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Sandri-Goldin RM, Levine M, Glorioso JC. Method for induction of mutations in physically defined regions of the herpes simplex virus genome. J Virol 1981; 38:41-9. [PMID: 6264113 PMCID: PMC171124 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.38.1.41-49.1981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Academic Contribution Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
A procedure was developed for inducing mutations in isolated restriction enzyme fragments of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) DNA with nitrous acid. The mutations were then transferred to the viral genome by genetic recombination during cotransfection of rabbit kidney cells with the mutagenized fragments and intact HSV-1 DNA. The HpaI restriction enzyme fragments LD, B, LG, I, and J were mutagenized. Temperature-sensitive mutants were found at frequencies of 1 to 5% among the progeny of the transfections. Syncytial mutants also were found at high frequency when fragment B or LD was used for mutagenesis. Fifteen of these mutants, 11 temperature sensitive and 4 syncytial, were used for further studies, including complementation analysis, DNA synthesis, and marker rescue. Marker rescue data presented here and in the accompanying publication (A. L. Goldin, R. M. Sandri-Goldin, M. Levine, and J. C. Glorioso, J. Virol. 38: 50-58, 1981) confirm the map position of some of the newly isolated mutants.
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202
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Umene K, Enquist LW. A deletion analysis of hybrid phage carrying the US region of Herpes simplex virus type 1 (Patton). I. Isolation of deletion derivatives and identification of chi-likes sequences. Gene 1981; 13:251-68. [PMID: 6266916 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1119(81)90030-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Academic Contribution Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The EcoRI-H fragment (15.4 kb) of Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) has been cloned in lambda gtWES in both orientations. This fragment contains the entire US region and has about 900 bp of terminal redundant sequences derived from the internal and terminal repeats of the S region. 56 independent plaque-forming deletion derivatives of the lambda gt/WES::EcoRI-H hybrid phage were isolated using either EDTA resistance or ability to grow on Escherichia coli(P2) lysogens as selective methods. The endpoints of these deletions were located using nine restriction enzymes that cleave within the EcoRI-H fragment. All of the deletions have at least one endpoint within the cloned fragment. Several unusual features of the lambda hybrids, including heterogeneity of a particular region in the HSV-1 EcoRI-H fragment and the presence of chi-like sequences in the US region of HSV-1, are discussed.
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203
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DeLuca N, Bzik D, Person S, Snipes W. Early events in herpes simplex virus type 1 infection: photosensitivity of fluorescein isothiocyanate-treated virions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1981; 78:912-6. [PMID: 6262783 PMCID: PMC319914 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.78.2.912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Academic Contribution Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 is photosensitized by treatment with fluorescein isothiocyante (FITC). The inactivation of FITC-treated virions upon subsequent exposure to light is inhibited by the presence of sodium azide, suggesting the involvement of singlet oxygen in the process. Sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed that treatment with FITC plus light induces crosslinks in viral envelope glycoproteins. Treatment of virions with high concentrations of FITC (50 micrograms/ml) plus light causes a reduction in the adsorption of the virus to monolayers of human embryonic lung cells. For lower concentrations of FITC (10 micrograms/ml) plus light, treated virions adsorb to the host cells, but remain sensitive to light until entry occurs. The loss of light sensitivity coincides with the development of resistance to antibodies. These results are most consistent with a mechanism of entry for herpes simplex virus involving fusion of the viral membrane with the plasma membrane of the host cell.
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204
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Norrild B, Pedersen B, Roizman B. Immunological reactivity of herpes simplex virus 1 and 2 polypeptides electrophoretically separated and transferred to diazobenzyloxymethyl paper. Infect Immun 1981; 31:660-7. [PMID: 6260673 PMCID: PMC351360 DOI: 10.1128/iai.31.2.660-667.1981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Academic Contribution Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
In this paper we report that viral polypeptides from herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) and 2 (HSV-2)-infected cells electrophoretically separated in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide-agarose gels and transferred to diazobenzyloxymethyl paper can react with rabbit hyperimmune sera, both polyvalent and prepared against specific antigens. The polyvalent hyperimmune sera against HSV-1 reacted with 17 HSV-1 polypeptide bands and 8 HSV-2 polypeptide bands. Concordantly, polyvalent sera against HSV-2 reacted with at least 16 HSV-2 polypeptide bands and 8 HSV-1 polypeptide bands. The antisera prepared against the specific antigens reacted with a smaller number of polypeptide bands. Preimmune sera and immune sera did not react with electrophoretically separated polypeptides from infected and uninfected cells, respectively. The immune localization of separated antigens test provides a powerful technique for identification of immunogenic viral polypeptides, especially those which are normally insoluble and therefore unavailable for immunological reactivity in immune precipitation tests.
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205
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Zweerink HJ, Stanton LW. Immune response to herpes simplex virus infections: virus-specific antibodies in sera from patients with recurrent facial infections. Infect Immun 1981; 31:624-30. [PMID: 7216464 PMCID: PMC351354 DOI: 10.1128/iai.31.2.624-630.1981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Academic Contribution Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Radioimmunoprecipitation assays were used to identify antibodies against a number of herpes simplex virus type 1-specific antigens in serum samples from individuals with recurrent facial herpes virus infections and from seropositive individuals without recurrent infections. Individuals with recurrent infections contributed three sequential serum samples each: immediately after the appearance of lesions, 3 weeks later, and 3 months later. Antibodies against at least 18 viral polypeptides were present in all positive sera: these included antibodies against the major nucleocapsid polypeptide (approximate molecular weight, 150,000) and against two glycopolypeptides with molecular weights of 115,000 to 130,000. No significant differences were observed between the serum samples in regard to their virus-specific antibody composition. The high-molecular-weight glycopolypeptides were partially purified and used in quantitative titration experiments. All sera tested were equally reactive with this material. It was concluded that under the experimental conditions an individual's susceptibility to recurrent herpetic infections could not be correlated with quantitative or qualitative changes in the levels of virus-specific antibodies.
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206
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Zweerink HJ, Martinez D, Lynch RJ, Stanton LW. Immune responses in mice against herpes simplex virus: mechanisms of protection against facial and ganglionic infections. Infect Immun 1981; 31:267-75. [PMID: 6260662 PMCID: PMC351779 DOI: 10.1128/iai.31.1.267-275.1981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Academic Contribution Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
We performed experiments with mice to determine the nature of the immune response(s) that prevents primary infections of the skin and the trigeminal ganglia with herpes simplex virus. Immunization with infectious herpes simplex virus, inactivated virus, or material enriched for viral glycoproteins protected hairless mice against primary facial and ganglionic infections. Live and inactivated viruses induced neutralizing antibodies, whereas glycoprotein material did not. Instead, glycoprotein material induced antibodies that were largely directed against two glycopolypeptides with molecular weights of 120,000 to 130,000. Hairless mice immunized with glycoprotein material responded faster than control mice in the synthesis of neutralizing antibodies after challenge with infectious virus. Congenital athymic BALB/c (nu/nu) mice were protected against primary facial infections after immunization with glycoprotein material, but glycoprotein-specific antibodies were not induced.
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207
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Zweerink HJ, Neff BJ. Immune response after exposure to varicella zoster virus: characterization of virus-specific antibodies and their corresponding antigens. Infect Immun 1981; 31:436-44. [PMID: 6260665 PMCID: PMC351802 DOI: 10.1128/iai.31.1.436-444.1981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Academic Contribution Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Fourteen varicella zoster virus antigens were identified that induce antibodies during primary and recurrent infections. These antigens, which included the major nucleocapsid polypeptide (molecular weight, 155,000) and three glycoproteins (molecular weights, 130,000, 88,000, and 60,000, respectively) plus a number of minor antigens, were identified in radioimmunoprecipitation assays, using [35S]methionine-labeled extracts of cells infected with varicella zoster virus and sera from patients with primary and recurrent viral infections. No significant and reproducible differences were observed between early convalescent sera from cases with natural chicken pox and sera from cases with zoster in their ability react with viral antigens. Sera that were taken many years after episodes of chicken pox still retained their ability to react with the major viral antigens.
