201
|
Ben Said L, Jouini A, Klibi N, Dziri R, Alonso CA, Boudabous A, Ben Slama K, Torres C. Detection of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae in vegetables, soil and water of the farm environment in Tunisia. Int J Food Microbiol 2015; 203:86-92. [PMID: 25791254 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2015.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2014] [Revised: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
One-hundred-nine samples of 18 different farms (49 of food-vegetables, 41 of soil and 19 of irrigation water) and 45 vegetable food samples of 13 markets were collected in Tunisia. These samples were inoculated in MacConkey agar plates supplemented with cefotaxime (2 μg/ml). ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL-Eb) were detected in 10 of the 109 farm samples (vegetables, 8.2%; soil, 7.3%; water, 15.8%), and in 4 of 45 vegetables of markets (8.9%), recovering 15 ESBL-Eb. Isolates and ESBL genes detected were: Escherichia coli (n=8: 5 blaCTX-M-1, 2 blaCTX-M-15 and one blaCTX-M-14), Citrobacter freundii (n=4: 3 blaCTX-M-15 and one blaSHV-12), Enterobacter hormaechei (n=2: 2 blaCTX-M-15) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (n=1, blaCTX-M-15). The ISEcp1 sequence was found upstream of blaCTX-M genes in 13 of 14 strains (in three cases truncated by IS5), and orf477 or IS903 downstream. Class 1 integrons were detected in five strains and contained two gene cassette arrangements (dfrA17-aadA5 and aadA1). Most isolates tested showed a multiresistant phenotype. All blaCTX-M-15-positive strains carried the aac(6')-1b-cr gene, that affects to amikacin-tobramycin-kanamycin-ciprofloxacin. Five ESBL-Eb strains carried genes of the qnr family. The 8 ESBL-positive E. coli isolates were typed as: ST58/B1 (n=3) and ST117/D, ST131/B2, ST10/A, ST23/A, and the new ST3496/D (one strain, each). From 1-2 plasmids were detected in all ESBL-positive E. coli isolates (63-179 kb). The ESBL genes were transferred by conjugation in 4 blaCTX-M-1-positive E. coli strains, and transconjugants acquired a 97 kb IncI1 plasmid. ESBL-Eb isolates are frequently disseminated in vegetable farms and potentially could be transmitted to humans through the food chain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leila Ben Said
- Laboratoire des Microorganismes et Biomolécules actives, Faculté de Sciences de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, 2092 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Ahlem Jouini
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Veterinary Microbiology, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Naouel Klibi
- Laboratoire des Microorganismes et Biomolécules actives, Faculté de Sciences de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, 2092 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Raoudha Dziri
- Laboratoire des Microorganismes et Biomolécules actives, Faculté de Sciences de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, 2092 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Carla Andrea Alonso
- Area de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de La Rioja, 26006 Logroño, Spain
| | - Abdellatif Boudabous
- Laboratoire des Microorganismes et Biomolécules actives, Faculté de Sciences de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, 2092 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Karim Ben Slama
- Laboratoire des Microorganismes et Biomolécules actives, Faculté de Sciences de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, 2092 Tunis, Tunisia; Institut Supérieur des Sciences Biologiques Appliquées de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, 2092 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Carmen Torres
- Area de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de La Rioja, 26006 Logroño, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
202
|
Sanz S, Olarte C, Martínez-Olarte R, Navajas-Benito EV, Alonso CA, Hidalgo-Sanz S, Somalo S, Torres C. Airborne dissemination of Escherichia coli in a dairy cattle farm and its environment. Int J Food Microbiol 2015; 197:40-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2014.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Revised: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
203
|
Characterisation of extended-spectrum β-lactamases among Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates causing bacteraemia and urinary tract infection in Mozambique. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2015; 3:19-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2015.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Revised: 01/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
|
204
|
Mazurek J, Bok E, Stosik M, Baldy-Chudzik K. Antimicrobial resistance in commensal Escherichia coli from pigs during metaphylactic trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole treatment and in the post-exposure period. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2015; 12:2150-63. [PMID: 25689993 PMCID: PMC4344717 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph120202150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2014] [Revised: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of trimethoprim (TMP) and sulfamethoxazole (SMX) resistance in commensal E. coli from pigs was tested in this study. E. coli was derived from three groups of piglets in successive stages of metaphylactic therapy and from two groups of sows 10 and 18 weeks after the treatment. MIC values of TMP and SMX were determined for a total of 352 strains. The presence of resistance genes (dfrA1, dfrA5, dfrA7, dfrA12, dfrA17, sul1, sul2, sul3) and class 1 and 2 integron-associated dfrA gene cassettes was tested. Resistance to TMP was very high during the administration of the antimicrobial (from 97 to 100%) and amounted to 86% and 69% in the post-exposure period; MIC > 32 mg/L. The isolates from all groups of pigs were resistant to sulfamethoxazole, with MIC > 1028 mg/L. The dfrA1 and sul1 genes (as part of integrons) dominated in E. coli from piglets, but the dfrA12 and sul1 genes were prevalent in E. coli from sows. Coexistence of the different dfrA genes was detected in 71 isolates from all groups of swine. Transcription analysis revealed that most of these genes were not transcribed, particularly gene cassettes of class 1 integrons. The research revealed a high level of resistance associated with the metaphylactic treatment, persistence and circulation of resistance in bacterial populations. Diverse genetic background with multiple and not transcribed resistance genes was observed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Mazurek
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Zielona Góra, Monte Cassino 21b, 65-561 Zielona Góra, Poland.
| | - Ewa Bok
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Zielona Góra, Monte Cassino 21b, 65-561 Zielona Góra, Poland.
| | - Michał Stosik
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Zielona Góra, Monte Cassino 21b, 65-561 Zielona Góra, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Baldy-Chudzik
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Zielona Góra, Monte Cassino 21b, 65-561 Zielona Góra, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
205
|
Kotlarska E, Łuczkiewicz A, Pisowacka M, Burzyński A. Antibiotic resistance and prevalence of class 1 and 2 integrons in Escherichia coli isolated from two wastewater treatment plants, and their receiving waters (Gulf of Gdansk, Baltic Sea, Poland). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:2018-30. [PMID: 25167818 PMCID: PMC4308648 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-3474-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
In this study, antimicrobial-resistance patterns were analyzed in Escherichia coli isolates from raw (RW) and treated wastewater (TW) of two wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), their marine outfalls (MOut), and mouth of the Vistula River (VR). Susceptibility of E. coli was tested against different classes of antibiotics. Isolates resistant to at least one antimicrobial agent were PCR tested for the presence of integrons. Ampicillin-resistant E. coli were the most frequent, followed by amoxicillin/clavulanate (up to 32 %), trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (up to 20 %), and fluoroquinolone (up to 15 %)-resistant isolates. Presence of class 1 and 2 integrons was detected among tested E. coli isolates with rate of 32.06 % (n = 84) and 3.05 % (n = 8), respectively. The presence of integrons was associated with increased frequency of resistance to fluoroquinolones, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, amoxicillin/clavulanate, piperacillin/tazobactam, and presence of multidrug-resistance phenotype. Variable regions were detected in 48 class 1 and 5 class 2 integron-positive isolates. Nine different gene cassette arrays were confirmed among sequenced variable regions, with predominance of dfrA1-aadA1, dfrA17-aadA5, and aadA1 arrays. These findings illustrate the importance of WWTPs in spreading of resistance genes in the environment and the need for inclusion of at least monitoring efforts in the regular WWTP processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Kotlarska
- Genetics and Marine Biotechnology Department, Institute of Oceanology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstancow Warszawy 55, 81-712 Sopot, Poland
| | - Aneta Łuczkiewicz
- Department of Water and Wastewater Technology, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Gdansk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Marta Pisowacka
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande 6, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Artur Burzyński
- Genetics and Marine Biotechnology Department, Institute of Oceanology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstancow Warszawy 55, 81-712 Sopot, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
206
|
Alcaine SD, Pacitto D, Sela DA, Nugen SR. Phage & phosphatase: a novel phage-based probe for rapid, multi-platform detection of bacteria. Analyst 2015; 140:7629-36. [DOI: 10.1039/c5an01181g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A bacteriophage-based biosensing platform forE. coliis proposed. The bacteriophage T7 was genetically engineered to carry the alkaline phosphatase genephoA. The overexpression of the gene was quantified with colorimetric, fluorescent, and chemiluminescent methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S. D. Alcaine
- Department of Food Science
- University of Massachusetts
- Amherst
- USA
| | - D. Pacitto
- Department of Microbiology
- University of Massachusetts
- Amherst
- USA
| | - D. A. Sela
- Department of Food Science
- University of Massachusetts
- Amherst
- USA
- Department of Microbiology
| | - S. R. Nugen
- Department of Food Science
- University of Massachusetts
- Amherst
- USA
- Department of Microbiology
| |
Collapse
|
207
|
Li L, Wang Y, Feng S, Dai X, Yang Y, Li J, Zeng M. Detection and Coexistence of Six Categories of Escherichia ColiStrains from Resistance Genes in Chickens in Anhui Province, China. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.4081/ijas.2015.3897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
