201
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Chronomedicine: a necessary concept to manage human diseases. Sleep Med Rev 2015; 21:1-2. [PMID: 25698344 DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2015.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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202
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Vicario CM, Gulisano M, Martino D, Rizzo R. Timing recalibration in childhood Tourette syndrome associated with persistent pimozide treatment. J Neuropsychol 2015; 10:211-22. [PMID: 25705969 DOI: 10.1111/jnp.12064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Revised: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we have tested the effects of the dopamine D2 receptor blocker pimozide on timing performance in patients with Tourette syndrome (TS). Nine children with TS were tested off-medication and following 3 months of daily treatment with pimozide. Subjects completed a time reproduction and a time production task using supra-second temporal intervals. We show that pimozide improves motor timing performance by reducing the patients' variability in reproducing the duration of visual stimuli. On the other hand, this medication has no effect on the reproduction accuracy and on both variability and accuracy of the performance on the time production task. Our results suggest that pimozide might have improved motor timing variability as a result of its beneficial side effect on endogenous dopamine levels (i.e., normalization).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mariangela Gulisano
- Section of Child Neuropsychiatry, Department of Medical and Pediatric Science, Catania University, Catania, Italy
| | - Davide Martino
- Department of Neurology, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,Department of Neurology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Lewisham & Greenwich NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Renata Rizzo
- Section of Child Neuropsychiatry, Department of Medical and Pediatric Science, Catania University, Catania, Italy
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203
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Marshall AT, Kirkpatrick K. Everywhere and everything: The power and ubiquity of time. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2015; 28:http://escholarship.org/uc/item/8hg831n3. [PMID: 28392622 PMCID: PMC5382961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Anticipatory timing plays a critical role in many aspects of human and non-human animal behavior. Timing has been consistently observed in the range of milliseconds to hours, and demonstrates a powerful influence on the organization of behavior. Anticipatory timing is acquired early in associative learning and appears to guide association formation in important ways. Importantly, timing participates in regulating goal-directed behaviors in many schedules of reinforcements, and plays a critical role in value-based decision making under concurrent schedules. In addition to playing a key role in fundamental learning processes, timing often dominates when temporal cues are available concurrently with other stimulus dimensions. Such control by the passage of time has even been observed when other cues provide more accurate information and can lead to sub-optimal behaviors. The dominance of temporal cues in governing anticipatory behavior suggests that time may be inherently more salient than many other stimulus dimensions. Discussions of the interface of the timing system with other cognitive processes are provided to demonstrate the powerful and primitive nature of time as a stimulus dimension.
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204
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Hasegawa T, Sakata S. A model of multisecond timing behaviour under peak-interval procedures. J Comput Neurosci 2014; 38:301-13. [DOI: 10.1007/s10827-014-0542-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Revised: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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205
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Cai ZG, Connell L. Space-time interdependence: evidence against asymmetric mapping between time and space. Cognition 2014; 136:268-81. [PMID: 25506776 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2014.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2012] [Revised: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Time and space are intimately related, but what is the real nature of this relationship? Is time mapped metaphorically onto space such that effects are always asymmetric (i.e., space affects time more than time affects space)? Or do the two domains share a common representational format and have the ability to influence each other in a flexible manner (i.e., time can sometimes affect space more than vice versa)? In three experiments, we examined whether spatial representations from haptic perception, a modality of relatively low spatial acuity, would lead the effect of time on space to be substantially stronger than the effect of space on time. Participants touched (but could not see) physical sticks while listening to an auditory note, and then reproduced either the length of the stick or the duration of the note. Judgements of length were affected by concurrent stimulus duration, but not vice versa. When participants were allowed to see as well as touch the sticks, however, the higher acuity of visuohaptic perception caused the effects to converge so length and duration influenced each other to a similar extent. These findings run counter to the spatial metaphor account of time, and rather support the spatial representation account in which time and space share a common representational format and the directionality of space-time interaction depends on the perceptual acuity of the modality used to perceive space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenguang G Cai
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University College London, United Kingdom; School of Psychology, University of Plymouth, United Kingdom; School of Psychological Sciences, University of Manchester, United Kingdom.
| | - Louise Connell
- Department of Psychology, Lancaster University, United Kingdom; School of Psychological Sciences, University of Manchester, United Kingdom.