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208
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Abstract
Utilizing a combination of preparative sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and sodium dodecyl sulfate-hydroxylapatite column chromatography, we have separated and purified the gA and gB glycoproteins of the major virus-specific glycoprotein region from herpes simplex virus type 1-infected cells. By using purified antigen preparations, antisera specific to each of these glycoproteins were produced. Immunoprecipitation from detergent extracts of infected cells and radioimmune precipitation of the purified antigens have shown that the anti-gA and anti-gB sera each recognize both the gA and the gB glycoproteins. The anti-gA serum was also shown to neutralize virus despite the presence of only minute quantities of the gA glycoprotein in virions. Pulse-chase studies have indicated that the gA and gB glycoproteins are synthesized from a common precursor polypeptide. Together, these data demonstrate that the gA and gB glycoproteins of herpes simplex virus type 1 are antigenically similar but not identical and probably represent two different forms of the same polypeptide which differ in their degree of glycosylation.
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209
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Sethi KK, Wolff MH. The nature of host-cell herpes-simplex virus interactions(s) that renders cells susceptible to virus-specific cytotoxic T cells. Immunobiology 1980; 157:365-78. [PMID: 6256287 DOI: 10.1016/s0171-2985(80)80006-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Academic Contribution Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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210
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Lawman MJ, Courtney RJ, Eberle R, Schaffer PA, O'Hara MK, Rouse BT. Cell-mediated immunity to herpes simplex virus: specificity of cytotoxic T cells. Infect Immun 1980; 30:451-61. [PMID: 6969228 PMCID: PMC551334 DOI: 10.1128/iai.30.2.451-461.1980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Academic Contribution Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
This communication deals with the question of which of the viral antigens constitutes the targets for cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) generated against herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). The approach used was, first, to compare cytotoxicity of CTL against target cells infected with virus in the presence of tunicamycin and 2-deoxy-D-glucose, which are known to inhibit glycoprotein synthesis, and second, to compare cytotoxicity of CTL against target cells infected with wild-type HSV-1 with that against target cells infected with a temperature-sensitive mutant of HSV-1 which, at the nonpermissive temperature, exhibits diminished glycoprotein synthesis. The results show that glycoprotein expression is required for the demonstration of cytotoxic activity of CTL. The level of cytotoxicity against the temperature-sensitive HSV-1 target at the nonpermissive temperature was reduced and correlated with the level of expression of the major envelope glycoprotein region (VP123; molecular weight = 123,000) at the target cell surface as measured serologically by antibody binding studies. The results were interpreted to indicate that HSV-1-induced glycoproteins are the target antigens for anti-HSV CTL and that the principal viral antigens recognized by the CTL may be glycoproteins of the VP123 region.
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211
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Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) contains five glycoproteins, designated gA, gB, gC, gD, and gE. The present studies focused on the synthesis and processing of two of these, gC and gD. By using monoprecipitin antibody to gC, we demonstrated an antigenic and structural relationship between the precursor, pgC(110), and the product, gC(130). Tryptic peptide analysis showed that pgC and gC shared methionine peptides and that these molecules had the same fingerprint pattern as that of gC(130) extracted from the purified virion. These results suggested that post-translational processing of gC involved no major changes in methionine-containing tryptic peptides or in the cleavage sites required to generate those peptides. The syntheses of gC and gD were compared. We found that the glycoproteins were synthesized starting at different times in the infectious cycle; pgD was detected by 2 h postinfection, whereas pgC was first detected at 4 to 6 h postinfection. Both precursor molecules, pgC(110) and pgD(52), are basic glycopolypeptides, and in both cases processing involved changes in molecular weight and charge. These changes were detected by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Both glycoproteins exhibited heterogeneity, displayed as a series of spots (6 for gD and 15 to 20 for gC) of increasing negative charge and molecular weight. Neuraminidase treatment decreased the size, number, and acidic charge of the spots, suggesting that processing was due in part, but not entirely, to addition of sialic acid to pgD and pgC.
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212
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Glorioso JC, Levine M, Holland TC, Szczesiul MS. Mutant analysis of herpes simplex virus-induced cell surface antigens: resistance to complement-mediated immune cytolysis. J Virol 1980; 35:672-81. [PMID: 6252331 PMCID: PMC288861 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.35.3.672-681.1980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Academic Contribution Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BHK-21 cells infected with temperature-sensitive mutants of herpes simplex virus type 1 strain KOS representing 16 complementation groups were tested for susceptibility to complement-mediated immune cytolysis at permissive (34 degrees C) and nonpermissive (39 degrees C) temperatures. Only cells infected by mutants in complementation group E were resistant to immune cytolysis in a temperature-sensitive manner compared with wild-type infections. The expression of group E mutant cell surface antigens during infections at 34 and 39 degrees C was characterized by a combination of cell surface radioiodination, specific immunoprecipitation, and gel electrophoretic analysis of immunoprecipitates. Resistance to immune lysis at 39 degrees C correlated with the absence of viral antigens exposed at the cell surface. Intrinsic radiolabeling of group E mutant infections with [14C]glucosamine revealed that normal glycoproteins were produced at 34 degrees C but none were synthesized at 39 degrees C. The effect of 2-deoxy-D-glucose on glycosylation of group E mutants at 39 degrees C suggested that the viral glycoprotein precursors were not synthesized. The complementation group E mutants failed to complement herpes simplex virus type 1 mutants isolated by other workers. These included the group B mutants of strain KOS, the temperature-sensitive group D mutants of strain 17, and the LB2 mutant of strain HFEM. These mutants should be considered members of herpes simplex virus type 1 complementation group 1.2, in keeping with the new herpes simplex virus type 1 nomenclature.
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213
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Campadelli-Fiume G, Costanzo F, Foa'-Tomasi L. Restriction of herpes simplex virus by Ama 1 cells. An analysis of viral macromolecule synthesis. Arch Virol 1980; 64:197-211. [PMID: 6250513 DOI: 10.1007/bf01322700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Academic Contribution Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Ama 1 cells, and alpha-amanitin-resistant subline of CHO cells, restricted herpes simplex virus-1 and -2 replication. The infection was characterized by i) induction of typical cytopathology; ii) appearance of all the major virus proteins, glycoproteins and DNA earlier than in HEp-2 cells, followed by shut off of virus macromolecule synthesis; iii) defective maturation of viral particles, i.e. scarce assembly and lack of envelopment. The early shut off of viral DNA and protein synthesis, and the altered glycoprotein pattern may account for herpes simplex virus restriction.
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214
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Eberle R, Courtney RJ. Preparation and characterization of specific antisera to individual glycoprotein antigens comprising the major glycoprotein region of herpes simplex virus type 1. J Virol 1980; 35:902-17. [PMID: 6252346 PMCID: PMC288884 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.35.3.902-917.1980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Academic Contribution Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The major glycoprotein complex (VP123) of herpes simplex virus type 1 resolved by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was purified and further fractionated into two major and two minor components by chromatography of the isolated VP123 region on SDS-hydroxylapatite columns. The two major components (gC and gA/gB) were purified free of other polypeptides and used to prepare specific antisera to these glycoproteins. Radioimmune precipitation demonstrated that these antisera were specific for the antigens used in their production. These two antisera as well as an anti-VP123 serum were further characterized by immunoprecipitation, neutralization, and membrane immunofluorescence techniques. Results indicate that both of the major glycoprotein antigens are expressed on the surface of virions as well as on the surface of infected cells.