208
|
Azorean wild rabbits as reservoirs of antimicrobial resistant Escherichia coli. Anaerobe 2014; 30:116-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2014.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Revised: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
209
|
Dashti AA, Vali L, El-Shazly S, Jadaon MM. The characterization and antibiotic resistance profiles of clinical Escherichia coli O25b-B2-ST131 isolates in Kuwait. BMC Microbiol 2014; 14:214. [PMID: 25163534 PMCID: PMC4159528 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-014-0214-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Escherichia coli O25b-B2-ST131 are considered virulent extra-intestinal pathogens causing serious clinical complications such as urinary tract infection and bacteraemia. Our main objectives in this study were to characterise the multi-drug resistant (MDR) isolates of this lineage in Kuwait, and to demonstrate whether reduced susceptibility is spread clonally. Results A subset of 83 (10%) non-duplicate and non-selective E. coli O25b-B2-ST131 out of 832 MDR E. coli was identified and collected. Minimum inhibitory concentrations of the isolates were determined and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis was used for typing. The majority (95.2%) of the 83 E. coli O25b-B2-ST131 harboured at least one bla gene with blaCTX-M-15 being the most prevalent. blaCTX-M-2 was present in one isolate. Also one isolate harboured blaCTX-M-56, qnrB1 and blaCMY-2 genes and carried IncF1 plasmids of about 97 kb and160 kb. qnrB and qnrS were found in 8 other blaCTX-M-15 containing isolates. The blaNDM, blaIMP, blaVIM and qnrA were not detected, however, the blaOXA-48 was present in two (2.4%). Conclusions The majority of isolates harbouring qnr genes demonstrated relatedness (≥85%) by PFGE. However, the diversity in PFGE profiles for the other MDR isolates reflected the changes in population genetics of E. coli O25b-B2-ST131. We identified for the first time the appearance of blaCTX-M-2 in the Middle East and blaCTX-M-56 outside the Latin American countries. The isolate harbouring blaCTX-M-56 also contained qnrB1 and blaCMY-2 genes and carried IncF1 plasmids. The appearance of a highly virulent E. coli O25b-ST131 that is resistant to penicillins, most cephalosproins, β-lactamase inhibitors as well as fluoroquinolones is a cause for concern. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12866-014-0214-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Leila Vali
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Kuwait University, Sulaibekhat, Sulaibekhat, 90805, Kuwait.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
210
|
Kim S, Woo GJ. Prevalence and characterization of antimicrobial-resistant Escherichia coli isolated from conventional and organic vegetables. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2014; 11:815-21. [PMID: 25140978 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2014.1771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
To compare the characteristics and to identify the epidemiological relationships of Escherichia coli isolated from organic and conventional vegetables, the antimicrobial resistance and genetic properties of E. coli were investigated from 2010 to 2011. E. coli was isolated from 1 of 111 (0.9%) organic vegetables and from 20 of 225 (8.9%) conventional vegetables. The majority of strains were isolated from the surrounding farming environment (n=27/150 vs. 49/97 in organic vs. conventional samples). The majority of the vegetable strains were isolated from the surrounding farming environments. E. coli isolated from organic vegetables showed very low antimicrobial resistance rates except for cephalothin, ranging from 0% to 17.9%, while the resistance rates to cephalothin (71%) were extremely high in both groups. E. coli isolates expressed various resistance genes, which most commonly included blaTEM, tet(A), strA, strB, and qnrS. However, none of the isolates harbored tet(D), tet(E), tet(K), tet(L), tet(M), or qnrA. The transferability of tet gene, tet(A), and tet(B) was identified in tetracycline-resistant E. coli, and the genetic relationship was confirmed in a few cases from different sources. With regard to the lower antimicrobial resistance found in organic produce, this production mode seems able to considerably reduce the selection of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria on vegetables.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Kim
- Laboratory of Food Safety and Evaluation, Department of Food Bioscience and Technology, Korea University , Seoul, Korea
| | | |
Collapse
|
211
|
Koczura R, Semkowska A, Mokracka J. Integron-bearing Gram-negative bacteria in lake waters. Lett Appl Microbiol 2014; 59:514-9. [DOI: 10.1111/lam.12307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Revised: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Koczura
- Department of Microbiology; Faculty of Biology; Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań; Poznań Poland
| | - A. Semkowska
- Department of Microbiology; Faculty of Biology; Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań; Poznań Poland
| | - J. Mokracka
- Department of Microbiology; Faculty of Biology; Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań; Poznań Poland
| |
Collapse
|
212
|
Antimicrobial resistance, virulence profiles and molecular subtypes of Salmonella enterica serovars Typhi and Paratyphi A blood isolates from Kolkata, India during 2009-2013. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101347. [PMID: 25098613 PMCID: PMC4123848 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteric fever, caused by Salmonella enterica, remains an unresolved public health problem in India and antimicrobial therapy is the main mode of treatment. The objective of this study was to characterize the Salmonella enterica isolates from Kolkata with respect to their antimicrobial resistance (AMR), virulence profiles and molecular subtypes. Salmonella enterica blood isolates were collected from clinically suspected enteric fever patients attending various hospitals in Kolkata, India from January 2009 to June 2013 and were tested for AMR profiles by standard protocols; for resistance gene transfer by conjugation; for resistance and virulence genes profiles by PCR; and for molecular subtypes by Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE). A total of 77 Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) and 25 Salmonella enterica serovar Paratyphi A (S. Paratyphi A) from Kolkata were included in this study. Although multidrug resistance (resistance to chloramphenicol, ampicillin, co-trimoxazole) was decreasing in S. Typhi (18.2%) and absent in S. Paratyphi A, increased resistance to fluoroquinolone, the current drug of choice, caused growing concern for typhoid treatment. A single, non-conjugative non-IncHI1 plasmid of 180 kb was found in 71.4% multidrug resistant (MDR) S. Typhi; the remaining 28.6% isolates were without plasmid. Various AMR markers (blaTEM-1, catA, sul1, sul2, dfrA15, strA-strB) and class 1 integron with dfrA7 gene were detected in MDR S. Typhi by PCR and sequencing. Most of the study isolates were likely to be virulent due to the presence of virulence markers. Major diversity was not noticed among S. Typhi and S. Paratyphi A from Kolkata by PFGE. The observed association between AMR profiles and S. Typhi pulsotypes might be useful in controlling the spread of the organism by appropriate intervention. The study reiterated the importance of continuous monitoring of AMR and molecular subtypes of Salmonella isolates from endemic regions for better understanding of the disease epidemiology.
Collapse
|
213
|
Colobătiu L, Oniga O, Tăbăran A, Mihaiu R, Mirel S, Daniel SD, Mihaiu M. An Analysis of E
scherichia coli
Isolations for Antimicrobial Resistance Genes. J Food Saf 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.12118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liora Colobătiu
- Department of Medical Devices; Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy; Cluj-Napoca Romania
| | - Ovidiu Oniga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy; Cluj-Napoca Romania
| | - Alexandra Tăbăran
- Department of Animal Breeding and Food Safety; University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine; 3-5 Manastur Street Cluj-Napoca 400372 Romania
| | - Romolica Mihaiu
- Department of Management; Babes-Bolyai University; Cluj-Napoca Romania
| | - Simona Mirel
- Department of Medical Devices; Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy; Cluj-Napoca Romania
| | - Sorin Dan Daniel
- Department of Animal Breeding and Food Safety; University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine; 3-5 Manastur Street Cluj-Napoca 400372 Romania
| | - Marian Mihaiu
- Department of Animal Breeding and Food Safety; University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine; 3-5 Manastur Street Cluj-Napoca 400372 Romania
| |
Collapse
|
214
|
Ibrahim ME, Bilal NE, Hamid ME. Comparison of phenotypic characteristics and antimicrobial resistance patterns of clinical Escherichia coli collected from two unrelated geographical areas. Glob J Health Sci 2014; 6:126-35. [PMID: 25363111 PMCID: PMC4825506 DOI: 10.5539/gjhs.v6n6p126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2014] [Revised: 05/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Antimicrobial resistance among pathogenic Escherichia coli is an increasing problem especially in developing countries. Aims: To compare between resistance patterns of E. coli collected from two unrelated geographical areas. Methods: A descriptive comparative study was conducted between May 2010 and August 2011. E. coli (n= 402) collected from hospitals in Khartoum state, Sudan and in Aseer region, Saudi Arabia were studied. Identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing of isolates were performed following standard methods. Multi-drug resistance (MDR) was defined as non-susceptibility to ≥ three antimicrobials. Results: Of the 402 E. coli isolates studied, MDR patterns were significantly higher among isolates from Sudan than Saudi Arabia [92.2% (214/232) vs. 70.6% (120/170)] (p = 0.000). The resistance rates of E. coli isolates were recorded as follows (Sudan and Saudi Arabia): High to moderate resistance to amoxicillin (97.7% and 94.2%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (88.3% and 82.5%), tetracycline (77.1% and 74.2%), amoxicillin- clavulanic acid (51.4% and 70%), ceftriaxone (64% and 52.4%) and ciprofloxacin (58.4% and 40%). Low resistance was to ceftazidime (35% and 20%), gentamicin (35% and 17.5%) and nitrofurantoin (22.4% and 11.7%). Resistance to amikacin was uncommon (1.9% and 5%). Significant differences (p < 0.05) in resistance rates of isolates between both countries in term to patient’s gender and age. The most frequent MDR phenotypes among isolates were to 7(15.9%) in Khartoum state and to 3(20.8%) in Aseer region. Conclusions: Variation and emerging of antimicrobial resistance among pathogenic E. coli isolates was observed in both regions. Continuous monitoring of resistance profiles, locally and international surveillance programs are required.
