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Shear stress modulates endothelial KLF2 through activation of P2X4. Purinergic Signal 2015; 11:139-53. [PMID: 25563726 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-014-9442-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial cells that are in direct contact with blood flow are exposed to fluid shear stress and regulate vascular homeostasis. Studies report endothelial cells to release ATP in response to shear stress that in turn modulates cellular functions via P2 receptors with P2X4 mediating shear stress-induced calcium signaling and vasodilation. A recent study shows that a loss-of-function polymorphism in the human P2X4 resulting in a Tyr315>Cys variant is associated with increased pulse pressure and impaired endothelial vasodilation. Although the importance of shear stress-induced Krüppel-like factor 2 (KLF2) expression in atheroprotection is well studied, whether ATP regulates KLF2 remains unanswered and is the objective of this study. Using an in vitro model, we show that in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), apyrase decreased shear stress-induced KLF2, KLF4, and NOS3 expression but not that of NFE2L2. Exposure of HUVECs either to shear stress or ATPγS under static conditions increased KLF2 in a P2X4-dependent manner as was evident with both the receptor antagonist and siRNA knockdown. Furthermore, transient transfection of static cultures of human endothelial cells with the Tyr315>Cys mutant P2X4 construct blocked ATP-induced KLF2 expression. Also, P2X4 mediated the shear stress-induced phosphorylation of extracellular regulated kinase-5, a known regulator of KLF2. This study demonstrates a major physiological finding that the shear-induced effects on endothelial KLF2 axis are in part dependent on ATP release and P2X4, a previously unidentified mechanism.
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202
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Simon TG, King LY, Zheng H, Chung RT. Statin use is associated with a reduced risk of fibrosis progression in chronic hepatitis C. J Hepatol 2015; 62:18-23. [PMID: 25135867 PMCID: PMC4272642 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2014.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 07/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Therapies that slow fibrosis progression in chronic liver disease are needed. Animal models have demonstrated that statins prevent the progression of hepatic fibrosis, but human data is lacking so far. We evaluated the association between statins and fibrosis progression in the HALT-C trial cohort. METHODS Subjects with chronic hepatitis C (CHC) and advanced hepatic fibrosis underwent serial liver biopsies over 3.5 years. The primary outcome was a ⩾ 2-point increase in the Ishak fibrosis score on at least one of two serial biopsies. We used complementary log-log regression analysis to assess the association between statins and fibrosis progression among subjects without baseline cirrhosis. RESULTS Fibrosis progression occurred in 3/29 (10%) statin users and 145/514 (29%) non-users. The unadjusted hazard ratio (HR) for fibrosis progression among statin users compared to non-users was 0.32 (95% CI 0.10-0.99). This association remained significant after adjusting for established predictors of histological outcome, including body mass index, platelets and hepatic steatosis (adjusted HR 0.31; 95% CI 0.10-0.97). The mean change in Ishak fibrosis score over the 3.5 year study period was -0.34 (SE 0.18) for statin users compared to +0.42 (SE 0.07) for non-users (p = 0.006, after adjustment for baseline fibrosis score). CONCLUSIONS Statin use is associated with a reduced risk of fibrosis progression in advanced CHC. Our findings suggest a potential role for statins in preventing liver disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracey G. Simon
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Lindsay Y. King
- Liver Center, Gastrointestinal Division, Department of Medicine, Boston, MA,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Hui Zheng
- Biostatistics Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Raymond T. Chung
- Liver Center, Gastrointestinal Division, Department of Medicine, Boston, MA,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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203
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Martínez-Fernández L, Pons Z, Margalef M, Arola-Arnal A, Muguerza B. Regulation of vascular endothelial genes by dietary flavonoids: structure-expression relationship studies and the role of the transcription factor KLF-2. J Nutr Biochem 2014; 26:277-84. [PMID: 25542418 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Revised: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Physiological concentrations (1 μM) of 15 flavonoids were evaluated in human umbilical vein endothelial cells in the presence of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) for their ability to affect endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and endothelin-1 (ET-1) expression in order to establish the structural basis of their bioactivity. Flavonoid effects on eNOS transcription factor Krüpple like factor-2 (KLF-2) expression were also evaluated. All studied flavonoids appeared to be effective compounds for counteracting the oxidative stress-induced effects on vascular gene expression, indicating that flavonoids are an excellent source of functional endothelial regulator products. Notably, the more effective flavonoids for KLF-2 up-regulation resulted in the highest values for eNOS expression, showing that the increment of eNOS expression would take place through KLF-2 induction. Structure-activity relationship studies showed that the combinations of substructures on flavonoid skeleton that regulate eNOS expression are made up of the following elements: glycosylation and hydroxylation of C-ring, double bond C2=C3 at C-ring, methoxylation and hydroxylation of B-ring, ketone group in C4 at C-ring and glycosylation in C7 of A-ring, while flavonoid features involved in the reduction of vasoconstrictor ET-1 expression are as follows: double bond C2=C3 at C-ring glycosylation in C7 of A-ring and ketone group in C4 of C-ring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leyre Martínez-Fernández
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, 43007 Spain
| | - Zara Pons
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, 43007 Spain
| | - Maria Margalef
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, 43007 Spain
| | - Anna Arola-Arnal
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, 43007 Spain.
| | - Begoña Muguerza
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, 43007 Spain; Centre Tecnològic de Nutrició i Salut (CTNS), TECNIO, CEICS, Avinguda Universitat, 1, 43204 Reus, Catalonia, Spain
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204
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Hosin AA, Prasad A, Viiri LE, Davies AH, Shalhoub J. MicroRNAs in atherosclerosis. J Vasc Res 2014; 51:338-49. [PMID: 25500818 DOI: 10.1159/000368193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Micro-ribonucleic acids (miRNAs) are a class of endogenous non-coding ribonucleic acids that regulate gene expression. MiRNAs have been shown to act as key regulators in the vascular system, with wide-ranging physio-pathological effects. Atherosclerotic disease is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. This review presents current knowledge on miRNAs implicated in atherosclerosis susceptibility, development and progression. They are involved in cell phenotype switching, response to shear stress, cell senescence, adhesion molecule expression, macrophage response to oxidised low-density lipoprotein, Toll-like receptor 4 expression, neointimal lesion formation, plaque angiogenesis and cellular cholesterol homeostasis. Clinically, early work has demonstrated the utility of miRNAs for differentiating patients with arterial disease from controls and predicting future cardiac events; this highlights potential diagnostic and prognostic roles. MiRNA involvement in the crucial stages of atherosclerosis promises new hope in treating arterial disease. However, issues regarding multiple miRNA targets, stability and delivery continue to present challenges.
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205
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Doddaballapur A, Michalik KM, Manavski Y, Lucas T, Houtkooper RH, You X, Chen W, Zeiher AM, Potente M, Dimmeler S, Boon RA. Laminar shear stress inhibits endothelial cell metabolism via KLF2-mediated repression of PFKFB3. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2014; 35:137-45. [PMID: 25359860 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.114.304277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cellular metabolism was recently shown to regulate endothelial cell phenotype profoundly. Whether the atheroprotective biomechanical stimulus elicited by laminar shear stress modulates endothelial cell metabolism is not known. APPROACH AND RESULTS Here, we show that laminar flow exposure reduced glucose uptake and mitochondrial content in endothelium. Shear stress-mediated reduction of endothelial metabolism was reversed by silencing the flow-sensitive transcription factor Krüppel-like factor 2 (KLF2). Endothelial-specific deletion of KLF2 in mice induced glucose uptake in endothelial cells of perfused hearts. KLF2 overexpression recapitulates the inhibitory effects on endothelial glycolysis elicited by laminar flow, as measured by Seahorse flux analysis and glucose uptake measurements. RNA sequencing showed that shear stress reduced the expression of key glycolytic enzymes, such as 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-biphosphatase-3 (PFKFB3), phosphofructokinase-1, and hexokinase 2 in a KLF2-dependent manner. Moreover, KLF2 represses PFKFB3 promoter activity. PFKFB3 knockdown reduced glycolysis, and overexpression increased glycolysis and partially reversed the KLF2-mediated reduction in glycolysis. Furthermore, PFKFB3 overexpression reversed KLF2-mediated reduction in angiogenic sprouting and network formation. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate that shear stress-mediated repression of endothelial cell metabolism via KLF2 and PFKFB3 controls endothelial cell phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuradha Doddaballapur
- From the Institute for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Center of Molecular Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (A.D., K.M.M., Y.M., T.L., S.D., R.A.B.); The Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (R.H.H.); The Max-Delbrück-Center, Berlin, Germany (X.Y., W.C.); Department of Cardiology, Internal Medicine III, Goethe University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (A.M.Z.); Angiogenesis and Metabolism Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany (M.P.); and German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site RheinMain, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (A.M.Z., S.D.)
| | - Katharina M Michalik
- From the Institute for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Center of Molecular Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (A.D., K.M.M., Y.M., T.L., S.D., R.A.B.); The Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (R.H.H.); The Max-Delbrück-Center, Berlin, Germany (X.Y., W.C.); Department of Cardiology, Internal Medicine III, Goethe University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (A.M.Z.); Angiogenesis and Metabolism Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany (M.P.); and German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site RheinMain, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (A.M.Z., S.D.)
| | - Yosif Manavski
- From the Institute for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Center of Molecular Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (A.D., K.M.M., Y.M., T.L., S.D., R.A.B.); The Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (R.H.H.); The Max-Delbrück-Center, Berlin, Germany (X.Y., W.C.); Department of Cardiology, Internal Medicine III, Goethe University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (A.M.Z.); Angiogenesis and Metabolism Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany (M.P.); and German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site RheinMain, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (A.M.Z., S.D.)
| | - Tina Lucas
- From the Institute for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Center of Molecular Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (A.D., K.M.M., Y.M., T.L., S.D., R.A.B.); The Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (R.H.H.); The Max-Delbrück-Center, Berlin, Germany (X.Y., W.C.); Department of Cardiology, Internal Medicine III, Goethe University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (A.M.Z.); Angiogenesis and Metabolism Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany (M.P.); and German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site RheinMain, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (A.M.Z., S.D.)