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215
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Campadelli-Fiume G, Sinibaldi-Vallebona P, Cavrini V, Mannini-Palenzona A. Selective inhibition of herpes simplex virus glycoprotein synthesis by a benz-amidinohydrazone derivative. Arch Virol 1980; 66:179-91. [PMID: 6255895 DOI: 10.1007/bf01314732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Academic Contribution Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
1H-benz[f]indene-1.3(2H)dione-bis-amidinohydrazone (benzhydrazone) inhibited incorporation of 14C-glucosamine, 14C-fucose and 14C-mannose into glycoproteins of HEp-2 cells infected with various strains of herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) and impaired RNA and protein synthesis to a low extent. These biochemical effects are very similar to those induced by glycosylation inhibitors such as tunicamycin, D-glucosamine and 2-deoxy-D-glucose. In contrast to these inhibitors, benzhydrazone reduced HSV glycoprotein synthesis selectively since it did not significantly modify i) the saccharide uptake into glycoproteins of uninfected and of Sindbis virus-infected cells, ii) viral growth and cell fusion in paramyxovirus-infected cells, two activities which depend on viral glycoprotein synthesis. Benzhydrazone had only minor effects on the overall metabolism of uninfected cells, since it did not alter cell growth rate, and amino acid, uridine, and hexose incorporations were about 80% those of untreated cells.
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216
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Lemaster S, Roizman B. Herpes simplex virus phosphoproteins. II. Characterization of the virion protein kinase and of the polypeptides phosphorylated in the virion. J Virol 1980; 35:798-811. [PMID: 6252339 PMCID: PMC288874 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.35.3.798-811.1980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Academic Contribution Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The protein kinase associated with purified herpes simplex virus 1 and 2 virions partitioned with the capsid-tegument structures and was not solubilized by non-ionic detergents and low, non-inhibitory concentrations of urea. The enzyme required Mg2+ or Mn2+ and utilized ATP or GTP. The activity was enhanced by non-ionic detergents and by Na+ even in the presence of high concentrations of of Mg2+, but not by cyclic nucleotides. The enzyme associated with capsid-tegument structures phosphorylated virion polypeptides only; exogenously added substrates (acidic and basic histones, casein, phosphovitin, protamine, and bovine serum albumin) were not phosphorylated. The major phosphorylated species were virion polypeptides (VP) 1-2, 4, 11-12, 13-14, 18.7, 18.8 and 23. VP 18.7 and VP 18.8 have not been previously detected, but may be phosphorylated forms of polypeptides co-migrating with VP 19. Of the remainder, only VP 23 has been previously identified as a capsid protein; the others are constituents of the tegument or of the under surface of the virion envelope. The distribution of the phosphate bound to viral polypeptides varied depending on the Mg2+ concentration and pH. In the absence of dithiothreitol, in vitro phosphate exchange was demonstrable in VP 23 and to a lesser extent in two other polypeptides on sequential phosphorylation frist with saturating amounts off unlabeled ATP and then with [gamma-32P]ATP. Analysis of the virion polypeptides specified by herpes simplex virus 1 X herpes simplex virus 2 recombinants indicates that the genes specifying the polypeptides which serve as a substrate for the protein kinase map in the unique sequences near the left and right reinterated DNA sequences of the L component.
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217
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Pereira L, Klassen T, Baringer JR. Type-common and type-specific monoclonal antibody to herpes simplex virus type 1. Infect Immun 1980; 29:724-32. [PMID: 6260657 PMCID: PMC551186 DOI: 10.1128/iai.29.2.724-732.1980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Academic Contribution Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Hybridoma cells produced by fusing mouse myeloma cells with spleen cells from mice primed with herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 1 yielded five clones producing neutralizing antibody against homologous virus. Two clones, HCl and HC2, produced antibody capable of precipitating glycoprotein C and its precursor, whereas three clones, HD1, HD2, and HD3, produced antibody capable of precipitating glycoprotein D and its precursor. Antibody produced by the HC1 and HC2 clones neutralized HSV type 1 but not HSV type 2 or HSV type 1 strain MP, which is known to lack glycoprotein C. Antibody produced by the HD1 and HD2 clones neutralized both HSV type 1 and HSV type 2, whereas antibody produced by the HD3 clone neutralized HSV type 1 but not HSV type 2. The two clones which produced antibody to glycoprotein C and the two clones which produced type-common antibody to glycoprotein D were independently derived and not clonally related inasmuch as the antibody in each pair belonged to a different subclass of immunoglobulin.
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218
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Eisenberg RJ, Ponce de Leon M, Cohen GH. Comparative structural analysis of glycoprotein gD of herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2. J Virol 1980; 35:428-35. [PMID: 6255183 PMCID: PMC288828 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.35.2.428-435.1980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Academic Contribution Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
We studied the synthesis and processing of the type-common glycoprotein gD in herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) and compared it structurally to glycoprotein gD of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). We demonstrated that in HSV-2, gD undergoes posttranslational processing from a lower-molecular-weight precursor (pgD51) to a higher-molecular-weight product (gD56). Tryptic peptide analysis by cation-exchange chromatography indicated that this processing step altered neither the methionine nor the arginine tryptic peptide profile of gD of HSV-2. Comparative tryptic peptide analysis of gD of HSV-1 and HSV-2 showed that the methionine and arginine tryptic peptide profiles of these two proteins were very similar, but not identical. Some of the resolved peptides coeluted from the cation-exchange column, suggesting that some amino acid sequences of the two proteins might be very similar. However, each protein also appeared to possess several type-specific tryptic peptides. The structural similarity of these two glycoproteins correlates well with their antigenic cross-reactivity since monoprecipitin antibody to gD of HSV-1 also immunoprecipitates gD of HSV-2 and neutralizes the infectivity of both viruses to approximately the same extent.
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219
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Haffey ML, Spear PG. Alterations in glycoprotein gB specified by mutants and their partial revertants in herpes simplex virus type 1 and relationship to other mutant phenotypes. J Virol 1980; 35:114-28. [PMID: 6251260 PMCID: PMC288787 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.35.1.114-128.1980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Academic Contribution Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The tsB5 mutant of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) strain HFEM was shown previously to be temperature sensitive for accumulation of the mature form of glycoprotein gB, for production or activity of a factor required in virus-induced cell fusion, and for production of virions with normal levels of infectivity. In addition, a previous study showed that virions produced by tsB5 at permissive temperature were more thermolabile than HFEM virions and contained altered gB that did not assume the dimeric conformation characteristic of HFEM. Results presented here demonstrate that, at permissive temperature, tsB5 differs from HFEM in another respect: plaques formed by tsB5 are syncytial on Vero cells (but not on HEp-2 cells), whereas plaques formed by HFEM are nonsyncytial on both cell types. In addition, our results indicate that tsB5 produces an oligomeric form of gB, but that it differs in electrophoretic mobility and stability from the gB dimers of HFEM. The major purpose of this study was to investigate the dependence of the various tsB5 mutant phenotypes on the temperature sensitivity of gB accumulation and on the alterations in oligomeric conformation of gB produced at permissive temperature. For this work the following HSV-1 strains related to tsB5 or HFEM were analyzed: (i) phenotypic revertants selected from tsB5 stocks for nonsyncytial plaque morphology on Vero cells or for ability to form plaques at restrictive temperature (38.5 degrees C); (ii) a plaque morphology variant of HFEM selected for its syncytial phenotype on Vero cells; (iii) temperature-sensitive recombinants previously isolated from a cross between tsB5 and the non-temperature-sensitive syncytial strain HSV-1(MP); and (iv) a phenotypic revertant selected from one of the recombinant stocks for its ability to form plaques at 39 degrees C. These strains were all compared with tsB5 and HFEM at three different temperatures in two different cell lines with respect to plaque formation, yield of infectious progeny, virus-induced cell fusion, and accumulation of gB. The results of our analyses on all the strains tested revealed the following correlations between mutant phenotypes and the accumulation and oligomeric conformation of gB. (i) There was a direct and quantitative relationship between the accumulation in infected cells of infectious progeny and of the mature form of gB, providing strong support for the hypothesis that this form of gB is necessary to the production of infectious virions. The oligomeric conformation of gB characteristic of HFEM is apparently not required for virion infectivity; nor was virion thermostability necessarily related to the presence of the HFEM-like oligomeric form of gB. (ii) The previously reported correlation between temperature sensitivity of gB accumulation and virus-induced cell fusion was confirmed for tsB5 and extended to other virus strains, and coordinate reversion of these traits was also demonstrated, providing support for the hypothesis that gB has a role in virus-induced cell fusion. At 37 degrees C, intermediate between permissive and restrictive temperatures, some of the mutants and partial revertants induced cell fusion despite reduced accumulations of the mature form of gB, suggesting that the amount of mature gB present did not determine the extent of fusion and that other forms of gB as well as other factors should be investigated with regard to the process of cell fusion. (iii) Some of the mutants and partial revertants could form plaques at 38.5 degrees C despite reduced accumulations of gB and infectious progeny, indicating that the cell-to-cell transmission of viral infection may be at least in part independent of these factors.