Collapse
|
215
|
Coppo E, Del Bono V, Ventura F, Camera M, Orengo G, Viscoli C, Marchese A. Identification of a New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase-4 (NDM-4)-producing Escherichia coli in Italy. BMC Microbiol 2014; 14:148. [PMID: 24906230 PMCID: PMC4060580 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-14-148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND During June-July 2012, six imipenem-resistant Escherichia coli isolates were isolated from two patients hospitalized in a ward of one large tertiary-care hospital in Genoa, Italy. Genetic features associated with blaNDM-4 gene were investigated. RESULTS The isolates exhibited the same PFGE profile and a multidrug-resistant (MDR) phenotype to aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones, and β-lactams. The strains produced the NDM-4 carbapenemase and the blaNDM-4 gene was part of the variable region of a class 1 integron. MLST analysis revealed that all isolates belonged to sequence type 405 (ST405). CONCLUSIONS This is the first report on the emergence of an MDR strain of E.coli producing the NDM-4 MBL in Italy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Anna Marchese
- Microbiology Unit DISC, University of Genoa, IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST, Largo R, Benzi 10, 16132 Genoa, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
216
|
Ben Sallem R, Ben Slama K, Estepa V, Cheikhna EO, Mohamed AM, Chairat S, Ruiz-Larrea F, Boudabous A, Torres C. Detection of CTX-M-15-producing Escherichia coli isolates of lineages ST410-A, ST617-A and ST354-D in faecal samples of hospitalized patients in a Mauritanian hospital. J Chemother 2014; 27:114-6. [PMID: 24548094 DOI: 10.1179/1973947814y.0000000172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
|
217
|
Rojo-Bezares B, Estepa V, Cebollada R, de Toro M, Somalo S, Seral C, Castillo FJ, Torres C, Sáenz Y. Carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains from a Spanish hospital: characterization of metallo-beta-lactamases, porin OprD and integrons. Int J Med Microbiol 2014; 304:405-14. [PMID: 24594145 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2014.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2013] [Revised: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular typing and mechanisms of carbapenem resistance such as alterations in porin OprD and presence of metallo-beta-lactamases (MBLs), as well as integrons have been studied in a collection of carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (CRPA) isolates from a Spanish hospital. One hundred and twenty-three CRPA isolates were recovered from different samples of 80 patients. Clonal relationship among CRPA was analyzed by SpeI-PFGE. Susceptibility testing to 11 antibiotics and MBL phenotype was determined by microdilution, IP/IPI E-test and double disc method. The oprD gene was studied by PCR and sequencing, and mutations were determined comparing with P. aeruginosa PAO1 sequence. Characterization of MBLs, and class 1 and 2 integrons were studied by PCR and sequencing. SDS-PAGE analysis of outer membrane proteins of selected strains was performed. Seventy-four-per-cent of patients with CRPA were hospitalised in the ICU setting and 50% had long hospitalization stays. Sixty-four different PFGE patterns were detected, and 87 CRPA strains were further analyzed. MBL phenotype was detected in 43 of 87 strains (49.4%), which contained blaVIM-2 gene inside class 1 integrons. VIM-2-producing strains belonged to lineages ST175, ST235, and ST973. A great diversity of nucleotide insertions, deletions, and mutations in oprD gene, and the presence of a new insertion sequence (ISPa45) truncating oprD were identified among CRPA strains. Class 1 integrons were detected in 75% of CRPA strains, blaVIM-2 and the new arrangement aac(3)-Ia+ISPa34+aadA1 (named as In661) being the most frequent gene-cassette arrays detected. Other gene cassettes detected in integrons were: aadB, aadA6, aadA7, aac(6')-Ib', and blaOXA-46.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Rojo-Bezares
- Área de Microbiología Molecular, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de La Rioja (CIBIR), Logroño, Spain
| | - Vanesa Estepa
- Área de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Departamento de Agricultura y Alimentación, Universidad de La Rioja, Logroño, Spain
| | - Rocío Cebollada
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Clínico Universitario Lozano Blesa, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - María de Toro
- Área de Microbiología Molecular, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de La Rioja (CIBIR), Logroño, Spain; Área de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Departamento de Agricultura y Alimentación, Universidad de La Rioja, Logroño, Spain
| | - Sergio Somalo
- Área de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Departamento de Agricultura y Alimentación, Universidad de La Rioja, Logroño, Spain
| | - Cristina Seral
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Clínico Universitario Lozano Blesa, Zaragoza, Spain; Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Castillo
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Clínico Universitario Lozano Blesa, Zaragoza, Spain; Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Carmen Torres
- Área de Microbiología Molecular, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de La Rioja (CIBIR), Logroño, Spain; Área de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Departamento de Agricultura y Alimentación, Universidad de La Rioja, Logroño, Spain
| | - Yolanda Sáenz
- Área de Microbiología Molecular, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de La Rioja (CIBIR), Logroño, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
218
|
Li B, Zhao ZC, Wang MH, Huang XH, Pan YH, Cao YP. Antimicrobial resistance and integrons of commensal Escherichia coli strains from healthy humans in China. J Chemother 2013; 26:190-2. [PMID: 24090594 PMCID: PMC4014832 DOI: 10.1179/1973947813y.0000000113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Zhi-chang Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Mei-hua Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Xin-hong Huang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Yu-hong Pan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Ying-ping Cao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| |
Collapse
|
219
|
Santos T, Silva N, Igrejas G, Rodrigues P, Micael J, Rodrigues T, Resendes R, Gonçalves A, Marinho C, Gonçalves D, Cunha R, Poeta P. Dissemination of antibiotic resistant Enterococcus spp. and Escherichia coli from wild birds of Azores Archipelago. Anaerobe 2013; 24:25-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2013.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Revised: 08/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
220
|
Genomic Description of Antibiotic Resistance in Escherichia coli and Enterococci Isolates from Healthy Lusitano Horses. J Equine Vet Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2013.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
221
|
How JA, Lim JZR, Goh DJW, Ng WC, Oon JSH, Lee KC, Lee CH, Ling MHT. Adaptation of Escherichia coli ATCC 8739 to 11% NaCl. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.7167/2013/219095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Escherichia coli (E. coli) is a nonhalophilic microbe and used to indicate faecal contamination. Salt (sodium chloride, NaCl) is a common food additive and is used in preservatives to encounter microbial growth. The effect of how E. coli interacts with the salt present in the human diet is unclear. Thus, it is important to investigate this relationship. In order to adapt and survive the changes in the environment, E. coli may undergo halophilization. In this study, we observed the genetic changes and growth kinetics of E. coli ATCC 8739 under 3%–11% NaCl over 80 passages. Our results suggest that E. coli adapted to 1% increase in NaCl every month with a successful adaptation to 11% NaCl. Gram staining and PCR/RFLP showed that the cultures are Gram negative and the DNA profiles of all 4 replicates to be similar, suggesting that the cultures had not been contaminated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Ann How
- School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Singapore Polytechnic, 139651, Singapore
| | - Joshua Z. R. Lim
- School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Singapore Polytechnic, 139651, Singapore
| | - Desmond J. W. Goh
- School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Singapore Polytechnic, 139651, Singapore
| | - Wei Chuan Ng
- School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Singapore Polytechnic, 139651, Singapore
| | - Jack S. H. Oon
- School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Singapore Polytechnic, 139651, Singapore
| | - Kun Cheng Lee
- School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Singapore Polytechnic, 139651, Singapore
| | - Chin How Lee
- School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Singapore Polytechnic, 139651, Singapore
| | - Maurice H. T. Ling
- School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Singapore Polytechnic, 139651, Singapore
- Department of Zoology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
222
|