| | - Riekelt H Houtkooper
- From the Institute for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Center of Molecular Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (A.D., K.M.M., Y.M., T.L., S.D., R.A.B.); The Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (R.H.H.); The Max-Delbrück-Center, Berlin, Germany (X.Y., W.C.); Department of Cardiology, Internal Medicine III, Goethe University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (A.M.Z.); Angiogenesis and Metabolism Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany (M.P.); and German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site RheinMain, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (A.M.Z., S.D.)
| | - Xintian You
- From the Institute for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Center of Molecular Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (A.D., K.M.M., Y.M., T.L., S.D., R.A.B.); The Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (R.H.H.); The Max-Delbrück-Center, Berlin, Germany (X.Y., W.C.); Department of Cardiology, Internal Medicine III, Goethe University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (A.M.Z.); Angiogenesis and Metabolism Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany (M.P.); and German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site RheinMain, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (A.M.Z., S.D.)
| | - Wei Chen
- From the Institute for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Center of Molecular Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (A.D., K.M.M., Y.M., T.L., S.D., R.A.B.); The Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (R.H.H.); The Max-Delbrück-Center, Berlin, Germany (X.Y., W.C.); Department of Cardiology, Internal Medicine III, Goethe University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (A.M.Z.); Angiogenesis and Metabolism Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany (M.P.); and German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site RheinMain, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (A.M.Z., S.D.)
| | - Andreas M Zeiher
- From the Institute for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Center of Molecular Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (A.D., K.M.M., Y.M., T.L., S.D., R.A.B.); The Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (R.H.H.); The Max-Delbrück-Center, Berlin, Germany (X.Y., W.C.); Department of Cardiology, Internal Medicine III, Goethe University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (A.M.Z.); Angiogenesis and Metabolism Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany (M.P.); and German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site RheinMain, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (A.M.Z., S.D.)
| | - Michael Potente
- From the Institute for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Center of Molecular Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (A.D., K.M.M., Y.M., T.L., S.D., R.A.B.); The Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (R.H.H.); The Max-Delbrück-Center, Berlin, Germany (X.Y., W.C.); Department of Cardiology, Internal Medicine III, Goethe University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (A.M.Z.); Angiogenesis and Metabolism Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany (M.P.); and German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site RheinMain, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (A.M.Z., S.D.)
| | - Stefanie Dimmeler
- From the Institute for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Center of Molecular Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (A.D., K.M.M., Y.M., T.L., S.D., R.A.B.); The Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (R.H.H.); The Max-Delbrück-Center, Berlin, Germany (X.Y., W.C.); Department of Cardiology, Internal Medicine III, Goethe University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (A.M.Z.); Angiogenesis and Metabolism Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany (M.P.); and German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site RheinMain, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (A.M.Z., S.D.)
| | - Reinier A Boon
- From the Institute for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Center of Molecular Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (A.D., K.M.M., Y.M., T.L., S.D., R.A.B.); The Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (R.H.H.); The Max-Delbrück-Center, Berlin, Germany (X.Y., W.C.); Department of Cardiology, Internal Medicine III, Goethe University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (A.M.Z.); Angiogenesis and Metabolism Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany (M.P.); and German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site RheinMain, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (A.M.Z., S.D.).
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Han JK, Chang SH, Cho HJ, Choi SB, Ahn HS, Lee J, Jeong H, Youn SW, Lee HJ, Kwon YW, Cho HJ, Oh BH, Oettgen P, Park YB, Kim HS. Direct Conversion of Adult Skin Fibroblasts to Endothelial Cells by Defined Factors. Circulation 2014; 130:1168-78. [DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.113.007727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Background—
Cell-based therapies to augment endothelial cells (ECs) hold great therapeutic promise. Here, we report a novel approach to generate functional ECs directly from adult fibroblasts.
Methods and Results—
Eleven candidate genes that are key regulators of endothelial development were selected. Green fluorescent protein (GFP)–negative skin fibroblasts were prepared from Tie2-GFP mice and infected with lentiviruses allowing simultaneous overexpression of all 11 factors. Tie2-GFP
+
cells (0.9%), representing Tie2 gene activation, were detected by flow cytometry. Serial stepwise screening revealed 5 key factors (Foxo1, Er71, Klf2, Tal1, and Lmo2) that were required for efficient reprogramming of skin fibroblasts into Tie2-GFP
+
cells (4%). This reprogramming strategy did not involve pluripotency induction because neither Oct4 nor Nanog was expressed after 5 key factor transduction. Tie2-GFP
+
cells were isolated using fluorescence-activated cell sorting and designated as induced ECs (iECs). iECs exhibited endothelium-like cobblestone morphology and expressed EC molecular markers. iECs possessed endothelial functions such as
Bandeiraea simplicifolia
-1 lectin binding, acetylated low-density lipoprotein uptake, capillary formation on Matrigel, and nitric oxide production. The epigenetic profile of iECs was similar to that of authentic ECs because the promoters of VE-cadherin and Tie2 genes were demethylated. mRNA profiling showed clustering of iECs with authentic ECs and highly enriched endothelial genes in iECs. In a murine model of hind-limb ischemia, iEC implantation increased capillary density and enhanced limb perfusion, demonstrating the in vivo viability and functionality of iECs.
Conclusions—
We demonstrated the first direct conversion of adult fibroblasts to functional ECs. These results suggest a novel therapeutic modality for cell therapy in ischemic vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Kyu Han
- From National Research Laboratory for Cardiovascular Stem Cell, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea (J-K.H., S-H.C, Hyun-Ju C., S-B.C., H-S.A., J.L., H.J., S-W.Y., H-J.L., Y-W.K., Hyun-Jai C., B-H.O., Y-B.P., H-S.K.); Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea (J-K.H., Hyun-Jai C., B-H.O., Y-B.P., H-S.K.); Center for Vascular Biology Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School
| | - Sung-Hwan Chang
- From National Research Laboratory for Cardiovascular Stem Cell, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea (J-K.H., S-H.C, Hyun-Ju C., S-B.C., H-S.A., J.L., H.J., S-W.Y., H-J.L., Y-W.K., Hyun-Jai C., B-H.O., Y-B.P., H-S.K.); Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea (J-K.H., Hyun-Jai C., B-H.O., Y-B.P., H-S.K.); Center for Vascular Biology Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School
| | - Hyun-Ju Cho
- From National Research Laboratory for Cardiovascular Stem Cell, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea (J-K.H., S-H.C, Hyun-Ju C., S-B.C., H-S.A., J.L., H.J., S-W.Y., H-J.L., Y-W.K., Hyun-Jai C., B-H.O., Y-B.P., H-S.K.); Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea (J-K.H., Hyun-Jai C., B-H.O., Y-B.P., H-S.K.); Center for Vascular Biology Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School
| | - Saet-Byeol Choi
- From National Research Laboratory for Cardiovascular Stem Cell, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea (J-K.H., S-H.C, Hyun-Ju C., S-B.C., H-S.A., J.L., H.J., S-W.Y., H-J.L., Y-W.K., Hyun-Jai C., B-H.O., Y-B.P., H-S.K.); Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea (J-K.H., Hyun-Jai C., B-H.O., Y-B.P., H-S.K.); Center for Vascular Biology Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School
| | - Hyo-Suk Ahn
- From National Research Laboratory for Cardiovascular Stem Cell, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea (J-K.H., S-H.C, Hyun-Ju C., S-B.C., H-S.A., J.L., H.J., S-W.Y., H-J.L., Y-W.K., Hyun-Jai C., B-H.O., Y-B.P., H-S.K.); Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea (J-K.H., Hyun-Jai C., B-H.O., Y-B.P., H-S.K.); Center for Vascular Biology Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School
| | - Jaewon Lee
- From National Research Laboratory for Cardiovascular Stem Cell, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea (J-K.H., S-H.C, Hyun-Ju C., S-B.C., H-S.A., J.L., H.J., S-W.Y., H-J.L., Y-W.K., Hyun-Jai C., B-H.O., Y-B.P., H-S.K.); Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea (J-K.H., Hyun-Jai C., B-H.O., Y-B.P., H-S.K.); Center for Vascular Biology Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School
| | - Heewon Jeong
- From National Research Laboratory for Cardiovascular Stem Cell, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea (J-K.H., S-H.C, Hyun-Ju C., S-B.C., H-S.A., J.L., H.J., S-W.Y., H-J.L., Y-W.K., Hyun-Jai C., B-H.O., Y-B.P., H-S.K.); Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea (J-K.H., Hyun-Jai C., B-H.O., Y-B.P., H-S.K.); Center for Vascular Biology Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School
| | - Seock-Won Youn
- From National Research Laboratory for Cardiovascular Stem Cell, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea (J-K.H., S-H.C, Hyun-Ju C., S-B.C., H-S.A., J.L., H.J., S-W.Y., H-J.L., Y-W.K., Hyun-Jai C., B-H.O., Y-B.P., H-S.K.); Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea (J-K.H., Hyun-Jai C., B-H.O., Y-B.P., H-S.K.); Center for Vascular Biology Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School
| | - Ho-Jae Lee
- From National Research Laboratory for Cardiovascular Stem Cell, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea (J-K.H., S-H.C, Hyun-Ju C., S-B.C., H-S.A., J.L., H.J., S-W.Y., H-J.L., Y-W.K., Hyun-Jai C., B-H.O., Y-B.P., H-S.K.); Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea (J-K.H., Hyun-Jai C., B-H.O., Y-B.P., H-S.K.); Center for Vascular Biology Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School
| | - Yoo-Wook Kwon
- From National Research Laboratory for Cardiovascular Stem Cell, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea (J-K.H., S-H.C, Hyun-Ju C., S-B.C., H-S.A., J.L., H.J., S-W.Y., H-J.L., Y-W.K., Hyun-Jai C., B-H.O., Y-B.P., H-S.K.); Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea (J-K.H., Hyun-Jai C., B-H.O., Y-B.P., H-S.K.); Center for Vascular Biology Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School
| | - Hyun-Jai Cho
- From National Research Laboratory for Cardiovascular Stem Cell, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea (J-K.H., S-H.C, Hyun-Ju C., S-B.C., H-S.A., J.L., H.J., S-W.Y., H-J.L., Y-W.K., Hyun-Jai C., B-H.O., Y-B.P., H-S.K.); Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea (J-K.H., Hyun-Jai C., B-H.O., Y-B.P., H-S.K.); Center for Vascular Biology Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School
| | - Byung-Hee Oh
