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Identification of lipolytic enzymes isolated from bacteria indigenous to Eucalyptus wood species for application in the pulping industry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 15:114-124. [PMID: 28794998 PMCID: PMC5545822 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Phenol red screening plates is the best method for detecting lipolytic activity. Substrate specificity is affected by temperature and pH. Essential to test substrates at various pH and temperature to determine optima. Lipolytic enzymes indigenous to Eucalyptus sp. can assist in pitch control.
This study highlights the importance of determining substrate specificity at variable experimental conditions. Lipases and esterases were isolated from microorganisms cultivated from Eucalyptus wood species and then concentrated (cellulases removed) and characterized. Phenol red agar plates supplemented with 1% olive oil or tributyrin was ascertained to be the most favourable method of screening for lipolytic activity. Lipolytic activity of the various enzymes were highest at 45–61 U/ml at the optimum temperature and pH of between at 30–35 °C and pH 4–5, respectively. Change in pH influenced the substrate specificity of the enzymes tested. The majority of enzymes tested displayed a propensity for longer aliphatic acyl chains such as dodecanoate (C12), myristate (C14), palmitate (C16) and stearate (C18) indicating that they could be characterised as potential lipases. Prospective esterases were also detected with specificity towards acetate (C2), butyrate (C4) and valerate (C5). Enzymes maintained up to 95% activity at the optimal pH and temperature for 2–3 h. It is essential to test substrates at various pH and temperature when determining optimum activity of lipolytic enzymes, a method rarely employed. The stability of the enzymes at acidic pH and moderate temperatures makes them excellent candidates for application in the treatment of pitch during acid bi-sulphite pulping, which would greatly benefit the pulp and paper industry.
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202
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Payal D, Prateek K, Munendra K, Renu S, Monisha KK. Purification and molecular characterization of chitinases from soil actinomycetes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.5897/ajmr2017.8612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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203
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Nounou MI, Zaghloul TI, Ahmed NA, Eid AA, El-Khordagui LK. Skin permeability enhancement by Bacillus subtilis alkaline protease: Application to transdermal drug delivery. Int J Pharm 2017; 529:423-432. [PMID: 28711639 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.06.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Enzymes may offer great potentials in topical pharmaceutical applications provided that treatment conditions are controlled for efficacy and safety. In this study, the effect of alkaline protease produced by recombinant Bacillus subtilis cells on the ex-vivo permeability of rabbit ear skin was investigated under different conditions of enzyme activity (5-60 units) and exposure time (15-60min). Data for transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and permeation of a hydrophilic dye, rhodamine B (Rb), indicated biphasic activity-dependent and exposure time-dependent skin permeability. Maximum effects were obtained at 20 proteolytic units and 30min exposure. Findings proved consistent with histopathological changes indicating progressive stratum corneum (SC) loss and disruption of the dermo-epidermal junction at 20 units and up to 30min exposure time followed by dermal hyalinization at longer exposure. This was associated with progressive loss of skin hair. Applying the identified pretreatment conditions to transdermal delivery of vardenafil in a gel base across dorsal rat skin indicated a significant increase in plasma levels at 30 and 60min with minimal histopathological changes 5days post enzyme treatment. Accordingly, the recombinant B. subtilis alkaline protease offers promise as a pharmaceutical enzyme for transdermal drug delivery bioenhancement and dermatological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed I Nounou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Joseph University of Saint (USJ), Hartford, CT 06103 USA; Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21521, Egypt.
| | - Taha I Zaghloul
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Graduate Studies and Research (IGSR), Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21526, Egypt
| | - Nehal A Ahmed
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Graduate Studies and Research (IGSR), Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21526, Egypt
| | - Amira A Eid
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Andrology, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, 21521, Egypt
| | - Labiba K El-Khordagui
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21521, Egypt
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204
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Pai PP, Dattatreya RK, Mondal S. Ensemble Architecture for Prediction of Enzyme‐ligand Binding Residues Using Evolutionary Information. Mol Inform 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/minf.201700021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Priyadarshini P. Pai
- Department of Biological SciencesBirla Institute of Technology and Science-Pilani, K.K. Birla Goa Campus. Near NH17 Bypass Road Zuarinagar, Goa India
| | - Rohit Kadam Dattatreya
- Department of EconomicsBirla Institute of Technology and Science-Pilani, K.K. Birla Goa Campus. Near NH17 Bypass Road Zuarinagar, Goa India, PIN: 403726
| | - Sukanta Mondal
- Department of Biological SciencesBirla Institute of Technology and Science-Pilani, K.K. Birla Goa Campus. Near NH17 Bypass Road Zuarinagar, Goa India
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205
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Khan M, Sathya TA. Extremozymes from metagenome: Potential applications in food processing. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 58:2017-2025. [PMID: 28605203 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2017.1296408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The long-established use of enzymes for food processing and product formulation has resulted in an increased enzyme market compounding to 7.0% annual growth rate. Advancements in molecular biology and recognition that enzymes with specific properties have application for industrial production of infant, baby and functional foods boosted research toward sourcing the genes of microorganisms for enzymes with distinctive properties. In this regard, functional metagenomics for extremozymes has gained attention on the premise that such enzymes can catalyze specific reactions. Hence, metagenomics that can isolate functional genes of unculturable extremophilic microorganisms has expanded attention as a promising tool. Developments in this field of research in relation to food sector are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahejibin Khan
- a CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute-Resource Centre Lucknow , India.,c Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research , New Delhi , India
| | - T A Sathya
- b CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute , Mysore , India.,c Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research , New Delhi , India
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206
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Zore OV, Pande P, Okifo O, Basu AK, Kasi RM, Kumar CV. Nanoarmoring: strategies for preparation of multi-catalytic enzyme polymer conjugates and enhancement of high temperature biocatalysis. RSC Adv 2017; 7:29563-29574. [PMID: 29403641 PMCID: PMC5796544 DOI: 10.1039/c7ra05666d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
We report a general and modular approach for the synthesis of multi enzyme-polymer conjugates (MECs) consisting of five different enzymes of diverse isoelectric points and distinct catalytic properties conjugated within a single universal polymer scaffold. The five model enzymes chosen include glucose oxidase (GOx), acid phosphatase (AP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and lipase (Lip). Poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) is used as the model synthetic polymer scaffold that will covalently conjugate and stabilize multiple enzymes concurrently. Parallel and sequential synthetic protocols are used to synthesise MECs, 5-P and 5-S, respectively. Also, five different single enzyme-PAA conjugates (SECs) including GOx-PAA, AP-PAA, LDH-PAA, HRP-PAA and Lip-PAA are synthesized. The composition, structure and morphology of MECs and SECs are confirmed by agarose gel electrophoresis, dynamic light scattering, circular dichroism spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The bioreactor comprising MEC functions as a single biocatalyst can carry out at least five different or orthogonal catalytic reactions by virtue of the five stabilized enzymes, which has never been achieved to-date. Using activity assays relevant for each of the enzymes, for example AP, the specific activity of AP at room temperature and 7.4 pH in PB is determined and set at 100%. Interestingly, MECs 5-P and 5-S show specific activities of 1800% and 600%, respectively, compared to 100% specific activity of AP at room temperature (RT). The catalytic efficiencies of 5-P and 5-S are 1.55 × 10-3 and 1.68 × 10-3, respectively, compared to 9.11 × 10-5 for AP under similar RT conditions. Similarly, AP relevant catalytic activities of 5-P and 5-S at 65 °C show 100 and 300%, respectively, relative to native AP activity at RT as the native AP is catalytically inactive at 65 °C The catalytic activity trends suggest: (1) MECs show enhanced catalytic activities compared to native enzymes under similar assay conditions and (2) 5-S is better suited for high temperature biocatalysis, while both 5-S and 5-P are suitable for room temperature biocatalysis. Initial cytotoxicity results show that these MECs are non-lethal to human cells including human embryonic kidney [HEK] cells when treated with doses of 0.01 mg mL-1 for 72 h. This cytotoxicity data is relevant for future biological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omkar V. Zore
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut Storrs, CT 06269-3060, USA
- Institute of Materials Science, U-3136, University of Connecticut Storrs, CT 06269-3069, USA
| | - Paritosh Pande
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut Storrs, CT 06269-3060, USA
| | | | - Ashis K. Basu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut Storrs, CT 06269-3060, USA
| | - Rajeswari M. Kasi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut Storrs, CT 06269-3060, USA
- Institute of Materials Science, U-3136, University of Connecticut Storrs, CT 06269-3069, USA
| | - Challa V. Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut Storrs, CT 06269-3060, USA
- Institute of Materials Science, U-3136, University of Connecticut Storrs, CT 06269-3069, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Storrs, CT 06269-3125, USA
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207
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Abstract
We report here the draft genome sequence of the lipolytic yeast Candida aaseri SH-14, isolated from the compost of oil palm empty fruit bunches, and the identification of eight putative lipase genes. This genome information will provide the opportunity to produce potential lipases for a variety of industrial applications.