Soufi L, Sáenz Y, Vinué L, Abbassi MS, Hammami S, Torres C. Characterization of Pc promoter variants of class 1 integrons in Escherichia coli isolates from poultry meat. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2013; 10:1075-7. [PMID: 23988017 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2013.1542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrons are important genetic elements implicated in acquisition and expression of antimicrobial resistance genes. Gene cassettes of class 1 integrons may be differently expressed depending on the Pc promoter variant. Thirty-four Escherichia coli isolates (carrying 38 class 1 integrons), recovered from poultry meat in previous studies in Tunisia and selected by their specific traits, were further characterized in this study. Integron promoter variants and the pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and multilocus sequence typing (MLST) of isolates were determined. Three types of promoter variants were identified among the 38 class 1 integrons (PcW, PcH1, and PcS); the weak promoters were the most predominant. A high clonal diversity of the E. coli strains was demonstrated by PFGE or by MLST. Fifteen PFGE profiles were detected among 19 integron-positive isolates of phylogroup B2, and 12 different sequence types were identified by MLST among the remaining 15 isolates (ST48, ST88, ST101, ST117, ST155, ST189, ST351, ST359, ST410, ST641, ST665, and one new ST). These data reflect that the presence of integrons in these isolates is not due to the clonal dispersion but to dissemination of genetic structures carrying integrons in different clones. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report examining the gene cassette promoter variants in class 1 integrons of E. coli isolates from poultry meat origin. The predominance of promoters implicated in weak expression/high excision activity of gene cassette arrays is of interest because they could theoretically enhance the capacity of integrons to adapt to antibiotic pressure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leila Soufi
- 1 Institute of Veterinary Research of Tunisia , Tunis, Tunisia
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
223
|
Bhattacharya D, Bhattacharya H, Thamizhmani R, Sayi DS, Reesu R, Anwesh M, Kartick C, Bharadwaj AP, Singhania M, Sugunan AP, Roy S. Shigellosis in Bay of Bengal Islands, India: clinical and seasonal patterns, surveillance of antibiotic susceptibility patterns, and molecular characterization of multidrug-resistant Shigella strains isolated during a 6-year period from 2006 to 2011. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2013; 33:157-70. [PMID: 23990135 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-013-1937-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to determine the clinical features and seasonal patterns associated with shigellosis, the antimicrobial resistance frequencies of the isolates obtained during the period 2006-2012 for 22 antibiotics, and the molecular characterization of multidrug-resistant strains isolated from endemic cases of shigellosis in the remote islands of India, with special reference to fluoroquinolone and third-generation cephalosporins resistance. During the period from January 2006 to December 2011, stool samples were obtained and processed to isolate Shigella spp. The isolates were evaluated with respect to their antibiotic resistance pattern and various multidrug resistance determinants, including resistance genes, quinolone resistance determinants, and extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) production. Morbidity for shigellosis was found to be 9.3 % among children in these islands. Cases of shigellosis occurred mainly during the rainy seasons and were found to be higher in the age group 2-5 years. A wide spectrum of resistance was observed among the Shigella strains, and more than 50 % of the isolates were multidrug-resistant. The development of multidrug-resistant strains was found to be associated with various drug-resistant genes, multiple mutations in the quinolone resistance-determining region (QRDR), and the presence of plasmid-mediated quinolone-resistant determinants and efflux pump mediators. This report represents the first presentation of the results of long-term surveillance and molecular characterization concerning antimicrobial resistances in clinical Shigella strains in these islands. Information gathered as part of the investigations will be instrumental in identifying emerging antimicrobial resistance, for developing treatment guidelines appropriate for that community, and to provide baseline data with which to compare outbreak strains in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Bhattacharya
- Regional Medical Research Centre, Indian Council of Medical Research, (Department of Health Research, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India), Post Bag No. 13, Port Blair, 744101, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, India
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
224
|
Gonçalves A, Igrejas G, Radhouani H, Santos T, Monteiro R, Pacheco R, Alcaide E, Zorrilla I, Serra R, Torres C, Poeta P. Detection of antibiotic resistant enterococci and Escherichia coli in free range Iberian Lynx (Lynx pardinus). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2013; 456-457:115-119. [PMID: 23588135 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.03.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Revised: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Thirty fecal samples from wild specimens of Iberian lynx were collected and analyzed for Enterococcus spp. (27 isolates) and Escherichia coli (18 isolates) recovery. The 45 isolates obtained were tested for antimicrobial resistance, molecular mechanisms of resistance, and presence of virulence genes. Among the enterococci, Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus hirae were the most prevalent species (11 isolates each), followed by Enterococcus faecalis (5 isolates). High percentages of resistance to tetracycline and erythromycin (33% and 30%, respectively) were detected among enterococcal isolates. The tet(M) and/or tet(L), erm(B), aac(6')-Ie-aph(2″)-Ia, ant(6)-Ia, or aph(3')-IIIa genes were detected among resistant enterococci. Virulence genes were detected in one E. faecalis isolate (cpd, cylB, and cylL) and one E. hirae isolate (cylL). High percentages of resistance were detected in E. coli isolates to tetracycline (33%), streptomycin (28%), nalidixic acid (28%), and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (SXT, 22%). Additionally, the blaTEM, tet(A), aadA, cmlA, and different combinations of sul genes were detected among most ampicillin, tetracycline, streptomycin, chloramphenicol and SXT-resistant isolates, respectively. Two isolates contained a class 1 integron with the gene cassette arrays dfrA1 + aadA1 and dfrA12 + aadA2. The E. coli isolates were ascribed to phylo-groups A (n=5); B1 (n=4); B2 (n=6), and D (n=3), with the virulence gene fimA present in all E. coli isolates. This study found resistance genes in wild specimens of Iberian lynx. Thus, it is important to notice that multiresistant bacteria have reached species as rare and completely non-synanthropic as the Iberian lynx. Furthermore, the susceptibility of this endangered species to bacterial infection may be affected by the presence of these virulence and resistance genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Gonçalves
- Center of Genomics and Biotechnology/Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
225
|
Khan GA, Berglund B, Khan KM, Lindgren PE, Fick J. Occurrence and abundance of antibiotics and resistance genes in rivers, canal and near drug formulation facilities--a study in Pakistan. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62712. [PMID: 23840297 PMCID: PMC3696045 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance (AR) is a global phenomenon that has severe epidemiological ramifications world-wide. It has been suggested that antibiotics that have been discharged into the natural aquatic environments after usage or manufacture can promote the occurrence of antibiotic resistance genes (ARG). These environmental ARGs could serve as a reservoir and be horizontally transferred to human-associated bacteria and thus contribute to AR proliferation. The aim of this study was to investigate the anthropogenic load of antibiotics in Northern Pakistan and study the occurrence of ARGs in selected samples from this region. 19 sampling sites were selected; including six rivers, one dam, one canal, one sewage drain and four drug formulation facilities. Our results show that five of the rivers have antibiotic levels comparable to surface water measurements in unpolluted sites in Europe and the US. However, high levels of antibiotics could be detected in the downstream river in close vicinity of the 10 million city Lahore, 1100, 1700 and 2700 ng L−1 for oxytetracycline, trimethoprim, and sulfamethoxazole respectively. Highest detected levels were at one of the drug formulation facilities, with the measured levels of 1100, 4100, 6200, 7300, 8000, 27000, 28000 and 49000 ng L−1 of erythromycin, lincomycin, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, levofloxacin, oxytetracycline, trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole respectively. ARGs were also detected at the sites and the highest levels of ARGs detected, sulI and dfrA1, were directly associated with the antibiotics detected at the highest concentrations, sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim. Highest levels of both antibiotics and ARGs were seen at a drug formulation facility, within an industrial estate with a low number of local residents and no hospitals in the vicinity, which indicates that the levels of ARGs at this site were associated with the environmental levels of antibiotics.