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220
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Abstract
The prevalences of herpes-simplex-virus (HSV) type-1-specific antibodies in 52 patients with recurrent duodenal ulcer, 60 controls, and 32 patients with recurrent cold sores were 94%, 80%, and 100% respectively. Seropositive ulcer patients had significantly higher antibody levels than seropositive controls. The cold-sore group had higher antibody levels than the controls, but this difference did not reach statistical significance. Since all three groups had similar HSV type-2-specific antibody levels, the results demonstrate an unusual activity of HSV type 1 in duodenal-ulcer patients, compatible with the hypothesis that herpesvirus is an aetiological agent in some cases of this disorder.
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221
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Honess RW, Buchan A, Halliburton IW, Watson DH. Recombination and linkage between structural and regulatory genes of herpes simplex virus type 1: study of the functional organization of the genome. J Virol 1980; 34:716-42. [PMID: 6247508 PMCID: PMC288761 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.34.3.716-742.1980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Academic Contribution Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Phenotypic and genetic properties of 12 markers in structural and regulatory functions of herpes simplex virus type 1 were characterized, and their recombination and segregation behavior was investigated and interpreted with reference to available information on their physical locations. The markers were: (i) ts markers in a structural glycoprotein (tsB5) and in alpha (immediate early; tsLB2, tsc75) or beta (early, delayed early; tsB1) functions with regulatory effects; together with (ii) plaque morphology (syn), phosphonoacetate resistance (Pr), and thymidine kinase (TK) phenotypes; and (iii) electrophoretically distinct variants of glycosylated (glycoprotein C, gpC; ICP10) and non-glycosylated [VP(13-14), VP23] structural and nonstructural [ICP(47-48)] polypeptides. Mean two-factor recombination frequencies ranged from 2% (for noncomplementing mutants tsLB2 and tsc75) to 35 to 40% (for unlinked markers) and were influenced by the relative contributions of parental viruses to the mixed infection. Even with control of this variable, standard deviations of mean measures of recombination frequency ranged from a minimum of 14% (with n greater than or equal to 10) to 65% (with n = 3) of mean values; no recombination frequencies higher than 55% were observed. Differences in mean two-factor recombination frequencies between a small number of loosely linked markers were, therefore, not reliable measures of real differences in linkage. Measurements of the segregation of unselected markers among recombinant progeny were, therefore, used as measures of linkage. These experiments (i) established a linkage group for markers in the long unique region of the genome additional to, but consistent with, existing physical data, i.e., TK-syn-tsB5-(tsB1.Pr)-[gpC.VP(13-14)]; (II) identified markers, e.g., ICP(47-48), linked to regulatory mutations (tsLB2, tsc75) in redundant DNA sequences; and (iii) used the segregation of these regulatory mutations and linked markers among unselected progeny to demonstrate the linkage groups: Pr-syn-TK-tsc75-ICP(47-48), [VP(13-14).gpC]-Pr-syn-TK, and TK-tsc75-[VP(13-14).gpC]. These results were most simply explained if bi- or intermolecular recombination occurred between circular molecules or molecules catenated "head-to-tail" and were incompatible with intermolecular recombination as the mechanism of isomerization of herpes simplex virus DNA.
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Machtiger NA, Pancake BA, Eberle R, Courtney RJ, Tevethia SS, Schaffer PA. Herpes simplex virus glycoproteins: isolation of mutants resistant to immune cytolysis. J Virol 1980; 34:336-46. [PMID: 6246268 PMCID: PMC288710 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.34.2.336-346.1980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Academic Contribution Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune cytolysis mediated by antibody and complement is directed against components of the major herpes simplex virus (HSV) glycoprotein complex (molecular weight, 115,000 to 130,000), comprised of gA, gB, and gC, and against glycoprotein gD-all present on the surfaces of infected cells. Tests with a temperature-sensitive (ts) mutant of HSV-1 (tsA1) defective in glycoprotein synthesis at the nonpermissive temperature (39 degrees C) demonstrated that over 90% of mutant-infected cells maintained at 39 degrees C and treated with antibody and complement were not lysed, presumably due to the absence of viral glycoproteins on the surface of infected cells at this temperature. Furthermore, a small number of tsA1-infected cells could be detected among a large excess of wild-type virus-infected cells by virtue of their failure to be lysed at 39 degrees C by antibody and complement. Making use of the involvement of viral glycoproteins in immune cytolysis and the ability of cells infected with glycoprotein-defective mutants to escape cytolysis, we sought mutants defective in the expression of individual viral glycoproteins. For this purpose, antisera directed against the VP123 complex and against the gC and combined gA and gB glycoprotein subcomponents of this complex were first tested for their ability to lyse wild-type virus-infected cells in the presence of complement. Wild-type virus-infected cells were lysed after treatment with each of the three antisera, demonstrating that the gC glycoprotein and the combined gA and gB glycoproteins can act as targets in the immune cytolysis reaction. Next, these antisera were used to select for mutants which were resistant to immune cytolysis. Cells infected with wild-type virus which had been mutagenized with 2-aminopurine and incubated at 39 degrees C were treated with one of the three types of antisera (anti-VP123 complex, anti-gC, or anti-gAgB) and lysed by the addition of complement. Cells which survived immune cytolysis were plated, and virus in the resulting plaques was isolated. Plaque isolates were tested for temperature sensitivity of growth and altered cytopathic effects in cell culture at 34 degrees C (the permissive temperature) and 39 degrees C. A total of 73 mutants was isolated in this manner. Selection with glycoprotein-specific antisera resulted in a 2- to 16-fold enrichment for mutants compared with "mock" -selected mutants using normal rabbit serum. Phenotypically, 24 mutants were temperature sensitive for growth, 27 were partially temperature sensitive, and 22 were not temperature sensitive but exhibited markedly altered cytopathic effects at both permissive and nonpermissive temperatures. Nine mutants of each phenotype (temperature sensitive, partially temperature sensitive, and non-temperature sensitive) were selected at random for confirmatory immune cytolysis tests with the antisera used in their selection. Cells infected with eight of the nine mutants were shown to be significantly more resistant to immune cytolysis at the nonpermissive temperature than were the mock-selected mutants or the wild-type virus from which they were derived.