- From National Research Laboratory for Cardiovascular Stem Cell, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea (J-K.H., S-H.C, Hyun-Ju C., S-B.C., H-S.A., J.L., H.J., S-W.Y., H-J.L., Y-W.K., Hyun-Jai C., B-H.O., Y-B.P., H-S.K.); Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea (J-K.H., Hyun-Jai C., B-H.O., Y-B.P., H-S.K.); Center for Vascular Biology Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School
| | - Peter Oettgen
- From National Research Laboratory for Cardiovascular Stem Cell, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea (J-K.H., S-H.C, Hyun-Ju C., S-B.C., H-S.A., J.L., H.J., S-W.Y., H-J.L., Y-W.K., Hyun-Jai C., B-H.O., Y-B.P., H-S.K.); Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea (J-K.H., Hyun-Jai C., B-H.O., Y-B.P., H-S.K.); Center for Vascular Biology Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School
| | - Young-Bae Park
- From National Research Laboratory for Cardiovascular Stem Cell, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea (J-K.H., S-H.C, Hyun-Ju C., S-B.C., H-S.A., J.L., H.J., S-W.Y., H-J.L., Y-W.K., Hyun-Jai C., B-H.O., Y-B.P., H-S.K.); Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea (J-K.H., Hyun-Jai C., B-H.O., Y-B.P., H-S.K.); Center for Vascular Biology Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School
| | - Hyo-Soo Kim
- From National Research Laboratory for Cardiovascular Stem Cell, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea (J-K.H., S-H.C, Hyun-Ju C., S-B.C., H-S.A., J.L., H.J., S-W.Y., H-J.L., Y-W.K., Hyun-Jai C., B-H.O., Y-B.P., H-S.K.); Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea (J-K.H., Hyun-Jai C., B-H.O., Y-B.P., H-S.K.); Center for Vascular Biology Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School
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207
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Karunamuni GH, Gu S, Ford MR, Peterson LM, Ma P, Wang YT, Rollins AM, Jenkins MW, Watanabe M. Capturing structure and function in an embryonic heart with biophotonic tools. Front Physiol 2014; 5:351. [PMID: 25309451 PMCID: PMC4173643 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Disturbed cardiac function at an early stage of development has been shown to correlate with cellular/molecular, structural as well as functional cardiac anomalies at later stages culminating in the congenital heart defects (CHDs) that present at birth. While our knowledge of cellular and molecular steps in cardiac development is growing rapidly, our understanding of the role of cardiovascular function in the embryo is still in an early phase. One reason for the scanty information in this area is that the tools to study early cardiac function are limited. Recently developed and adapted biophotonic tools may overcome some of the challenges of studying the tiny fragile beating heart. In this chapter, we describe and discuss our experience in developing and implementing biophotonic tools to study the role of function in heart development with emphasis on optical coherence tomography (OCT). OCT can be used for detailed structural and functional studies of the tubular and looping embryo heart under physiological conditions. The same heart can be rapidly and quantitatively phenotyped at early and again at later stages using OCT. When combined with other tools such as optical mapping (OM) and optical pacing (OP), OCT has the potential to reveal in spatial and temporal detail the biophysical changes that can impact mechanotransduction pathways. This information may provide better explanations for the etiology of the CHDs when interwoven with our understanding of morphogenesis and the molecular pathways that have been described to be involved. Future directions for advances in the creation and use of biophotonic tools are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganga H Karunamuni
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Shi Gu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University School of Engineering Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Matthew R Ford
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University School of Engineering Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Lindsy M Peterson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University School of Engineering Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Pei Ma
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University School of Engineering Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Yves T Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine Cleveland, OH, USA ; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University School of Engineering Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Andrew M Rollins
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University School of Engineering Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Michael W Jenkins
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine Cleveland, OH, USA ; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University School of Engineering Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Michiko Watanabe
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine Cleveland, OH, USA
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208
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Reduced Krüppel-like factor 2 expression may aggravate the endothelial injury of diabetic nephropathy. Kidney Int 2014; 87:382-95. [PMID: 25185079 PMCID: PMC4312548 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2014.286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Revised: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Kruppel-like Factor 2 (KLF2), a shear-stress inducible transcription factor, has endoprotective effects. In streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats, we found that glomerular Klf2 expression was reduced in comparison to non-diabetic rats. However, normalization of hyperglycemia by insulin treatment increased Klf2 expression to a level higher than that of non-diabetic rats. Consistent with this, we found that Klf2 expression was suppressed by high glucose but increased by insulin in cultured endothelial cells. To determine the role of KLF2 in streptozotocin-induced diabetic nephropathy, we used endothelial cell-specific Klf2 heterozygous knockout mice and found that diabetic knockout mice developed more kidney/glomerular hypertrophy and proteinuria than diabetic wide type mice. Glomerular expression of Vegfa, Flk1, and angiopoietin 2 increased but expression of Flt1, Tie2, and angiopoietin 1 decreased in diabetic knockout compared to diabetic wide type mice. Glomerular expression of ZO-1, glycocalyx, and eNOS was also decreased in diabetic knockout compared to diabetic wide type mice. These data suggest knockdown of Klf2 expression in the endothelial cells induced more endothelial cell injury. Interestingly, podocyte injury was also more prominent in diabetic knockout compared to diabetic wide type mice, indicating a crosstalk between these two cell types. Thus, KLF2 may play a role in glomerular endothelial cell injury in early diabetic nephropathy.
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209
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Wang KC, Nguyen P, Weiss A, Yeh YT, Chien HS, Lee A, Teng D, Subramaniam S, Li YS, Chien S. MicroRNA-23b regulates cyclin-dependent kinase-activating kinase complex through cyclin H repression to modulate endothelial transcription and growth under flow. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2014; 34:1437-45. [PMID: 24855060 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.114.303473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The site-specificity of endothelial phenotype is attributable to the local hemodynamic forces. The flow regulation of microRNAs in endothelial cells (ECs) plays a significant role in vascular homeostasis and diseases. The objective of this study was to elucidate the molecular mechanism by which the pulsatile shear flow-induced microRNA-23b (miR-23b) exerts antiproliferative effects on ECs. APPROACH AND RESULTS We used a combination of a cell perfusion system and experimental animals to examine the flow regulation of miR-23b in modulating EC proliferation. Our results demonstrated that pulsatile shear flow induces the transcription factor Krüppel-like factor 2 to promote miR-23b biosynthesis; the increase in miR-23b then represses cyclin H to impair the activity and integrity of cyclin-dependent kinase-activating kinase (CAK) complex. The inhibitory effect of miR-23b on CAK exerts dual actions to suppress cell cycle progression, and reduce basal transcription by deactivating RNA polymerase II. Whereas pulsatile shear flow regulates the miR-23b/CAK pathway to exert antiproliferative effects on ECs, oscillatory shear flow has little effect on the miR-23b/CAK pathway and hence does not cause EC growth arrest. Such flow pattern-dependent phenomena are validated with an in vivo model on rat carotid artery: the flow disturbance induced by partial carotid ligation led to a lower expression of miR-23b and a higher EC proliferation in comparison with the pulsatile flow regions of the unligated vessels. Local delivery of miR-23b mitigated the proliferative EC phenotype in partially ligated vessels. CONCLUSIONS Our findings unveil a novel mechanism by which hemodynamic forces modulate EC proliferative phenotype through the miR-23b/CAK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuei-Chun Wang
- From the Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Phu Nguyen
- From the Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Anna Weiss
- From the Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Yi-Ting Yeh
- From the Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Hou Su Chien
- From the Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Alicia Lee
- From the Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Dayu Teng
- From the Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Shankar Subramaniam
- From the Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Yi-Shuan Li
- From the Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Shu Chien
- From the Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla.
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210
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Direct evidence for pitavastatin induced chromatin structure change in the KLF4 gene in endothelial cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96005. [PMID: 24797675 PMCID: PMC4010393 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Statins exert atheroprotective effects through the induction of specific transcriptional factors in multiple organs. In endothelial cells, statin-dependent atheroprotective gene up-regulation is mediated by Kruppel-like factor (KLF) family transcription factors. To dissect the mechanism of gene regulation, we sought to determine molecular targets by performing microarray analyses of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) treated with pitavastatin, and KLF4 was determined to be the most highly induced gene. In addition, it was revealed that the atheroprotective genes induced with pitavastatin, such as nitric oxide synthase 3 (NOS3) and thrombomodulin (THBD), were suppressed by KLF4 knockdown. Myocyte enhancer factor-2 (MEF2) family activation is reported to be involved in pitavastatin-dependent KLF4 induction. We focused on MEF2C among the MEF2 family members and identified a novel functional MEF2C binding site 148 kb upstream of the KLF4 gene by chromatin immunoprecipitation along with deep sequencing (ChIP-seq) followed by luciferase assay. By applying whole genome and quantitative chromatin conformation analysis {chromatin interaction analysis with paired end tag sequencing (ChIA-PET), and real time chromosome conformation capture (3C) assay}, we observed that the MEF2C-bound enhancer and transcription start site (TSS) of KLF4 came into closer spatial proximity by pitavastatin treatment. 3D-Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) imaging supported the conformational change in individual cells. Taken together, dynamic chromatin conformation change was shown to mediate pitavastatin-responsive gene induction in endothelial cells.
