might support the assimilation of relevant new information into the preexisting knowledge structure or 'schema'. Using functional mapping for expression of plasticity-related immediate early gene products, we sought to identify the long-range functional network of paired-associate memory, and the encoding and assimilation of relevant new paired-associates. Correlational and clustering analyses for expression of immediate early gene products revealed that midline neocortical-hippocampal connectivity is strongly associated with successful memory encoding of new paired-associates against the backdrop of the schema, compared to both (1) unsuccessful memory encoding of new paired-associates that are not relevant to the schema, and (2) the mere retrieval of the previously learned schema. These findings suggest that the certain midline neocortical and hippocampal networks support the assimilation of newly encoded associative memories into a relevant schema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomonori Takeuchi
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Edinburgh Neuroscience, University of Edinburgh, 1 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK. .,Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience, DANDRITE, Nordic-EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Hoegh-Guldbergsgade 10, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark. .,Center for Proteins in Memory, PROMEMO, Danish National Research Foundation, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Hoegh-Guldbergsgade 10, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Makoto Tamura
- Neuroscience Research Unit, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Kanagawa, 227-0033, Japan.,NeuroDiscovery Lab, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Holdings America, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Dorothy Tse
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Edinburgh Neuroscience, University of Edinburgh, 1 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK.,Department of Psychology, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, L39 4QP, UK
| | - Yasushi Kajii
- Neuroscience Research Unit, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Kanagawa, 227-0033, Japan.,T-CiRA Discovery, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, 251-8555, Japan
| | - Guillén Fernández
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, 6500 HB, The Netherlands
| | - Richard G M Morris
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Edinburgh Neuroscience, University of Edinburgh, 1 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK.
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219
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Marks WD, Yokose J, Kitamura T, Ogawa SK. Neuronal Ensembles Organize Activity to Generate Contextual Memory. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 16:805132. [PMID: 35368306 PMCID: PMC8965349 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.805132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Contextual learning is a critical component of episodic memory and important for living in any environment. Context can be described as the attributes of a location that are not the location itself. This includes a variety of non-spatial information that can be derived from sensory systems (sounds, smells, lighting, etc.) and internal state. In this review, we first address the behavioral underpinnings of contextual memory and the development of context memory theory, with a particular focus on the contextual fear conditioning paradigm as a means of assessing contextual learning and the underlying processes contributing to it. We then present the various neural centers that play roles in contextual learning. We continue with a discussion of the current knowledge of the neural circuitry and physiological processes that underlie contextual representations in the Entorhinal cortex-Hippocampal (EC-HPC) circuit, as the most well studied contributor to contextual memory, focusing on the role of ensemble activity as a representation of context with a description of remapping, and pattern separation and completion in the processing of contextual information. We then discuss other critical regions involved in contextual memory formation and retrieval. We finally consider the engram assembly as an indicator of stored contextual memories and discuss its potential contribution to contextual memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- William D. Marks
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Jun Yokose
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Takashi Kitamura
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Sachie K. Ogawa
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
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220
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Miyawaki H, Mizuseki K. De novo inter-regional coactivations of preconfigured local ensembles support memory. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1272. [PMID: 35277492 PMCID: PMC8917150 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28929-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal ensembles in the amygdala, ventral hippocampus, and prefrontal cortex are involved in fear memory; however, how inter-regional ensemble interactions support memory remains elusive. Using multi-regional large-scale electrophysiology in the aforementioned structures of fear-conditioned rats, we found that the local ensembles activated during fear memory acquisition are inter-regionally coactivated during the subsequent sleep period, which relied on brief bouts of fast network oscillations. During memory retrieval, the coactivations reappeared, together with fast oscillations. Coactivation-participating-ensembles were configured prior to memory acquisition in the amygdala and prefrontal cortex but developed through experience in the hippocampus. Our findings suggest that elements of a given memory are instantly encoded within various brain regions in a preconfigured manner, whereas hippocampal ensembles and the network for inter-regional integration of the distributed information develop in an experience-dependent manner to form a new memory, which is consistent with the hippocampal memory index hypothesis. The authors show that fear-memory-related cell-ensembles in the amygdala, hippocampus, and prefrontal cortex are inter-regionally co-activated in post-learning sleep. The co-activations are hosted by fast network oscillations and re-appear during recall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Miyawaki
- Department of Physiology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Asahimachi 1-4-3, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan.
| | - Kenji Mizuseki
- Department of Physiology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Asahimachi 1-4-3, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan.
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221
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Namkung H, Thomas KL, Hall J, Sawa A. Parsing neural circuits of fear learning and extinction across basic and clinical neuroscience: Towards better translation. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 134:104502. [PMID: 34921863 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decades, studies of fear learning and extinction have advanced our understanding of the neurobiology of threat and safety learning. Animal studies can provide mechanistic/causal insights into human brain regions and their functional connectivity involved in fear learning and extinction. Findings in humans, conversely, may further enrich our understanding of neural circuits in animals by providing macroscopic insights at the level of brain-wide networks. Nevertheless, there is still much room for improvement in translation between basic and clinical research on fear learning and extinction. Through the lens of neural circuits, in this article, we aim to review the current knowledge of fear learning and extinction in both animals and humans, and to propose strategies to fill in the current knowledge gap for the purpose of enhancing clinical benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Namkung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Kerrie L Thomas
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK; School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Jeremy Hall
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK; School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Akira Sawa
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA; Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA; Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.