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208
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Carrasco M, Alcaíno J, Cifuentes V, Baeza M. Purification and characterization of a novel cold adapted fungal glucoamylase. Microb Cell Fact 2017; 16:75. [PMID: 28464820 PMCID: PMC5414198 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-017-0693-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Amylases are used in various industrial processes and a key requirement for the efficiency of these processes is the use of enzymes with high catalytic activity at ambient temperature. Unfortunately, most amylases isolated from bacteria and filamentous fungi have optimal activity above 45 °C and low pH. For example, the most commonly used industrial glucoamylases, a type of amylase that degrades starch to glucose, are produced by Aspergillus strains displaying optimal activities at 45–60 °C. Thus, isolating new amylases with optimal activity at ambient temperature is essential for improving industrial processes. In this report, a glucoamylase secreted by the cold-adapted yeast Tetracladium sp. was isolated and biochemically characterized. Results The effects of physicochemical parameters on enzyme activity were analyzed, and pH and temperature were found to be key factors modulating the glucoamylase activity. The optimal conditions for enzyme activity were 30 °C and pH 6.0, and the Km and kcat using soluble starch as substrate were 4.5 g/L and 45 min−1, respectively. Possible amylase or glucoamylase encoding genes were identified, and their transcript levels using glucose or soluble starch as the sole carbon source were analyzed. Transcription levels were highest in medium supplemented with soluble starch for the potential glucoamylase encoding gene. Comparison of the structural model of the identified Tetracladium sp. glucoamylase with the solved structure of the Hypocrea jecorina glucoamylase revealed unique structural features that may explain the thermal lability of the glucoamylase from Tetracladium sp. Conclusion The glucoamylase secreted by Tetracladium sp. is a novel cold-adapted enzyme and its properties should render this enzyme suitable for use in industrial processes that require cold-active amylases, such as biofuel production. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12934-017-0693-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Carrasco
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 342, Casilla 653, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jennifer Alcaíno
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 342, Casilla 653, Santiago, Chile
| | - Víctor Cifuentes
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 342, Casilla 653, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marcelo Baeza
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 342, Casilla 653, Santiago, Chile.
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209
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Microbial metabolites in nutrition, healthcare and agriculture. 3 Biotech 2017; 7:15. [PMID: 28391479 PMCID: PMC5385174 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-016-0586-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Microorganisms are a promising source of an enormous number of natural products, which have made significant contribution to almost each sphere of human, plant and veterinary life. Natural compounds obtained from microorganisms have proved their value in nutrition, agriculture and healthcare. Primary metabolites, such as amino acids, enzymes, vitamins, organic acids and alcohol are used as nutritional supplements as well as in the production of industrial commodities through biotransformation. Whereas, secondary metabolites are organic compounds that are largely obtained by extraction from plants or tissues. They are primarily used in the biopharmaceutical industry due to their capability to reduce infectious diseases in human beings and animals and thus increase the life expectancy. Additionally, microorganisms and their products inevitably play a significant role in sustainable agriculture development.
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210
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Ramli ANM, Aznan TNT, Illias RM. Bromelain: from production to commercialisation. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2017; 97:1386-1395. [PMID: 27790704 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.8122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Bromelain is a mixture of proteolytic enzymes found in pineapple (Ananas comosus) plants. It can be found in several parts of the pineapple plant, including the stem, fruit, leaves and peel. High demand for bromelain has resulted in gradual increases in bromelain production. These increases have led to the need for a bromelain production strategy that yields more purified bromelain at a lower cost and with fewer production steps. Previously, bromelain was purified by conventional centrifugation, ultrafiltration and lyophilisation. Recently, the development of more modern purification techniques such as gel filtration, ion exchange chromatography, affinity chromatography, aqueous two-phase extraction and reverse micelle chromatography has resulted in increased industrial bromelain production worldwide. In addition, recombinant DNA technology has emerged as an alternative strategy for producing large amounts of ultrapure bromelain. An up-to-date compilation of data regarding the commercialisation of bromelain in the clinical, pharmaceutical and industrial fields is provided in this review. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aizi Nor Mazila Ramli
- Faculty of Industrial Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Lebuhraya Tun Razak, 26300, Gambang, Kuantan, Pahang Darul Makmur, Malaysia
| | - Tuan Norsyalieza Tuan Aznan
- Faculty of Industrial Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Lebuhraya Tun Razak, 26300, Gambang, Kuantan, Pahang Darul Makmur, Malaysia
| | - Rosli Md Illias
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
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211
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Ramnath L, Sithole B, Govinden R. Classification of lipolytic enzymes and their biotechnological applications in the pulping industry. Can J Microbiol 2017; 63:179-192. [DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2016-0447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In the pulp and paper industry, during the manufacturing process, the agglomeration of pitch particles (composed of triglycerides, fatty acids, and esters) leads to the formation of black pitch deposits in the pulp and on machinery, which impacts on the process and pulp quality. Traditional methods of pitch prevention and treatment are no longer feasible due to environmental impact and cost. Consequently, there is a need for more efficient and environmentally friendly approaches. The application of lipolytic enzymes, such as lipases and esterases, could be the sustainable solution to this problem. Therefore, an understanding of their structure, mechanism, and sources are essential. In this report, we review the microbial sources for the different groups of lipolytic enzymes, the differences between lipases and esterases, and their potential applications in the pulping industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Ramnath
- Discipline of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, P/Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - B. Sithole
- Forestry and Forest Products Research Centre, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Durban 4000, South Africa
- Discipline of Chemical Engineering, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - R. Govinden
- Discipline of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, P/Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa
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212
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Veteikytė A, Šiekštelė R, Tvaska B, Matijošytė I. Sequential application of waste whey as a medium component for Kluyveromyces lactis cultivation and a co-feeder for lipase immobilization by CLEA method. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 101:3617-3626. [PMID: 28155071 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8131-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Currently, much attention is paid to technologies which can be drivers of the circular economy across different sectors, in particular, to develop technologies for utilization or reusability of biocompatible materials from industrial waste. One of such is the milk whey, which is a cheap biobased raw material, the disposal of which is a major problem for the dairy industry. Our proposed and investigated technology is based on a continuous exploitation of the whey combining microbiology and biotechnology. Primarily, whey was used as a nutrition source for the cultivation of Kluyveromyces lactis with the aim to produce the targeted biocatalyst-lipase. During cultivation, the whey was transformed into the hydrolyzed form, which was further successfully applied as a protein feeder (external linker) for immobilization of lipase by cross-linked enzyme aggregate (CLEA) method. The first time use of whey as a co-feeder for immobilization of enzymes by CLEA method has shown promising results and increased the stability of lipases for temperature and organic solvents. Hydrolysis of rapeseed oil catalyzed with immobilized derivatives was obtained with 45-96% efficiency at non-optimized conditions. Additionally, the determined kinetic parameters indicated that the rate of p-nitrophenyl palmitate hydrolysis was not changed drastically after immobilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aušra Veteikytė
- Institute of Biotechnology, Sector of Applied Biocatalysis, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio Ave. 7, LT-10257, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Rimantas Šiekštelė
- Institute of Biotechnology, Sector of Applied Biocatalysis, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio Ave. 7, LT-10257, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Bronius Tvaska
- JSC Biocentras, V.A. Graičiūno str. 10, LT-02241, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Inga Matijošytė
- Institute of Biotechnology, Sector of Applied Biocatalysis, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio Ave. 7, LT-10257, Vilnius, Lithuania.