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206
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Teki S, Griffiths TD. Working memory for time intervals in auditory rhythmic sequences. Front Psychol 2014; 5:1329. [PMID: 25477849 PMCID: PMC4237036 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain can hold information about multiple objects in working memory. It is not known, however, whether intervals of time can be stored in memory as distinct items. Here, we developed a novel paradigm to examine temporal memory where listeners were required to reproduce the duration of a single probed interval from a sequence of intervals. We demonstrate that memory performance significantly varies as a function of temporal structure (better memory in regular vs. irregular sequences), interval size (better memory for sub- vs. supra-second intervals), and memory load (poor memory for higher load). In contrast memory performance is invariant to attentional cueing. Our data represent the first systematic investigation of temporal memory in sequences that goes beyond previous work based on single intervals. The results support the emerging hypothesis that time intervals are allocated a working memory resource that varies with the amount of other temporal information in a sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sundeep Teki
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, University College LondonLondon, UK
- Auditory Cognition Group, Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle UniversityNewcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Laboratoire des Systemes Perceptifs, CNRS UMR 8248, Departement d’Etudes CognitivesEcole Normale Superiere, Paris, France
| | - Timothy D. Griffiths
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, University College LondonLondon, UK
- Auditory Cognition Group, Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle UniversityNewcastle upon Tyne, UK
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207
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Tomasi D, Wang GJ, Studentsova Y, Volkow ND. Dissecting Neural Responses to Temporal Prediction, Attention, and Memory: Effects of Reward Learning and Interoception on Time Perception. Cereb Cortex 2014; 25:3856-67. [PMID: 25389123 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhu269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Temporal prediction (TP) is needed to anticipate future events and is essential for survival. Our sense of time is modulated by emotional and interoceptive (corporal) states that are hypothesized to rely on a dopamine (DA)-modulated "internal clock" in the basal ganglia. However, the neurobiological substrates for TP in the human brain have not been identified. We tested the hypothesis that TP involves DA striato-cortical pathways, and that accurate responses are reinforcing in themselves and activate the nucleus accumbens (NAc). Functional magnetic resonance imaging revealed the involvement of the NAc and anterior insula in the temporal precision of the responses, and of the ventral tegmental area in error processing. Moreover, NAc showed higher activation for successful than for unsuccessful trials, indicating that accurate TP per se is rewarding. Inasmuch as activation of the NAc is associated with drug-induced addictive behaviors, its activation by accurate TP could help explain why video games that rely on TP can trigger compulsive behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dardo Tomasi
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Gene-Jack Wang
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yana Studentsova
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Nora D Volkow
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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208
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Gu BM, van Rijn H, Meck WH. Oscillatory multiplexing of neural population codes for interval timing and working memory. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2014; 48:160-85. [PMID: 25454354 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2014] [Revised: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Interval timing and working memory are critical components of cognition that are supported by neural oscillations in prefrontal-striatal-hippocampal circuits. In this review, the properties of interval timing and working memory are explored in terms of behavioral, anatomical, pharmacological, and neurophysiological findings. We then describe the various neurobiological theories that have been developed to explain these cognitive processes - largely independent of each other. Following this, a coupled excitatory - inhibitory oscillation (EIO) model of temporal processing is proposed to address the shared oscillatory properties of interval timing and working memory. Using this integrative approach, we describe a hybrid model explaining how interval timing and working memory can originate from the same oscillatory processes, but differ in terms of which dimension of the neural oscillation is utilized for the extraction of item, temporal order, and duration information. This extension of the striatal beat-frequency (SBF) model of interval timing (Matell and Meck, 2000, 2004) is based on prefrontal-striatal-hippocampal circuit dynamics and has direct relevance to the pathophysiological distortions observed in time perception and working memory in a variety of psychiatric and neurological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bon-Mi Gu
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Hedderik van Rijn
- Department of Psychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Warren H Meck
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
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209