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222
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Hintiryan H, Dong HW. Brain Networks of Connectionally Unique Basolateral Amygdala Cell Types. Neurosci Insights 2022; 17:26331055221080175. [PMID: 35252870 PMCID: PMC8891918 DOI: 10.1177/26331055221080175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Different brain regions structurally interconnected through networks regulate behavior output. Therefore, understanding the functional organization of the brain in health and disease necessitates a foundational anatomic roadmap to its network organization. To provide this to the research community, our lab has systematically traced thousands of pathways in the mouse brain and has applied computational measures to determine the network architecture of major brain systems. Toward this effort, the brain-wide networks of the basolateral amygdalar complex (BLA) were recently generated. The data revealed uniquely connected cell types within the same BLA nucleus that were constituents of distinct neural networks. Here, we elaborate on how these connectionally unique BLA cell types fit within the larger cortico-basal ganglia and limbic networks that were previously described by our team. The significance and utility of high quality, detailed anatomic data is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houri Hintiryan
- Department of Neurobiology, Brain Research & Artificial Intelligence Nexus (B.R.A.I.N), University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Hong-Wei Dong
- Department of Neurobiology, Brain Research & Artificial Intelligence Nexus (B.R.A.I.N), University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
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223
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McGuire KL, Amsalem O, Sugden AU, Ramesh RN, Fernando J, Burgess CR, Andermann ML. Visual association cortex links cues with conjunctions of reward and locomotor contexts. Curr Biol 2022; 32:1563-1576.e8. [PMID: 35245458 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Postrhinal cortex (POR) and neighboring lateral visual association areas are necessary for identifying objects and interpreting them in specific contexts, but how POR neurons encode the same object across contexts remains unclear. Here, we imaged excitatory neurons in mouse POR across tens of days prior to and throughout initial cue-reward learning and reversal learning. We assessed responses to the same cue when it was rewarded or unrewarded, during both locomotor and stationary contexts. Surprisingly, a large class of POR neurons were minimally cue-driven prior to learning. After learning, distinct clusters within this class responded selectively to a given cue when presented in a specific conjunction of reward and locomotion contexts. In addition, another class contained clusters of neurons whose cue responses were more transient, insensitive to reward learning, and adapted over thousands of presentations. These two classes of POR neurons may support context-dependent interpretation and context-independent identification of sensory cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly L McGuire
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Perceptive Automata, 201 Washington Street, Boston, MA 02108, USA
| | - Oren Amsalem
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Arthur U Sugden
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Duquesne University, Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, USA; Behaivior, 6401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15206, USA
| | - Rohan N Ramesh
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Known, 5 Bryant Park, New York, NY 10018, USA
| | - Jesseba Fernando
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Christian R Burgess
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Mark L Andermann
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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224
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Acetylcholine deficiency disrupts extratelencephalic projection neurons in the prefrontal cortex in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Nat Commun 2022; 13:998. [PMID: 35194025 PMCID: PMC8863829 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28493-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Short-term memory deficits have been associated with prefrontal cortex (PFC) dysfunction in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and AD mouse models. Extratelencephalic projection (ET) neurons in the PFC play a key role in short-term working memory, but the mechanism between ET neuronal dysfunction in the PFC and short-term memory impairment in AD is not well understood. Here, using fiber photometry and optogenetics, we found reduced neural activity in the ET neurons in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) of the 5×FAD mouse model led to object recognition memory (ORM) deficits. Activation of ET neurons in the mPFC of 5×FAD mice rescued ORM impairment, and inhibition of ET neurons in the mPFC of wild type mice impaired ORM expression. ET neurons in the mPFC that project to supramammillary nucleus were necessary for ORM expression. Viral tracing and in vivo recording revealed that mPFC ET neurons received fewer cholinergic inputs from the basal forebrain in 5×FAD mice. Furthermore, activation of cholinergic fibers in the mPFC rescued ORM deficits in 5×FAD mice, while acetylcholine deficiency reduced the response of ET neurons in the mPFC to familiar objects. Taken together, our results revealed a neural mechanism behind ORM impairment in 5×FAD mice. Short-term memory deficits are associated with prefrontal cortex dysfunction in Alzheimer’s disease. Here, the authors assessed extratelencephalic projection (ET) neurons and found reduced ET neural activity in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and showed ET neurons received fewer cholinergic inputs from the basal forebrain in 5×FAD mice which led to object recognition memory deficits.
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225
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Twarkowksi H, Steininger V, Kim MJ, Sahay A. A dentate gyrus- CA3 inhibitory circuit promotes evolution of hippocampal-cortical ensembles during memory consolidation. eLife 2022; 11:70586. [PMID: 35191834 PMCID: PMC8903830 DOI: 10.7554/elife.70586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Memories encoded in the dentate gyrus (DG) - CA3 circuit of the hippocampus are routed from CA1 to anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) for consolidation. Although CA1 parvalbumin inhibitory neurons (PV INs) orchestrate hippocampal-cortical communication, we know less about CA3 PV INs or DG - CA3 principal neuron - IN circuit mechanisms that contribute to evolution of hippocampal-cortical ensembles during memory consolidation. Using viral genetics to selectively mimic and boost an endogenous learning-dependent circuit mechanism, DG cell recruitment of CA3 PV INs and feed-forward inhibition (FFI) in CA3, in combination with longitudinal in vivo calcium imaging, we demonstrate that FFI facilitates formation and maintenance of context-associated neuronal ensembles in CA1. Increasing FFI in DG - CA3 promoted context specificity of neuronal ensembles in ACC over time and enhanced long-term contextual fear memory. In vivo LFP recordings in mice with increased FFI in DG - CA3 identified enhanced CA1 sharp-wave ripple - ACC spindle coupling as a potential network mechanism facilitating memory consolidation. Our findings illuminate how FFI in DG - CA3 dictates evolution of ensemble properties in CA1 and ACC during memory consolidation and suggest a teacher-like function for hippocampal CA1 in stabilization and re-organization of cortical representations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Twarkowksi
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States
| | - Victor Steininger
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States
| | - Min Jae Kim
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States
| | - Amar Sahay
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States
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226
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The mouse brain after foot shock in four dimensions: Temporal dynamics at a single-cell resolution. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:2114002119. [PMID: 35181604 PMCID: PMC8872757 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2114002119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute stress involves the majority of brain areas, which can be sequentially organized in functional brain networks as shown by our study with foot shock in mice. We used whole-brain microscopy to investigate different spatial resolutions over time. From mesoscale region–based analyses, we identified the order of activation of brain areas. With single-cell analyses, we analyzed shifts in activation over time within small nuclei—a result impossible to achieve with functional MRI’s resolution. These findings required the development of a four-dimensional (4D) analytical pipeline, which is made available as an R package. This “atlas” of foot shock can be visualized in 4D in our interactive web portal. Acute stress leads to sequential activation of functional brain networks. A biologically relevant question is exactly which (single) cells belonging to brain networks are changed in activity over time after acute stress across the entire brain. We developed a preprocessing and analytical pipeline to chart whole-brain immediate early genes’ expression—as proxy for cellular activity—after a single stressful foot shock in four dimensions: that is, from functional networks up to three-dimensional (3D) single-cell resolution and over time. The pipeline is available as an R package. Most brain areas (96%) showed increased numbers of c-fos+ cells after foot shock, yet hypothalamic areas stood out as being most active and prompt in their activation, followed by amygdalar, prefrontal, hippocampal, and finally, thalamic areas. At the cellular level, c-fos+ density clearly shifted over time across subareas, as illustrated for the basolateral amygdala. Moreover, some brain areas showed increased numbers of c-fos+ cells, while others—like the dentate gyrus—dramatically increased c-fos intensity in just a subset of cells, reminiscent of engrams; importantly, this “strategy” changed after foot shock in half of the brain areas. One of the strengths of our approach is that single-cell data were simultaneously examined across all of the 90 brain areas and can be visualized in 3D in our interactive web portal.