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213
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Nguyen TH, Nguyen VD. Characterization and Applications of Marine Microbial Enzymes in Biotechnology and Probiotics for Animal Health. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2017; 80:37-74. [PMID: 28215328 DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2016.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Marine microorganisms have been recognized as potential sources of novel enzymes because they are relatively more stable than the corresponding enzymes derived from plants and animals. Enzymes from marine microorganisms also differ from homologous enzymes in terrestrial microorganisms based on salinity, pressure, temperature, and lighting conditions. Marine microbial enzymes can be used in diverse industrial applications. This chapter will focus on the biotechnological applications of marine enzymes and also their use as a tool of marine probiotics to improve host digestion (food digestion, food absorption, and mucus utilization) and cleave molecular signals involved in quorum sensing in pathogens to control disease in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- T H Nguyen
- Faculty of Food Technology, Nha Trang University, Nha Trang, Vietnam.
| | - V D Nguyen
- Institute of Biotechnology and Environment, Nha Trang University, Nha Trang, Vietnam.
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214
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Asmat S, Husain Q, Azam A. Lipase immobilization on facile synthesized polyaniline-coated silver-functionalized graphene oxide nanocomposites as novel biocatalysts: stability and activity insights. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra27926k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Schematic representation of the preparation of PANI/Ag/GO-NCs and immobilization of lipase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamoon Asmat
- Department of Biochemistry
- Faculty of Life Sciences
- Aligarh Muslim University
- Aligarh-202002
- India
| | - Qayyum Husain
- Department of Biochemistry
- Faculty of Life Sciences
- Aligarh Muslim University
- Aligarh-202002
- India
| | - Ameer Azam
- Centre of Excellence in Material Sciences (Nanomaterials)
- Zakir Husain College of Engineering and Technology
- Aligarh Muslim University
- Aligarh-202002
- India
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215
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Parte S, Sirisha VL, D'Souza JS. Biotechnological Applications of Marine Enzymes From Algae, Bacteria, Fungi, and Sponges. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2016; 80:75-106. [PMID: 28215329 DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2016.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Diversity is the hallmark of all life forms that inhabit the soil, air, water, and land. All these habitats pose their unique inherent challenges so as to breed the "fittest" creatures. Similarly, the biodiversity from the marine ecosystem has evolved unique properties due to challenging environment. These challenges include permafrost regions to hydrothermal vents, oceanic trenches to abyssal plains, fluctuating saline conditions, pH, temperature, light, atmospheric pressure, and the availability of nutrients. Oceans occupy 75% of the earth's surface and harbor most ancient and diverse forms of organisms (algae, bacteria, fungi, sponges, etc.), serving as an excellent source of natural bioactive molecules, novel therapeutic compounds, and enzymes. In this chapter, we introduce enzyme technology, its current state of the art, unique enzyme properties, and the biocatalytic potential of marine algal, bacterial, fungal, and sponge enzymes that have indeed boosted the Marine Biotechnology Industry. Researchers began exploring marine enzymes, and today they are preferred over the chemical catalysts for biotechnological applications and functions, encompassing various sectors, namely, domestic, industrial, commercial, and healthcare. Next, we summarize the plausible pros and cons: the challenges encountered in the process of discovery of the potent compounds and bioactive metabolites such as biocatalysts/enzymes of biomedical, therapeutic, biotechnological, and industrial significance. The field of Marine Enzyme Technology has recently assumed importance, and if it receives further boost, it could successfully substitute other chemical sources of enzymes useful for industrial and commercial purposes and may prove as a beneficial and ecofriendly option. With appropriate directions and encouragement, marine enzyme technology can sustain the rising demand for enzyme production while maintaining the ecological balance, provided any undesired exploitation of the marine ecosystem is avoided.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Parte
- UM-DAE Centre for Excellence in Basic Sciences, Mumbai, India
| | - V L Sirisha
- UM-DAE Centre for Excellence in Basic Sciences, Mumbai, India
| | - J S D'Souza
- UM-DAE Centre for Excellence in Basic Sciences, Mumbai, India.