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Ravignani A, Bowling DL, Fitch WT. Chorusing, synchrony, and the evolutionary functions of rhythm. Front Psychol 2014; 5:1118. [PMID: 25346705 PMCID: PMC4193405 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A central goal of biomusicology is to understand the biological basis of human musicality. One approach to this problem has been to compare core components of human musicality (relative pitch perception, entrainment, etc.) with similar capacities in other animal species. Here we extend and clarify this comparative approach with respect to rhythm. First, whereas most comparisons between human music and animal acoustic behavior have focused on spectral properties (melody and harmony), we argue for the central importance of temporal properties, and propose that this domain is ripe for further comparative research. Second, whereas most rhythm research in non-human animals has examined animal timing in isolation, we consider how chorusing dynamics can shape individual timing, as in human music and dance, arguing that group behavior is key to understanding the adaptive functions of rhythm. To illustrate the interdependence between individual and chorusing dynamics, we present a computational model of chorusing agents relating individual call timing with synchronous group behavior. Third, we distinguish and clarify mechanistic and functional explanations of rhythmic phenomena, often conflated in the literature, arguing that this distinction is key for understanding the evolution of musicality. Fourth, we expand biomusicological discussions beyond the species typically considered, providing an overview of chorusing and rhythmic behavior across a broad range of taxa (orthopterans, fireflies, frogs, birds, and primates). Finally, we propose an "Evolving Signal Timing" hypothesis, suggesting that similarities between timing abilities in biological species will be based on comparable chorusing behaviors. We conclude that the comparative study of chorusing species can provide important insights into the adaptive function(s) of rhythmic behavior in our "proto-musical" primate ancestors, and thus inform our understanding of the biology and evolution of rhythm in human music and language.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Ravignani
- Department of Cognitive Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna Austria
| | - Daniel L Bowling
- Department of Cognitive Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna Austria
| | - W Tecumseh Fitch
- Department of Cognitive Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna Austria
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210
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Muller T, Nobre AC. Perceiving the passage of time: neural possibilities. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2014; 1326:60-71. [PMID: 25257798 PMCID: PMC4336553 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Revised: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Although the study of time has been central to physics and philosophy for millennia, questions of how time is represented in the brain and how this representation is related to time perception have only recently started to be addressed. Emerging evidence subtly yet profoundly challenges our intuitive notions of time over short scales, offering insight into the nature of the brain's representation of time. Numerous different models, specified at the neural level, of how the brain may keep track of time have been proposed. These models differ in various ways, such as whether time is represented by a centralized or distributed neural system, or whether there are neural systems dedicated to the problem of timing. This paper reviews the insight offered by behavioral experiments and how these experiments refute and guide some of the various models of the brain's representation of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Muller
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Oxford Centre for Human Brain Activity, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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211
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van Rijn H. It's time to take the psychology of biological time into account: speed of driving affects a trip's subjective duration. Front Psychol 2014; 5:1028. [PMID: 25278918 PMCID: PMC4165223 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hedderik van Rijn
- Experimental Psychology, University of Groningen Groningen, Netherlands
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212
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Affiliation(s)
- Sundeep Teki
- Auditory Cognition Group, Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, University College London London, UK ; Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
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213
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Block RA, Grondin S. Timing and time perception: A selective review and commentary on recent reviews. Front Psychol 2014; 5:648. [PMID: 25120497 PMCID: PMC4114294 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Richard A. Block
- Department of Psychology, Montana State UniversityBozeman, MT, USA
| | - Simon Grondin
- École de psychologie, Université LavalQuébec City, QC, Canada
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214
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Matthews WJ, Meck WH. Time perception: the bad news and the good. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. COGNITIVE SCIENCE 2014; 5:429-446. [PMID: 25210578 PMCID: PMC4142010 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.1298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 04/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Time perception is fundamental and heavily researched, but the field faces a number of obstacles to theoretical progress. In this advanced review, we focus on three pieces of 'bad news' for time perception research: temporal perception is highly labile across changes in experimental context and task; there are pronounced individual differences not just in overall performance but in the use of different timing strategies and the effect of key variables; and laboratory studies typically bear little relation to timing in the 'real world'. We describe recent examples of these issues and in each case offer some 'good news' by showing how new research is addressing these challenges to provide rich insights into the neural and information-processing bases of timing and time perception. WIREs Cogn Sci 2014, 5:429-446. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1298 This article is categorized under: Psychology > Perception and Psychophysics Neuroscience > Cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Warren H Meck
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke UniversityDurham, NC, USA
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215