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211
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Shatat MA, Tian H, Zhang R, Tandon G, Hale A, Fritz JS, Zhou G, Martínez-González J, Rodríguez C, Champion HC, Jain MK, Hamik A. Endothelial Krüppel-like factor 4 modulates pulmonary arterial hypertension. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2014; 50:647-53. [PMID: 24156273 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2013-0135oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) is a transcription factor expressed in the vascular endothelium, where it promotes anti-inflammatory and anticoagulant states, and increases endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression. We examined the role of endothelial KLF4 in pulmonary arterial (PA) hypertension (PAH). Mice with endothelial KLF4 knockdown were exposed to hypoxia for 3 weeks, followed by measurement of right ventricular and PA pressures, pulmonary vascular muscularization, and right ventricular hypertrophy. The effect of KLF4 on target gene expression was assessed in lungs from these mice, verified in vitro by small interfering RNA (siRNA) knockdown of KLF4, and further studied at the promoter level with cotransfection experiments. KLF4 expression was measured in lung tissue from patients with PAH and normal control subjects. We found that, after hypoxia, right ventricular and PA pressures were significantly higher in KLF4 knockdown animals than controls. Knockdown animals also had more severe pulmonary vascular muscularization and right ventricular hypertrophy. KLF4 knockdown resulted in increased pulmonary expression of endothelin-1 and decreased expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase, endothelin receptor subtype B, and prostacyclin synthase. Concordant findings were observed in vitro, both with siRNA knockdown of KLF4 and promoter activity assays. Finally, KLF4 expression was reduced in lungs from patients with PAH. In conclusion, endothelial KLF4 regulates the transcription of genes involved in key pathways implicated in PAH, and its loss exacerbates pulmonary hypertension in response to chronic hypoxia in mice. These results introduce a novel transcriptional modulator of PAH, with the potential of becoming a new therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad A Shatat
- 1 Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, and
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212
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Pinho-Gomes AC, Reilly S, Brandes RP, Casadei B. Targeting inflammation and oxidative stress in atrial fibrillation: role of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme a reductase inhibition with statins. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 20:1268-85. [PMID: 23924190 PMCID: PMC3934546 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a burgeoning health-care problem, and the currently available therapeutic armamentarium is barely efficient. Experimental and clinical evidence implicates inflammation and myocardial oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of AF. RECENT ADVANCES Local and systemic inflammation has been found to both precede and follow the new onset of AF, and NOX2-dependent generation of reactive oxygen species in human right atrial samples has been independently associated with the occurrence of AF in the postoperative period in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant agents can prevent atrial electrical remodeling in animal models of atrial tachypacing and the new onset of AF after cardiac surgery, suggesting a causal relationship between inflammation/oxidative stress and the atrial substrate that supports AF. CRITICAL ISSUES Statin therapy, by redressing the myocardial nitroso-redox balance and reducing inflammation, has emerged as a potentially effective strategy for the prevention of AF. Evidence indicates that statins prevent AF-induced electrical remodeling in animal models of atrial tachypacing and may reduce the new onset of AF after cardiac surgery. However, whether statins have antiarrhythmic properties in humans has yet to be conclusively demonstrated, as data from randomized controlled trials specifically addressing the relevance of statin therapy for the primary and secondary prevention of AF remain scanty. FUTURE DIRECTIONS A better understanding of the mechanisms underpinning the putative antiarrhythmic effects of statins may afford tailoring AF treatment to specific clinical settings and patient's subgroups. Large-scale randomized clinical trials are needed to support the indication of statin therapy solely on the basis of AF prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Catarina Pinho-Gomes
- 1 Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford , John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
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213
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Jain MK, Sangwung P, Hamik A. Regulation of an inflammatory disease: Krüppel-like factors and atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2014; 34:499-508. [PMID: 24526695 PMCID: PMC5539879 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.113.301925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This invited review summarizes work presented in the Russell Ross lecture delivered at the 2012 proceedings of the American Heart Association. We begin with a brief overview of the structural, cellular, and molecular biology of Krüppel-like factors. We then focus on discoveries during the past decade, implicating Krüppel-like factors as key determinants of vascular cell function in atherosclerotic vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh K. Jain
- Case Cardiovascular Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University, and Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Panjamaporn Sangwung
- Case Cardiovascular Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University, and Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Anne Hamik
- Case Cardiovascular Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University, and Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio
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214
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Affiliation(s)
- Derin Tugal
- Department of Medicine, Harrington Heart & Vascular Institute, University Hospitals Case Medical Center and Case Cardiovascular Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH
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215
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Zitman-Gal T, Green J, Pasmanik-Chor M, Golan E, Bernheim J, Benchetrit S. Vitamin D manipulates miR-181c, miR-20b and miR-15a in human umbilical vein endothelial cells exposed to a diabetic-like environment. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2014; 13:8. [PMID: 24397367 PMCID: PMC3893386 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2840-13-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High blood and tissue concentrations of glucose and advanced glycation end-products are believed to play an important role in the development of vascular complications in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) and chronic kidney disease. MicroRNAs (miRNA) are non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression in a sequence specific manner. MiRNA are involved in various biological processes and become novel biomarkers, modulators and therapeutic targets for diseases such as cancer, atherosclerosis, and DM. Calcitriol (the active form of vitamin D) may inhibit endothelial proliferation, blunt angiogenesis, and be a cardioprotective agent. Calcitriol deficiency is a risk factor for DM and hypertension. The aim of this project was to study the miRNA microarray expression changes in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) treated in a diabetic-like environment with the addition of calcitriol. METHODS HUVEC were treated for 24 h with 200 μg/ml human serum albumin (HSA) and 100 mg/dl glucose (control group) or 200 μg/ml AGE-HSA, and 250 mg/dl glucose (diabetic-like environment), and physiological concentrations (10-10 mol/l) of calcitriol. miRNA microarray analysis and real time PCR to validate the miRNA expression profile and mRNA target gene expression were carried out. RESULTS Compared to control, 31 mature human miRNA were differentially expressed in the presence of a diabetic-like environment. Addition of physiological concentrations of calcitriol revealed 39 differentially expressed mature human miRNA. MiR-181c, miR-15a, miR-20b, miR-411, miR-659, miR-126 and miR-510 were selected for further analysis because they are known to be modified in DM and in other biological disorders. The predicted targets of these miRNA (such as KLF6, KLF9, KLF10, TXNIP and IL8) correspond to molecular and biological processes such as immune and defense responses, signal transduction and regulation of RNA. CONCLUSION This study identified novel miRNA in the field of diabetic vasculopathy and might provide new information about the effect of vitamin D on gene regulation induced by a diabetic-like environment. New gene targets that are part of the molecular mechanism and the therapeutic treatment in diabetic vasculopathy are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tali Zitman-Gal
- Renal Physiology Laboratory, Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba 44281, Israel.
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216
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Bomotti SM, Smith JA, Zagel AL, Taylor JY, Turner ST, Kardia SLR. Epigenetic markers of renal function in african americans. Nurs Res Pract 2013; 2013:687519. [PMID: 24396594 PMCID: PMC3874945 DOI: 10.1155/2013/687519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is an increasing concern in the United States due to its rapidly rising prevalence, particularly among African Americans. Epigenetic DNA methylation markers are becoming important biomarkers of chronic diseases such as CKD. To better understand how these methylation markers play a role in kidney function, we measured 26,428 DNA methylation sites in 972 African Americans from the Genetic Epidemiology Network of Arteriopathy (GENOA) study. We then evaluated (1) whether epigenetic markers are associated with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), (2) whether the significantly associated markers are also associated with traditional risk factors and/or novel biomarkers for eGFR, and (3) how much additional variation in eGFR is explained by epigenetic markers beyond established risk factors and biomarkers. The majority of methylation markers most significantly associated with eGFR (24 out of the top 30) appeared to function, at least in part, through pathways related to aging, inflammation, or cholesterol. However, six epigenetic markers were still able to significantly predict eGFR after adjustment for other risk factors. This work shows that epigenetic markers may offer valuable new insight into the complex pathophysiology of CKD in African Americans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha M. Bomotti
- Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Jennifer A. Smith
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, No. 4629, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Alicia L. Zagel
- Center for Health Statistics, Washington State Department of Health, Olympia, WA 98501, USA
| | | | - Stephen T. Turner
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Sharon L. R. Kardia
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, No. 4629, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Karunamuni G, Gu S, Doughman YQ, Peterson LM, Mai K, McHale Q, Jenkins MW, Linask KK, Rollins AM, Watanabe M. Ethanol exposure alters early cardiac function in the looping heart: a mechanism for congenital heart defects? Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2013; 306:H414-21. [PMID: 24271490 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00600.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol-induced congenital heart defects are frequently among the most life threatening and require surgical correction in newborns. The etiology of these defects, collectively known as fetal alcohol syndrome, has been the focus of much study, particularly involving cellular and molecular mechanisms. Few studies have addressed the influential role of altered cardiac function in early embryogenesis because of a lack of tools with the capability to assay tiny beating hearts. To overcome this gap in our understanding, we used optical coherence tomography (OCT), a nondestructive imaging modality capable of micrometer-scale resolution imaging, to rapidly and accurately map cardiovascular structure and hemodynamics in real time under physiological conditions. In this study, we exposed avian embryos to a single dose of alcohol/ethanol at gastrulation when the embryo is sensitive to the induction of birth defects. Late-stage hearts were analyzed using standard histological analysis with a focus on the atrio-ventricular valves. Early cardiac function was assayed using Doppler OCT, and structural analysis of the cardiac cushions was performed using OCT imaging. Our results indicated that ethanol-exposed embryos developed late-stage valvuloseptal defects. At early stages, they exhibited increased regurgitant flow and developed smaller atrio-ventricular cardiac cushions, compared with controls (uninjected and saline-injected embryos). The embryos also exhibited abnormal flexion/torsion of the body. Our evidence suggests that ethanol-induced alterations in early cardiac function have the potential to contribute to late-stage valve and septal defects, thus demonstrating that functional parameters may serve as early and sensitive gauges of cardiac normalcy and abnormalities.
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218
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Loyer X, Potteaux S, Vion AC, Guérin CL, Boulkroun S, Rautou PE, Ramkhelawon B, Esposito B, Dalloz M, Paul JL, Julia P, Maccario J, Boulanger CM, Mallat Z, Tedgui A. Inhibition of microRNA-92a prevents endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis in mice. Circ Res 2013; 114:434-43. [PMID: 24255059 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.114.302213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 283] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE FOR STUDY MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs that regulate protein expression at post-transcriptional level. We hypothesized that a specific pool of endothelial miRNAs could be selectively regulated by flow conditions and inflammatory signals, and as such be involved in the development of atherosclerosis. OBJECTIVE To identify miRNAs, called atheromiRs, which are selectively regulated by shear stress and oxidized low-density lipoproteins (oxLDL), and to determine their role in atherogenesis. METHODS AND RESULTS Large-scale miRNA profiling in HUVECs identified miR-92a as an atheromiR candidate, whose expression is preferentially upregulated by the combination of low shear stress (SS) and atherogenic oxLDL. Ex vivo analysis of atheroprone and atheroprotected areas of mouse arteries and human atherosclerotic plaques demonstrated the preferential expression of miR-92a in atheroprone low SS regions. In Ldlr(-/-) mice, miR-92a expression was markedly enhanced by hypercholesterolemia, in particular in atheroprone areas of the aorta. Assessment of endothelial inflammation in gain- and loss-of-function experiments targeting miR-92a expression revealed that miR-92a regulated endothelial cell activation by oxLDL, more specifically under low SS conditions, which was associated with modulation of Kruppel-like factor 2 (KLF2), Kruppel-like factor 4 (KLF4), and suppressor of cytokine signaling 5. miR-92a expression was regulated by signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 in SS- and oxLDL-dependent manner. Furthermore, specific in vivo blockade of miR-92a expression in Ldlr(-/-) mice reduced endothelial inflammation and altered the development of atherosclerosis, decreasing plaque size and promoting a more stable lesion phenotype. CONCLUSIONS Upregulation of miR-92a by oxLDL in atheroprone areas promotes endothelial activation and the development of atherosclerotic lesions. Therefore, miR-92a antagomir seems as a new atheroprotective therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Loyer
- From the INSERM UMR-S 970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center - PARCC, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France (X.L., S.P., A.-C.V., C.L.G., S.B., P.-E.R., B.R., B.E., M.D., C.M.B., Z.M., A.T.); AP-HP (Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris), Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Service de Biochimie, 75015 Paris, France (J.-L.P.); AP-HP (Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris), Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Service de Chirurgie Cardiovasculaire, Paris, France (P.J.); INSERM U1018, Université Paris Sud 11, Villejuif, France (J.M.); and Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (Z.M.)