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216
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Safary A, Moniri R, Hamzeh-Mivehroud M, Dastmalchi S. Identification and Molecular Characterization of Genes Coding Pharmaceutically Important Enzymes from Halo-Thermo Tolerant Bacillus. Adv Pharm Bull 2016; 6:551-561. [PMID: 28101462 DOI: 10.15171/apb.2016.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Robust pharmaceutical and industrial enzymes from extremophile microorganisms are main source of enzymes with tremendous stability under harsh conditions which make them potential tools for commercial and biotechnological applications. Methods: The genome of a Gram-positive halo-thermotolerant Bacillus sp. SL1, new isolate from Saline Lake, was investigated for the presence of genes coding for potentially pharmaceutical enzymes. We determined gene sequences for the enzymes laccase (CotA), l-asparaginase (ansA3, ansA1), glutamate-specific endopeptidase (blaSE), l-arabinose isomerase (araA2), endo-1,4-β mannosidase (gmuG), glutaminase (glsA), pectate lyase (pelA), cellulase (bglC1), aldehyde dehydrogenase (ycbD) and allantoinases (pucH) in the genome of Bacillus sp. SL1. Results: Based on the DNA sequence alignment results, six of the studied enzymes of Bacillus sp. SL-1 showed 100% similarity at the nucleotide level to the same genes of B. licheniformis 14580 demonstrating extensive organizational relationship between these two strains. Despite high similarities between the B. licheniformis and Bacillus sp. SL-1 genomes, there are minor differences in the sequences of some enzyme. Approximately 30% of the enzyme sequences revealed more than 99% identity with some variations in nucleotides leading to amino acid substitution in protein sequences. Conclusion: Molecular characterization of this new isolate provides useful information regarding evolutionary relationship between B. subtilis and B. licheniformis species. Since, the most industrial processes are often performed in harsh conditions, enzymes from such halo-thermotolerant bacteria may provide economically and industrially appealing biocatalysts to be used under specific physicochemical situations in medical, pharmaceutical, chemical and other industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azam Safary
- Anatomical Sciences Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.; Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Rezvan Moniri
- Anatomical Sciences Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Maryam Hamzeh-Mivehroud
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.; School of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Siavoush Dastmalchi
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.; School of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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217
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Chaitanyakumar A, Anbalagan M. Expression, purification and immobilization of tannase from Staphylococcus lugdunensis MTCC 3614. AMB Express 2016; 6:89. [PMID: 27704471 PMCID: PMC5050181 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-016-0261-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzymes find their applications in various industries, due to their error free conversion of substrate into product. Tannase is an enzyme used by various industries for degradation of tannin. Biochemical characterization of a specific enzyme from one organism to other is one of the ways to search for enzymes with better traits for industrial applications. Here, tannase encoding gene from Staphylococcus lugdunensis was cloned and suitability of the enzyme in various conditions was analysed to find its application in various industry. The recombinant protein was expressed with 6× His tag and purified using nickel affinity beads. The enzyme was purified up to homogeneity, with approximate molecular weight of 66 kDa. Purified tannase exhibited specific activity of about 716 U/mg. Optimum enzyme activity was found to be 40 °C at pH 7.0. Biochemical characterization revealed; metal ions such as Zn2+, Fe2+, Fe3+ and Mn2+ inhibited tannase activity, and SDS at lower concentration, increased tannase activity. Non polar organic solvents increased the tannase activity and polar solvents inhibited the tannase activity. Tannase immobilization studies show protection of the enzyme under wide range of pH and temperature. Also in this study we report a method for recovery and repeated use of the tannase.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - M. Anbalagan
- School of Bio-Sciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore, 632014 India
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218
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Singh R, Kumar M, Mittal A, Mehta PK. Microbial enzymes: industrial progress in 21st century. 3 Biotech 2016; 6:174. [PMID: 28330246 PMCID: PMC4991975 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-016-0485-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 303] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract Biocatalytic potential of microorganisms have been employed for centuries to produce bread, wine, vinegar and other common products without understanding the biochemical basis of their ingredients. Microbial enzymes have gained interest for their widespread uses in industries and medicine owing to their stability, catalytic activity, and ease of production and optimization than plant and animal enzymes. The use of enzymes in various industries (e.g., food, agriculture, chemicals, and pharmaceuticals) is increasing rapidly due to reduced processing time, low energy input, cost effectiveness, nontoxic and eco-friendly characteristics. Microbial enzymes are capable of degrading toxic chemical compounds of industrial and domestic wastes (phenolic compounds, nitriles, amines etc.) either via degradation or conversion. Here in this review, we highlight and discuss current technical and scientific involvement of microorganisms in enzyme production and their present status in worldwide enzyme market. Graphical abstract ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajendra Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, VP Chest Institute, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, VP Chest Institute, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Anshumali Mittal
- Mill Hill Laboratory, Division of Structural Biology and Biophysics, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Praveen Kumar Mehta
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 32000, Haifa, Israel.
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219
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Haberl-Meglič S, Levičnik E, Luengo E, Raso J, Miklavčič D. The effect of temperature and bacterial growth phase on protein extraction by means of electroporation. Bioelectrochemistry 2016; 112:77-82. [PMID: 27561651 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Revised: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Different chemical and physical methods are used for extraction of proteins from bacteria, which are used in variety of fields. But on a large scale, many methods have severe drawbacks. Recently, extraction by means of electroporation showed a great potential to quickly obtain proteins from bacteria. Since many parameters are affecting the yield of extracted proteins, our aim was to investigate the effect of temperature and bacterial growth phase on the yield of extracted proteins. At the same time bacterial viability was tested. Our results showed that the temperature has a great effect on protein extraction, the best temperature post treatment being 4°C. No effect on bacterial viability was observed for all temperatures tested. Also bacterial growth phase did not affect the yield of extracted proteins or bacterial viability. Nevertheless, further experiments may need to be performed to confirm this observation, since only one incubation temperature (4°C) and one incubation time before and after electroporation (0.5 and 1h) were tested for bacterial growth phase. Based on our results we conclude that temperature is a key element for bacterial membrane to stay in a permeabilized state, so more proteins flow out of bacteria into surrounding media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saša Haberl-Meglič
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Trzaska 25, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Eva Levičnik
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Trzaska 25, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Elisa Luengo
- University of Zaragoza, Faculty of Veterinary, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Javier Raso
- University of Zaragoza, Faculty of Veterinary, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Damijan Miklavčič
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Trzaska 25, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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220
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Functional Characterization of a Marine Bacillus Esterase and its Utilization in the Stereo-Selective Production of D-Methyl Lactate. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2016; 180:1467-1481. [PMID: 27364331 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-016-2180-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Chiral lactic acid and its ester derivatives are crucial building blocks and platforms in the generation of high value-added drugs, fine chemicals and functional materials. Optically pure D-lactic acid and its ester derivatives cannot be directly generated from fermentation and are quite expensive. Herein, we identified, heterologously expressed and functionally characterized one Bacillus esterase BSE01701 from the deep sea of the Indian Ocean. Esterase BSE01701 could enzymatically resolve inexpensive racemic methyl lactate and generate chiral D-methyl lactate. The enantiomeric excess of desired chiral D-methyl lactate and the substrate conversion could reach over 99 % and 60 %, respectively, after process optimization. Notably, the addition of 60 % (v/v) organic co-solvent heptane could greatly improve both the enantiomeric excess of D-methyl lactate and the conversion. BSE01701 was a very promising marine microbial esterase in the generation of chiral chemicals in industry.