Collapse
|
226
|
First report of CTX-M producing Escherichia coli, including the new ST2526, isolated from beef cattle and sheep in Portugal. Food Control 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2012.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
227
|
Kim JH, Cho JK, Kim KS. Prevalence and characterization of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes in Salmonella isolated from poultry in Korea. Avian Pathol 2013; 42:221-9. [PMID: 23607509 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2013.779636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence and characteristics of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes qnr, aac(6')-Ib-cr, and qepA in a total of 185 non-duplicate Salmonella spp. isolated from hatcheries, poultry farms, and poultry slaughterhouses during the period 2001 to 2010 in Korea. Additionally, mutation analysis of quinolone resistance determining regions (QRDRs), conjugation experiments, and plasmid analysis were performed in the PMQR-positive isolates. Among the 185 isolates, six (3.2%) contained qnr genes (two qnrB4 and four qnrS1) but none carried the aac(6')-Ib-cr or qepA genes. Among the six PMQR-positive isolates, one showed a single mutation (Ser83-Phe substitution) in the QRDRs of gyrA. Among them, three were non-susceptible (intermediate or resistant) to nalidixic acid (minimum inhibitory concentration [MIC] ≥256 µg/ml), ciprofloxacin (MIC 2 µg/ml), and levofloxacin (MIC 4 µg/ml), but others were susceptible to all of the three fluoroquinolones. They were resistant to six or more antimicrobial agents tested and were able to transfer quinolone resistance to recipient Escherichia coli J53 by conjugation. By performing a hybridization test, plasmids harbouring qnrB4 and qnrS1 genes were less than 8 kb and about 70 kb in size, respectively. The horizontal dissemination of qnrS1 gene was mediated by IncN plasmid. Compared with the recipient strain, MICs of the transconjugants increased two-fold to four-fold for nalidixic acid, and eight-fold to 16-fold for ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin. This report is the first to describe the detection of qnr genes in Salmonella spp. isolated from poultry in Korea. Widespread horizontal transfer of these genes among bacteria may be a serious public health concern because these can rapidly increase fluoroquinolone resistance. To ensure the public health, it is essential to continuously survey and carefully monitor the spread of PMQR genes in Salmonella from poultry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Hyun Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
228
|
Marinho C, Silva N, Pombo S, Santos T, Monteiro R, Gonçalves A, Micael J, Rodrigues P, Costa AC, Igrejas G, Poeta P. Echinoderms from Azores islands: an unexpected source of antibiotic resistant Enterococcus spp. and Escherichia coli isolates. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2013; 69:122-127. [PMID: 23419753 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Revised: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of antibiotic resistance and the implicated mechanisms of resistance were evaluated in Enterococcus spp. and Escherichia coli, isolated from a total of 250 faecal samples of echinoderms collected from Azorean waters (Portugal). A total of 144 enterococci (120 Enterococcus faecium, 14 E. hirae, 8 E. faecalis, 2 E. gallinarum) and 10 E. coli were recovered. High percentages of resistance in enterococci were found for erythromycin, ampicillin, tetracyclin and ciprofloxacin. The erm(A) or erm(B), tet(M) and/or tet(L), vat(D), aac(6')-aph(2″) and aph(3')-IIIa genes were found in isolates resistant to erythromycin, tetracycline, quinupristin/dalfopristin, high-level gentamicin and high-level kanamycin, respectively. Resistance in E. coli isolates was detected for streptomycin, amikacin, tetracycline and tobramycin. The aadA gene was found in streptomycin-resistant isolates and tet(A)+tet(B) genes in tetracycline-resistant isolates. The data recovered are essential to improve knowledge about the dissemination of resistant strains through marine ecosystems and the possible implications involved in transferring these resistances either to other animals or to humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Marinho
- Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Center of Genomics and Biotechnology, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
229
|
Outbreak investigation using high-throughput genome sequencing within a diagnostic microbiology laboratory. J Clin Microbiol 2013; 51:1396-401. [PMID: 23408689 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.03332-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Next-generation sequencing (NGS) of bacterial genomes has recently become more accessible and is now available to the routine diagnostic microbiology laboratory. However, questions remain regarding its feasibility, particularly with respect to data analysis in nonspecialist centers. To test the applicability of NGS to outbreak investigations, Ion Torrent sequencing was used to investigate a putative multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli outbreak in the neonatal unit of the Mercy Hospital for Women, Melbourne, Australia. Four suspected outbreak strains and a comparator strain were sequenced. Genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis demonstrated that the four neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) strains were identical and easily differentiated from the comparator strain. Genome sequence data also determined that the NICU strains belonged to multilocus sequence type 131 and carried the bla(CTX-M-15) extended-spectrum beta-lactamase. Comparison of the outbreak strains to all publicly available complete E. coli genome sequences showed that they clustered with neonatal meningitis and uropathogenic isolates. The turnaround time from a positive culture to the completion of sequencing (prior to data analysis) was 5 days, and the cost was approximately $300 per strain (for the reagents only). The main obstacles to a mainstream adoption of NGS technologies in diagnostic microbiology laboratories are currently cost (although this is decreasing), a paucity of user-friendly and clinically focused bioinformatics platforms, and a lack of genomics expertise outside the research environment. Despite these hurdles, NGS technologies provide unparalleled high-resolution genotyping in a short time frame and are likely to be widely implemented in the field of diagnostic microbiology in the next few years, particularly for epidemiological investigations (replacing current typing methods) and the characterization of resistance determinants. Clinical microbiologists need to familiarize themselves with these technologies and their applications.
Collapse
|
230
|
Gonçalves A, Igrejas G, Radhouani H, Correia S, Pacheco R, Santos T, Monteiro R, Guerra A, Petrucci-Fonseca F, Brito F, Torres C, Poeta P. Antimicrobial resistance in faecal enterococci and Escherichia coli
isolates recovered from Iberian wolf. Lett Appl Microbiol 2013; 56:268-74. [DOI: 10.1111/lam.12044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2012] [Revised: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Gonçalves
- Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering/Center of Genomics and Biotechnology; University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro; Vila Real Portugal
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology; University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro; Vila Real Portugal
- Center for Animal Science and Veterinary; Vila Real Portugal
- Department of Veterinary Science; University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro; Vila Real Portugal
| | - G. Igrejas
- Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering/Center of Genomics and Biotechnology; University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro; Vila Real Portugal
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology; University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro; Vila Real Portugal
| | - H. Radhouani
- Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering/Center of Genomics and Biotechnology; University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro; Vila Real Portugal
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology; University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro; Vila Real Portugal
- Center for Animal Science and Veterinary; Vila Real Portugal
- Department of Veterinary Science; University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro; Vila Real Portugal
| | - S. Correia
- Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering/Center of Genomics and Biotechnology; University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro; Vila Real Portugal
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology; University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro; Vila Real Portugal
- Center for Animal Science and Veterinary; Vila Real Portugal
- Department of Veterinary Science; University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro; Vila Real Portugal
| | - R. Pacheco
- Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering/Center of Genomics and Biotechnology; University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro; Vila Real Portugal
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology; University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro; Vila Real Portugal
- Center for Animal Science and Veterinary; Vila Real Portugal
- Department of Veterinary Science; University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro; Vila Real Portugal
| | - T. Santos
- Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering/Center of Genomics and Biotechnology; University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro; Vila Real Portugal
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology; University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro; Vila Real Portugal
- Center for Animal Science and Veterinary; Vila Real Portugal
- Department of Veterinary Science; University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro; Vila Real Portugal
| | - R. Monteiro
- Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering/Center of Genomics and Biotechnology; University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro; Vila Real Portugal
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology; University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro; Vila Real Portugal
- Center for Animal Science and Veterinary; Vila Real Portugal
- Department of Veterinary Science; University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro; Vila Real Portugal
| | - A. Guerra
- Grupo Lobo; Lisbon Faculty of Science; Lisbon Portugal
| | | | - F. Brito
- Center for Animal Science and Veterinary; Vila Real Portugal
- Department of Veterinary Science; University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro; Vila Real Portugal
| | - C. Torres
- Área de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular; Universidad de La Rioja; Logroño Spain
