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alphaB-crystallin protects retinal tissue during Staphylococcus aureus-induced endophthalmitis. Infect Immun 2008; 76:1781-90. [PMID: 18227158 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01285-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial infections of the eye highlight a dilemma that is central to all immune-privileged sites. On the one hand, immune privilege limits inflammation to prevent bystander destruction of normal tissue and loss of vision. On the other hand, bacterial infections require a robust inflammatory response for rapid clearance of the pathogen. We demonstrate that the retina handles this dilemma, in part, by activation of a protective heat shock protein. During Staphylococcus aureus-induced endophthalmitis, the small heat shock protein alphaB-crystallin is upregulated in the retina and prevents apoptosis during immune clearance of the bacteria. In the absence of alphaB-crystallin, mice display increased retinal apoptosis and retinal damage. We found that S. aureus produces a protease capable of cleaving alphaB-crystallin to a form that coincides with increased retinal apoptosis and tissue destruction. We conclude that alphaB-crystallin is important in protecting sensitive retinal tissue during destructive inflammation that occurs during bacterial endophthalmitis.
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Abstract
Heat shock proteins (Hsps) are highly conserved and inhabit nearly all subcellular locations where they perform a variety of chaperoning functions including folding and unfolding of nascent polypeptides, proteins, transport of proteins, and support of antigen presentation processes. Apart from their intracellular location Hsps with a molecular weight of 70 kDa (Hsp70) also have been found on the plasma membrane of malignantly transformed cells, on virally/bacterial infected cells and in the extracellular space. Depending on their intra- and extracellular location Hsps exert either protection against environmental stress or act as potent stimulators of the immune response. In this review we address the dual function of intracellular and extracellular located small Hsps and members of the Hsp70 family and its immunological consequences for cancer immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Sherman
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Massachusetts, USA
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203
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O'Callaghan-Sunol C, Gabai VL, Sherman MY. Hsp27 Modulates p53 Signaling and Suppresses Cellular Senescence. Cancer Res 2007; 67:11779-88. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-2441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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204
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Triple negative breast carcinoma and the basal phenotype: from expression profiling to clinical practice. Adv Anat Pathol 2007; 14:419-30. [PMID: 18049131 DOI: 10.1097/pap.0b013e3181594733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Triple negative breast carcinomas (TNBCs) are a group of primary breast tumors with aggressive clinical behavior. Most TNBCs possess a basal phenotype (BP) and show varying degrees of basal cytokeratin and myoepithelial marker expression. The importance of recognizing these tumors came to light largely as the result of gene expression profiling studies that categorized breast cancer into 3 major groups. Two of these groups are defined by their respective expression of estrogen receptor and HER2. TNBCs represent a third group and are defined by negativity for hormone receptors and HER2. TNBCs currently lack effective targeted therapies and are frequently resistant to standard chemotherapeutic regimens. These tumors tend to occur in premenopausal women and members of specific ethnic groups and a subset are associated with heritable BRCA1 mutations. For patients with sporadic TNBCs and BP tumors, BRCA1 dysfunction seems to play a major role in the development and progression of disease. The pathologist's role in the diagnosis and characterization of TNBCs and BP tumors is currently being defined as we are acquiring knowledge of the biologic and genetic underpinnings that drive this heterogeneous group of diseases. This review will provide a historical prospective on TNBCs and tumors that express basal cytokeratins and myoepithelial makers. Additionally, we will discuss the molecular biologic, genetic and pathologic aspects of these tumors. Guidelines will be provided on how to best approach the diagnosis of these cases and on what input pathologists should provide clinicians to help develop optimal therapeutic and preventative strategies against this aggressive group of breast cancers.