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221
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Roman M, Selişteanu D. Modeling of microbial growth bioprocesses — Equilibria and stability analysis. INT J BIOMATH 2016. [DOI: 10.1142/s1793524516500674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The paper addresses the analysis of nonlinear dynamical models of some microbial growth processes. Equilibrium points, stability analysis, and structural properties are studied for different bioprocesses with various kinetics structures. First, a simple micro-organism growth process on a single limiting substrate is widely analyzed. Second, a microbial growth process combined with an enzyme-catalyzed reaction is investigated. The analysis shows that these kinds of bioprocesses have multiple equilibria, stable or unstable, operational or non-operational. The partition of nonlinear model in linear and nonlinear parts via some structural properties leads to kinetic decoupling and facilitates the equilibria and stability analysis. The performed research is useful for model reduction and for the design of observers and control algorithms. To illustrate the study results, several numerical simulations are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Roman
- Department of Automation and Electronics, University of Craiova, A. I. Cuza 13, 200585 Craiova, Romania
| | - Dan Selişteanu
- Department of Automation and Electronics, University of Craiova, A. I. Cuza 13, 200585 Craiova, Romania
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222
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Banerjee S, Maiti TK, Roy RN. Identification and product optimization of amylolytic Rhodococcus opacus GAA 31.1 isolated from gut of Gryllotalpa africana. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2016; 14:133-141. [PMID: 30647607 PMCID: PMC6299904 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgeb.2016.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 03/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
An attempt has been made to isolate potent amylase producing gut bacteria from Gryllotalpa africana. Out of 82 isolates, GAA 31.1 was selected as potent producer, having enzyme activity 9.6 ± 0.861 U/ml. The isolate GAA 31.1 was identified as Rhodococcus opacus following morphological, biochemical, physiological characterization and phylogenetic analysis through 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Fatty acid methyl ester profile of the isolate was also studied. The optimized physical cultural conditions for amylase production were found as incubation period 48 h, inoculum volume 2%, initial pH of the fermentation medium 7.0, temperature 38 °C and aeration at 150 rpm. Optimum nutrient conditions were determined as: supplementation of maltose 1.4% and sodium nitrate 1.4%. Surfactants SDS, EDTA, Tween 80 and Triton X-100 showed positive effect on enzyme production. Riboflavin (50 μg/ml) among the tested vitamins stimulated the production maximally. The isolate was also able to produce amylase using agro-industrial waste. This actinobacterium may be a potent candidate for amylase as it is capable of enhanced production (326.72 ± 6.081 U/ml) by utilizing agro-residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandipan Banerjee
- Microbiology Research Laboratory, Department of Botany, Dr. B N Dutta Smriti Mahavidyalaya, Hatgobindapur, Burdwan 713407, West Bengal, India
| | - Tushar Kanti Maiti
- Department of Botany, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan 713104, West Bengal, India
| | - Raj Narayan Roy
- Microbiology Research Laboratory, Department of Botany, Dr. B N Dutta Smriti Mahavidyalaya, Hatgobindapur, Burdwan 713407, West Bengal, India
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223
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Encapsulation of protease from Aspergillus oryzae and lipase from Thermomyces lanuginoseus using alginate and different copolymer types. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anres.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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224
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Applying theories of microbial metabolism for induction of targeted enzyme activity in a methanogenic microbial community at a metabolic steady state. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:7989-8002. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7547-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 04/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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225
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Azzopardi E, Lloyd C, Teixeira SR, Conlan RS, Whitaker IS. Clinical applications of amylase: Novel perspectives. Surgery 2016; 160:26-37. [PMID: 27117578 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2016.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2015] [Revised: 12/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amylase was the first enzyme to be characterized, and for the previous 200 years, its clinical role has been restricted to a diagnostic aid. Recent interface research has led to a substantial expansion of its role into novel, viable diagnostic, and therapeutic applications to cancer, infection, and wound healing. This review provides a concise "state-of-the-art" overview of the genetics, structure, distribution, and localization of amylase in humans. METHOD A first-generation literature search was performed with the MeSH search string "Amylase AND (diagnost∗ OR therapeut$)" on OVIDSP and PUBMED platforms. A second-generation search was then performed by forward and backward referencing on Web of Knowledge™ and manual indexing, limited to the English Language. RESULTS "State of the Art" in amylase genetics, structure, function distribution, localisation and detection of amylase in humans is provided. To the 4 classic patterns of hyperamylasemia (pancreatic, salivary, macroamylasemia, and combinations) a fifth, the localized targeting of amylase to specific foci of infection, is proposed. CONCLUSIONS The implications are directed at novel therapeutic and diagnostic clinical applications of amylase such as the novel therapeutic drug classes capable of targeted delivery and "smart release" in areas of clinical need. Future directions of research in areas of high clinical benefit are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernest Azzopardi
- Reconstructive Surgery and Regenerative Medicine Group, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom; Centre for Nanohealth, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom; The Welsh Centre for Burns and Plastic Surgery, Morriston Hospital, Swansea, United Kingdom; Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom.
| | - Catherine Lloyd
- Reconstructive Surgery and Regenerative Medicine Group, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom; Centre for Nanohealth, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | | | - R Steven Conlan
- Centre for Nanohealth, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom; Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Iain S Whitaker
- Reconstructive Surgery and Regenerative Medicine Group, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom; The Welsh Centre for Burns and Plastic Surgery, Morriston Hospital, Swansea, United Kingdom; Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
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226
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Altas MC, Kudryashov E, Buckin V. Ultrasonic Monitoring of Enzyme Catalysis; Enzyme Activity in Formulations for Lactose-Intolerant Infants. Anal Chem 2016; 88:4714-23. [PMID: 27018312 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b04673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The paper introduces ultrasonic technology for real-time, nondestructive, precision monitoring of enzyme-catalyzed reactions in solutions and in complex opaque media. The capabilities of the technology are examined in a comprehensive analysis of the effects of a variety of diverse factors on the performance of enzyme β-galactosidase in formulations for reduction of levels of lactose in infant milks. These formulations are added to infant's milk bottles prior to feeding to overcome the frequently observed intolerance to lactose (a milk sugar), a serious issue in healthy development of infants. The results highlight important impediments in the development of these formulations and also illustrate the capability of the described ultrasonic tools in the assessment of the performance of enzymes in complex reaction media and in various environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarida C Altas
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University College Dublin , Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Evgeny Kudryashov
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University College Dublin , Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Vitaly Buckin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University College Dublin , Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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227
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Thakur NS, Bhaumik J, Sooram B, Banoth L, Banerjee UC. Synthesis of Enantiopure Drugs and Drug Intermediates UsingIn SilicoGenerated Archetype Biocatalyst: A Case Study Using Alprenolol as a Model Drug. ChemistrySelect 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201600043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Neeraj S. Thakur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology (Biotechnology); National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Reaserch; Sector 67, S. A. S. Nagar- 160062 Punjab India, Extn 2142
| | - Jayeeta Bhaumik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology (Biotechnology); National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Reaserch; Sector 67, S. A. S. Nagar- 160062 Punjab India, Extn 2142
| | - Banesh Sooram
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology (Biotechnology); National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Reaserch; Sector 67, S. A. S. Nagar- 160062 Punjab India, Extn 2142
| | - Linga Banoth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology (Biotechnology); National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Reaserch; Sector 67, S. A. S. Nagar- 160062 Punjab India, Extn 2142
| | - Uttam C. Banerjee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology (Biotechnology); National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Reaserch; Sector 67, S. A. S. Nagar- 160062 Punjab India, Extn 2142
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228
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Expression and Characterization of Recombinant Serratia liquefaciens Nucleases Produced with Baculovirus-mediated Silkworm Expression System. Mol Biotechnol 2016; 58:393-403. [PMID: 27059494 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-016-9937-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Baculovirus-Bombyx mori protein expression system has mainly been used for translation of eukaryotic proteins. In contrast, information pertaining to bacterial protein expression using this system is not sufficient. Therefore, recombinant nucleases from Serratia liquefaciens (rSlNucAs) were expressed in a Baculovirus-B. mori protein expression system. rSlNucAs containing the native signal peptide (rSlNucA-NSP) or silkworm 30-K signal peptide (rSlNucA-30K) at the NH2-terminus were constructed to enable secretion into the extracellular fraction. Both rSlNucA-30K and rSlNucA-NSP were successfully secreted into hemolymph of B. mori larvae. Affinity-purified rSlNucAs showed high nuclease activity. Optimum pH was 7.5 and half of maximum activity was maintained between pH 7.0 and 9.5. Optimum temperature was 35 °C. rSlNucAs showed sufficient activity in twofold-diluted radioimmunoprecipitation assay buffer and undiluted, mild lysis buffer. Genomic DNA of Escherichia coli was efficiently digested by rSlNucAs in the bacterial lysate. The results in this study suggest that rSlNucAs expressed by the Baculovirus-B. mori protein expression system will be a useful tool in molecular biology. Functional recombinant protein of bacteria was produced by Baculovirus-B. mori protein expression system. This system may be highly suitable for bacterial extracellular protein secreted via Sec pathway.