| | - P. Poeta
- Center for Animal Science and Veterinary; Vila Real Portugal
- Department of Veterinary Science; University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro; Vila Real Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
231
|
Ramos S, Silva N, Caniça M, Capelo-Martinez JL, Brito F, Igrejas G, Poeta P. High prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant Escherichia coli from animals at slaughter: a food safety risk. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2013; 93:517-526. [PMID: 22836880 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.5814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2011] [Revised: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There has been concern about the increase of antimicrobial resistant bacteria and protection of animal and public health, along with food safety. In the present study, we evaluate the incidence of antimicrobial resistance among 192 strains of Escherichia coli isolated from faecal samples of healthy food-producing animals at slaughter in Portugal. RESULTS Ninety-seven % of the pig isolates, 74% from sheep and 55% from cattle were resistant to one or more antimicrobial agents, with the resistances to ampicillin, streptomycin, tetracycline and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole the most common phenotype detected. Genes encoding resistance to antimicrobial agents were detected in most of the resistant isolates. Ninety-three % of the resistant isolates were included in the A or B1 phylogenetic groups, and the virulence gene fimA (alone or in association with papC or aer genes) was detected in 137 of the resistant isolates. Five isolates from pigs belonging to phylogroup B2 and D were resistant to five different antimicrobial agents. CONCLUSION Our data shows a high percentage of antibiotic resistance in E. coli isolates from food animals, and raises important questions in the potential impact of antibiotic use in animals and the possible transmission of resistant bacteria to humans through the food chain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sónia Ramos
- Centre of Studies of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Vila Real, Portugal
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
232
|
Sallem RB, Gharsa H, Slama KB, Rojo-Bezares B, Estepa V, Porres-Osante N, Jouini A, Klibi N, Sáenz Y, Boudabous A, Torres C. First detection of CTX-M-1, CMY-2, and QnrB19 resistance mechanisms in fecal Escherichia coli isolates from healthy pets in Tunisia. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2013; 13:98-102. [PMID: 23289399 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2012.1047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Our objective was to analyze the carriage rate of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)- and plasmidic AmpC β-lactamase (pAmpC)-producing Escherichia coli isolates in fecal samples of healthy pets (dogs and cats) and to characterize the recovered isolates for the presence of other resistance genes and integrons. Eighty fecal samples of healthy pets were inoculated in MacConkey agar plates supplemented with cefotaxime (2 μg/mL) for cefotaxime-resistant (CTX(R)) E. coli recovery. CTX(R) E. coli isolates were detected in 14 of the 80 fecal samples (17.5%) and the following β-lactamase genes (number of isolates) were detected: bla(CTX-M-1) (8), bla(CTX-M-1)+bla(TEM-1b) (3)(,) bla(CTX-M-1)+bla(TEM-1c) (1), bla(CTX-M-1)+bla(TEM-135) (1), and bla(CMY-2)+bla(TEM-1b) (1). The 14 E. coli were distributed into the phylogroups B1 (6 isolates), A (5), and D (3). The qnrB19 gene was detected in one CTX-M-1-producing strain of phylogroup D. Five isolates contained class 1 integrons with the following arrangements: dfrA17-aadA5 (2 isolates), dfrA1-aadA1 (1), and dfrA17-aadA5/ dfrA1-aadA1 (2 isolates). The virulence genes fimA and/or aer were detected in all CTX(R) strains. In this study, the pet population harbored β-lactamase and quinolone resistance genes of special interest in human health that potentially could be transmitted to humans in close contact with them.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rym Ben Sallem
- Laboratoire Microorganismes et Biomolécules Actives, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Université Tunis-El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
233
|
Williams A, Christley R, McKane S, Roberts V, Clegg P, Williams N. Antimicrobial resistance changes in enteric Escherichia coli of horses during hospitalisation: Resistance profiling of isolates. Vet J 2013; 195:121-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2011] [Revised: 07/27/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
234
|
Silva N, Costa L, Gonçalves A, Sousa M, Radhouani H, Brito F, Igrejas G, Poeta P. Genetic characterisation of extended-spectrum β-lactamases inEscherichia coliisolated from retail chicken products including CTX-M-9 containing isolates: a food safety risk factor. Br Poult Sci 2012; 53:747-55. [DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2012.740554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
|
235
|
Ben Sallem R, Ben Slama K, Sáenz Y, Rojo-Bezares B, Estepa V, Jouini A, Gharsa H, Klibi N, Boudabous A, Torres C. Prevalence and Characterization of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL)– and CMY-2–ProducingEscherichia coliIsolates from Healthy Food-Producing Animals in Tunisia. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2012. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2012.1267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rym Ben Sallem
- Laboratoire Microorganismes et Biomolécules Actives, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Université Tunis–El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Karim Ben Slama
- Laboratoire Microorganismes et Biomolécules Actives, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Université Tunis–El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Yolanda Sáenz
- Área de Microbiología Molecular, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de La Rioja, Logroño, Spain
| | - Beatriz Rojo-Bezares
- Área de Microbiología Molecular, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de La Rioja, Logroño, Spain
| | - Vanesa Estepa
- Área de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de La Rioja, Logroño, Spain
| | - Ahlem Jouini
- Laboratoire Microorganismes et Biomolécules Actives, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Université Tunis–El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Haythem Gharsa
- Laboratoire Microorganismes et Biomolécules Actives, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Université Tunis–El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Naouel Klibi
- Laboratoire Microorganismes et Biomolécules Actives, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Université Tunis–El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Abdellatif Boudabous
- Laboratoire Microorganismes et Biomolécules Actives, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Université Tunis–El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Carmen Torres
- Área de Microbiología Molecular, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de La Rioja, Logroño, Spain
- Área de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de La Rioja, Logroño, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
236
|
Ramos S, Silva N, Dias D, Sousa M, Capelo-Martinez JL, Brito F, Caniça M, Igrejas G, Poeta P. Clonal diversity of ESBL-producing Escherichia coli in pigs at slaughter level in Portugal. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2012. [PMID: 23186548 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2012.1173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to determine the prevalence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli in fecal samples of healthy pigs, and to evaluate their clonality and associated resistance. Forty-nine percent of pigs sampled (n=35/71) in a slaughterhouse in Portugal revealed ESBL-producing E. coli isolates. Most isolates produced CTX-M-1 enzyme (71.4%; n=25/35), followed by CTX-M-9 (11.4%; n=4/35), CTX-M-14 (5.7%; n=2/35), SHV-12 (5.7%; n=2/35), and CTX-M-32 (5.7%; n=2/35). Ninety-four percent of the isolates presented a phenotype of multi-resistance. Most isolates belonged to phylogroups B1 (42.8%; n=15/35) and A (40%; n=14/35). Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) analysis revealed nine sequence types (STs) under six clonal complexes (CCs) and nine singletons, including overrepresentation of CC10 and three new STs (ST2524, ST2525, ST2528). We observed the frequent presence of CTX-M-producing E. coli in pigs at slaughter level, most of them belonging to CC10, commonly recovered from clinical samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sónia Ramos
- Centre of Studies of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Vila Real, Portugal
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
237
|
Radhouani H, Igrejas G, Gonçalves A, Estepa V, Sargo R, Torres C, Poeta P. Molecular characterization of extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli isolates from red foxes in Portugal. Arch Microbiol 2012. [PMID: 23179656 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-012-0853-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The presence of broad-spectrum-cephalosporin-resistant Escherichia coli isolates and the implicated mechanisms of resistance and virulence factor genes were investigated in red fox (Vulpes vulpes) in Portugal. Cefotaxime-resistant E. coli isolates were isolated from two of 52 fecal samples (4 %), being both ESBL producers. The β-lactamase genes found in the two isolates were bla(SHV-12) + bla(TEM-1b). The tet(A) and sul2 genes were also detected in these isolates, together with the non-classical class 1 integron (intI1-dfrA12-orfF-aadA2-cmlA1-aadA1-qacH-IS440-sul3) with the PcH1 promoter. The two isolates belonged to the phylogroup A. Amino acid changes in GyrA (S83L + D87G) and ParC (S80I) proteins were identified in our study. Concerning MLST typing, both isolates were assigned to ST1086, never found before in wild animals, and they presented closely related PFGE patterns. This study reveals the presence of ESBL-producing E. coli isolates, in a wild ecosystem, which could be disseminated through the environment to other niches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hajer Radhouani
- Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Center of Genomics and Biotechnology, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
238
|