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205
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Ivanov O, Chen F, Wiley EL, Keswani A, Diaz LK, Memmel HC, Rademaker A, Gradishar WJ, Morrow M, Khan SA, Cryns VL. alphaB-crystallin is a novel predictor of resistance to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2007; 111:411-7. [PMID: 17968656 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-007-9796-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2007] [Accepted: 10/12/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
AIMS alphaB-crystallin is an anti-apoptotic protein commonly expressed in poor prognosis basal-like breast tumors, which are largely triple (estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and HER2) negative. We examined whether alphaB-crystallin expression in breast cancer was associated with a poor response to neoadjuvant (preoperative) chemotherapy. METHODS One hundred and twelve breast cancer patients who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy and who had post-chemotherapy tumor specimens available for analysis were included in the study. Forty-nine percent of patients were treated with doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide (AC), 37% received AC in combination with a taxane, and 14% received other regimens. Paired pre- and post-chemotherapy tumor specimens were available for 33 patients. alphaB-crystallin expression was determined by immunohistochemistry in tissue microarrays. RESULTS Seventeen percent of tumors were alphaB-crystallin positive. alphaB-crystallin expression was identical in 32 of 33 cases for which both pre- and post-chemotherapy tumor tissue was available. alphaB-crystallin expression was associated with ER-negative (P = 0.0024) and triple negative status (P = 0.005). Overall response rates (ORR) defined as > or =50% reduction in tumor size after treatment were 53% (clinical ORR) and 61% (pathological ORR). Although tumor grade, size, ER, PR, HER2 or triple negative status was not associated with response, alphaB-crystallin-positive tumors had poorer overall response rates than alphaB-crystallin-negative tumors (clinical ORR, 21% vs. 59%, respectively, P = 0.0045; pathological ORR, 16% vs. 70%, respectively, P < 0.0001). CONCLUSION alphaB-crystallin is a novel biomarker expressed predominantly in triple negative breast tumors that identifies a subset of chemotherapy-resistant tumors, which may contribute to their poor prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Ivanov
- Department of Surgery, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
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Sitterding SM, Wiseman WR, Schiller CL, Luan C, Chen F, Moyano JV, Watkin WG, Wiley EL, Cryns VL, Diaz LK. AlphaB-crystallin: a novel marker of invasive basal-like and metaplastic breast carcinomas. Ann Diagn Pathol 2007; 12:33-40. [PMID: 18164413 DOI: 10.1016/j.anndiagpath.2007.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Basal-like tumors are a newly recognized estrogen receptor (ER) negative and HER2 negative breast cancer subtype that express basal epithelial genes and are associated with poor survival. Metaplastic carcinomas are thought to belong within the basal-like group. We have recently demonstrated that the small heat shock protein alphaB-crystallin is commonly expressed in basal-like tumors and contributes to their aggressive phenotype. The current study examined the rates and patterns of alphaB-crystallin expression in whole tissue sections of human breast, including normal tissue, proliferative lesions, in situ and invasive carcinomas (ER positive, HER2 positive, basal-like, and metaplastic cancers). In normal breast tissue, proliferative lesions and in situ carcinomas, alphaB-crystallin expression was restricted to the myoepithelial cell compartment of ductal and lobular units. Most basal-like and metaplastic carcinomas demonstrated cytoplasmic expression of alphaB-crystallin (81% and 86%, respectively). Conversely, no staining for alphaB-crystallin was observed in nonbasal-like (ie, ER positive or HER2 positive) breast carcinomas. Taken together, our results indicate that alphaB-crystallin is a sensitive (81%) and specific (100%) marker for basal-like breast carcinomas. Moreover, the high rates of expression of alphaB-crystallin in metaplastic breast carcinomas (86%) suggest that these tumors may represent a histologically distinctive subset of basal-like breast tumors with a similar underlying molecular etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M Sitterding