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García-Pérez MA. Does time ever fly or slow down? The difficult interpretation of psychophysical data on time perception. Front Hum Neurosci 2014; 8:415. [PMID: 24959133 PMCID: PMC4051264 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Time perception is studied with subjective or semi-objective psychophysical methods. With subjective methods, observers provide quantitative estimates of duration and data depict the psychophysical function relating subjective duration to objective duration. With semi-objective methods, observers provide categorical or comparative judgments of duration and data depict the psychometric function relating the probability of a certain judgment to objective duration. Both approaches are used to study whether subjective and objective time run at the same pace or whether time flies or slows down under certain conditions. We analyze theoretical aspects affecting the interpretation of data gathered with the most widely used semi-objective methods, including single-presentation and paired-comparison methods. For this purpose, a formal model of psychophysical performance is used in which subjective duration is represented via a psychophysical function and the scalar property. This provides the timing component of the model, which is invariant across methods. A decisional component that varies across methods reflects how observers use subjective durations to make judgments and give the responses requested under each method. Application of the model shows that psychometric functions in single-presentation methods are uninterpretable because the various influences on observed performance are inextricably confounded in the data. In contrast, data gathered with paired-comparison methods permit separating out those influences. Prevalent approaches to fitting psychometric functions to data are also discussed and shown to be inconsistent with widely accepted principles of time perception, implicitly assuming instead that subjective time equals objective time and that observed differences across conditions do not reflect differences in perceived duration but criterion shifts. These analyses prompt evidence-based recommendations for best methodological practice in studies on time perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A. García-Pérez
- Departamento de Metodología, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad ComplutenseMadrid, Spain
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216
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Lake JI, LaBar KS, Meck WH. Hear it playing low and slow: how pitch level differentially influences time perception. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2014; 149:169-77. [PMID: 24746941 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2014.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2013] [Revised: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Variations in both pitch and time are important in conveying meaning through speech and music, however, research is scant on perceptual interactions between these two domains. Using an ordinal comparison procedure, we explored how different pitch levels of flanker tones influenced the perceived duration of empty interstimulus intervals (ISIs). Participants heard monotonic, isochronous tone sequences (ISIs of 300, 600, or 1200 ms) composed of either one or five standard ISIs flanked by 500 Hz tones, followed by a final interval (FI) flanked by tones of either the same (500 Hz), higher (625 Hz), or lower (400 Hz) pitch. The FI varied in duration around the standard ISI duration. Participants were asked to determine if the FI was longer or shorter in duration than the preceding intervals. We found that an increase in FI flanker tone pitch level led to the underestimation of FI durations while a decrease in FI flanker tone pitch led to the overestimation of FI durations. The magnitude of these pitch-level effects decreased as the duration of the standard interval was increased, suggesting that the effect was driven by differences in mode-switch latencies to start/stop timing. Temporal context (One vs. Five Standard ISIs) did not have a consistent effect on performance. We propose that the interaction between pitch and time may have important consequences in understanding the ways in which meaning and emotion are communicated.
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217
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Fast transfer of crossmodal time interval training. Exp Brain Res 2014; 232:1855-64. [PMID: 24570386 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-014-3877-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Sub-second time perception is essential for many important sensory and perceptual tasks including speech perception, motion perception, motor coordination, and crossmodal interaction. This study investigates to what extent the ability to discriminate sub-second time intervals acquired in one sensory modality can be transferred to another modality. To this end, we used perceptual classification of visual Ternus display (Ternus in Psychol Forsch 7:81-136, 1926) to implicitly measure participants' interval perception in pre- and posttests and implemented an intra- or crossmodal sub-second interval discrimination training protocol in between the tests. The Ternus display elicited either an "element motion" or a "group motion" percept, depending on the inter-stimulus interval between the two visual frames. The training protocol required participants to explicitly compare the interval length between a pair of visual, auditory, or tactile stimuli with a standard interval or to implicitly perceive the length of visual, auditory, or tactile intervals by completing a non-temporal task (discrimination of auditory pitch or tactile intensity). Results showed that after fast explicit training of interval discrimination (about 15 min), participants improved their ability to categorize the visual apparent motion in Ternus displays, although the training benefits were mild for visual timing training. However, the benefits were absent for implicit interval training protocols. This finding suggests that the timing ability in one modality can be rapidly acquired and used to improve timing-related performance in another modality and that there may exist a central clock for sub-second temporal processing, although modality-specific perceptual properties may constrain the functioning of this clock.