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Abstract
Krüppel-like factors (KLFs) are a family of DNA-binding transcriptional regulators with diverse and essential functions in a multitude of cellular processes, including proliferation, differentiation, migration, inflammation and pluripotency. In this Review, we discuss the roles and regulation of the 17 known KLFs in various cancer-relevant processes. Importantly, the functions of KLFs are context dependent, with some KLFs having different roles in normal cells and cancer, during cancer development and progression and in different cancer types. We also identify key questions for the field that are likely to lead to important new translational research and discoveries in cancer biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Pier Tetreault
- Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology Division, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, 913 Biomedical Research Building II/III, 421 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia PA 19104-6144, USA
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Walshe TE, dela Paz NG, D'Amore PA. The role of shear-induced transforming growth factor-β signaling in the endothelium. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2013; 33:2608-17. [PMID: 23968981 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.113.302161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Vascular endothelial cells (ECs) are continuously exposed to blood flow that contributes to the maintenance of vessel structure and function; however, the effect of hemodynamic forces on transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling in the endothelium is poorly described. We examined the potential role of TGF-β signaling in mediating the protective effects of shear stress on ECs. APPROACH AND RESULTS Human umbilical vein ECs (HUVECs) exposed to shear stress were compared with cells grown under static conditions. Signaling through the TGF-β receptor ALK5 was inhibited with SB525334. Cells were examined for morphological changes and harvested for analysis by real-time polymerase chain reaction, Western blot analysis, apoptosis, proliferation, and immunocytochemistry. Shear stress resulted in ALK5-dependent alignment of HUVECs as well as attenuation of apoptosis and proliferation compared with static controls. Shear stress led to an ALK5-dependent increase in TGF-β3 and Krüppel-like factor 2, phosphorylation of endothelial NO synthase, and NO release. Addition of the NO donor S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine rescued the cells from apoptosis attributable to ALK5 inhibition under shear stress. Knockdown of TGF-β3, but not TGF-β1, disrupted the HUVEC monolayer and prevented the induction of Krüppel-like factor 2 by shear. CONCLUSIONS Shear stress of HUVECs induces TGF-β3 signaling and subsequent activation of Krüppel-like factor 2 and NO, and represents a novel role for TGF-β3 in the maintenance of HUVEC homeostasis in a hemodynamic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony E Walshe
- From the Departments of Ophthalmology (T.E.W., N.G.d.P., P.A.D.) and Pathology (P.A.D.), Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston; and La Jolla Bioengineering Institute, San Diego, CA (N.G.d.P.)
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Combination therapy with atorvastatin and amlodipine suppresses angiotensin II-induced aortic aneurysm formation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72558. [PMID: 23967318 PMCID: PMC3742630 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a life-threatening vascular disease. It is controversial whether statin and calcium channel blockers (CCBs) has an inhibitory effect on the expansion of AAA. Some studies reported that CCBs have an inhibitory effect on Rho-kinase activity. Rho-kinase plays an important role in the pathogenesis of various cardiovascular diseases. However, there is no study reporting of the association between Rho-kinase and human AAAs. Methods and Results Experimental AAA was induced in Apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE-/-) mice infused with angiotensin II (AngII) for 28 days. They were randomly divided into the following 5 groups; saline infusion alone (sham), AngII infusion alone, AngII infusion plus atorvastatin (10 mg/kg/day), AngII infusion plus amlodipine (1 mg/kg/day), and AngII infusion plus combination therapy with atorvastatin (10 mg/kg/day) and amlodipine (1 mg/kg/day). The combination therapy significantly suppressed AngII-induced increase in maximal aortic diameter as compared with sham, whereas each monotherapy had no inhibitory effects. The combination therapy significantly reduced AngII-induced apoptosis and elastin degradation at the AAA lesion, whereas each monotherapy did not. Moreover, Rho-kinase activity, as evaluated by the extent of phosphorylation of myosin-binding subunit (a substrate of Rho-kinase) and matrix metalloproteinase activity were significantly increased in the AngII-induced AAA lesion as compared with sham, both of which were again significantly suppressed by the combination therapy. In human aortic samples, immunohistochemistory revealed that the activity and expression of Rho-kinase was up-regulated in AAA lesion as compared with abdominal aorta from control subjects. Conclusions Rho-kinase is up-regulated in the aortic wall of human AAA. The combination therapy with amlodipine and Atorvastatin, but not each monotherapy, suppresses AngII-induced AAA formation in mice in vivo, for which Rho-kinase inhibition may be involved.
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222
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Ray A, Alalem M, Ray BK. Loss of epigenetic Kruppel-like factor 4 histone deacetylase (KLF-4-HDAC)-mediated transcriptional suppression is crucial in increasing vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression in breast cancer. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:27232-27242. [PMID: 23926105 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.481184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is recognized as an important angiogenic factor that promotes angiogenesis in a series of pathological conditions, including cancer, inflammation, and ischemic disorders. We have recently shown that the inflammatory transcription factor SAF-1 is, at least in part, responsible for the marked increase of VEGF levels in breast cancer. Here, we show that SAF-1-mediated induction of VEGF is repressed by KLF-4 transcription factor. KLF-4 is abundantly present in normal breast epithelial cells, but its level is considerably reduced in breast cancer cells and clinical cancer tissues. In the human VEGF promoter, SAF-1- and KLF-4-binding elements are overlapping, whereas SAF-1 induces and KLF-4 suppresses VEGF expression. Ectopic overexpression of KLF-4 and RNAi-mediated inhibition of endogenous KLF-4 supported the role of KLF-4 as a transcriptional repressor of VEGF and an inhibitor of angiogenesis in breast cancer cells. We show that KLF-4 recruits histone deacetylases (HDACs) -2 and -3 at the VEGF promoter. Chronological ChIP assays demonstrated the occupancy of KLF-4, HDAC2, and HDAC3 in the VEGF promoter in normal MCF-10A cells but not in MDA-MB-231 cancer cells. Co-transfection of KLF-4 and HDAC expression plasmids in breast cancer cells results in synergistic repression of VEGF expression and inhibition of angiogenic potential of these carcinoma cells. Together these results identify a new mechanism of VEGF up-regulation in cancer that involves concomitant loss of KLF-4-HDAC-mediated transcriptional repression and active recruitment of SAF-1-mediated transcriptional activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alpana Ray
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211.
| | - Mohamed Alalem
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
| | - Bimal K Ray
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211.
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223
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Song Y, Li X, Wang D, Fu C, Zhu Z, Zou MH, Zhu Y. Transcription factor Krüppel-like factor 2 plays a vital role in endothelial colony forming cells differentiation. Cardiovasc Res 2013; 99:514-24. [PMID: 23667185 PMCID: PMC3841418 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvt113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Revised: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Endothelial colony forming cells (ECFCs) participate in post-natal vasculogenesis. We previously reported that vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) promotes human ECFC differentiation through AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation. However, the mechanisms underlying transcriptional regulation of ECFC differentiation still remain largely elusive. Here, we investigated the role of transcription factor Krüppel-like factor 2 (KLF2) in the regulation of ECFC function. METHODS AND RESULTS Human ECFCs were isolated from cord blood and cultured. Treatment with VEGF significantly increased endothelial markers in ECFCs and their capacity for migration and tube formation. The mRNA and protein levels of KLF2 were also significantly up-regulated. This up-regulation was abrogated by AMPK inhibition or by knockdown of KLF2 with siRNA. Furthermore, adenovirus-mediated overexpression of KLF2 promoted ECFC differentiation by enhancing expression of endothelial cell markers, reducing expression of progenitor cell markers, and increasing the capacity for tube formation in vitro, indicating the important role of KLF2 in ECFC-mediated angiogenesis. Histone deacetylase 5 (HDAC5) was phosphorylated by AMPK activity induced by VEGF and the AMPK agonist AICAR (5-amino-1-β-D-ribofuranosyl-imidazole-4-carboxamide). In vivo angiogenesis assay revealed that overexpression of KLF2 in bone-marrow-derived pro-angiogenic progenitor cells promoted vessel formation when the cells were implanted in C57BL/6 mice. CONCLUSION Up-regulation of KLF2 by AMPK activation constitutes a novel mechanism of ECFC differentiation, and may have therapeutic value in the treatment of ischaemic heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimeng Song
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xiaoxia Li
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Dawei Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Chenglai Fu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Zhenjiu Zhu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Ming-Hui Zou
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Section of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 941 Stanton L. Young Blvd. BSEB 314, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Yi Zhu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Tianjin Medical University, 22 Qixiangtai Road, Heping District, Tianjin 300070, China
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Key role of microRNA-15a in the KLF4 suppressions of proliferation and angiogenesis in endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 437:625-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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225
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Vaiman D, Calicchio R, Miralles F. Landscape of transcriptional deregulations in the preeclamptic placenta. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65498. [PMID: 23785430 PMCID: PMC3681798 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Preeclampsia is a pregnancy disease affecting 5 to 8% of pregnant women and a leading cause of both maternal and fetal mortality and morbidity. Because of a default in the process of implantation, the placenta of preeclamptic women undergoes insufficient vascularization. This results in placental ischemia, inflammation and subsequent release of placental debris and vasoactive factors in the maternal circulation causing a systemic endothelial activation. Several microarray studies have analyzed the transcriptome of the preeclamptic placentas to identify genes which could be involved in placental dysfunction. In this study, we compared the data from publicly available microarray analyses to obtain a consensus list of modified genes. This allowed to identify consistently modified genes in the preeclamptic placenta. Of these, 67 were up-regulated and 31 down-regulated. Assuming that changes in the transcription level of co-expressed genes may result from the coordinated action of a limited number of transcription factors, we looked for over-represented putative transcription factor binding sites in the promoters of these genes. Indeed, we found that the promoters of up-regulated genes are enriched in putative binding sites for NFkB, CREB, ANRT, REEB1, SP1, and AP-2. In the promoters of down-regulated genes, the most prevalent putative binding sites are those of MZF-1, NFYA, E2F1 and MEF2A. These transcriptions factors are known to regulate specific biological pathways such as cell responses to inflammation, hypoxia, DNA damage and proliferation. We discuss here the molecular mechanisms of action of these transcription factors and how they can be related to the placental dysfunction in the context of preeclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Vaiman
- INSERM U1016-CNRS UMR8104, Université Paris Descartes, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Rosamaria Calicchio
- INSERM U1016-CNRS UMR8104, Université Paris Descartes, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Francisco Miralles
- INSERM U1016-CNRS UMR8104, Université Paris Descartes, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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226
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Atkins GB, Simon DI. Interplay between NF-κB and Kruppel-like factors in vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis: location, location, location. J Am Heart Assoc 2013; 2:e000290. [PMID: 23757395 PMCID: PMC3698797 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.113.000290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Brandon Atkins
- Harrington Heart & Vascular Institute, Case Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH (B.A., D.I.S.)