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229
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Panda SK, Mishra SS, Kayitesi E, Ray RC. Microbial-processing of fruit and vegetable wastes for production of vital enzymes and organic acids: Biotechnology and scopes. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2016; 146:161-172. [PMID: 26761593 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2015.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Revised: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 12/31/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Wastes generated from fruits and vegetables are organic in nature and contribute a major share in soil and water pollution. Also, green house gas emission caused by fruit and vegetable wastes (FVWs) is a matter of serious environmental concern. This review addresses the developments over the last one decade on microbial processing technologies for production of enzymes and organic acids from FVWs. The advances in genetic engineering for improvement of microbial strains in order to enhance the production of the value added bio-products as well as the concept of zero-waste economy have been briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep K Panda
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, P. O. Box 17011, Doornfontein Campus, Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | - Swati S Mishra
- Department of Biodiversity and Conservation of Natural Resources, Central University of Orissa, Koraput 764020, India
| | - Eugenie Kayitesi
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, P. O. Box 17011, Doornfontein Campus, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Ramesh C Ray
- ICAR-Regional Center of Central Tuber Crops Research Institute, Bhubaneswar 751019, India
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230
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Ye Y, Yu J, Wang C, Nguyen NY, Walker GM, Buse JB, Gu Z. Microneedles Integrated with Pancreatic Cells and Synthetic Glucose-Signal Amplifiers for Smart Insulin Delivery. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2016; 28:3115-3121. [PMID: 26928976 PMCID: PMC4998837 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201506025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
An innovative microneedle (MN)-based cell therapy is developed for glucose-responsive regulation of the insulin secretion from exogenous pancreatic β-cells without implantation. One MN patch can quickly reduce the blood-sugar levels (BGLs) of chemically induced type-1 diabetic mice and stabilize BGLs at a reduced level for over 10 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqi Ye
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jicheng Yu
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Chao Wang
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Nhu-Y Nguyen
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Glenn M. Walker
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - John B. Buse
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Zhen Gu
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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231
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Parages ML, Gutiérrez-Barranquero JA, Reen FJ, Dobson ADW, O'Gara F. Integrated (Meta) Genomic and Synthetic Biology Approaches to Develop New Biocatalysts. Mar Drugs 2016; 14:E62. [PMID: 27007381 PMCID: PMC4810074 DOI: 10.3390/md14030062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the marine environment has been the subject of increasing attention from biotechnological and pharmaceutical industries as a valuable and promising source of novel bioactive compounds. Marine biodiscovery programmes have begun to reveal the extent of novel compounds encoded within the enormous bacterial richness and diversity of the marine ecosystem. A combination of unique physicochemical properties and spatial niche-specific substrates, in wide-ranging and extreme habitats, underscores the potential of the marine environment to deliver on functionally novel biocatalytic activities. With the growing need for green alternatives to industrial processes, and the unique transformations which nature is capable of performing, marine biocatalysts have the potential to markedly improve current industrial pipelines. Furthermore, biocatalysts are known to possess chiral selectivity and specificity, a key focus of pharmaceutical drug design. In this review, we discuss how the explosion in genomics based sequence analysis, allied with parallel developments in synthetic and molecular biology, have the potential to fast-track the discovery and subsequent improvement of a new generation of marine biocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- María L Parages
- BIOMERIT Research Centre, School of Microbiology, University College Cork, National University of Ireland, Cork, Ireland.
| | - José A Gutiérrez-Barranquero
- BIOMERIT Research Centre, School of Microbiology, University College Cork, National University of Ireland, Cork, Ireland.
| | - F Jerry Reen
- BIOMERIT Research Centre, School of Microbiology, University College Cork, National University of Ireland, Cork, Ireland.
| | - Alan D W Dobson
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
| | - Fergal O'Gara
- BIOMERIT Research Centre, School of Microbiology, University College Cork, National University of Ireland, Cork, Ireland.
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth WA 6845, Australia.
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232
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In vitro and in silico studies of the inhibition activity of anthocyanins against porcine pancreatic α-amylase. J Funct Foods 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2015.11.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
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233
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Zottig X, Meddeb-Mouelhi F, Beauregard M. Development of a high-throughput liquid state assay for lipase activity using natural substrates and rhodamine B. Anal Biochem 2016; 496:25-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2015.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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234
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Carrasco M, Villarreal P, Barahona S, Alcaíno J, Cifuentes V, Baeza M. Screening and characterization of amylase and cellulase activities in psychrotolerant yeasts. BMC Microbiol 2016; 16:21. [PMID: 26895625 PMCID: PMC4759947 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-016-0640-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Amylases and cellulases have great potential for application in industries such as food, detergent, laundry, textile, baking and biofuels. A common requirement in these fields is to reduce the temperatures of the processes, leading to a continuous search for microorganisms that secrete cold-active amylases and cellulases. Psychrotolerant yeasts are good candidates because they inhabit cold-environments. In this work, we analyzed the ability of yeasts isolated from the Antarctic region to grow on starch or carboxymethylcellulose, and their potential extracellular amylases and cellulases. Result All tested yeasts were able to grow with soluble starch or carboxymethylcellulose as the sole carbon source; however, not all of them produced ethanol by fermentation of these carbon sources. For the majority of the yeast species, the extracellular amylase or cellulase activity was higher when cultured in medium supplemented with glucose rather than with soluble starch or carboxymethylcellulose. Additionally, higher amylase activities were observed when tested at pH 5.4 and 6.2, and at 30–37 °C, except for Rhodotorula glacialis that showed elevated activity at 10–22 °C. In general, cellulase activity was high until pH 6.2 and between 22–37 °C, while the sample from Mrakia blollopis showed high activity at 4–22 °C. Peptide mass fingerprinting analysis of a potential amylase from Tetracladium sp. of about 70 kDa, showed several peptides with positive matches with glucoamylases from other fungi. Conclusions Almost all yeast species showed extracellular amylase or cellulase activity, and an inducing effect by the respective substrate was observed in a minor number of yeasts. These enzymatic activities were higher at 30 °C in most yeast, with highest amylase and cellulase activity in Tetracladium sp. and M. gelida, respectively. However, Rh. glacialis and M. blollopis displayed high amylase or cellulase activity, respectively, under 22 °C. In this sense, these yeasts are interesting candidates for industrial processes that require lower temperatures. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12866-016-0640-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Carrasco
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Casilla 653, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Pablo Villarreal
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Casilla 653, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Salvador Barahona
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Casilla 653, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Jennifer Alcaíno
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Casilla 653, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Víctor Cifuentes
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Casilla 653, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Marcelo Baeza
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Casilla 653, Santiago, Chile.
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235
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Odjo S, Béra F, Jacquet N, Richel A, Malumba P. Characterization of saccharides released during an in vitro pepsin-pancreatin digestion of corn flour using HPAEC-PAD. STARCH-STARKE 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/star.201500281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sylvanus Odjo
- Laboratory of Food Process Engineering, University of Liege; Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech; Passage des Déportés Gembloux Belgium
| | - François Béra
- Laboratory of Food Process Engineering, University of Liege; Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech; Passage des Déportés Gembloux Belgium
| | - Nicolas Jacquet
- Department of Industrial Biological Chemistry, University of Liege; Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech; Passage des Déportés Gembloux Belgium
| | - Aurore Richel
- Department of Industrial Biological Chemistry, University of Liege; Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech; Passage des Déportés Gembloux Belgium
| | - Paul Malumba
- Laboratory of Food Process Engineering, University of Liege; Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech; Passage des Déportés Gembloux Belgium
- Department of Chemistry and Agricultural Industry; University of Kinshasa; Kinshasa Democratic Republic of Congo
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236
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Cheong P, Glare TR, Rostás M, Haines SR. Measuring Chitinase and Protease Activity in Cultures of Fungal Entomopathogens. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1477:177-189. [PMID: 27565500 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6367-6_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Entomopathogenic fungi produce a variety of destructive enzymes and metabolites to overcome the unique defense mechanisms of insects. In a first step, fungal chitinases and proteinases need to break down the insect's cuticle. Both enzyme classes support the infection process by weakening the chitin barrier and by producing nutritional cleavage products for the fungus. In a second step, the pathogen can now mechanically penetrate the weakened cuticle and reach the insect's hemolymph where it starts proliferating. The critical enzymes chitinase and proteinase are also excreted into the supernatants of fungal cultures and can be used as indicators of virulence. Chromogenic assays adapted for 96-well microtiter plates that measure these enzymes provide a sensitive, fast, and easy screening method for evaluating the potential biocontrol activity of fungal isolates and may be considered as an alternative to laborious and time-consuming bioassays. Furthermore, monitoring fungal enzyme production in dependence of time, nutrient sources, or other factors can facilitate in establishing optimal growth and harvesting conditions for selected isolates with the aim of achieving maximum biocontrol activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Cheong
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln University, PO Box 85084, Lincoln, 7647, New Zealand.