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227
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Tsoi SY, Öncül M, Svahn E, Robertson M, Bogdanowicz Z, McClure C, Sürmeli G. Telencephalic outputs from the medial entorhinal cortex are copied directly to the hippocampus. eLife 2022; 11:e73162. [PMID: 35188100 PMCID: PMC8940174 DOI: 10.7554/elife.73162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Complementary actions of the neocortex and the hippocampus enable encoding and long-term storage of experience dependent memories. Standard models for memory storage assume that sensory signals reach the hippocampus from superficial layers of the entorhinal cortex (EC). Deep layers of the EC on the other hand relay hippocampal outputs to the telencephalic structures including many parts of the neocortex. Here, we show that cells in layer 5a of the medial EC send a copy of their telencephalic outputs back to the CA1 region of the hippocampus. Combining cell-type-specific anatomical tracing with high-throughput RNA-sequencing based projection mapping and optogenetics aided circuit mapping, we show that in the mouse brain these projections have a unique topography and target hippocampal pyramidal cells and interneurons. Our results suggest that projections of deep medial EC neurons are anatomically configured to influence the hippocampus and neocortex simultaneously and therefore lead to novel hypotheses on the functional role of the deep EC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sau Yee Tsoi
- University of Edinburgh, Centre for Discovery Brain SciencesEdinburghUnited Kingdom
| | - Merve Öncül
- University of Edinburgh, Centre for Discovery Brain SciencesEdinburghUnited Kingdom
| | - Ella Svahn
- University of Edinburgh, Centre for Discovery Brain SciencesEdinburghUnited Kingdom
| | - Mark Robertson
- University of Edinburgh, Centre for Discovery Brain SciencesEdinburghUnited Kingdom
| | - Zuzanna Bogdanowicz
- University of Edinburgh, Centre for Discovery Brain SciencesEdinburghUnited Kingdom
| | - Christina McClure
- University of Edinburgh, Centre for Discovery Brain SciencesEdinburghUnited Kingdom
| | - Gülşen Sürmeli
- University of Edinburgh, Centre for Discovery Brain SciencesEdinburghUnited Kingdom
- Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of EdinburghEdinburghUnited Kingdom
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228
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Zhang YX, Xing B, Li YC, Yan CX, Gao WJ. NMDA receptor-mediated synaptic transmission in prefrontal neurons underlies social memory retrieval in female mice. Neuropharmacology 2022; 204:108895. [PMID: 34813859 PMCID: PMC8688302 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Social memory is the ability to discriminate familiar conspecific from the unknown ones. Prefrontal neurons are essentially required for social memory, but the mechanism associated with this regulation remains unknown. It is also unclear to what extent the neuronal representations of social memory formation and retrieval events overlap in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and which event drives social memory strength. Here we asked these questions by using a repeated social training paradigm for social recognition in FosTRAP mice. We found that after 4 days' repeated social training, female mice developed stable social memory. Specifically, repeated social training activated more cells that were labeled with tdTomato during memory retrieval compared with the first day of memory encoding. Besides, combining TRAP with c-Fos immunostaining, we found about 30% of the FosTRAPed cells were reactivated during retrieval. Moreover, the number of retrieval-induced but not first-day encoding-induced tdTomato neurons correlates with the social recognition ratio in the prelimbic but not other subregions. The activated cells during the retrieval session also showed increased NMDA receptor-mediated synaptic transmission compared with that in non-labeled pyramidal neurons. Blocking NMDA receptors by MK-801 impaired social memory but not sociability. Therefore, our results reveal that repetitive training elevates mPFC involvement in social memory retrieval via enhancing NMDA receptor-mediated synaptic transmission, thus rendering stable social memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Xiang Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19129, USA,College of Forensic Medicine, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Bo Xing
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19129, USA
| | - Yan-Chun Li
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19129, USA
| | - Chun-Xia Yan
- College of Forensic Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China.
| | - Wen-Jun Gao
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19129, USA.
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229
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Tomé DF, Sadeh S, Clopath C. Coordinated hippocampal-thalamic-cortical communication crucial for engram dynamics underneath systems consolidation. Nat Commun 2022; 13:840. [PMID: 35149680 PMCID: PMC8837777 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28339-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Systems consolidation refers to the time-dependent reorganization of memory representations or engrams across brain regions. Despite recent advancements in unravelling this process, the exact mechanisms behind engram dynamics and the role of associated pathways remain largely unknown. Here we propose a biologically-plausible computational model to address this knowledge gap. By coordinating synaptic plasticity timescales and incorporating a hippocampus-thalamus-cortex circuit, our model is able to couple engram reactivations across these regions and thereby reproduce key dynamics of cortical and hippocampal engram cells along with their interdependencies. Decoupling hippocampal-thalamic-cortical activity disrupts systems consolidation. Critically, our model yields testable predictions regarding hippocampal and thalamic engram cells, inhibitory engrams, thalamic inhibitory input, and the effect of thalamocortical synaptic coupling on retrograde amnesia induced by hippocampal lesions. Overall, our results suggest that systems consolidation emerges from coupled reactivations of engram cells in distributed brain regions enabled by coordinated synaptic plasticity timescales in multisynaptic subcortical-cortical circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sadra Sadeh
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Claudia Clopath
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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230
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The Entorhinal Cortex as a Gateway for Amygdala Influences on Memory Consolidation. Neuroscience 2022; 497:86-96. [PMID: 35122874 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2022.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The amygdala, specifically its basolateral nucleus (BLA), is a critical site integrating neuromodulatory influences on memory consolidation in other brain areas. Almost 20 years ago, we reported the first direct evidence that BLA activity is required for modulatory interventions in the entorhinal cortex (EC) to affect memory consolidation (Roesler, Roozendaal, and McGaugh, 2002). Since then, significant advances have been made in our understanding of how the EC participates in memory. For example, the characterization of grid cells specialized in processing spatial information in the medial EC (mEC) that act as major relayers of information to the hippocampus (HIP) has changed our view of memory processing by the EC; and the development of optogenetic technologies for manipulation of neuronal activity has recently enabled important new discoveries on the role of the BLA projections to the EC in memory. Here, we review the current evidence on interactions between the BLA and EC in synaptic plasticity and memory formation. The findings suggest that the EC may function as a gateway and mediator of modulatory influences from the BLA, which are then processed and relayed to the HIP. Through extensive reciprocal connections among the EC, HIP, and several cortical areas, information related to new memories is then consolidated by these multiple brain systems, through various molecular and cellular mechanisms acting in a distributed and highly concerted manner, during several hours after learning. A special note is made on the contribution by Ivan Izquierdo to our understanding of memory consolidation at the brain system level.