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Pizer LI, Cohen GH, Eisenberg RJ. Effect of tunicamycin on herpes simplex virus glycoproteins and infectious virus production. J Virol 1980; 34:142-53. [PMID: 6246250 PMCID: PMC288680 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.34.1.142-153.1980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Academic Contribution Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The antibiotic tunicamycin, which blocks the synthesis of glycoproteins, inhibited the production of infectious herpes simplex virus. In the presence of this drug, [14C]glucosamine and [3H]mannose incorporation was reduced in infected cells, whereas total protein synthesis was not affected. Gel electrophoresis of [2-3H]mannose-labeled polypeptides failed to detect glycoprotein D or any of the other herpes simplex virus glycoproteins. By use of specific antisera we demonstrated that in the presence of tunicamycin the normal precursors to viral glycoproteins failed to appear. Instead, lower-molecular-weight polypeptides were found which were antigenically and structurally related to the glycosylated proteins. Evidence is presented to show that blocking the addition of carbohydrate to glycoprotein precursors with tunicamycin results in the disappearance of molecules, possibly due to degradation of the unglycosylated polypeptides. We infer that the added carbohydrate either stabilizes the envelope proteins or provides the proper structure for correct processing of the molecules needed for infectivity.
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Norrild B, Shore SL, Cromeans TL, Nahmias AJ. Participation of three major glycoprotein antigens of herpes simplex virus type 1 early in the infectious cycle as determined by antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Infect Immun 1980; 28:38-44. [PMID: 6247286 PMCID: PMC550890 DOI: 10.1128/iai.28.1.38-44.1980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Academic Contribution Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue culture cells infected with herpes simplex virus type 1 synthesize three major glycoprotein antigens (Ag-11, Ag-8, and Ag-6), which have been characterized by crossed immunoelectrophoresis. The three viral antigens have been identified as a mixture of gA and gB (Ag-11), gD (Ag-8), and gC (Ag-6). Recent findings have shown that antibodies directed to each of the three antigens individually are able to mediate antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity when tissue culture cells late in the infectious cycle (18 h postinfection) are used. In this work, antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity was applied to study the time postinfection at which the individual viral antigens first made their appearance at the cell surface. All three viral antigens (Ag-11, Ag-8, and Ag-6) could be demonstrated as newly synthesized from 3 to 4 h postinfection, and the quantities of the antigens at the surfaces of the infected cells increased with time postinfection. The use of cycloheximide and ultraviolet-inactivated virus demonstrated that input virus could be detected by antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity during the first 2 h postinfection, but the cytotoxicity caused by input virus remained constant with time postinfection. In conclusion, these observations demonstrate the participation of individual herpes simplex virus surface antigens in antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity attack on cells early in infection.
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225
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Robinson RA, Henry BE, Duff RG, O'Callaghan DJ. Oncogenic transformation by equine herpesviruses (EHV). I. Properties of hamster embryo cells transformed by ultraviolet-irradiated EHV-1. Virology 1980; 101:335-62. [PMID: 6244694 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(80)90449-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Academic Contribution Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Strnad BC, Neubauer RH, Rabin H, Mazur RA. Correlation between Epstein-Barr virus membrane antigen and three large cell surface glycoproteins. J Virol 1979; 32:885-94. [PMID: 92577 PMCID: PMC525937 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.32.3.885-894.1979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Academic Contribution Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A correlation between Epstein-Barr virus membrane antigen (MA) and three surface glycoproteins has been established on the basis of radio-immunoprecipitation and immunoabsorption experiments. For radio-immunoprecipitation, Epstein-Barr virus-infected cells were radiolabeled either with neuraminidase-galactose oxidase tritiated borohydride, a procedure highly specific for surface glycoproteins, or with a general tritiated amino acid mixture. Intact cells were incubated with MA(-) or MA(+) human sera, washed free of unbound immunoglobulins, and then lysed with Nonidet P-40. The antigen-antibody complexes were bound to protein A-Sepharose and after elution with sodium dodecyl sulfate were analyzed by acrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate. MA(+) sera specifically precipitated three glycoproteins with molecular weights of 236,000, 212,000, and 141,000 from B95-8 cells induced with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbal-13-acetate (TPA) and from Raji cells superinfected with P3HR-1 virus. These glycoproteins were not detected on Epstein-Barr virus-negative Ramos cells treated with TPA or on B95-8 cells treated simultaneously with TPA and phosphonoacetic acid. Soybean lectin-Sepharose bound all three glycoproteins, and lectin-Sepharose-bound glycoproteins from TPA-induced P95-8 cells absorbed MA-specific antibody from MA(+) human sera. The data strongly suggest that either all three glycoproteins have MA determinants or they are part of a complex in which one or more of the components constitute the reactive antigen.
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229
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Vestergaard BF, Grauballe PC. Isolation of the major herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1)-specific glycoprotein by hydroxylapatite chromatography and its use in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for titration of human HSV-1-specific antibodies. J Clin Microbiol 1979; 10:772-7. [PMID: 230199 PMCID: PMC273269 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.10.6.772-777.1979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Academic Contribution Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A 131,000 molecular weight herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) glycoprotein designated antigen number 6 (Ag-6) was previously shown to possess almost exclusively HSV-1-specific antigenic sites. Fused rocket and crossed immunoelectrophoresis of fractions obtained from hydroxylapatite chromatography of crude HSV-1 antigen (Triton X-100-solubilized, infected tissue culture cells) showed that a subfraction of Ag-6 could be separated from the other HSV antigens. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with the isolated Ag-6 showed that sera from rabbits infected with HSV-1 and HSV-1 human antisera contained antibodies to Ag-6, whereas sera from HSV-2-infected rabbits and sera from patients with primary HSV-2 infections did not react with Ag-6. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of 852 human sera for antibodies to HSV type-common glycoproteins, Ag-6, and HSV 2-specific antigens showed that 139 sera which reacted negatively with HSV type-common glycoproteins also did not react with Ag-6 with HSV-2 specific antigens. The 713 sera reacting positively to HSV type-common antigens either reacted with Ag-6 (328 sera) or with HSV-2-specific antigens (31 sera) or both (354 sera). This means that Ag-6 might be useful in large-scale human serology for the detection of past infection with HSV-1, irrespective of whether or not past infection with HSV-2 has occurred.
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230
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Norrild B, Shore SL, Nahmias AJ. Herpes simplex virus glycoproteins: participation of individual herpes simplex virus type 1 glycoprotein antigens in immunocytolysis and their correlation with previously identified glycopolypeptides. J Virol 1979; 32:741-8. [PMID: 229263 PMCID: PMC525921 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.32.3.741-748.1979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Academic Contribution Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue culture cells infected with herpes simplex type 1 virus express virus-specified glycoprotein antigens on the plasma membrane. Three of these have been previously identified and have been designated as Ag-11, Ag-8, and Ag-6. In the present study, immunoglobulins to each of the antigens were shown to be capable of mediating immunocytolysis in the presence of either complement (antibody-dependent complement-mediated cytotoxicity) or peripheral blood mononuclear cells (antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity [ADCC]). Two herpes simplex virus type 1 strains, VR-3 and F, reacted similarly in the ADCC test in the presence of immunoglobulins to Ag-11, Ag-8, and Ag-6 in both infected Chang liver cells and HEp-2 cells. Anti-Ag-6, however, produced a lower ADCC reaction in HEp-2 cells than in Chang liver cells, suggesting differences in the Ag-6 surface expression in, or release from, these cells. Chang liver and HEp-2 cells infected with the MP mutant strain of herpes simplex virus type 1 showed reduced ADCC in the presence of anti-Ag-11 and anti-Ag-8, but no reactivity at all with anti-Ag-6. Crossed immunoelectrophoretic analysis showed that MP-infected cell extracts contain Ag-11 and Ag-8, but lack Ag-6. Polypeptide analysis of herpes simplex virus type 1 strains F, VR-3, and MP showed that Ag-11 consists of the glycoproteins gA and gB, that Ag-8 consists of gD, and that Ag-6 consists of gC. In conclusion, the present study demonstrates that either one of the glycoproteins (gC, gD, and a mixture of gA and gB) can function as a target for immunocytolysis and that the antibody preparation to gC (Ag-6) does not cross-react with any of the other glycoproteins.