- Correspondence to: G. Brandon Atkins, MD, PhD, Case Cardiovascular Research Institute, Iris S. & Bert L. Wolstein Research Building, 2103 Cornell Road, Room 4‐542, Cleveland, OH 44106. E‐mail:
| | - Daniel I. Simon
- Harrington Heart & Vascular Institute, Case Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH (B.A., D.I.S.)
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227
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Ghorpade DS, Holla S, Sinha AY, Alagesan SK, Balaji KN. Nitric oxide and KLF4 protein epigenetically modify class II transactivator to repress major histocompatibility complex II expression during Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guerin infection. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:20592-606. [PMID: 23733190 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.472183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic mycobacteria employ several immune evasion strategies such as inhibition of class II transactivator (CIITA) and MHC-II expression, to survive and persist in host macrophages. However, precise roles for specific signaling components executing down-regulation of CIITA/MHC-II have not been adequately addressed. Here, we demonstrate that Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG)-mediated TLR2 signaling-induced iNOS/NO expression is obligatory for the suppression of IFN-γ-induced CIITA/MHC-II functions. Significantly, NOTCH/PKC/MAPK-triggered signaling cross-talk was found critical for iNOS/NO production. NO responsive recruitment of a bifunctional transcription factor, KLF4, to the promoter of CIITA during M. bovis BCG infection of macrophages was essential to orchestrate the epigenetic modifications mediated by histone methyltransferase EZH2 or miR-150 and thus calibrate CIITA/MHC-II expression. NO-dependent KLF4 regulated the processing and presentation of ovalbumin by infected macrophages to reactive T cells. Altogether, our study delineates a novel role for iNOS/NO/KLF4 in dictating the mycobacterial capacity to inhibit CIITA/MHC-II-mediated antigen presentation by infected macrophages and thereby elude immune surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devram Sampat Ghorpade
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
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228
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Kumar A, Kumar S, Vikram A, Hoffman TA, Naqvi A, Lewarchik CM, Kim YR, Irani K. Histone and DNA methylation-mediated epigenetic downregulation of endothelial Kruppel-like factor 2 by low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2013; 33:1936-42. [PMID: 23723375 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.113.301765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol induces endothelial dysfunction and is a major modifiable risk factor for coronary heart disease. Endothelial Kruppel-like Factor 2 (KLF2) is a transcription factor that is vital to endothelium-dependent vascular homeostasis. The purpose of this study is to determine whether and how LDL affects endothelial KLF2 expression. APPROACH AND RESULTS LDL downregulates KLF2 expression and promoter activity in endothelial cells. LDL-induced decrease in KLF2 parallels changes in endothelial KLF2 target genes thrombomodulin, endothelial NO synthase, and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1. Pharmacological inhibition of DNA methyltransferases or knockdown of DNA methyltransferase 1 prevents downregulation of endothelial KLF2 by LDL. LDL induces endothelial DNA methyltransferase 1 expression and DNA methyltransferase activity. LDL stimulates binding of the DNA methyl-CpG-binding protein-2 and histone methyltransferase enhancer of zeste homolog 2, whereas decreases binding of the KLF2 transcriptional activator myocyte enhancing factor-2, to the KLF2 promoter in endothelial cells. Knockdown of myocyte enhancing factor-2, or mutation of the myocyte enhancing factor-2 site in the KLF2 promoter, abrogates LDL-induced downregulation of endothelial KLF2 and thrombomodulin, and KLF2 promoter activity. Similarly, knockdown of enhancer of zeste homolog 2 negates LDL-induced downregulation of KLF2 and thrombomodulin in endothelial cells. Finally, overexpression of KLF2 rescues LDL-induced clotting of platelet-rich plasma on endothelial cells. CONCLUSIONS LDL represses endothelial KLF2 expression via DNA and histone methylation. Downregulation of KLF2 by LDL leads to a dysfunctional, hypercoagulable endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Kumar
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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229
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HA CHANGHOON, KIM SUNGHYEN, CHUNG JIHWA, AN SHUNGHYEN, PARK SUNGHA, CHOI DONGHOON, KWON KIHWAN. Inhibitory effect of soluble RAGE in disturbed flow-induced atherogenesis. Int J Mol Med 2013; 32:373-80. [DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2013.1393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Davies PF, Civelek M, Fang Y, Fleming I. The atherosusceptible endothelium: endothelial phenotypes in complex haemodynamic shear stress regions in vivo. Cardiovasc Res 2013; 99:315-27. [PMID: 23619421 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvt101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis initiates at predictable focal sites and develops to a spatially regional disease with limited distribution. There is compelling evidence that links haemodynamics to the localized origin of atherosclerotic lesions. Arterial flow in vivo is unsteady, dynamically complex, and regionally variable. Sites susceptible to atherosclerosis near arterial branches and curves are associated with regions of disturbed blood flow that contain repetitive phases of flow reversal resulting in steep multidirectional temporal and spatial gradients of wall shear stresses. Endothelium in atherosusceptible regions relative to protected sites shows activation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and the unfolded protein response (UPR), the altered expression of pro-inflammatory Nuclear Factor kappa B (NFκB) and oxidant/antioxidant pathways, and low expression of major protective factors, notably endothelial nitric oxide synthase and Kruppel-like Factors KLF2 and KLF4. At some atherosusceptible locations, reactive oxygen species levels are significantly elevated. Here we describe flow-related phenotypes identified in steady-state in vivo and outline some of the molecular mechanisms that may contribute to pre-lesional atherosusceptibility as deduced from complementary cell experiments in vitro. We conclude that disturbed flow is a significant local risk factor for atherosclerosis that induces a chronic low-level inflammatory state, an adaptive response to ensure continued function at the expense of increased susceptibility to atherogenesis. Surprisingly, when challenged by short-term hypercholesterolaemia in vivo, atherosusceptible endothelial phenotype was resistant to greater pro-inflammatory expression, suggesting that sustained hyperlipidaemia is required to overcome these protective characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter F Davies
- Institute for Medicine and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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231
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Kurniati NF, Jongman RM, vom Hagen F, Spokes KC, Moser J, Regan ER, Krenning G, Moonen JRAJ, Harmsen MC, Struys MMRF, Hammes HP, Zijlstra JG, Aird WC, Heeringa P, Molema G, van Meurs M. The flow dependency of Tie2 expression in endotoxemia. Intensive Care Med 2013; 39:1262-71. [PMID: 23563632 DOI: 10.1007/s00134-013-2899-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2012] [Accepted: 03/02/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Tie2 is predominantly expressed by endothelial cells and is involved in vascular integrity control during sepsis. Changes in Tie2 expression during sepsis development may contribute to microvascular dysfunction. Understanding the kinetics and molecular basis of these changes may assist in the development of therapeutic intervention to counteract microvascular dysfunction. OBJECTIVE To investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying the changes in Tie2 expression upon lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge. METHODS AND RESULTS Studies were performed in LPS and pro-inflammatory cytokine challenged mice as well as in mice subjected to hemorrhagic shock, primary endothelial cells were used for in vitro experiments in static and flow conditions. Eight hours after LPS challenge, Tie2 mRNA loss was observed in all major organs, while loss of Tie2 protein was predominantly observed in lungs and kidneys, in the capillaries. A similar loss could be induced by secondary cytokines TNF-α and IL-1β. Ang2 protein administration did not affect Tie2 protein expression nor was Tie2 protein rescued in LPS-challenged Ang2-deficient mice, excluding a major role for Ang2 in Tie2 down regulation. In vitro, endothelial loss of Tie2 was observed upon lowering of shear stress, not upon LPS and TNF-α stimulation, suggesting that inflammation related haemodynamic changes play a major role in loss of Tie2 in vivo, as also hemorrhagic shock induced Tie2 mRNA loss. In vitro, this loss was partially counteracted by pre-incubation with a pharmacologically NF-кB inhibitor (BAY11-7082), an effect further substantiated in vivo by pre-treatment of mice with the NF-кB inhibitor prior to the inflammatory challenge. CONCLUSIONS Microvascular bed specific loss of Tie2 mRNA and protein in vivo upon LPS, TNFα, IL-1β challenge, as well as in response to hemorrhagic shock, is likely an indirect effect caused by a change in endothelial shear stress. This loss of Tie2 mRNA, but not Tie2 protein, induced by TNFα exposure was shown to be controlled by NF-кB signaling. Drugs aiming at restoring vascular integrity in sepsis could focus on preventing the Tie2 loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neng F Kurniati
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Medical Biology Section, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Tahmasebi S, Ghorbani M, Savage P, Yan K, Gocevski G, Xiao L, You L, Yang XJ. Sumoylation of Krüppel-like factor 4 inhibits pluripotency induction but promotes adipocyte differentiation. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:12791-804. [PMID: 23515309 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.465443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ectopic expression of transcription factors has been shown to reprogram somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells. It remains largely unexplored how this process is regulated by post-translational modifications. Several reprogramming factors possess conserved sumoylation sites, so we investigated whether and how this modification regulates reprogramming of fibroblasts into iPS cells. Substitution of the sole sumoylation site of the Krüppel-like factor (KLF4), a well known reprogramming factor, promoted iPS cell formation. In comparison, much smaller effects on reprogramming were observed for sumoylation-deficient mutants of SOX2 and OCT4, two other classical reprogramming factors. We also analyzed KLF2, a KLF4 homolog and a member of the KLF family of transcription factors with a known role in reprogramming. KLF2 was sumoylated at two conserved neighboring motifs, but substitution of the key lysine residues only stimulated reprogramming slightly. KLF5 is another KLF member with an established link to embryonic stem cell pluripotency. Interestingly, although it was much more efficiently sumoylated than either KLF2 or KLF4, KLF5 was inactive in reprogramming, and its sumoylation was not responsible for this deficiency. Furthermore, sumoylation of KLF4 but not KLF2 or KLF5 stimulated adipocyte differentiation. These results thus demonstrate the importance KLF4 sumoylation in regulating pluripotency and adipocyte differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soroush Tahmasebi
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University Health Center, Montréal, Québec H3A 1A3, Canada
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Vangala RK, Ravindran V, Ghatge M, Shanker J, Arvind P, Bindu H, Shekar M, Rao VS. Integrative bioinformatics analysis of genomic and proteomic approaches to understand the transcriptional regulatory program in coronary artery disease pathways. PLoS One 2013; 8:e57193. [PMID: 23468932 PMCID: PMC3585295 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with cardiovascular disease show a panel of differentially regulated serum biomarkers indicative of modulation of several pathways from disease onset to progression. Few of these biomarkers have been proposed for multimarker risk prediction methods. However, the underlying mechanism of the expression changes and modulation of the pathways is not yet addressed in entirety. Our present work focuses on understanding the regulatory mechanisms at transcriptional level by identifying the core and specific transcription factors that regulate the coronary artery disease associated pathways. Using the principles of systems biology we integrated the genomics and proteomics data with computational tools. We selected biomarkers from 7 different pathways based on their association with the disease and assayed 24 biomarkers along with gene expression studies and built network modules which are highly regulated by 5 core regulators PPARG, EGR1, ETV1, KLF7 and ESRRA. These network modules in turn comprise of biomarkers from different pathways showing that the core regulatory transcription factors may work together in differential regulation of several pathways potentially leading to the disease. This kind of analysis can enhance the elucidation of mechanisms in the disease and give better strategies of developing multimarker module based risk predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajani Kanth Vangala
- Tata Proteomics and Coagulation Department, Thrombosis Research Institute, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.