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231
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Stacho M, Manahan-Vaughan D. Mechanistic flexibility of the retrosplenial cortex enables its contribution to spatial cognition. Trends Neurosci 2022; 45:284-296. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2022.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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232
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Rao YL, Ganaraja B, Murlimanju BV, Joy T, Krishnamurthy A, Agrawal A. Hippocampus and its involvement in Alzheimer's disease: a review. 3 Biotech 2022; 12:55. [PMID: 35116217 PMCID: PMC8807768 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-022-03123-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hippocampus is the significant component of the limbic lobe, which is further subdivided into the dentate gyrus and parts of Cornu Ammonis. It is the crucial region for learning and memory; its sub-regions aid in the generation of episodic memory. However, the hippocampus is one of the brain areas affected by Alzheimer's (AD). In the early stages of AD, the hippocampus shows rapid loss of its tissue, which is associated with the functional disconnection with other parts of the brain. In the progression of AD, atrophy of medial temporal and hippocampal regions are the structural markers in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Lack of sirtuin (SIRT) expression in the hippocampal neurons will impair cognitive function, including recent memory and spatial learning. Proliferation, differentiation, and migrations are the steps involved in adult neurogenesis. The microglia in the hippocampal region are more immunologically active than the other regions of the brain. Intrinsic factors like hormones, glia, and vascular nourishment are instrumental in the neural stem cell (NSC) functions by maintaining the brain's microenvironment. Along with the intrinsic factors, many extrinsic factors like dietary intake and physical activity may also influence the NSCs. Hence, pro-neurogenic lifestyle could delay neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. Lakshmisha Rao
- Department of Anatomy, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka India
| | - B. Ganaraja
- Department of Physiology, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka India
| | - B. V. Murlimanju
- Department of Anatomy, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka India
| | - Teresa Joy
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, American University of Antigua, Coolidge, Antigua, Antigua and Barbuda
| | - Ashwin Krishnamurthy
- Department of Anatomy, K.S. Hegde Medical Academy, Deralakatte, Nitte University, Mangalore, Karnataka India
| | - Amit Agrawal
- Department of Neurosurgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Saket Nagar, Bhopal, 462020 Madhya Pradesh India
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233
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Das A, Menon V. Causal dynamics and information flow in parietal-temporal-hippocampal circuits during mental arithmetic revealed by high-temporal resolution human intracranial EEG. Cortex 2022; 147:24-40. [PMID: 35007892 PMCID: PMC8816888 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2021.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Mental arithmetic involves distributed brain regions spanning parietal and temporal cortices, yet little is known about the neural dynamics of causal functional circuits that link them. Here we use high-temporal resolution (1000 Hz sampling rate) intracranial EEG from 35 participants, 362 electrodes, and 1727 electrode pairs, to investigate dynamic causal circuits linking posterior parietal cortex (PPC) with ventral temporal-occipital cortex and hippocampal regions which constitute the perceptual, visuospatial, and mnemonic building blocks of mental arithmetic. Nonlinear phase transfer entropy measures capable of capturing information flow identified dorsal PPC as a causal inflow hub during mental arithmetic, with strong causal influences from fusiform gyrus in ventral temporal-occipital cortex as well as the hippocampus. Net causal inflow into dorsal PPC was significantly higher during mental arithmetic, compared to both resting-state and verbal memory recall. Our analysis also revealed functional heterogeneity of casual signaling in the PPC, with greater net causal inflow into the dorsal PCC, compared to ventral PPC. Additionally, the strength of causal influences was significantly higher on dorsal, compared to ventral, PPC from the hippocampus, and ventral temporal-occipital cortex during mental arithmetic, when compared to both resting-state and verbal memory recall. Our findings provide novel insights into dynamic neural circuits and hubs underlying numerical problem solving and reveal neurophysiological circuit mechanisms by which both the visual number form processing and declarative memory systems dynamically engage the PPC during mental arithmetic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anup Das
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Vinod Menon
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305,Department of Neurology & Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305,Stanford Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
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234
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Breathing coordinates cortico-hippocampal dynamics in mice during offline states. Nat Commun 2022; 13:467. [PMID: 35075139 PMCID: PMC8786964 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28090-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Network dynamics have been proposed as a mechanistic substrate for the information transfer across cortical and hippocampal circuits. However, little is known about the mechanisms that synchronize and coordinate these processes across widespread brain regions during offline states. Here we address the hypothesis that breathing acts as an oscillatory pacemaker, persistently coupling distributed brain circuit dynamics. Using large-scale recordings from a number of cortical and subcortical brain regions in behaving mice, we uncover the presence of an intracerebral respiratory corollary discharge, that modulates neural activity across these circuits. During offline states, the respiratory modulation underlies the coupling of hippocampal sharp-wave ripples and cortical DOWN/UP state transitions, which mediates systems memory consolidation. These results highlight breathing, a perennial brain rhythm, as an oscillatory scaffold for the functional coordination of the limbic circuit that supports the segregation and integration of information flow across neuronal networks during offline states. Using large-scale recordings from cortical and subcortical brain regions in behaving mice, the authors reveal the presence of a respiratory corollary discharge in mice, that modulates neural activity across these circuits and couples hippocampal sharp-wave ripples and cortical DOWN/UP state transitions.