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218
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Tucci V, Buhusi CV, Gallistel R, Meck WH. Towards an integrated understanding of the biology of timing. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2014; 369:20120470. [PMID: 24446503 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2012.0470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Valter Tucci
- Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, , via Morego, 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
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219
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Yin B, Meck WH. Comparison of interval timing behaviour in mice following dorsal or ventral hippocampal lesions with mice having δ-opioid receptor gene deletion. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2014; 369:20120466. [PMID: 24446500 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2012.0466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mice with cytotoxic lesions of the dorsal hippocampus (DH) underestimated 15 s and 45 s target durations in a bi-peak procedure as evidenced by proportional leftward shifts of the peak functions that emerged during training as a result of decreases in both 'start' and 'stop' times. In contrast, mice with lesions of the ventral hippocampus (VH) displayed rightward shifts that were immediately present and were largely limited to increases in the 'stop' time for the 45 s target duration. Moreover, the effects of the DH lesions were congruent with the scalar property of interval timing in that the 15 s and 45 s functions superimposed when plotted on a relative timescale, whereas the effects of the VH lesions violated the scalar property. Mice with DH lesions also showed enhanced reversal learning in comparison to control and VH lesioned mice. These results are compared with the timing distortions observed in mice lacking δ-opioid receptors (Oprd1(-/-)) which were similar to mice with DH lesions. Taken together, these results suggest a balance between hippocampal-striatal interactions for interval timing and demonstrate possible functional dissociations along the septotemporal axis of the hippocampus in terms of motivation, timed response thresholds and encoding in temporal memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Yin
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, , Durham, NC 27708, USA
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220
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Aagten-Murphy D, Iversen J, Williams C, Meck W. Novel Inversions in Auditory Sequences Provide Evidence for Spontaneous Subtraction of Time and Number. TIMING & TIME PERCEPTION 2014. [DOI: 10.1163/22134468-00002028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Animals, including fish, birds, rodents, non-human primates, and pre-verbal infants are able to discriminate the duration and number of events without the use of language. In this paper, we present the results of six experiments exploring the capability of adult rats to count 2–6 sequentially presented white-noise stimuli. The investigation focuses on the animal’s ability to exhibit spontaneous subtraction following the presentation of novel stimulus inversions in the auditory signals being counted. Results suggest that a subtraction operation between two opposite sensory representations may be a general processing strategy used for the comparison of stimulus magnitudes. These findings are discussed within the context of a mode-control model of timing and counting that relies on an analog temporal-integration process for the addition and subtraction of sequential events.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Aagten-Murphy
- Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Münich, Germany
| | - John R. Iversen
- Swartz Center for Computational Neuroscience and Institute for Neural Computation, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Warren H. Meck
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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221
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Heilbronner SR, Meck WH. Dissociations between interval timing and intertemporal choice following administration of fluoxetine, cocaine, or methamphetamine. Behav Processes 2014; 101:123-34. [PMID: 24135569 PMCID: PMC4081038 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2013.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Revised: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The goal of our study was to characterize the relationship between intertemporal choice and interval timing, including determining how drugs that modulate brain serotonin and dopamine levels influence these two processes. In Experiment 1, rats were tested on a standard 40-s peak-interval procedure following administration of fluoxetine (3, 5, or 8 mg/kg) or vehicle to assess basic effects on interval timing. In Experiment 2, rats were tested in a novel behavioral paradigm intended to simultaneously examine interval timing and impulsivity. Rats performed a variant of the bi-peak procedure using 10-s and 40-s target durations with an additional "defection" lever that provided the possibility of a small, immediate reward. Timing functions remained relatively intact, and 'patience' across subjects correlated with peak times, indicating a negative relationship between 'patience' and clock speed. We next examined the effects of fluoxetine (5 mg/kg), cocaine (15 mg/kg), or methamphetamine (1 mg/kg) on task performance. Fluoxetine reduced impulsivity as measured by defection time without corresponding changes in clock speed. In contrast, cocaine and methamphetamine both increased impulsivity and clock speed. Thus, variations in timing may mediate intertemporal choice via dopaminergic inputs. However, a separate, serotonergic system can affect intertemporal choice without affecting interval timing directly. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Associative and Temporal Learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah R Heilbronner
- Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Warren H Meck
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