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234
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Gab docking proteins in cardiovascular disease, cancer, and inflammation. Int J Inflam 2013; 2013:141068. [PMID: 23431498 PMCID: PMC3566608 DOI: 10.1155/2013/141068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The docking proteins of the Grb2-associated binder (Gab) family have emerged as crucial signaling compartments in metazoans. In mammals, the Gab proteins, consisting of Gab1, Gab2, and Gab3, are involved in the amplification and integration of signal transduction evoked by a variety of extracellular stimuli, including growth factors, cytokines, antigens, and other molecules. Gab proteins lack the enzymatic activity themselves; however, when phosphorylated on tyrosine residues, they provide binding sites for multiple Src homology-2 (SH2) domain-containing proteins, such as SH2-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase 2 (SHP2), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit p85, phospholipase Cγ, Crk, and GC-GAP. Through these interactions, the Gab proteins transduce signals from activated receptors into pathways with distinct biological functions, thereby contributing to signal diversification. They are known to play crucial roles in numerous physiological processes through their associations with SHP2 and p85. In addition, abnormal Gab protein signaling has been linked to human diseases including cancer, cardiovascular disease, and inflammatory disorders. In this paper, we provide an overview of the structure, effector functions, and regulation of the Gab docking proteins, with a special focus on their associations with cardiovascular disease, cancer, and inflammation.
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235
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Shi H, Sheng B, Zhang F, Wu C, Zhang R, Zhu J, Xu K, Kuang Y, Jameson SC, Lin Z, Wang Y, Chen J, Jain MK, Atkins GB. Kruppel-like factor 2 protects against ischemic stroke by regulating endothelial blood brain barrier function. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2013; 304:H796-805. [PMID: 23335794 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00712.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
During an ischemic stroke normal brain endothelial function is perturbed, resulting in blood brain barrier (BBB) breakdown with subsequent infiltration of activated inflammatory blood cells, ultimately leading to neuronal cell death. Kruppel-like factor 2 (KLF2) is regulated by flow, is highly expressed in vascular endothelial cells (ECs), and serves as a key molecular switch regulating endothelial function and promoting vascular health. In this study we sought to determine the role of KLF2 in cerebrovascular function and the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke. Transient middle cerebral artery occlusion was performed in KLF2-deficient (KLF2(-/-)), KLF2 overexpressing (KLF2(tg)), and control mice, and stroke volume was analyzed. BBB function was assessed in vivo by real-time neuroimaging using positron emission tomography and Evan's blue dye assay. KLF2(-/-) mice exhibited significantly larger strokes and impairment in BBB function. In contrast, KLF2(tg) mice were protected against ischemic stroke and demonstrated preserved BBB function. In concordance, gain- and loss-of-function studies in primary brain microvascular ECs using transwell assays revealed KLF2 to be BBB protective. Mechanistically, KLF2 was demonstrated, both in vitro and in vivo, to regulate the critical BBB tight junction factor occludin. These data are first to identify endothelial KLF2 as a key regulator of the BBB and a novel neuroprotective factor in ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Shi
- Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute, Case Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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Marrone G, Russo L, Rosado E, Hide D, García-Cardeña G, García-Pagán JC, Bosch J, Gracia-Sancho J. The transcription factor KLF2 mediates hepatic endothelial protection and paracrine endothelial-stellate cell deactivation induced by statins. J Hepatol 2013; 58:98-103. [PMID: 22989565 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2012.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2012] [Revised: 08/27/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Statins improve hepatic endothelial function and liver fibrosis in experimental models of cirrhosis, thus they have been proposed as therapeutic options to ameliorate portal hypertension syndrome. The transcription factor Kruppel-like factor 2 (KLF2) may be induced by statins in liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (SEC), orchestrating an efficient vasoprotective response. The present study aimed at characterizing whether KLF2 mediates statins-derived hepatic protection. METHODS Expression of KLF2 and its vasoprotective target genes was determined in SEC freshly isolated from control or CCl(4)-cirrhotic rats treated with four different statins (atorvastatin, mevastatin, simvastatin, and lovastatin), in the presence of mevalonate (or vehicle), under static or controlled shear stress conditions. KLF2-derived vasoprotective transcriptional programs were analyzed in SEC transfected with siRNA for KLF2 or siRNA-control, and incubated with simvastatin. Paracrine effects of SEC highly-expressing KLF2 on the activation status of rat and human hepatic stellate cells (HSC) were evaluated. RESULTS Statins administration to SEC induced significant upregulation of KLF2 expression. KLF2 upregulation was observed after 6h of treatment and was accompanied by induction of its vasoprotective programs. Simvastatin vasoprotection was inhibited in the presence of mevalonate, and was magnified in cells cultured under physiological shear stress conditions. Statin-dependent induction of vasoprotective genes was not observed when KLF2 expression was muted with siRNA. SEC overexpressing KLF2 induced quiescence of HSC through a KLF2-nitric oxide-guanylate cyclase-mediated paracrine mechanism. CONCLUSIONS Upregulation of hepatic endothelial KLF2-derived transcriptional programs by statins confers vasoprotection and stellate cells deactivation, reinforcing the therapeutic potential of these drugs for liver diseases that course with endothelial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giusi Marrone
- Hepatic Hemodynamic Laboratory, August Pi i Sunyer Institute for Biomedical Research (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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He CL, Yi PF, Fan QJ, Shen HQ, Jiang XL, Qin QQ, Song Z, Zhang C, Wu SC, Wei XB, Li YL, Fu BD. Xiang-Qi-Tang and its active components exhibit anti-inflammatory and anticoagulant properties by inhibiting MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways in LPS-treated rat cardiac microvascular endothelial cells. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2012; 35:215-24. [DOI: 10.3109/08923973.2012.744034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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239
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Peterson LM, Jenkins MW, Gu S, Barwick L, Watanabe M, Rollins AM. 4D shear stress maps of the developing heart using Doppler optical coherence tomography. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2012; 3:3022-32. [PMID: 23162737 PMCID: PMC3493225 DOI: 10.1364/boe.3.003022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2012] [Revised: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Accurate imaging and measurement of hemodynamic forces is vital for investigating how physical forces acting on the embryonic heart are transduced and influence developmental pathways. Of particular importance is blood flow-induced shear stress, which influences gene expression by endothelial cells and potentially leads to congenital heart defects through abnormal heart looping, septation, and valvulogenesis. However no imaging tool has been available to measure shear stress on the endocardium volumetrically and dynamically. Using 4D structural and Doppler OCT imaging, we are able to accurately measure the blood flow in the heart tube in vivo and to map endocardial shear stress throughout the heart cycle under physiological conditions for the first time. These measurements of the shear stress patterns will enable precise titration of experimental perturbations and accurate correlation of shear with the expression of molecules critical to heart development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsy M. Peterson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve
University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
| | - Michael W. Jenkins
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve
University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
| | - Shi Gu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve
University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
| | - Lee Barwick
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve
University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
| | - Michiko Watanabe
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland,
Ohio 44106, USA
| | - Andrew M. Rollins
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve
University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
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240
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Garrido-Martín EM, Blanco FJ, Roquè M, Novensà L, Tarocchi M, Lang UE, Suzuki T, Friedman SL, Botella LM, Bernabéu C. Vascular injury triggers Krüppel-like factor 6 mobilization and cooperation with specificity protein 1 to promote endothelial activation through upregulation of the activin receptor-like kinase 1 gene. Circ Res 2012; 112:113-27. [PMID: 23048070 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.112.275586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Activin receptor-like kinase-1 (ALK1) is an endothelial transforming growth factor β receptor involved in angiogenesis. ALK1 expression is high in the embryo vasculature, becoming less detectable in the quiescent endothelium of adult stages. However, ALK1 expression becomes rapidly increased after angiogenic stimuli such as vascular injury. OBJECTIVE To characterize the molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of ALK1 on vascular injury. METHODS AND RESULTS Alk1 becomes strongly upregulated in endothelial (EC) and vascular smooth muscle cells of mouse femoral arteries after wire-induced endothelial denudation. In vitro denudation of monolayers of human umbilical vein ECs also leads to an increase in ALK1. Interestingly, a key factor in tissue remodeling, Krüppel-like factor 6 (KLF6) translocates to the cell nucleus during wound healing, concomitantly with an increase in the ALK1 gene transcriptional rate. KLF6 knock down in human umbilical vein ECs promotes ALK1 mRNA downregulation. Moreover, Klf6(+/-) mice have lower levels of Alk1 in their vasculature compared with their wild-type siblings. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays show that KLF6 interacts with ALK1 promoter in ECs, and this interaction is enhanced during wound healing. We demonstrate that KLF6 is transactivating ALK1 gene, and this transactivation occurs by a synergistic cooperative mechanism with specificity protein 1. Finally, Alk1 levels in vascular smooth muscle cells are not directly upregulated in response to damage, but in response to soluble factors, such as interleukin 6, released from ECs after injury. CONCLUSIONS ALK1 is upregulated in ECs during vascular injury by a synergistic cooperative mechanism between KLF6 and specificity protein 1, and in vascular smooth muscle cells by an EC-vascular smooth muscle cell paracrine communication during vascular remodeling.