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235
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Hernández-Mercado K, Zepeda A. Morris Water Maze and Contextual Fear Conditioning Tasks to Evaluate Cognitive Functions Associated With Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis. Front Neurosci 2022; 15:782947. [PMID: 35046769 PMCID: PMC8761726 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.782947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
New neurons are continuously generated and functionally integrated into the dentate gyrus (DG) network during the adult lifespan of most mammals. The hippocampus is a crucial structure for spatial learning and memory, and the addition of new neurons into the DG circuitry of rodents seems to be a key element for these processes to occur. The Morris water maze (MWM) and contextual fear conditioning (CFC) are among the most commonly used hippocampus-dependent behavioral tasks to study episodic-like learning and memory in rodents. While the functional contribution of adult hippocampal neurogenesis (AHN) through these paradigms has been widely addressed, results have generated controversial findings. In this review, we analyze and discuss possible factors in the experimental methods that could explain the inconsistent results among AHN studies; moreover, we provide specific suggestions for the design of more sensitive protocols to assess AHN-mediated learning and memory functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Hernández-Mercado
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicológia Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Angélica Zepeda
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicológia Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
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236
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Suzuki A, Kosugi S, Murayama E, Sasakawa E, Ohkawa N, Konno A, Hirai H, Inokuchi K. A cortical cell ensemble in the posterior parietal cortex controls past experience-dependent memory updating. Nat Commun 2022; 13:41. [PMID: 35017495 PMCID: PMC8752845 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27763-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
When processing current sensory inputs, animals refer to related past experiences. Current information is then incorporated into the related neural network to update previously stored memories. However, the neuronal mechanism underlying the impact of memories of prior experiences on current learning is not well understood. Here, we found that a cellular ensemble in the posterior parietal cortex (PPC) that is activated during past experience mediates an interaction between past and current information to update memory through a PPC-anterior cingulate cortex circuit in mice. Moreover, optogenetic silencing of the PPC ensemble immediately after retrieval dissociated the interaction without affecting individual memories stored in the hippocampus and amygdala. Thus, a specific subpopulation of PPC cells represents past information and instructs downstream brain regions to update previous memories. Animals refer to related past experiences when processing sensory inputs. The authors show that a cellular ensemble in the posterior parietal cortex that is activated during past experience mediates an interaction between past and current information to update memory through a circuit including the anterior cingulate cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akinobu Suzuki
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan.,CREST, JST, University of Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan.,Research Center for Idling Brain Science, University of Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Sakurako Kosugi
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan.,CREST, JST, University of Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Emi Murayama
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan.,CREST, JST, University of Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan.,Research Center for Idling Brain Science, University of Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Eri Sasakawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Noriaki Ohkawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan.,CREST, JST, University of Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan.,PRESTO, JST, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan.,Division for Memory and Cognitive Function, Research Center for Advanced Medical Science, Comprehensive Research Facilities for Advanced Medical Science, Dokkyo Medical University, Tochigi, 321-0293, Japan
| | - Ayumu Konno
- Department of Neurophysiology and Neural Repair, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Hirai
- Department of Neurophysiology and Neural Repair, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Kaoru Inokuchi
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan. .,CREST, JST, University of Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan. .,Research Center for Idling Brain Science, University of Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan.
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237
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de Lima MAX, Baldo MVC, Oliveira FA, Canteras NS. The anterior cingulate cortex and its role in controlling contextual fear memory to predatory threats. eLife 2022; 11:67007. [PMID: 34984975 PMCID: PMC8730726 DOI: 10.7554/elife.67007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Predator exposure is a life-threatening experience and elicits learned fear responses to the context in which the predator was encountered. The anterior cingulate area (ACA) occupies a pivotal position in a cortical network responsive to predatory threats, and it exerts a critical role in processing fear memory. The experiments were made in mice and revealed that the ACA is involved in both the acquisition and expression of contextual fear to predatory threat. Overall, the ACA can provide predictive relationships between the context and the predator threat and influences fear memory acquisition through projections to the basolateral amygdala and perirhinal region and the expression of contextual fear through projections to the dorsolateral periaqueductal gray. Our results expand previous studies based on classical fear conditioning and open interesting perspectives for understanding how the ACA is involved in processing contextual fear memory to ethologic threatening conditions that entrain specific medial hypothalamic fear circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcus Vinicius C Baldo
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernando A Oliveira
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory (LaNeC) - Center for Mathematics, Computing and Cognition (CMCC), Federal University of ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, Brazil
| | - Newton Sabino Canteras
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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238
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Lee J, Urban-Ciecko J, Park E, Zhu M, Myal SE, Margolis DJ, Barth AL. FosGFP expression does not capture a sensory learning-related engram in superficial layers of mouse barrel cortex. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2112212118. [PMID: 34930843 PMCID: PMC8719899 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2112212118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Immediate-early gene (IEG) expression has been used to identify small neural ensembles linked to a particular experience, based on the principle that a selective subset of activated neurons will encode specific memories or behavioral responses. The majority of these studies have focused on "engrams" in higher-order brain areas where more abstract or convergent sensory information is represented, such as the hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, or amygdala. In primary sensory cortex, IEG expression can label neurons that are responsive to specific sensory stimuli, but experience-dependent shaping of neural ensembles marked by IEG expression has not been demonstrated. Here, we use a fosGFP transgenic mouse to longitudinally monitor in vivo expression of the activity-dependent gene c-fos in superficial layers (L2/3) of primary somatosensory cortex (S1) during a whisker-dependent learning task. We find that sensory association training does not detectably alter fosGFP expression in L2/3 neurons. Although training broadly enhances thalamocortical synaptic strength in pyramidal neurons, we find that synapses onto fosGFP+ neurons are not selectively increased by training; rather, synaptic strengthening is concentrated in fosGFP- neurons. Taken together, these data indicate that expression of the IEG reporter fosGFP does not facilitate identification of a learning-specific engram in L2/3 in barrel cortex during whisker-dependent sensory association learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiseok Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Joanna Urban-Ciecko
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Eunsol Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Mo Zhu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Stephanie E Myal