- Department of Pathology, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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Charafe-Jauffret E, Chaffanet M, Bertucci F, Ginestier C, Jacquemier J, deLapeyrière O, Birnbaum D. [Towards an integrated cellular and molecular: definition of breast cancers]. Med Sci (Paris) 2007; 23:626-32. [PMID: 17631838 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/20072367626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is a major health problem as well as scientifically poorly understood. Our knowledge of breast cancer is however rapidly progressing in several directions. First, genomic studies are establishing a new molecular classification of breast cancers. Molecular subtypes have been identified and are being associated with the histoclinical forms of breast cancers. Second, genetic alterations are discovered and classified, generating new potential therapeutical targets. Third, mammary stem cells have been identified in the normal mammary epithelium. Their altered counterparts have been identified in tumors and are being characterized. These combined studies allow a new integrated cellular and molecular definition of breast cancers and a conceptual basis that will help the management of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Charafe-Jauffret
- UMR 599 Inserm, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Laboratoire d'Oncologie Moléculaire, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille et Université de la Méditerranée, 27, boulevard Leï Roure, 13009 Marseille, France
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208
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Fadare O, Tavassoli FA. The phenotypic spectrum of basal-like breast cancers: a critical appraisal. Adv Anat Pathol 2007; 14:358-73. [PMID: 17717437 DOI: 10.1097/pap.0b013e31814b26fe] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
There are 2 well-recognized cell populations lining the mammary duct system: the epithelial cells lining the lumen and the myoepithelial cells surrounding them. The mammary stem cell, a putative third cell type, has not yet been well characterized. It is not established whether the putative stem cell expresses the full complement, a subset, or none of the markers of normal epithelial and/or myoepithelial cells. However, it is likely that they would have distinctive markers of their own; whether these are retained or lost in their neoplastic progeny is unknown. All 3 cell types may theoretically undergo malignant transformation. Until recently, however, nearly all attention has been focused on carcinomas of epithelial derivation/differentiation. The advent of oligonucleotide and cDNA microarrays has facilitated gene expression profiling of breast cancers, revealing molecular subclasses that may be prognostically relevant. One such subclass, the basal-like breast carcinomas, has been found in numerous independent datasets to be associated with a comparatively worse overall and disease-free survival. These cancers show expression of molecules characteristic of the normal myoepithelial cell, such as basal cytokeratins, and reduced expression of estrogen receptor-related and Erb-B2-related genes and proteins. The classifier genes that formed the basis for the delineation of basal-like carcinomas were derived from datasets that were composed predominantly of ductal type cancers. Therefore, the clinical significance of a basal-like gene expression or immunohistochemical profile in the other breast cancer subtypes is presently unknown. Herein, we evaluate in detail the current state of knowledge on the pathologic features of breast carcinomas classified as basal-like by immunohistochemical and/or gene expression profiling criteria, with an emphasis on their full phenotypic spectrum and also previously underemphasized areas of heterogeneity and ambiguity where present. There seems to be a phenotypic and biologic spectrum of basal-like or myoepithelial-type carcinomas, just as there is a wide range among tumors of luminal epithelial derivation/differentiation. It is critical to promote lucid morphologic definitions of the molecular subtypes, if this information is intended for use in targeted therapies and patient management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwole Fadare
- Department of Pathology, Wilford Hall Medical Center, Lackland AFB, TX 78236, USA.