Mosquito S, Ruiz J, Pons MJ, Durand D, Barletta F, Ochoa TJ. Molecular mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli isolated from children. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2012; 40:544-8. [PMID: 23078917 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2012.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Revised: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) are an important cause of diarrhoea in children and are associated with high antibiotic resistance. However, there are few studies on the molecular mechanisms of resistance in this group of bacteria. The aim of this study was to determine the mechanisms associated with antibiotic resistance in the most common phenotypes of DEC. A total of 369 E. coli strains [commensal strains and DEC from children with ('DEC-diarrhoea') or without ('DEC-control') diarrhoea] isolated from children aged <1 year in periurban districts of Lima, Peru, were analysed. In total, 154 ampicillin-resistant strains (36 commensals, 33 DEC-control and 85 DEC-diarrhoea) were studied by PCR for the most prevalent resistance mechanisms to ampicillin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (SXT), tetracycline and chloramphenicol as well as for integrase types 1 and 2. In addition, restriction fragment length polymorphism was performed for SXT-resistant strains. Commensal strains were more frequently resistant to nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin (68% and 28%, respectively) than DEC strains (23% and 2%, respectively) (P<0.05). DEC-diarrhoea strains were more frequently SXT-resistant (78%) compared with DEC-control strains (65%) and commensal strains (60%) (P<0.05). The most frequent mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in DEC strains were: for β-lactams, bla(TEM) (31%; 37/118); for SXT, sul2 (48%; 49/103); for tetracycline, tetA (27%; 23/84); and for chloramphenicol, cat (80%; 28/35). The genes sul1 and dfrA1, related to SXT resistance, were more frequent in the DEC-diarrhoea group (41% and 28%, respectively) than in the other two groups (P<0.05). There was a high diversity of resistance genes in DEC, including symptomatic strains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susan Mosquito
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Ave. Honorio Delgado 430, Lima 31, Peru
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
239
|
Su HC, Ying GG, Tao R, Zhang RQ, Zhao JL, Liu YS. Class 1 and 2 integrons, sul resistance genes and antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli isolated from Dongjiang River, South China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2012; 169:42-49. [PMID: 22683479 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2012.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2011] [Revised: 04/26/2012] [Accepted: 05/08/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotic susceptibility, detection of sul gene types and presence of class 1, 2 and 3 integrons and gene cassettes using PCR assays were investigated in 3456 Escherichia coli isolates obtained from 38 sampling sites of the Dongjiang River catchment in the dry and wet seasons. 89.1% of the isolates were resistant and 87.5% showed resistance to at least three antibiotics. sul2 was detected most frequently in 89.2% of 1403 SXT-resistant isolates. The presence of integrons (class 1 and 2) was frequently observed (82.3%) while no class 3 integron was found. In these integrons, 21 resistance genes of 14 gene cassette arrays and 10 different families of resistance genes were identified. Three gene cassette arrays, aac(6')-Ib-cr-aar-3-dfrA27-aadA16, aacA4-catB3-dfrA1 and aadA2-lnuF, were detected for the first time in surface water. The results showed that bacterial resistance in the catchment was seriously influenced by human activities, especially discharge of wastewater.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Chang Su
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, CAS Centre for Pearl River Delta Environmental Pollution and Control Research, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
240
|
Mokracka J, Oszyńska A, Kaznowski A. Increased frequency of integrons and β-lactamase-coding genes among extraintestinal Escherichia coli isolated with a 7-year interval. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 2012; 103:163-74. [PMID: 22945863 PMCID: PMC3528966 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-012-9797-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 08/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We analyzed the level of antimicrobial resistance, and the presence of integrons and β-lactamase-coding genes in 69 clinically relevant Escherichia coli strains originating from extraintestinal infections isolated in 1999–2001 and 2008–2010. Comparison of the two groups showed significant differences in drug resistance frequency, and the presence of integron and β-lactamase-coding genes. The frequency of resistance to all antimicrobials beside imipenem, streptomycin, piperacillin/tazobactam, and sulfamethoxazole increased significantly, especially towards aminoglycosides, β-lactams and fluoroquinolones. Similarly, we noticed an increase in the number of strains with integrons from 31.6 to 80.7 %. The presence of integrase genes was associated with elevated frequency of resistance to each antimicrobial tested besides imipenem, piperacillin/tazobactam and ceftazidime. The presence of integrons was also associated with multidrug resistance phenotype. The genetic content of integrons comprised genes determining resistance toward aminoglycosides, sulfonamides and trimethoprim. Moreover, we noticed a significant increase in the frequency of blaCTX-M β-lactamases, with appearance of blaCTX-M-15 variant and newer plasmid-encoded β-lactamases like CMY-15 and DHA. The emergence of strains resistant to several classes of antimicrobials and carrying integrons, ESBL and AmpC β-lactamase-coding genes may predict the spread of isolates with limited treatment options.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Mokracka
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Microbiology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, ul. Umultowska 89, 61-614, Poznań, Poland.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
241
|
Mokracka J, Gruszczyńska B, Kaznowski A. Integrons, β-lactamase andqnrgenes in multidrug resistant clinical isolates ofProteus mirabilisandP. vulgaris. APMIS 2012; 120:950-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0463.2012.02923.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 05/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Mokracka
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology; Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań; Poznań; Poland
| | - Beata Gruszczyńska
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology; Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań; Poznań; Poland
| | - Adam Kaznowski
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology; Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań; Poznań; Poland
| |
Collapse
|
242
|
Lin CH, Hou RF, Shyu CL, Shia WY, Lin CF, Tu WC. In vitro activity of mastoparan-AF alone and in combination with clinically used antibiotics against multiple-antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli isolates from animals. Peptides 2012; 36:114-20. [PMID: 22561066 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2012.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2012] [Revised: 03/02/2012] [Accepted: 03/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The in vitro activity of mastoparan-AF, an amphipathic antimicrobial peptide isolated from the hornet venom of Vespa affinis, alone and in combination with various clinically used antibiotics, was investigated against 21 Escherichia coli isolates/strains. Most E. coli isolates tested were detected containing multiple-antimicrobial resistance genes. Antimicrobial activity of mastoparan-AF was measured by MIC, MBC, time-kill kinetic assay and chequerboard titration method. Mastoparan-AF exhibited potent antimicrobial activity against most multiple-antibiotic-resistant E. coli isolates at the concentrations ranging from 4 to 16 μg/ml. Combination studies showed that mastoparan-AF acts synergistically with certain antibiotics, i.e., cephalothin or gentamicin, against some multiple-antibiotic-resistant E. coli isolates. In conclusion, mastoparan-AF alone or in combination with other antibiotics could be promising as alternatives for combating multiple-antibiotic-resistant E. coli in future clinical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Hsien Lin
- Department of Entomology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan, ROC
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
243
|
KOO HYONJI, WOO GUNJO. Characterization of Antimicrobial Resistance of Escherichia coli Recovered from Foods of Animal and Fish Origin in Korea. J Food Prot 2012; 75:966-72. [DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-11-003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial-resistant Escherichia coli is transferred from food-producing animals to humans through the food chain. We investigated the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance and resistance determinants and characterized the integrons of foodborne E. coli in Korea. In total, 162 E. coli isolates from commercial foods (raw meat, fish, and processed foods) were collected by the National Antimicrobial Resistance Management Program from 2004 to 2006. Susceptibility to 20 antibiotics was tested by disk diffusion, and resistance determinants were detected using PCR and genomic sequence analysis. The isolates were highly resistant to antibiotics commonly used in livestock farming. Resistance to tetracycline (74.7%) was the most frequently observed, followed by streptomycin (71%) and ampicillin (51.2%). Class 1 integrons were detected in 13 isolates (8%), and nine of these integrons were located on conjugative plasmids. None of the isolates produced extended-spectrum β-lactamase. One isolate (0.6%) harbored blaCMY-2, which was located on a conjugative plasmid. Although the qnr gene was not detected, aac(6′)-Ib-cr was present in two isolates (1.2%). This is the first report of aac(6′)-1b-cr in food isolates. Three or four amino acid substitutions at positions 83 and 87 in gyrA and at positions 80 and/or 84 in parC were found in six isolates, representing high resistance to ciprofloxacin (MIC ≥ 16 mg/liter). These results suggest that E. coli isolates carrying resistance genes and integrons are present in the Korean food chain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- HYON-JI KOO
- Laboratory of Food Safety and Evaluation, Department of Food Bioscience and Technology, Korea University, Anam-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-713, Korea
| | - GUN-JO WOO
- Laboratory of Food Safety and Evaluation, Department of Food Bioscience and Technology, Korea University, Anam-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-713, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
244
|