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Fan Y, Guo Y, Zhang J, Subramaniam M, Song CZ, Urrutia R, Chen YE. Krüppel-like factor-11, a transcription factor involved in diabetes mellitus, suppresses endothelial cell activation via the nuclear factor-κB signaling pathway. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2012; 32:2981-8. [PMID: 23042817 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.112.300349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Endothelial cell (EC) inflammatory status is critical to many vascular diseases. Emerging data demonstrate that mutations of Krüppel-like factor-11 (KLF11), a gene coding maturity-onset diabetes mellitus of the young type 7 (MODY7), contribute to the development of neonatal diabetes mellitus. However, the function of KLF11 in the cardiovascular system still remains to be uncovered. In this study, we aimed to investigate the role of KLF11 in vascular endothelial inflammation. METHODS AND RESULTS KLF11 is highly expressed in vascular ECs and induced by proinflammatory stimuli. Adenovirus-mediated KLF11 overexpression inhibits expression of tumor necrosis factors-α-induced adhesion molecules. Moreover, small interfering RNA-mediated KLF11 knockdown augments the proinflammatory status in ECs. KLF11 inhibits promoter activity of adhesion molecules induced by tumor necrosis factor-α and nuclear factor-κB p65 overexpression. Mechanistically, KLF11 potently inhibits nuclear factor-κB signaling pathway via physical interaction with p65. Furthermore, KLF11 knockdown results in increased binding of p65 to vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 and E-selectin promoters. At the whole organism level, KLF11(-/-) mice exhibit a significant increase in leukocyte recruitment to ECs after lipopolysaccharide administration. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our data demonstrate for the first time that KLF11 is a suppressor of EC inflammatory activation, suggesting that KLF11 constitutes a novel potential molecular target for inhibition of vascular inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanbo Fan
- Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Alaiti MA, Orasanu G, Tugal D, Lu Y, Jain MK. Kruppel-like factors and vascular inflammation: implications for atherosclerosis. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2012; 14:438-49. [PMID: 22850980 PMCID: PMC4410857 DOI: 10.1007/s11883-012-0268-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Amer Alaiti
- Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute and Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine and University Hospitals Case Medical Center, 2103 Cornell Road, Room 4-522, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Gabriela Orasanu
- Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute and Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine and University Hospitals Case Medical Center, 2103 Cornell Road, Room 4-522, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Derin Tugal
- Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute and Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine and University Hospitals Case Medical Center, 2103 Cornell Road, Room 4-522, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Yuan Lu
- Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute and Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine and University Hospitals Case Medical Center, 2103 Cornell Road, Room 4-522, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Mukesh K. Jain
- Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute and Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine and University Hospitals Case Medical Center, 2103 Cornell Road, Room 4-522, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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MicroRNAs in Vascular Biology. Int J Vasc Med 2012; 2012:794898. [PMID: 23056947 PMCID: PMC3463915 DOI: 10.1155/2012/794898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2012] [Revised: 08/17/2012] [Accepted: 08/21/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular inflammation is an important component of the pathophysiology of cardiovascular diseases, such as hypertension, atherosclerosis, and aneurysms. All vascular cells, including endothelial cells (ECs) and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), and infiltrating cells, such as macrophages, orchestrate a series of pathological events. Despite dramatic improvements in the treatment of atherosclerosis, the molecular basis of vascular inflammation is not well understood. In the last decade, microRNAs (miRNAs) have been revealed as novel regulators of vascular inflammation. Each miRNAs suppresses a set of genes, forming complex regulatory network. This paper provides an overview of current advances that have been made in revealing the roles of miRNAs during vascular inflammation. Recent studies show that miRNAs not only exist inside cells but also circulate in blood. These circulating miRNAs are useful biomarkers for diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases. Furthermore, recent studies demonstrate that circulating miRNAs are delivered into certain recipient cells and act as messengers. These studies suggest that miRNAs provide new therapeutic opportunities.
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Lee HY, Youn SW, Cho HJ, Kwon YW, Lee SW, Kim SJ, Park YB, Oh BH, Kim HS. FOXO1 impairs whereas statin protects endothelial function in diabetes through reciprocal regulation of Krüppel-like factor 2. Cardiovasc Res 2012; 97:143-52. [DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvs283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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VEGF over-expression in skeletal muscle induces angiogenesis by intussusception rather than sprouting. Angiogenesis 2012; 16:123-36. [DOI: 10.1007/s10456-012-9304-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Rapamycin regulates the expression and activity of Krüppel-like transcription factor 2 in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e43315. [PMID: 22937032 PMCID: PMC3427376 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Although rapamycin has been reported to increase procoagulants and decrease anticoagulants in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), there is no significant difference in the incidence of stent thrombosis between patients with drug-eluting stents (DESs) and those with bare metal stents (BMSs). Krüppel-like transcription factor 2 (KLF2) has been identified as a key regulator of endothelial antithrombotic function. We hypothesized that rapamycin might induce the expression and activity of KLF2, thereby counteracting coronary endothelial dysfunction induced by DESs. Methods and Results Expression of KLF2, tissue factor (TF) and endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) were assessed in HUVECs treated with rapamycin at concentrations of 2, 20, 200 and 2000 ng/ml for 24 and 48 hours without or with thrombin. Rapamycin strongly induced the expression and activity of KLF2 in high dose groups (p<0.01). Compared with control group, the expression of TF was increased by rapamycin, which inhibited the expression of eNOS after treating for 24 hours (p<0.01). Furthermore, small-interfering RNA–mediated knockdown of KLF2 strongly magnified the ability of rapamycin to induce TF and reduce eNOS accumulation in HUVECs. Conclusions Rapamycin-dependent induction of KLF2 might partly counteract coronary endothelial dysfunction and thereby provided a novel molecular target to prevent stent thrombosis induced by DESs.
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Abstract
Intimal hyperplasia is the leading cause of long-term failure in coronary artery bypass vein grafting, coronary artery stenting, angioplasty, arteriovenous fistula for dialysis, and allograft transplantation. Intimal hyperplasia is a product of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation, migration through the internal elastic lamina, and deposition of extracellular matrix proteins driven by growth factors in the vasculature. This vascular pathology results in a progressive diminution of the vessel lumen and serves as a site for thrombosis and atherosclerotic lesions. A key cell type in the initiation of intimal hyperplasia is the vascular endothelial cell, which appears to have down-stream effects on the vascular smooth muscle proliferation and migration. Currently, the only means available for prevention of intimal hyperplasia is through inhibition of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) with the immunosuppressant rapamycin. mTOR integrates up-stream signals from growth factors such as IL-2 and senses the cellular nutrient and energy levels and redox status. This presentation will discuss the potential means of preserving the vascular endothelial cell and, thereby, reducing the development of intimal hyperplasia in our open-heart surgical patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Mills
- Circulatory Sciences Graduate Perfusion Program, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - T Robb
- Circulatory Sciences Graduate Perfusion Program, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - DF Larson
- Circulatory Sciences Graduate Perfusion Program, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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Wilhelmsen K, Mesa KR, Lucero J, Xu F, Hellman J. ERK5 protein promotes, whereas MEK1 protein differentially regulates, the Toll-like receptor 2 protein-dependent activation of human endothelial cells and monocytes. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:26478-94. [PMID: 22707717 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.359489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cell (EC) Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) activation up-regulates the expression of inflammatory mediators and of TLR2 itself and modulates important endothelial functions, including coagulation and permeability. We defined TLR2 signaling pathways in EC and tested the hypothesis that TLR2 signaling differs in EC and monocytes. We found that ERK5, heretofore unrecognized as mediating TLR2 activation in any cell type, is a central mediator of TLR2-dependent inflammatory signaling in human umbilical vein endothelial cells, primary human lung microvascular EC, and human monocytes. Additionally, we observed that, although MEK1 negatively regulates TLR2 signaling in EC, MEK1 promotes TLR2 signaling in monocytes. We also noted that activation of TLR2 led to the up-regulation of intracellularly expressed TLR2 and inflammatory mediators via NF-κB, JNK, and p38-MAPK. Finally, we found that p38-MAPK, JNK, ERK5, and NF-κB promote the attachment of human neutrophils to lung microvascular EC that were pretreated with TLR2 agonists. This study newly identifies ERK5 as a key regulator of TLR2 signaling in EC and monocytes and indicates that there are fundamental differences in TLR signaling pathways between EC and monocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Wilhelmsen
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143,USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iftach Shaked
- From the Division of Inflammation Biology (I.S., K.L.), La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA
| | - Klaus Ley
- From the Division of Inflammation Biology (I.S., K.L.), La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA
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