- Biotelliga Limited, 4 Austen Place, Pukekohe, 2120, New Zealand.
| | - Travis R Glare
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln University, PO Box 85084, Lincoln, 7647, New Zealand
| | - Michael Rostás
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln University, PO Box 85084, Lincoln, 7647, New Zealand
| | - Stephen R Haines
- AgResearch, Lincoln Research Centre, Private Bag 4749, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
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237
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Sawant G, Ghosh S, Banesh S, Bhaumik J, Chand Banerjee U. In silico approach towards lipase mediated chemoenzymatic synthesis of (S)-ranolazine, as an anti-anginal drug. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra06879k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
An in silico modelling based biocatalytic approach for the synthesis of drugs and drug intermediates in enantiopure forms is a rationalized methodology over the organo-chemical routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesh Sawant
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology (Biotechnology)
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research
- S. A. S. Nagar-160062
- India
| | - Saptarshi Ghosh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology (Biotechnology)
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research
- S. A. S. Nagar-160062
- India
| | - Sooram Banesh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology (Biotechnology)
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research
- S. A. S. Nagar-160062
- India
| | - Jayeeta Bhaumik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology (Biotechnology)
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research
- S. A. S. Nagar-160062
- India
| | - Uttam Chand Banerjee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology (Biotechnology)
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research
- S. A. S. Nagar-160062
- India
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238
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Sarmiento F, Peralta R, Blamey JM. Cold and Hot Extremozymes: Industrial Relevance and Current Trends. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2015; 3:148. [PMID: 26539430 PMCID: PMC4611823 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2015.00148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of enzymes for industrial applications relies heavily on the use of microorganisms. The intrinsic properties of microbial enzymes, e.g., consistency, reproducibility, and high yields along with many others, have pushed their introduction into a wide range of products and industrial processes. Extremophilic microorganisms represent an underutilized and innovative source of novel enzymes. These microorganisms have developed unique mechanisms and molecular means to cope with extreme temperatures, acidic and basic pH, high salinity, high radiation, low water activity, and high metal concentrations among other environmental conditions. Extremophile-derived enzymes, or extremozymes, are able to catalyze chemical reactions under harsh conditions, like those found in industrial processes, which were previously not thought to be conducive for enzymatic activity. Due to their optimal activity and stability under extreme conditions, extremozymes offer new catalytic alternatives for current industrial applications. These extremozymes also represent the cornerstone for the development of environmentally friendly, efficient, and sustainable industrial technologies. Many advances in industrial biocatalysis have been achieved in recent years; however, the potential of biocatalysis through the use of extremozymes is far from being fully realized. In this article, the adaptations and significance of psychrophilic, thermophilic, and hyperthermophilic enzymes, and their applications in selected industrial markets will be reviewed. Also, the current challenges in the development and mass production of extremozymes as well as future prospects and trends for their biotechnological application will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rocío Peralta
- Fundación Científica y Cultural Biociencia , Santiago , Chile
| | - Jenny M Blamey
- Swissaustral USA , Athens, GA , USA ; Fundación Científica y Cultural Biociencia , Santiago , Chile
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239
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240
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Borrelli GM, Trono D. Recombinant Lipases and Phospholipases and Their Use as Biocatalysts for Industrial Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:20774-840. [PMID: 26340621 PMCID: PMC4613230 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160920774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Revised: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipases and phospholipases are interfacial enzymes that hydrolyze hydrophobic ester linkages of triacylglycerols and phospholipids, respectively. In addition to their role as esterases, these enzymes catalyze a plethora of other reactions; indeed, lipases also catalyze esterification, transesterification and interesterification reactions, and phospholipases also show acyltransferase, transacylase and transphosphatidylation activities. Thus, lipases and phospholipases represent versatile biocatalysts that are widely used in various industrial applications, such as for biodiesels, food, nutraceuticals, oil degumming and detergents; minor applications also include bioremediation, agriculture, cosmetics, leather and paper industries. These enzymes are ubiquitous in most living organisms, across animals, plants, yeasts, fungi and bacteria. For their greater availability and their ease of production, microbial lipases and phospholipases are preferred to those derived from animals and plants. Nevertheless, traditional purification strategies from microbe cultures have a number of disadvantages, which include non-reproducibility and low yields. Moreover, native microbial enzymes are not always suitable for biocatalytic processes. The development of molecular techniques for the production of recombinant heterologous proteins in a host system has overcome these constraints, as this allows high-level protein expression and production of new redesigned enzymes with improved catalytic properties. These can meet the requirements of specific industrial process better than the native enzymes. The purpose of this review is to give an overview of the structural and functional features of lipases and phospholipases, to describe the recent advances in optimization of the production of recombinant lipases and phospholipases, and to summarize the information available relating to their major applications in industrial processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazia M Borrelli
- Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l'Analisi dell'Economia Agraria, Centro di Ricerca per la Cerealicoltura, S.S. 673 Km 25, 200-71122 Foggia, Italy.
| | - Daniela Trono
- Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l'Analisi dell'Economia Agraria, Centro di Ricerca per la Cerealicoltura, S.S. 673 Km 25, 200-71122 Foggia, Italy.