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209
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Drake RR, Cazares L, Semmes OJ. Mining the low molecular weight proteome of blood. Proteomics Clin Appl 2007; 1:758-68. [DOI: 10.1002/prca.200700175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2007] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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210
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Hoadley KA, Weigman VJ, Fan C, Sawyer LR, He X, Troester MA, Sartor CI, Rieger-House T, Bernard PS, Carey LA, Perou CM. EGFR associated expression profiles vary with breast tumor subtype. BMC Genomics 2007; 8:258. [PMID: 17663798 PMCID: PMC2014778 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-8-258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2007] [Accepted: 07/31/2007] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR/HER1) and its downstream signaling events are important for regulating cell growth and behavior in many epithelial tumors types. In breast cancer, the role of EGFR is complex and appears to vary relative to important clinical features including estrogen receptor (ER) status. To investigate EGFR-signaling using a genomics approach, several breast basal-like and luminal epithelial cell lines were examined for sensitivity to EGFR inhibitors. An EGFR-associated gene expression signature was identified in the basal-like SUM102 cell line and was used to classify a diverse set of sporadic breast tumors. Results In vitro, breast basal-like cell lines were more sensitive to EGFR inhibitors compared to luminal cell lines. The basal-like tumor derived lines were also the most sensitive to carboplatin, which acted synergistically with cetuximab. An EGFR-associated signature was developed in vitro, evaluated on 241 primary breast tumors; three distinct clusters of genes were evident in vivo, two of which were predictive of poor patient outcomes. These EGFR-associated poor prognostic signatures were highly expressed in almost all basal-like tumors and many of the HER2+/ER- and Luminal B tumors. Conclusion These results suggest that breast basal-like cell lines are sensitive to EGFR inhibitors and carboplatin, and this combination may also be synergistic. In vivo, the EGFR-signatures were of prognostic value, were associated with tumor subtype, and were uniquely associated with the high expression of distinct EGFR-RAS-MEK pathway genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Hoadley
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Victor J Weigman
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Biology, Program of in Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Cheng Fan
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Lynda R Sawyer
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Xiaping He
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Melissa A Troester
- Department of Public Health – Biostatistics and Epidemiology Concentration, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Carolyn I Sartor
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Thais Rieger-House
- Huntsman Cancer Institute and Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Philip S Bernard
- Huntsman Cancer Institute and Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Lisa A Carey
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Charles M Perou
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Siriwardhana N, Choudhary S, Wang HCR. Precancerous model of human breast epithelial cells induced by NNK for prevention. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2007; 109:427-41. [PMID: 17653854 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-007-9666-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2006] [Accepted: 06/26/2007] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological investigations have suggested that exposure to tobacco and environmental carcinogens increase the risk of developing human breast cancer. In light of the chronic exposure of human breast tissues to tobacco and environmental carcinogens, we have taken an approach of analyzing cellular changes of immortalized non-cancerous human breast epithelial MCF10A cells during the acquisition of cancerous properties induced by repeated exposure to the tobacco-specific carcinogen 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) at a low concentration of 100 pM. We found that accumulated exposures of MCF10A cells to NNK result in progressive development of cellular carcinogenesis from a stage of immortalization to precancerous sub-stages of acquiring a reduced dependence on growth factors and acquiring anchorage-independent growth. Using Matrigel for MCF10A cells to form size-restricted acini, we detected that exposures to NNK resulted in altered acinar conformation. Analysis of gene expression profiles by cDNA microarrays revealed up- and down-regulated genes associated with NNK-induced carcinogenesis. Using this cellular carcinogenesis model as a target system to identify anticancer agents, we detected that grape seed proanthocyanadin extract significantly suppressed NNK-induced carcinogenesis of MCF10A cells. Our studies provide a carcinogenesis-cellular model mimicking the accumulative exposure to carcinogens in the progression of human breast epithelial cells to increasingly acquire cancerous properties, as likely occurs in the development of precancerous human breast cells. Our cellular model also serves as a cost-efficient, in vitro system to identify preventive agents that inhibit human breast cell carcinogenesis induced by chronic exposures to carcinogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nalin Siriwardhana