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - David J Margolis
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854
| | - Alison L Barth
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213;
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239
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Jing W, Zhang T, Liu J, Huang X, Yu Q, Yu H, Zhang Q, Li H, Deng M, Zhu LQ, Du H, Lu Y. A circuit of COCH neurons encodes social-stress-induced anxiety via MTF1 activation of Cacna1h. Cell Rep 2021; 37:110177. [PMID: 34965426 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.110177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The hippocampus is a temporal lobe structure critical for cognition, such as learning, memory, and attention, as well as emotional responses. Hippocampal dysfunction can lead to persistent anxiety and/or depression. However, how millions of neurons in the hippocampus are molecularly and structurally organized to engage their divergent functions remains unknown. Here, we genetically target a subset of neurons expressing the coagulation factor c homolog (COCH) gene. COCH-expressing neurons or COCH neurons are topographically segregated in the distal region of the ventral CA3 hippocampus and express Mtf1 and Cacna1h. MTF1 activation of Cacna1h transcription in COCH neurons encodes the ability of COCH neurons to burst action potentials and cause social-stress-induced anxiety-like behaviors by synapsing directly with a subset of GABAergic inhibitory neurons in the lateral septum. Together, this study provides a molecular and circuitry-based framework for understanding how COCH neurons in the hippocampus are assembled to engage social behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Jing
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine and Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Wuhan Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Tongmei Zhang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine and Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Wuhan Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
| | - Jiaying Liu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine and Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Wuhan Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Xian Huang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine and Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Wuhan Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Quntao Yu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine and Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Wuhan Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Hongyan Yu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine and Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Wuhan Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Qingping Zhang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine and Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Wuhan Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine and Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Wuhan Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Manfei Deng
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine and Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Wuhan Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Ling-Qiang Zhu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine and Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Wuhan Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Huiyun Du
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine and Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Wuhan Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Youming Lu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine and Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Wuhan Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
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240
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Marcondes LA, de C Myskiw J, Nachtigall EG, Narvaes RF, Izquierdo I, Furini CRG. PKMζ maintains remote contextual fear memory by inhibiting GluA2-dependent AMPA receptor endocytosis in the prelimbic cortex. Neuroscience 2021; 497:97-106. [PMID: 34968669 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Fear memories allow animals to recognize and adequately respond to dangerous situations. The prelimbic cortex (PrL) is a crucial node in the circuitry that encodes contextual fear memory, and its activity is central for fear memory expression over time. However, while PrL has been implicated in contextual fear memory storage, the molecular mechanisms underlying its maintenance remain unclear. Protein kinase M zeta (PKMζ) is a persistently active enzyme which has been shown to maintain many forms of memories by inhibiting the endocytosis of GluA2-containing AMPA receptors. Therefore, we hypothesized that PKMζ action upon GluA2-containing AMPARs could be a mechanism for contextual fear memory maintenance in the PrL. To test this hypothesis, we trained rats in a contextual fear conditioning (CFC) paradigm and administered intra-PrL infusions of the PKMζ inhibitor ZIP, the GluA2-dependent endocytosis inhibitor GluA23Y or the inactive peptide GluA23Y(s), either two or twenty days after conditioning, and assessed long-term memory retention twenty-four hours later. We found that acute inhibition of GluA2-dependent AMPAR endocytosis in the PrL does not affect recent or remote contextual fear memory maintenance. Also, PKMζ inhibition in the PrL does not impair the maintenance of recent contextual fear memory. However, we found that inhibition of prelimbic PKMζ at a remote time point disrupted contextual fear memory maintenance, and that blocking GluA2-dependent removal of AMPARs prevents this impairment. Our results confirm the central role of PrL in fear memory and identify PKMζ-induced inhibition of GluA2-containing AMPAR endocytosis as a key mechanism governing remote contextual fear memory maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas A Marcondes
- Laboratory of Cognition and Memory Neurobiology, Brain Institute, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Av. Ipiranga, 6690 - 3(rd) floor, 90610-000, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Memory Center, Brain Institute, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Av. Ipiranga, 6690 - 2(nd) floor - HSL, 90610-000, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Jociane de C Myskiw
- Memory Center, Brain Institute, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Av. Ipiranga, 6690 - 2(nd) floor - HSL, 90610-000, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Eduarda G Nachtigall
- Laboratory of Cognition and Memory Neurobiology, Brain Institute, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Av. Ipiranga, 6690 - 3(rd) floor, 90610-000, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Memory Center, Brain Institute, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Av. Ipiranga, 6690 - 2(nd) floor - HSL, 90610-000, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo F Narvaes
- Laboratory of Cognition and Memory Neurobiology, Brain Institute, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Av. Ipiranga, 6690 - 3(rd) floor, 90610-000, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Memory Center, Brain Institute, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Av. Ipiranga, 6690 - 2(nd) floor - HSL, 90610-000, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Ivan Izquierdo
- Memory Center, Brain Institute, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Av. Ipiranga, 6690 - 2(nd) floor - HSL, 90610-000, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Cristiane R G Furini
- Laboratory of Cognition and Memory Neurobiology, Brain Institute, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Av. Ipiranga, 6690 - 3(rd) floor, 90610-000, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Memory Center, Brain Institute, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Av. Ipiranga, 6690 - 2(nd) floor - HSL, 90610-000, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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241
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Ohara S, Yoshino R, Kimura K, Kawamura T, Tanabe S, Zheng A, Nakamura S, Inoue KI, Takada M, Tsutsui KI, Witter MP. Laminar Organization of the Entorhinal Cortex in Macaque Monkeys Based on Cell-Type-Specific Markers and Connectivity. Front Neural Circuits 2021; 15:790116. [PMID: 34949991 PMCID: PMC8688913 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2021.790116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The entorhinal cortex (EC) is a major gateway between the hippocampus and telencephalic structures, and plays a critical role in memory and navigation. Through the use of various molecular markers and genetic tools, neuron types constituting EC are well studied in rodents, and their layer-dependent distributions, connections, and functions have also been characterized. In primates, however, such cell-type-specific understandings are lagging. To bridge the gap between rodents and primates, here we provide the first cell-type-based global map of EC in macaque monkeys. The laminar organization of the monkey EC was systematically examined and compared with that of the rodent EC by using immunohistochemistry for molecular markers which have been well characterized in the rodent EC: reelin, calbindin, and Purkinje cell protein 4 (PCP4). We further employed retrograde neuron labeling from the nucleus accumbens and amygdala to identify the EC output layer. This cell-type-based approach enabled us to apply the latest laminar definition of rodent EC to monkeys. Based on the similarity of the laminar organization, the monkey EC can be divided into two subdivisions: rostral and caudal EC. These subdivisions likely correspond to the lateral and medial EC in rodents, respectively. In addition, we found an overall absence of a clear laminar arrangement of layer V neurons in the rostral EC, unlike rodents. The cell-type-based architectural map provided in this study will accelerate the application of genetic tools in monkeys for better understanding of the role of EC in memory and navigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Ohara