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Baucke RB, Spear PG. Membrane proteins specified by herpes simplex viruses. V. Identification of an Fc-binding glycoprotein. J Virol 1979; 32:779-89. [PMID: 229267 PMCID: PMC525925 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.32.3.779-789.1979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Academic Contribution Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A glycoprotein with affinity for the Fc region of immunoglobulin was isolated from extracts of cultured cells infected with herpes simplex virus type 1, and experiments were done to characterize its properties and to investigate whether it could account for the Fc-binding activity previously demonstrated on the surfaces of intact herpes simplex virus-infected cells. The technique of affinity chromatography was used to identify and isolate the Fc-binding glycoprotein and to demonstrate the specificity of its interaction with immunoglobulin G-Fc. Although three electrophoretically distinguishable Fc-binding polypeptides were identified by affinity chromatography, these three species appear to be different forms of the same translation product, based on comparisons of proteolytic digestion products and on the kinetics of appearance of each form after a brief pulse with radioactive amino acids. The results suggest that one polypeptide, designated pE, is processed to yield gE1, which is in turn processed to yield gE2. Both gE1 and gE2 are glycosylated membrane proteins and both can be labeled by the lactoperoxidase-catalyzed radioiodination of intact infected cells, indicating the presence of these proteins in surface membranes of the cells. Increases in the amounts of gE1 and gE2 at the cell surface were found to parallel the increase in Fc-binding activity of intact infected cells.
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Smith CC, Aurelian L. Proteins of herpesvirus type 2. V. Isolation and immunologic characterization of two viral proteins in a virus-specific antigenic fraction. Virology 1979; 98:255-60. [PMID: 225865 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(79)90544-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Academic Contribution Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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234
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Gayda RC, Avni H, Berg PE, Markovitz A. Outer membrane protein a and other polypeptides regulate capsular polysaccharide synthesis in E. coli K-12. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1979; 175:325-32. [PMID: 392232 DOI: 10.1007/bf00397232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Academic Contribution Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
capR (lon) mutants of Escherichia coli K-12 are mucoid on minimal agar because they produce large quantities of capsular polysaccharide. When such mutants are transformed to tetracycline resistance by plasmid pMC44, a hybrid plasmid that contains a 2 megadalton (Mdal) endonuclease EcoR1 fragment of E. coli K-12 DNA joined to the cloning vehicle-pSC101, capsular polysaccharide synthesis is inhibited and the transformed colonies exhibit a non-mucoid phenotype. Re-cloning of the 2 Mdal EcoR1 fragment onto plasmid pHA105, a min-colE1 plasmid, yielded plasmid pFM100 which also inhibited capsular polysaccharide synthesis in the capR mutants. A comparison of the polypeptides specified by both plasmids pFM100 and pMC44 in minicells demonstrated that seven polypeptide bands were specified by the 2 MDal DNA, one of which was previously demonstrated to be outer membrane protein a; also known as 3b or M2 (40 kilodaltons, Kdal). Plasmid mutants no longer repressing capsular polysaccharide synthesis were either unable to specify the 40 Kdal outer membrane protein a or were deficient in synthesis of 25 Kdal and 14.5 Kdal polypeptides specified by the 2 Mdal DNA fragments. Studies with a minicell-producing strain that also contained a capR mutation indicated that the capR gene product regulated processing of at least one normal protein, the precursor of outer membrane protein a.
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Eisenberg RJ, Hydrean-Stern C, Cohen GH. Structural analysis of precursor and product forms of type-common envelope glycoprotein D (CP-1 antigen) of herpes simplex virus type 1. J Virol 1979; 31:608-20. [PMID: 229243 PMCID: PMC353489 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.31.3.608-620.1979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Academic Contribution Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The type-common CP-1 antigen of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is associated in the infected cell with two components, a 52,000-molecular-weight glycoprotein (gp52 or pD) and a 59,000-molecular-weight glycoprotein (gp59 or D). The larger form (D) is also found in the virion envelope. It was postulated that pD is a precursor of D. We found that pD shared methionine and arginine tryptic peptides with D isolated from infected cell extracts. D isolated from infected extracts had the same trypric methionine peptide profile as D isolated from the virion envelope. Thus, processing of pD to D does not involve any major alterations in polypeptide structure. Furthermore, D did not share tryptic methionine peptides with the other major glycoproteins of HSV-1. Using [2-3H]mannose as a specific glycoprotein label, we found that pD, which is a basic protein (isoelectric point = 8.0) contained a 1,800-molecular-weight oligomannosyl core moiety and was processed by further glycosylation and sialyation to a more acidic and heterogeneous molecule D, which as a molecular weight of at least 59,000.
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236
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Vestergaard BF. Quantitative immunoelectrophoretic analysis of human antibodies against herpes simplex virus antigens. Infect Immun 1979; 23:553-8. [PMID: 222674 PMCID: PMC414200 DOI: 10.1128/iai.23.3.553-558.1979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Academic Contribution Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
By use of crossed immunoelectrophoresis with intermediate gel, antidbody titers against six individual herpes simplex virus (HSV) glycoproteins and two nonglycosylated proteins were determined in 100 human sera. High antibody titers were found against two different HSV type-common glycoproteins designated Ag8 and Ag11 (containing glycosylated polypeptides D and B, respectively). The anti-Ag8 and -Ag11 titers correlated with HSV neutralizing antibody titers. Most of the serological cross-reactivity between HSV type 1 and type 2 was probably caused by antibodies to Ag8 and Ag11. Human antibodies against one HSV type 1-specific glycoprotein (Ag6, containing glycosylated polypeptide C) and two HSV type 2 glycoproteins (Ag4 and Ag9) were also demonstrated, and the titers correlated better with neutralizing antibody titers of the homologous than of the heterologous virus type. The data presented can be directly applied to the further development of diagnostic reagents.
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237
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Jeansson S, Elwing H, Nilsson LA. Thin-layer immunoassay for determination of antibodies to herpes simplex virus. J Clin Microbiol 1979; 9:317-22. [PMID: 222798 PMCID: PMC273022 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.9.3.317-322.1979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Academic Contribution Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Thin-layer immunoassay (TIA) is a simple serological technique suitable for analysis of large numbers of samples. In this study, TIA was evaluated for determination of antibodies to herpes simplex virus. Herpes simplex virus antigen used in TIA was purified from material released from virus-infected cells. The results obtained by TIA were compared with those obtained by neutralization and complement fixation tests. TIA was found to be as sensitive as the neutralization test for demonstration of herpes simplex virus antibodies. No false-negative or -positive reactions were observed. In primary herpes simplex virus-1 infections, an antibody response was demonstrated by TIA, whereas antibodies could not be demonstrated in patients with primary herpes simplex virus-2 infections.
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238
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Sarmiento M, Spear PG. Membrane proteins specified by herpes simplex viruses. IV. Conformation of the virion glycoprotein designated VP7(B2). J Virol 1979; 29:1159-67. [PMID: 221670 PMCID: PMC353276 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.29.3.1159-1167.1979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Academic Contribution Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The herpes simplex virus glycoprotein designated VP7(B2) is extracted from virions by nonionic detergent in the form of an oligomer, whereas the other detergent-soluble envelope proteins appear to be extracted as monomers. The subunits of the VP7(B2) oligomer cannot be dissociated by 2-mercaptoethanol and are also resistant to dissociation by a mixture of sodium dodecyl sulfate and 2-mercaptoethanol, except at elevated temperature. The oligomeric form of solubilized VP7(B2) appears to be predominantly dimeric, based on the sedimentation rats in sucrose gradients and the electrophoretic mobilities in sodium dodecyl sulfate-containing acrylamide gels of the undissociated and heat-dissociated forms of VP7(B2).