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222
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Abstract
Our interaction with the environment and each other is inherently time-varying in nature. It is thus not surprising that the nervous systems of animals have evolved sophisticated mechanisms to not only tell time, but to learn to discriminate and produce temporal patterns. Indeed some of the most sophisticated human behaviors, such as speech and music, would not exist if the human brain was unable to learn to discriminate and produce temporal patterns. Compared to the study of other forms of learning, such as visual perceptual learning, the study of the learning of interval and temporal pattern discrimination in the subsecond range is relatively recent. A growing number of studies over the past 15 years, however, have established that perceptual and motor timing undergo robust learning. One of the principles to have emerged from these studies is that temporal learning is generally specific to the trained interval, an observation that has important implications to the neural mechanisms underlying our ability to tell time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenica Bueti
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Dean V. Buonomano
- Departments of Neurobiology and Psychology, Brain Research Institute, and Integrative Center for Learning and Memory, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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223
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Dedicated clock/timing-circuit theories of time perception and timed performance. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 829:75-99. [PMID: 25358706 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1782-2_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Scalar Timing Theory (an information-processing version of Scalar Expectancy Theory) and its evolution into the neurobiologically plausible Striatal Beat-Frequency (SBF) theory of interval timing are reviewed. These pacemaker/accumulator or oscillation/coincidence detection models are then integrated with the Adaptive Control of Thought-Rational (ACT-R) cognitive architecture as dedicated timing modules that are able to make use of the memory and decision-making mechanisms contained in ACT-R. The different predictions made by the incorporation of these timing modules into ACT-R are discussed as well as the potential limitations. Novel implementations of the original SBF model that allow it to be incorporated into ACT-R in a more fundamental fashion than the earlier simulations of Scalar Timing Theory are also considered in conjunction with the proposed properties and neural correlates of the "internal clock".
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224
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Wiener M. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Studies of Human Time Perception: A Primer. TIMING & TIME PERCEPTION 2014. [DOI: 10.1163/22134468-00002022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The study of the neural basis of time perception has seen a resurgence of interest within the past decade. A variety of these studies have included the use of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), a noninvasive technique for stimulating discrete regions of the surface of the brain. Here, the results of these studies are reviewed and their conclusions are interpreted within a context-dependent framework. However, the use of TMS as an investigatory technique has much unexplored potential that may be particularly beneficial to the study of time perception. As such, considerations are made regarding the design of TMS studies of time perception and future directions are outlined that may be utilized to further elucidate the neural basis of timing in the human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Wiener
- Department of Psychology, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
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225
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Shi Z, Church RM, Meck WH. Bayesian optimization of time perception. Trends Cogn Sci 2013; 17:556-64. [PMID: 24139486 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2013.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Revised: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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226
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Abstract
In 1984, there was considerable evidence that the hippocampus was important for spatial learning and some evidence that it was also involved in duration discrimination. The article "Hippocampus, Time, and Memory" (Meck, Church, & Olton, 1984), however, was the first to isolate the effects of hippocampal damage on specific stages of temporal processing. In this review, to celebrate the 30th anniversary of Behavioral Neuroscience, we look back on factors that contributed to the long-lasting influence of this article. The major results were that a fimbria-fornix lesion (a) interferes with the ability to retain information in temporal working memory, and (b) distorts the content of temporal reference memory, but (c) did not decrease sensitivity to signal duration. This was the first lesion experiment in which the results were interpreted by a well-developed theory of behavior (scalar timing theory). It has led to extensive research on the role of the hippocampus in temporal processing by many investigators. The most important ones are the development of computational models with plausible neural mechanisms (such as the striatal beat-frequency model of interval timing), the use of multiple behavioral measures of timing, and empirical research on the neural mechanisms of timing and temporal memory using ensemble recording of neurons in prefrontal-striatal-hippocampal circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warren H. Meck
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University
| | - Russell M. Church
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistic, and Psychological Sciences,
Brown University
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