- Laboratory of Systems Neuroscience, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rintaro Yoshino
- Laboratory of Systems Neuroscience, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kei Kimura
- Systems Neuroscience Section, Department of Neuroscience, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan
| | - Taichi Kawamura
- Laboratory of Systems Neuroscience, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Soshi Tanabe
- Systems Neuroscience Section, Department of Neuroscience, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan
| | - Andi Zheng
- Systems Neuroscience Section, Department of Neuroscience, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan
| | - Shinya Nakamura
- Laboratory of Systems Neuroscience, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Inoue
- Systems Neuroscience Section, Department of Neuroscience, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan
| | - Masahiko Takada
- Systems Neuroscience Section, Department of Neuroscience, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichiro Tsutsui
- Laboratory of Systems Neuroscience, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Laboratory of Systems Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Menno P Witter
- Laboratory of Systems Neuroscience, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Laboratory of Systems Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Department of Developmental Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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242
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Learning and memory: Shuffling memory traces by relearning. Curr Biol 2021; 31:R1588-R1591. [PMID: 34932971 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Memory engram cells are a subpopulation of neurons activated during learning, and are necessary and sufficient for memory recall. New findings show that relearning induces the turnover of the memory engram cell population involved in fear memory recall.
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243
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Seamans JK, Floresco SB. Event-based control of autonomic and emotional states by the anterior cingulate cortex. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 133:104503. [PMID: 34922986 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Despite being an intensive area of research, the function of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) remains somewhat of a mystery. Human imaging studies implicate the ACC in various cognitive functions, yet surgical ACC lesions used to treat emotional disorders have minimal lasting effects on cognition. An alternative view is that ACC regulates autonomic states, consistent with its interconnectivity with autonomic control regions and that stimulation evokes changes in autonomic/emotional states. At the cellular level, ACC neurons are highly multi-modal and promiscuous, and can represent a staggering array of task events. These neurons nevertheless combine to produce highly event-specific ensemble patterns that likely alter activity in downstream regions controlling emotional and autonomic tone. Since neuromodulators regulate the strength of the ensemble activity patterns, they would regulate the impact these patterns have on downstream targets. Through these mechanisms, the ACC may determine how strongly to react to the very events its ensembles represent. Pathologies arise when specific event-related representations gain excessive control over autonomic/emotional states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy K Seamans
- Depts. of Psychiatry, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, 2211 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6B2T5, Canada.
| | - Stan B Floresco
- Depts. of Psychology, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, 2211 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6B2T5, Canada
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244
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Li H, Fu Z, Hu M, Xu X. Adaptive Immune Deficiency Impairs Neural Activity After Training and Retrieval. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:739580. [PMID: 34867154 PMCID: PMC8634587 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.739580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroimmune interactions have been studied for decades. Several neurodevelopmental disorders have been associated with immune dysfunction. However, the effects of immune system on neuronal function remain unknown. Herein, based on c-Fos protein expression, we characterized the brain areas that are activated after contextual fear conditioning (CFC) training or retrieval in severe combined immune deficiency (SCID) and wild-type mice. Further, we analyzed the interregional correlations of c-Fos activity that are affected by deficiency in adaptive immunity. Results showed significantly lower c-Fos density in learning and memory-associated brain regions of SCID mice after memory retrieval, but not during the CFC training. Moreover, SCID mice exhibited remarkably discordant interregional neuronal activities of learning neuron circuits after CFC training, which could be the cause of inefficient activation of the memory circuit after retrieval. These results provide a new perspective on how adaptive immunity affects neuronal function. Adaptive immune deficiency impairs the coordination of neural activity after training and retrieval, which might be a potential therapeutic target for neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiping Li
- Department of Child Health Care, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhongxiao Fu
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Meixin Hu
- Department of Child Health Care, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiu Xu
- Department of Child Health Care, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, Shanghai, China
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245
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Lee WP, Chiang MH, Chang LY, Shyu WH, Chiu TH, Fu TF, Wu T, Wu CL. Serotonin Signals Modulate Mushroom Body Output Neurons for Sustaining Water-Reward Long-Term Memory in Drosophila. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:755574. [PMID: 34858982 PMCID: PMC8631865 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.755574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Memory consolidation is a time-dependent process through which an unstable learned experience is transformed into a stable long-term memory; however, the circuit and molecular mechanisms underlying this process are poorly understood. The Drosophila mushroom body (MB) is a huge brain neuropil that plays a crucial role in olfactory memory. The MB neurons can be generally classified into three subsets: γ, αβ, and α′β′. Here, we report that water-reward long-term memory (wLTM) consolidation requires activity from α′β′-related mushroom body output neurons (MBONs) in a specific time window. wLTM consolidation requires neurotransmission in MBON-γ3β′1 during the 0–2 h period after training, and neurotransmission in MBON-α′2 is required during the 2–4 h period after training. Moreover, neurotransmission in MBON-α′1α′3 is required during the 0–4 h period after training. Intriguingly, blocking neurotransmission during consolidation or inhibiting serotonin biosynthesis in serotoninergic dorsal paired medial (DPM) neurons also disrupted the wLTM, suggesting that wLTM consolidation requires serotonin signals from DPM neurons. The GFP Reconstitution Across Synaptic Partners (GRASP) data showed the connectivity between DPM neurons and MBON-γ3β′1, MBON-α′2, and MBON-α′1α′3, and RNAi-mediated silencing of serotonin receptors in MBON-γ3β′1, MBON-α′2, or MBON-α′1α′3 disrupted wLTM. Taken together, our results suggest that serotonin released from DPM neurons modulates neuronal activity in MBON-γ3β′1, MBON-α′2, and MBON-α′1α′3 at specific time windows, which is critical for the consolidation of wLTM in Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang-Pao Lee
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Hsuan Chiang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Li-Yun Chang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Huan Shyu
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Tai-Hsiang Chiu