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Sarmiento M, Haffey M, Spear PG. Membrane proteins specified by herpes simplex viruses. III. Role of glycoprotein VP7(B2) in virion infectivity. J Virol 1979; 29:1149-58. [PMID: 221669 PMCID: PMC353275 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.29.3.1149-1158.1979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Academic Contribution Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Experiments done with a temperature"sensitive mutant of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) have revealed that one of the virisn glycoproteins, designated VP7(B2), is apparently not required for the production of enveloped virus particles, whereas it does play a critical role in virion infectivity. The mutant, designated HSV-1[HFEM]tsB5, fails to accumulate VP7(B2) at nonpermissive temperature and produces virions that lack detectable quantities of this glycoprotein and that have very low specific infectivity. The poor infectivity of the virions is most readily explained by failure of penetration into the host cell rather than by failure of adsorption to cells because it was shown that the VP7(B2)-deficient virions can bind to cells and that polyethylene glycol, an agent known to promote membrane fusion, can significantly enhance infectivity of the adsorbed virions.
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Maudgal PC, Missotten L. Histopathology and histochemistry of the superficial corneal epithelium in experimental herpes simplex keratitis. ALBRECHT VON GRAEFES ARCHIV FUR KLINISCHE UND EXPERIMENTELLE OPHTHALMOLOGIE. ALBRECHT VON GRAEFE'S ARCHIVE FOR CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL OPHTHALMOLOGY 1979; 209:239-48. [PMID: 311600 DOI: 10.1007/bf00419058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Academic Contribution Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Three days after herpes simplex virus inoculation, an increased amount of DNA and RNA was observed in the superficial epithelium cells of rabbit cornea. Histochemical staining demonstrated the development of acid mucopolysaccharides and the destruction of reticulin. In the early stages, on rare occasions, giant polykaryocytes with multiple micronuclei were seen. From 1 week after infection, more and more cells became rounded and shrunken. Cytoplasm of these cells might contain DNA diffusely interspersed with RNA. This DNA is probably viral in nature. The nuclei of these cells varied in shape, size, and staining intensity. Nuclear fragments were often observed in the cytoplasm. Stainings for acid mucopolysaccharides were strongly positive in the rounded cells. These cells fused to form syncytia Variable-sized pseudopodialike processes containing DNA and RNA extend from some of the rounded and liquefied cells toward other cells. In the later stages, development of ghost cells was seen. Histochemical methods demonstrated the deposition of acid mucopolysaccharides on their cell membranes. Necrosis was more often present in the late stages. Nuclear debris and deformed cells were encountered in such areas. On the healing of the keratitis, 3 months after inoculation, the cell cytology and staining reactions reverted to normal.
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Ruyechan WT, Morse LS, Knipe DM, Roizman B. Molecular genetics of herpes simplex virus. II. Mapping of the major viral glycoproteins and of the genetic loci specifying the social behavior of infected cells. J Virol 1979; 29:677-97. [PMID: 219254 PMCID: PMC353200 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.29.2.677-697.1979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Academic Contribution Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We have mapped the location in herpes simplex virus (HSV) DNA of (i) three mutations at different loci (syn loci) which alter the social behavior of infected cells from clumping of rounded cells to polykaryocytosis, (ii) a mutation which determines the accumulation of one major glycoprotein [VP8.0(C(2))], and (iii) the sequences encoding four major virus glycoproteins [VP8.0(C(2)), VP7(B(2)), VP8.5(A), and VP19E(D(2))]. The experimental design and results were as follows. (i) Analysis of HSV-1 x HSV-2 recombinants showed that the sequences encoding the VP19E(D(2)) glycoprotein map in the S component, whereas the sequences encoding the other three major glycoproteins are in two locations in the L component of HSV DNA. The templates specifying the HSV-1 and HSV-2 glycoprotein VP8.0(C(2)) appear not to be colinear; we isolated recombinants specifying glycoproteins comigrating in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels with VP8.0(C(2)) of both HSV-1 and HSV-2. (ii) Marker rescue of a ts mutant defective in accumulation of glycoprotein VP7(B(2)) showed that the mutation maps within a region containing the sequences encoding that glycoprotein. (iii) Marker transfer experiments involving transfection of rabbit skin cells with donor HSV-1(F) DNA and fragments from several donor strains causing fusion of Vero or both Vero and HEp-2 cells revealed the existence of three syn loci specifying the social behavior of cells and one locus (Cr) determining the accumulation of glycoprotein VP8.0(C(2)). The Cr locus maps to the right of the template specifying VP8.0(C(2)) glycoprotein. Loci syn 1 and syn 2 map at or near the Cr locus but can be segregated from it. Locus syn 3 maps at or near the template specifying glycoproteins VP7(B(2)) and VP8.5(A). The expression of mutations in the syn 1 and syn 3 loci appear to be cell type dependent, in that recombinants with these mutations fuse Vero cells but not HEp-2 cells. Recipients of the syn 2 locus or of both syn 2 and syn 1 loci fuse both Vero and HEp-2 cells.
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Patzer EJ, Wagner RR, Dubovi EJ. Viral membranes: model systems for studying biological membranes. CRC CRITICAL REVIEWS IN BIOCHEMISTRY 1979; 6:165-217. [PMID: 378533 DOI: 10.3109/10409237909102563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Academic Contribution Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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243
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Chen AB, Ben-Porat T, Whitley RJ, Kaplan AS. Purification and characterization of proteins excreted by cells infected with herpes simplex virus and their use in diagnosis. Virology 1978; 91:234-42. [PMID: 217149 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(78)90372-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Academic Contribution Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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244
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Skinner GR, Williams DR, Buchan A, Whitney J, Harding M, Bodfish K. Preparation and efficacy of an inactivated subunit vaccine (NFUIBHK) against type 2 Herpes simplex virus infection. Med Microbiol Immunol 1978; 166:119-32. [PMID: 214676 DOI: 10.1007/bf02121141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Academic Contribution Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A vaccine against Herpes simplex virus infection was prepared by Nonidet NP 40 and formalin treatment of a type 1, infected-cell extract; virus particles were removed by ultracentrifugation over sucrose. These procedures were not detrimental to the antigenic quality of the vaccine preparation. The vaccine afforded significant protection to experimental type 2 genital herpes virus infection in mice, as adjudged by clinical observations, cytopathological change, and virus yields.
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245
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Marsden HS, Stow ND, Preston VG, Timbury MC, Wilkie NM. Physical mapping of herpes simplex virus-induced polypeptides. J Virol 1978; 28:624-42. [PMID: 214583 PMCID: PMC354310 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.28.2.624-642.1978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Academic Contribution Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Analysis of the polypeptides induced by 29 herpes simplex virus type 1/type 2 intertypic recombinants and correlation of the data with the crossover points in the recombinant DNAs have enabled the map positions of many polypeptides to be deduced. These include 25 polypeptides which label with [35S]methionine, 11 which label with [32P]orthophosphate, and 4 which label with [14C]glucosamine. Together with the data of Preston et al. (J. Virol., in press) on the mapping of five immediate-early polypeptides, the results show that representatives of four groups of proteins--immediate-early, late, phosphorylated, and glycosylated--map in both long and short regions. The functional organization of the herpes simplex virus genome does not therefore restrict any of these four groups to either the long or the short region.