- Anticancer Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, 2407 River Drive, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
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212
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Tischkowitz M, Brunet JS, Bégin LR, Huntsman DG, Cheang MCU, Akslen LA, Nielsen TO, Foulkes WD. Use of immunohistochemical markers can refine prognosis in triple negative breast cancer. BMC Cancer 2007; 7:134. [PMID: 17650314 PMCID: PMC1948892 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-7-134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2007] [Accepted: 07/24/2007] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Basal-like breast cancer has been extensively characterized on the basis of gene expression profiles, but it is becoming increasingly common for these tumors to be defined on the basis of immunohistochemical (IHC) staining patterns, particularly in retrospective studies where material for expression profiling may not be available. The IHC pattern that best defines basal-like tumors is under investigation and various combinations of ER, PR, HER2-, CK5/6+ and EGFR+ have been tested. Methods Using datasets from two different hospitals we describe how using different combinations of immunohistochemical patterns has different effects on estimating prognosis at different time intervals after diagnosis. As our baseline, we used two IHC patterns ER-/PR-/HER2-("triple negative phenotype", TNP) and ER-/HER2-/CK5/6+ and/or EGFR+ ("core basal phenotype", CBP). Results There was no overall difference in survival between the two hospital-based series, but there was a difference between the TNP and non-TNP groups which was most marked at 3 years (76.8% vs 93.5%, p < .0001). This difference reduced with time, suggesting that long term survivors (beyond 10 years) in the TNP group may have comparable survival to non-TNP cases. A similar difference was seen if CBP was used instead of TNP. However when CK5/6 and/or EGFR expressing tumors were analyzed without consideration of ER/PR status, the reduction in survival increased with time, becoming more pronounced at 10 years than at 3 years. Conclusion Our findings suggests that CK5/6 and/or EGFR expressing tumor types have a persistently poorer prognosis over the longer term, an observation that may have important therapeutic implications as drugs that target the EGFR are currently being evaluated in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Tischkowitz
- Program in Cancer Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Cancer Prevention Centre, Segal Cancer Centre, Sir M.B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Jean-Sébastien Brunet
- Program in Cancer Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Algorithme Pharma, Laval, Québec, Canada
| | | | - David G Huntsman
- Genetic Pathology Evaluation Centre, BC Cancer Agency, UBC, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Maggie CU Cheang
- Genetic Pathology Evaluation Centre, BC Cancer Agency, UBC, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Lars A Akslen
- The Gade Institute, Section for Pathology, University of Bergen and Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Torsten O Nielsen
- Genetic Pathology Evaluation Centre, BC Cancer Agency, UBC, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - William D Foulkes
- Program in Cancer Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Cancer Prevention Centre, Segal Cancer Centre, Sir M.B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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André F, Domont J, Delaloge S. What can breast cancer molecular sub-classification add to conventional diagnostic tools? Ann Oncol 2007; 18 Suppl 9:ix33-6. [PMID: 17631593 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdm291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- F André
- Breast cancer Unit and Translational Research Unit, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif
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215
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Mani SA, Yang J, Brooks M, Schwaninger G, Zhou A, Miura N, Kutok JL, Hartwell K, Richardson AL, Weinberg RA. Mesenchyme Forkhead 1 (FOXC2) plays a key role in metastasis and is associated with aggressive basal-like breast cancers. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:10069-74. [PMID: 17537911 PMCID: PMC1891217 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0703900104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 453] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The metastatic spread of epithelial cancer cells from the primary tumor to distant organs mimics the cell migrations that occur during embryogenesis. Using gene expression profiling, we have found that the FOXC2 transcription factor, which is involved in specifying mesenchymal cell fate during embryogenesis, is associated with the metastatic capabilities of cancer cells. FOXC2 expression is required for the ability of murine mammary carcinoma cells to metastasize to the lung, and overexpression of FOXC2 enhances the metastatic ability of mouse mammary carcinoma cells. We show that FOXC2 expression is induced in cells undergoing epithelial-mesenchymal transitions (EMTs) triggered by a number of signals, including TGF-beta1 and several EMT-inducing transcription factors, such as Snail, Twist, and Goosecoid. FOXC2 specifically promotes mesenchymal differentiation during an EMT and may serve as a key mediator to orchestrate the mesenchymal component of the EMT program. Expression of FOXC2 is significantly correlated with the highly aggressive basal-like subtype of human breast cancers. These observations indicate that FOXC2 plays a central role in promoting invasion and metastasis and that it may prove to be a highly specific molecular marker for human basal-like breast cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sendurai A. Mani
- *Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 9 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142
| | - Jing Yang
- *Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 9 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142
| | - Mary Brooks
- *Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 9 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142
| | - Gunda Schwaninger
- *Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 9 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142
| | - Alicia Zhou
- *Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 9 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Naoyuki Miura
- Department of Biochemistry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan
| | - Jeffery L. Kutok
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115; and
| | - Kimberly Hartwell
- *Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 9 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Andrea L. Richardson
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115; and
| | - Robert A. Weinberg
- *Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 9 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Arrigo AP, Simon S, Gibert B, Kretz-Remy C, Nivon M, Czekalla A, Guillet D, Moulin M, Diaz-Latoud C, Vicart P. Hsp27 (HspB1) and alphaB-crystallin (HspB5) as therapeutic targets. FEBS Lett 2007; 581:3665-74. [PMID: 17467701 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2007.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2007] [Revised: 04/11/2007] [Accepted: 04/15/2007] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hsp27 and alphaB-crystallin are molecular chaperones that are constitutively expressed in several mammalian cells, particularly in pathological conditions. These proteins share functions as diverse as protection against toxicity mediated by aberrantly folded proteins or oxidative-inflammation conditions. In addition, these proteins share anti-apoptotic properties and are tumorigenic when expressed in cancer cells. This review summarizes the current knowledge about Hsp27 and alphaB-crystallin and the implications, either positive or deleterious, of these proteins in pathologies such as neurodegenerative diseases, myopathies, asthma, cataracts and cancers. Approaches towards therapeutic strategies aimed at modulating the expression and/or the activities of Hsp27 and alphaB-crystallin are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- André-Patrick Arrigo
- Laboratoire Stress, Chaperons et Mort Cellulaire, CNRS, UMR5534, Centre de Génétique Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université Lyon 1, Bat. Gregor Mendel, 16 Rue Dubois, F-69622, Villeurbanne Cedex, France.
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217
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Liu SQ, Kang J, Li CJ, Tang EJ, Wen B, Cai R, Yang HJ. Differences in expression of retinal proteins between diabetic and normal rats. World J Gastroenterol 2007; 13:2118-24. [PMID: 17465459 PMCID: PMC4319136 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v13.i14.2118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To compare and identify the differences in expression of retinal proteins between normal and diabetic rats, and to analyze the molecular pathogenetic mechanisms of retinal diseases caused by diabetes.
METHODS: Changes in protein expression of retinal tissues from diabetic and normal rats were observed using 2-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2-DE). Some protein spots exhibiting statistically significant variations (P < 0.05) were selected randomly and identified by tandem mass spectrometry and analyzed by bioinformatics.
RESULTS: 2-DE showed that the expression was up-regulated in 5 retinal proteins, down-regulated in 23 retinal proteins, and disappeared in 8 retinal proteins. Eight spots were identified from the 36 spots by tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) and analyzed by bioinformatics. Guanylate kinase 1, triosephosphate isomerase 1, ATP synthase subunit d, albumin and dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase 2 played an important role in signal transduction. Triosephosphate isomerase 1, crystallin alpha B, ATP synthase subunit d and peroxiredoxin 6 were involved in energy metabolism of retinal tissues. Guanylate kinase 1 played an important role in photoexcitation of retinal rod photoreceptor cells. Whether crystallin beta A1 plays a role in diabetic retinas is unknown so far.