Schoster A, Staempfli HR, Arroyo LG, Reid-Smith RJ, Janecko N, Shewen PE, Weese JS. Longitudinal study of Clostridium difficile and antimicrobial susceptibility of Escherichia coli in healthy horses in a community setting. Vet Microbiol 2012; 159:364-70. [PMID: 22554764 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2011] [Revised: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 04/05/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Point prevalence studies have reported carriage rates of enteric pathogens in healthy horses, but longitudinal data are lacking. Commensal E. coli is an indicator organism to evaluate antimicrobial resistance of enteric bacteria, yet there are limited data for horses. The objectives of this study were to investigate and molecularly characterize isolates of Clostridium difficile, Clostridium perfringens and Salmonella, collected sequentially over a one year period, and to determine the antibiotic susceptibility profile for E. coli. Fecal samples were collected monthly from 25 adult horses for one year. Selective cultures were performed for all above bacteria. C. difficile isolates were characterized via PCR toxin gene profiling and ribotyping. Broth microdilution was performed to assess antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of E. coli. Toxigenic Clostridium difficile was isolated from 15/275 (5.45%) samples from 10/25 (40%) horses. Four horses were positive at multiple sampling times but different ribotypes were found in three. Ribotypes included 078 (n=6), 001 (n=6) and C (n=3). C. perfringens was not isolated, nor was Salmonella. E. coli was isolated from 232/300 (77%) fecal samples. Resistance to ≥ 1 and ≥ 3 antimicrobials was present in 31/232 (13.4%) and 6/232 (2.6%) respectively. Only two horses shed the same strain of toxigenic C. difficile for more than one month, indicating that shedding is transient. The high number of ribotype 078 is consistent with recent emergence of this strain in the local horse population. The low prevalence of antibiotic resistance in commensal E. coli suggests that healthy horses are not likely a major reservoir of resistance for enteric bacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Schoster
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, N1G2W1 ON, Canada.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
245
|
Rojo-Bezares B, Martín C, López M, Torres C, Sáenz Y. First detection of blaIMI-2 gene in a clinical Escherichia coli strain. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2012; 56:1146-7. [PMID: 22106212 PMCID: PMC3264261 DOI: 10.1128/aac.05478-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|
246
|
Thevenon F, Adatte T, Wildi W, Poté J. Antibiotic resistant bacteria/genes dissemination in lacustrine sediments highly increased following cultural eutrophication of Lake Geneva (Switzerland). CHEMOSPHERE 2012; 86:468-476. [PMID: 22051343 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.09.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2011] [Revised: 09/06/2011] [Accepted: 09/13/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates faecal indicator bacteria (FIB), multiple antibiotic resistant (MAR), and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), of sediment profiles from different parts of Lake Geneva (Switzerland) over the last decades. MARs consist to expose culturable Escherichia coli (EC) and Enterococcus (ENT) to mixed five antibiotics including Ampicillin, Tetracycline, Amoxicillin, Chloramphenicol and Erythromycin. Culture-independent is performed to assess the distribution of ARGs responsible for, β-lactams (blaTEM; Amoxicillin/Ampicillin), Streptomycin/Spectinomycin (aadA), Tetracycline (tet) Chloramphenicol (cmlA) and Vancomycin (van). Bacterial cultures reveal that in the sediments deposited following eutrophication of Lake Geneva in the 1970s, the percentage of MARs to five antibiotics varied from 0.12% to 4.6% and 0.016% to 11.6% of total culturable EC and ENT, respectively. In these organic-rich bacteria-contaminated sediments, the blaTEM resistant of FIB varied from 22% to 48% and 16% to 37% for EC and ENT respectively, whereas the positive PCR assays responsible for tested ARGs were observed for EC, ENT, and total DNA from all samples. The aadA resistance gene was amplified for all the sediment samples, including those not influenced by WWTP effluent water. Our results demonstrate that bacteria MARs and ARGs highly increased in the sediments contaminated with WWTP effluent following the cultural eutrophication of Lake Geneva. Hence, the human-induced changing limnological conditions highly enhanced the sediment microbial activity, and therein the spreading of antibiotic resistant bacteria and genes in this aquatic environment used to supply drinking water in a highly populated area. Furthermore, the presence of the antibiotic resistance gene aadA in all the studied samples points out a regional dissemination of this emerging contaminant in freshwater sediments since at least the late nineteenth century.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florian Thevenon
- Institute F.-A. Forel, University of Geneva, Versoix, Switzerland
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
247
|
Ruiz E, Sáenz Y, Zarazaga M, Rocha-Gracia R, Martínez-Martínez L, Arlet G, Torres C. qnr, aac(6′)-Ib-cr and qepA genes in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp.: genetic environments and plasmid and chromosomal location. J Antimicrob Chemother 2012; 67:886-97. [DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkr548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
|
248
|
Gonçalves A, Igrejas G, Radhouani H, Estepa V, Pacheco R, Monteiro R, Brito F, Guerra A, Petrucci-Fonseca F, Torres C, Poeta P. Iberian wolf as a reservoir of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli of the TEM, SHV, and CTX-M groups. Microb Drug Resist 2011; 18:215-9. [PMID: 22185366 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2011.0145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The intensive use of antibiotics in human and veterinary medicine, associated with mechanisms of bacterial genetic transfer, caused a selective pressure that contributed to the dissemination of antimicrobial resistance in different bacteria groups and throughout different ecosystems. Iberian wolf, due to his predatory and wild nature, may serve as an important indicator of environmental contamination with antimicrobial resistant bacteria. The aim of this study was to characterize the diversity of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli isolates within the fecal microbiota of Iberian wolf. Additionally, the identification of other associated resistance genes, phylogenetic groups, and the detection of virulence determinants were also focused on in this study. From 2008 to 2009, 237 fecal samples from Iberian wolf were collected in Portugal. E. coli isolates with TEM-52, SHV-12, CTX-M-1, and CTX-M-14-type ESBLs were detected in 13 of these samples (5.5%). This study reveals the presence of ESBL-producing E. coli isolates, in a wild ecosystem, which could be disseminated through the environment. Moreover, the presence of resistant genes in integrons and the existence of virulence determinants were shown. The association between antibiotic resistance and virulence determinants should be monitored, as it constitutes a serious public health problem.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Gonçalves
- Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering/Center of Genomics and Biotechnology, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
249
|
Rezaee MA, Sheikhalizadeh V, Hasani A. Detection of integrons among multi-drug resistant (MDR) Escherichia coli strains isolated from clinical specimens in northern west of Iran. Braz J Microbiol 2011; 42:1308-13. [PMID: 24031757 PMCID: PMC3768730 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-838220110004000010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2010] [Revised: 11/17/2010] [Accepted: 05/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Transference of resistance determinants by integrons is one of the important factors that can contribute to the increase in multi-resistant bacteria. We determined the prevalence and class of integrons among multi-drug resistant (MDR) Escherichia coli strains isolated from clinical specimens in Tabriz teaching hospitals. Firstly, susceptibility of 140 isolates to 13 antibiotics was determined using the disc diffusion method. Then, prevalence and class of integrons was detected in MDR strains by PCR-RFLP. One hundred five (75%) of total 140 isolates were uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC). Other pathotypes included were: diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (13; 9.3%), sepsis-associated E. coli (5; 3.6%) and newborn meningitis-associated E. coli (2; 1.4%). Antibiotic resistance patterns were as follows: amoxicillin 99.3%, gentamicin 33.6%, tetracycline 72.8%, ceftazidime 46.4%, co-trimoxazole 75%, imipenem 1.4%, ciprofloxacin 47.6%, norfloxacin 50.7%, cephalothin 77.8%, amikacin 12.1%, nitrofurantoin 12.9%, chloramphenicol 20.7% and nalidixic acid 60.7%. One hundred eighteen (84.2%) of tested isolates were multi-drug resistant. Prevalence of integrons was confirmed in 27.1% of MDR isolates. intI1 and intI2 were detected respectively in 22.05% and 5.08% of MDR strains. No intI3 was detected. Resistance to gentamicin, amikacin and chloramphenicol was significantly associated with the presence of integrons. These results showed high resistance of E. coli to routine antibiotics, however, in consideration of low prevalence of integrons among these strains, we can conclude that antibiotic resistance genes in these strains presumably carried on elements other than integrons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ahangarzadeh Rezaee
- Research Center of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
250
|
Gonçalves A, Igrejas G, Radhouani H, Estepa V, Alcaide E, Zorrilla I, Serra R, Torres C, Poeta P. Detection of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli isolates in faecal samples of Iberian lynx. Lett Appl Microbiol 2011; 54:73-7. [PMID: 22044404 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2011.03173.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To characterize the diversity of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli isolates recovered within the faecal microbiota of Iberian lynx. The identification of other associated resistance genes and the analysis of clonal relationship were also focused in this study. METHODS AND RESULTS From 2008 to 2010, 128 faecal samples of Iberian lynx (wild and captive animals) were collected. Eleven tested samples contained cefotaxime-resistant E. coli isolates (all belonging to captive animals) and 10 ESBL-producing isolates were showed. CTX-M-14 and SHV-12 ESBL-types were detected and seven different patterns were identified by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analysis. CONCLUSIONS The occurrence of unrelated multiresistant E. coli in faecal flora of captive specimens of Iberian lynx, including the presence of ESBLs, resistant genes in integrons and virulence determinants was showed in this study. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The results obtained in this study highlight the environmental problem as future reintroductions of Iberian lynx could lead to a spread of resistant bacteria. Additionally, ESBL-producing bacteria can represent a health problem for this endangered species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Gonçalves
- Center of Genomics and Biotechnology/Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|