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241
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Seghal Kiran G, Nishanth Lipton A, Kennedy J, Dobson ADW, Selvin J. A halotolerant thermostable lipase from the marine bacterium Oceanobacillus sp. PUMB02 with an ability to disrupt bacterial biofilms. Bioengineered 2015; 5:305-18. [PMID: 25482232 DOI: 10.4161/bioe.29898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A halotolerant thermostable lipase was purified and characterized from the marine bacterium Oceanobacillus sp. PUMB02. This lipase displayed a high degree of stability over a wide range of conditions including pH, salinity, and temperature. It was optimally active at 30 °C and pH 8.0 respectively and was stable at higher temperatures (50-70 °C) and alkaline pH. The molecular mass of the lipase was approximately 31 kDa based on SDS-PAGE and MALDI-ToF fingerprint analysis. Conditions for enhanced production of lipase by Oceanobacillus sp. PUMB02 were attained in response surface method-guided optimization with factors such as olive oil, sucrose, potassium chromate, and NaCl being evaluated, resulting in levels of 58.84 U/ml being achieved. The biofilm disruption potential of the PUMB02 lipase was evaluated and compared with a marine sponge metagenome derived halotolerant lipase Lpc53E1. Good biofilm disruption activity was observed with both lipases against potential food pathogens such as Bacillus cereus MTCC1272, Listeria sp. MTCC1143, Serratia sp. MTCC4822, Escherichia coli MTCC443, Pseudomonas fluorescens MTCC1748, and Vibrio parahemolyticus MTCC459. Phase contrast microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and confocal laser scanning microscopy showed very effective disruption of pathogenic biofilms. This study reveals that marine derived hydrolytic enzymes such as lipases may have potential utility in inhibiting biofilm formation in a food processing environment and is the first report of the potential application of lipases from the genus Oceanobacillus in biofilm disruption strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Seghal Kiran
- a Department of Food Science and Technology; Pondicherry University; Puducherry, India
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242
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Haberl Meglic S, Marolt T, Miklavcic D. Protein Extraction by Means of Electroporation from E. coli with Preserved Viability. J Membr Biol 2015. [PMID: 26201287 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-015-9824-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Extracting proteins by means of electroporation from different microorganisms is gaining on its importance, as electroporation is a quick, chemical-free, and cost-effective method. Since complete cell destruction (to obtain proteins) necessitates additional work, and cost of purifying the end-product is high, pulses have to be adjusted in order to prevent total disintegration. Namely, total disintegration of the cell releases bacterial membrane contaminants in the final sample. Therefore, our goal was to study different electric pulse parameters in order to extract as much proteins as possible from E. coli bacteria, while preserving bacterial viability. Our results show that by increasing electric field strength the concentration of extracted proteins increases and viability reduces. The correlation is reasonable, since high electric field destroys bacterial envelope, releasing all intracellular components into surrounding media. The strong correlation was also found with pulse duration. However, at longer pulses we obtained more proteins, while bacterial viability was not as much affected. Pulse number and/or pulse repetition frequency at our conditions have no or little effect on concentration of extracted proteins and/or bacterial viability. We can conclude that the most promising pulse protocol for protein extraction by means of electroporation based on our experience would be longer pulses with lower pulse amplitude assuring high protein yield and low effect on bacterial viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasa Haberl Meglic
- Laboratory of Biocybernetics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Trzaska 25, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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243
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Alcaíno J, Cifuentes V, Baeza M. Physiological adaptations of yeasts living in cold environments and their potential applications. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 31:1467-73. [PMID: 26160010 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-015-1900-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Yeasts, widely distributed across the Earth, have successfully colonized cold environments despite their adverse conditions for life. Lower eukaryotes play important ecological roles, contributing to nutrient recycling and organic matter mineralization. Yeasts have developed physiological adaptations to optimize their metabolism in low-temperature environments, which affect the rates of biochemical reactions and membrane fluidity. Decreased saturation of fatty acids helps maintain membrane fluidity at low temperatures and the production of compounds that inhibit ice crystallization, such as antifreeze proteins, helps microorganisms survive at temperatures around the freezing point of water. Furthermore, the production of hydrolytic extracellular enzymes active at low temperatures allows consumption of available carbon sources. Beyond their ecological importance, interest in psychrophilic yeasts has increased because of their biotechnological potential and industrial uses. Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids have beneficial effects on human health, and antifreeze proteins are attractive for food industries to maintain texture in food preserved at low temperatures. Furthermore, extracellular cold-active enzymes display unusual substrate specificities with higher catalytic efficiency at low temperatures than their mesophilic counterparts, making them attractive for industrial processes requiring high enzymatic activity at low temperatures. In this minireview, we describe the physiological adaptations of several psychrophilic yeasts and their possible biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Alcaíno
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 653, Las Palmeras 3425, Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Víctor Cifuentes
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 653, Las Palmeras 3425, Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Marcelo Baeza
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 653, Las Palmeras 3425, Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile.
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244
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Abstract
Filamentous fungi produce a great variety of enzymes, and research on their biotechnological potential has recently intensified. The objective of this work was to identify, at the species level, using DNA barcoding, 46 fungal isolates obtained from maize grains with rot symptoms. We also analyzed the production of extracellular amylases, cellulases, proteases and lipases of 33 of those fungal isolates. The enzymatic activities were evaluated by the formation of a clear halo or a white precipitate around the colonies in defined substrate media. The found fungi belong to the genera Talaromyces, Stenocarpella, Penicillium, Phlebiopsis, Cladosporium, Hyphopichia, Epicoccum, Trichoderma, Aspergillus, Irpex, Fusarium, Microdochium, Mucor and Sarocladium. In the genus Fusarium, the species Fusarium verticillioides was predominant and this genus presented the highest diversity, followed by the genera Aspergillus. The best genera for lipase production were Cladosporium and Penicillium; while Cladosporium, Aspergillus and Penicillium were best for cellulase activity; Hyphopichia, Aspergillus and Irpex for amylase activity; and Cladosporium and Sarocladium for proteases activity. In conclusion, a collection of fungi from maize seeds presenting rotten symptoms were obtained, among which exist important producers of hydrolases.
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245
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Selişteanu D, Tebbani S, Roman M, Petre E, Georgeanu V. Microbial production of enzymes: Nonlinear state and kinetic reaction rates estimation. Biochem Eng J 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2014.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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246
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Pavithra S, Ramesh R, Aarthy M, Ayyadurai N, Gowthaman MK, Kamini NR. Starchy substrates for production and characterization ofBacillus subtilisamylase and its efficacy in detergent and breadmaking formulations. STARCH-STARKE 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/star.201400066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sundaresan Pavithra
- Department of Biotechnology; Central Leather Research Institute; Chennai India
| | - Rajendran Ramesh
- Department of Biotechnology; Central Leather Research Institute; Chennai India
| | - Mayilvahanan Aarthy
- Department of Biotechnology; Central Leather Research Institute; Chennai India
| | | | | | - Numbi Ramudu Kamini
- Department of Biotechnology; Central Leather Research Institute; Chennai India
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Díez-Municio M, Herrero M, Olano A, Moreno FJ. Synthesis of novel bioactive lactose-derived oligosaccharides by microbial glycoside hydrolases. Microb Biotechnol 2014; 7:315-31. [PMID: 24690139 PMCID: PMC4241725 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.12124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Revised: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Prebiotic oligosaccharides are increasingly demanded within the Food Science domain because of the interesting healthy properties that these compounds may induce to the organism, thanks to their beneficial intestinal microbiota growth promotion ability. In this regard, the development of new efficient, convenient and affordable methods to obtain this class of compounds might expand even further their use as functional ingredients. This review presents an overview on the most recent interesting approaches to synthesize lactose-derived oligosaccharides with potential prebiotic activity paying special focus on the microbial glycoside hydrolases that can be effectively employed to obtain these prebiotic compounds. The most notable advantages of using lactose-derived carbohydrates such as lactosucrose, galactooligosaccharides from lactulose, lactulosucrose and 2-α-glucosyl-lactose are also described and commented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Díez-Municio
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación, CIAL (CSIC-UAM), CEI (UAM+CSIC)C/ Nicolás Cabrera 9, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Miguel Herrero
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación, CIAL (CSIC-UAM), CEI (UAM+CSIC)C/ Nicolás Cabrera 9, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Agustín Olano
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación, CIAL (CSIC-UAM), CEI (UAM+CSIC)C/ Nicolás Cabrera 9, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - F Javier Moreno
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación, CIAL (CSIC-UAM), CEI (UAM+CSIC)C/ Nicolás Cabrera 9, Madrid, 28049, Spain
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248
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Happe T, Hemschemeier A. Metalloprotein mimics – old tools in a new light. Trends Biotechnol 2014; 32:170-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2014.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Revised: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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