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Tsai-Feng Fu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chi Nan University, Nantou, Taiwan
| | - Tony Wu
- Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan.,Department of Neurology, New Taipei Municipal Tucheng Hospital, Tucheng, Taiwan.,Department of Neurology, Xiamen Chang Gung Hospital, Xiamen, China
| | - Chia-Lin Wu
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan.,Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Brain Research Center, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
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246
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Remme MWH, Bergmann U, Alevi D, Schreiber S, Sprekeler H, Kempter R. Hebbian plasticity in parallel synaptic pathways: A circuit mechanism for systems memory consolidation. PLoS Comput Biol 2021; 17:e1009681. [PMID: 34874938 PMCID: PMC8683039 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Systems memory consolidation involves the transfer of memories across brain regions and the transformation of memory content. For example, declarative memories that transiently depend on the hippocampal formation are transformed into long-term memory traces in neocortical networks, and procedural memories are transformed within cortico-striatal networks. These consolidation processes are thought to rely on replay and repetition of recently acquired memories, but the cellular and network mechanisms that mediate the changes of memories are poorly understood. Here, we suggest that systems memory consolidation could arise from Hebbian plasticity in networks with parallel synaptic pathways-two ubiquitous features of neural circuits in the brain. We explore this hypothesis in the context of hippocampus-dependent memories. Using computational models and mathematical analyses, we illustrate how memories are transferred across circuits and discuss why their representations could change. The analyses suggest that Hebbian plasticity mediates consolidation by transferring a linear approximation of a previously acquired memory into a parallel pathway. Our modelling results are further in quantitative agreement with lesion studies in rodents. Moreover, a hierarchical iteration of the mechanism yields power-law forgetting-as observed in psychophysical studies in humans. The predicted circuit mechanism thus bridges spatial scales from single cells to cortical areas and time scales from milliseconds to years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiel W. H. Remme
- Department of Biology, Institute for Theoretical Biology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Urs Bergmann
- Department of Biology, Institute for Theoretical Biology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Denis Alevi
- Department for Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Susanne Schreiber
- Department of Biology, Institute for Theoretical Biology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Einstein Center for Neurosciences Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Henning Sprekeler
- Department for Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Einstein Center for Neurosciences Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Excellence Cluster Science of Intelligence, Berlin, Germany
| | - Richard Kempter
- Department of Biology, Institute for Theoretical Biology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Einstein Center for Neurosciences Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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247
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Goto A, Bota A, Miya K, Wang J, Tsukamoto S, Jiang X, Hirai D, Murayama M, Matsuda T, McHugh TJ, Nagai T, Hayashi Y. Stepwise synaptic plasticity events drive the early phase of memory consolidation. Science 2021; 374:857-863. [PMID: 34762472 DOI: 10.1126/science.abj9195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Goto
- Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.,RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Ayaka Bota
- Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.,RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.,Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Ken Miya
- RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.,Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan.,Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Jingbo Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Suzune Tsukamoto
- Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Xinzhi Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Daichi Hirai
- RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Masanori Murayama
- RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.,RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Tomoki Matsuda
- SANKEN (The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research), Osaka University, Mihogaoka 8-1, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Thomas J McHugh
- RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.,RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Takeharu Nagai
- SANKEN (The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research), Osaka University, Mihogaoka 8-1, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Yasunori Hayashi
- Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.,RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.,Brain and Body System Science Institute, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
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248
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Bonetto G, Belin D, Káradóttir RT. Myelin: A gatekeeper of activity-dependent circuit plasticity? Science 2021; 374:eaba6905. [PMID: 34618550 DOI: 10.1126/science.aba6905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Bonetto
- Wellcome-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute and Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - David Belin
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ragnhildur Thóra Káradóttir
- Wellcome-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute and Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Physiology, Biomedical Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
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249
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Silent Synapses in Cocaine-Associated Memory and Beyond. J Neurosci 2021; 41:9275-9285. [PMID: 34759051 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1559-21.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamatergic synapses are key cellular sites where cocaine experience creates memory traces that subsequently promote cocaine craving and seeking. In addition to making across-the-board synaptic adaptations, cocaine experience also generates a discrete population of new synapses that selectively encode cocaine memories. These new synapses are glutamatergic synapses that lack functionally stable AMPARs, often referred to as AMPAR-silent synapses or, simply, silent synapses. They are generated de novo in the NAc by cocaine experience. After drug withdrawal, some of these synapses mature by recruiting AMPARs, contributing to the consolidation of cocaine-associated memory. After cue-induced retrieval of cocaine memories, matured silent synapses alternate between two dynamic states (AMPAR-absent vs AMPAR-containing) that correspond with the behavioral manifestations of destabilization and reconsolidation of these memories. Here, we review the molecular mechanisms underlying silent synapse dynamics during behavior, discuss their contributions to circuit remodeling, and analyze their role in cocaine-memory-driven behaviors. We also propose several mechanisms through which silent synapses can form neuronal ensembles as well as cross-region circuit engrams for cocaine-specific behaviors. These perspectives lead to our hypothesis that cocaine-generated silent synapses stand as a distinct set of synaptic substrates encoding key aspects of cocaine memory that drive cocaine relapse.
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250
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The Medial Prefrontal Cortex and Fear Memory: Dynamics, Connectivity, and Engrams. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212113. [PMID: 34830009 PMCID: PMC8619965 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
It is becoming increasingly apparent that long-term memory formation relies on a distributed network of brain areas. While the hippocampus has been at the center of attention for decades, it is now clear that other regions, in particular the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), are taking an active part as well. Recent evidence suggests that the mPFC-traditionally implicated in the long-term storage of memories-is already critical for the early phases of memory formation such as encoding. In this review, we summarize these findings, relate them to the functional importance of the mPFC connectivity, and discuss the role of the mPFC during memory consolidation with respect to the different theories of memory storage. Owing to its high functional connectivity to other brain areas subserving memory formation and storage, the mPFC emerges as a central hub across the lifetime of a memory, although much still remains to be discovered.
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