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246
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Cohen GH, Katze M, Hydrean-Stern C, Eisenberg RJ. Type-common CP-1 antigen of herpes simplex virus is associated with a 59,000-molecular-weight envelope glycoprotein. J Virol 1978; 27:172-81. [PMID: 80458 PMCID: PMC354150 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.27.1.172-181.1978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Academic Contribution Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The CP-1 antigen of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is a glycoprotein found in the soluble portion of infected cells, in detergent extracts of infected cell membranes, and in the envelope of purified virus. Antisera were prepared against a further purified form of CP-1 prepared from HSV soluble antigen mix; a glycoprotein, gp52, isolated from detergent-treated infected cells; and detergent extracts of purified virus. Each of the antisera reacted with CP-1 to give a single immunoprecipitin band of identity, and each antiserum neutralized the infectivity of HSV-1 and HSV-2. Our results suggested that the type-common determinants involved in the stimulation of neutralizing antibody resided on a 52,000-molecular-weight (52K) glycoprotein. The envelope of HSV contains several glycoproteins: one component at 59K and a complex of two or three components at 130K, none of which corresponds in molecular weight to gp52. Using the antisera as immunological probes, we performed pulse-chase experiments with [(35)S]methionine-labeled HSV-1-infected cells and followed the disposition of the glycoproteins during the infectious cycle. Each antiserum immunoprecipitated a (35)S-labeled 52K protein from lysates of cells pulse-labeled at 5 h after infection. By 10 h, the label was chased into a 59K protein also precipitable by each of the three antisera. The results suggest that gp52 is a precursor of gp59 and that the latter corresponds in molecular weight to one of the major glycoproteins of the virion envelope.
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247
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Manservigi R, Spear PG, Buchan A. Cell fusion induced by herpes simplex virus is promoted and suppressed by different viral glycoproteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1977; 74:3913-7. [PMID: 198812 PMCID: PMC431783 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.74.9.3913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Academic Contribution Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Some of the factors that regulate membrane fusion resulting in polykaryocyte formationhave been investigated, using the model system of human cells infected with mutants of herpes simplex virus (HSV). One of the mutant viruses used in this study (MP) failed to produce the viral glycoprotein designated C2--a nonlethal defect that has previously been correlated with the polykaryocyte-inducing phenotype of this and other mutant strains (wild-type strains of HSV usually induce the aggregation of infected cells rather than their fusion). The other mutant virus (tsB5), a temperature-sensitive conditional-lethal mutant, failed to produce glycoprotein B2 at non-permissive temperature, whereas the synthesis of all other viral products appeared to be normal. We produced and isolated seven recombinants of MP and tsB5 that expressed both of the parental alterations in glycoprotein synthesis. All of the re-combinant viruses induced the fusion of infected cells at 34 degrees (correlated with the absence of C2 expression) but were unable to cause cell fusion at 39 degrees (correlated with the absence of C2 and of B2 expression), even after infection at multiplicities high enough to ensure that all cells in the cultures synthesized viral macromolecules. These results and studies on the dominance or recessiveness of the fusion-inducing phenotype in mixed infections provide evidence that glycoprotein B2 plays a critical role in the promotion of cell fusion and that glycoprotein C2 can act to suppress fusion.
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248
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Abstract
In cytomegalovirus-infected cells, the rate of protein synthesis was detected as two peaks. One occurred during the early phase of infection, 0 to 36 h postinfection, and the other occurred during the late phase, after the initiation of viral DNA synthesis. Double-isotopic-label difference analysis demonstrated that host and viral proteins were synthesized simultaneously during both phases. In the early phase, approximately 70 to 90% of the total proteins synthesized were host proteins, whereas approximately 10 to 30% were viral, even at a multiplicity of infection of 20 PFU/cell. Virus-related proteins or glycoproteins were referred to as infected-cell specific (ICS). Two ICS glycoproteins (gp145 and 100) were clearly detectable and were synthesized preferentially in the early phase of infection. Their synthesis was concomitant with stimulation of the protein synthesis rate. In the late phase of infection, approximately 50 to 60% of the total protein synthesis was viral and approximately 40 to 50% was host. The ICS proteins and glycoproteins detected during the late phase of infection were viral structural proteins. Infectious virus was not detectable until 48 to 72 h postinfection. An inhibitor of viral DNA synthesis, phosphonoacetic acid, prevented the appearance of the late-phase ICS proteins and glycoproteins, but there was little or no effect on early ICS glycoprotein synthesis. Radiolabeled ICS proteins and glycoproteins were identified by their relative rates of synthesis, by their different electrophoretic mobilities compared with those of host proteins and host glycoproteins, and by their similar electrophoretic mobilities compared to those of proteins and glycoproteins associated with virions and dense bodies of cytomegalovirus. Structural viral antigens in the infected-cell extracts were removed by immunoprecipitation, using F(ab')(2) fragments of cytomegalovirus-specific antibodies, and identified as described above. The last two criteria were used to identify viral structural ICS proteins and glycoproteins. Although approximately 35 structural proteins were found to be associated with purified virions and dense bodies, the continued synthesis of host cell proteins complicated their identification in infected cells. Nevertheless, seven of the nine structural glycoproteins were identified as ICS glycoproteins.
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249
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Abstract
Phosphonoacetic acid (PAA) inhibited the synthesis of herpes simplex virus DNA in infected cells and the activity of the virus-specific DNA polymerase in vitro. In the presence of concentrations of PAA sufficient to prevent virus growth and virus DNA synthesis, normal amounts of early virus proteins (alpha- and beta-groups) were made, but late virus proteins (gamma-group) were reduced to less than 15% of amounts made in untreated infected cells. This residual PAA-insensitive synthesis of gamma-polypeptides occurred early in the virus growth cycle when rates were identical in PAA-treated and untreated infected cells. Passage of virus in the presence of PAA resulted in selection of mutants resistant to the drug. Stable clones of mutant viruses with a range of drug sensitivities were isolated and the emergence of variants resistant to high concentrations of PAA involved the sequential selection of mutants progressively better adapted to growth in the presence of the drug. Increased drug resistance of virus yield or plaque formation was correlated with increased resistance of virus DNA synthesis, gamma-protein synthesis, and resistance of the virus DNA polymerase reaction in vitro to the inhibitory effects of the drug. PAA-resistant strains of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) complemented the growth of sensitive strains of homologous and heterologous types in mixed infections in the presence of the drug. Complementation was markedly dependent upon the proportions of the resistant and sensitive partners participating in the mixed infection. Intratypic (HSV-1A X HSV-1B) recombination of the PAA resistance marker(s), Pr, occurred at high frequency relative to plaque morphology (syn) and bromodeoxyuridine resistance (Br, thymidine kinase-negative phenotype) markers, with the most likely order being syn-Br-Pr. Recombinant viruses were as resistant or sensitive to PAA as the parental viruses, and viruses recombinant for their PAA resistance phenotype were also recombinant for the PAA resistance character of the virus DNA polymerase. The results provide additional evidence that the herpesvirus DNA polymerase is the site of action of PAA and illustrate the potential usefulness of PAA-resistant mutants in genetic studies of herpesviruses.
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250
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Levitan DB, Blough HA. Preliminary biochemical characterization of the factors(s) responsible for herpesvirus-induced exogenous fusion. J Virol 1976; 18:1081-7. [PMID: 178914 PMCID: PMC354807 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.18.3.1081-1087.1976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Academic Contribution Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-free extracts prepared from herpes simplex virus-infected BHK-21 cells rapidly induced exogenous fusion when incubated with indicator monolayers of uninfected BHK-21 cells. Fusion was first observed at 1 h, and peak activity was reached by 4 h. Divalent cations were required for activity. Inhibition of indicator cell macromolecular synthesis, with metabolic inhibitors, failed to prevent formation of cell-free extract-induced polykaryocytes. Removal of virus particles from the cell-free extract by velocity sedimentation centrifugation did not affect cell-free extract exogenous fusion activity. Studies using molecular probes, namely, glycosidases, lectins, and antiserum (directed against either HSV envelope or capsid proteins), suggest that the factor(s) responsible for herpesvirus fusion is a fucosylated glycoprotein that is not a structural component of the virion.
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