CONCLUSION: There are differences in expression of retinal proteins between diabetic and normal rats. These proteins may be involved in the mechanisms and prognosis of retinal diseases caused by diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang-Qing Liu
- Department of Anatomy, School of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, 17 Renming Nan Road, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
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Altundag K, Harputluoglu H, Aksoy S, Gullu IH. Potential Chemotherapy Options in the Triple Negative Subtype of Breast Cancer. J Clin Oncol 2007; 25:1294-5; author reply 1295-6. [PMID: 17401026 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2006.10.0883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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219
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Kurt M, Harputluoglu H, Dede DS, Gullu IH, Altundag K. Potential molecular targeted therapies in the management of the basal-like subtype of breast cancer. Breast 2007; 16:111-2. [PMID: 17314047 DOI: 10.1016/j.breast.2007.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2006] [Accepted: 01/12/2007] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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220
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Cardone RA, Bellizzi A, Busco G, Weinman EJ, Dell'Aquila ME, Casavola V, Azzariti A, Mangia A, Paradiso A, Reshkin SJ. The NHERF1 PDZ2 domain regulates PKA-RhoA-p38-mediated NHE1 activation and invasion in breast tumor cells. Mol Biol Cell 2007; 18:1768-80. [PMID: 17332506 PMCID: PMC1855021 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e06-07-0617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the signal transduction systems governing invasion is fundamental for the design of therapeutic strategies against metastasis. Na(+)/H(+) exchanger regulatory factor (NHERF1) is a postsynaptic density 95/disc-large/zona occludens (PDZ) domain-containing protein that recruits membrane receptors/transporters and cytoplasmic signaling proteins into functional complexes. NHERF1 expression is altered in breast cancer, but its effective role in mammary carcinogenesis remains undefined. We report here that NHERF1 overexpression in human breast tumor biopsies is associated with metastatic progression, poor prognosis, and hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha expression. In cultured tumor cells, hypoxia and serum deprivation increase NHERF1 expression, promote the formation of leading-edge pseudopodia, and redistribute NHERF1 to these pseudopodia. This pseudopodial localization of NHERF1 was verified in breast biopsies and in three-dimensional Matrigel culture. Furthermore, serum deprivation and hypoxia stimulate the Na(+)/H(+) exchanger, invasion, and activate a protein kinase A (PKA)-gated RhoA/p38 invasion signal module. Significantly, NHERF1 overexpression was sufficient to induce these morphological and functional changes, and it potentiated their induction by serum deprivation. Functional experiments with truncated and binding groove-mutated PDZ domain constructs demonstrated that NHERF1 regulates these processes through its PDZ2 domain. We conclude that NHERF1 overexpression enhances the invasive phenotype in breast cancer cells, both alone and in synergy with exposure to the tumor microenvironment, via the coordination of PKA-gated RhoA/p38 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa A Cardone
- Department of General and Environmental Physiology, University of Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy
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221
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Kim HJ, Litzenburger BC, Cui X, Delgado DA, Grabiner BC, Lin X, Lewis MT, Gottardis MM, Wong TW, Attar RM, Carboni JM, Lee AV. Constitutively active type I insulin-like growth factor receptor causes transformation and xenograft growth of immortalized mammary epithelial cells and is accompanied by an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition mediated by NF-kappaB and snail. Mol Cell Biol 2007; 27:3165-75. [PMID: 17296734 PMCID: PMC1899918 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01315-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Type I insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF-IR) can transform mouse fibroblasts; however, little is known about the transforming potential of IGF-IR in human fibroblasts or epithelial cells. We found that overexpression of a constitutively activated IGF-IR (CD8-IGF-IR) was sufficient to cause transformation of immortalized human mammary epithelial cells and growth in immunocompromised mice. Furthermore, CD8-IGF-IR caused cells to undergo an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) which was associated with dramatically increased migration and invasion. The EMT was mediated by the induction of the transcriptional repressor Snail and downregulation of E-cadherin. NF-kappaB was highly active in CD8-IGF-IR-MCF10A cells, and both increased levels of Snail and the EMT were partially reversed by blocking NF-kappaB or IGF-IR activity. This study places IGF-IR among a small group of oncogenes that, when overexpressed alone, can confer in vivo tumorigenic growth of MCF10A cells and indicates the hierarchy in the mechanism of IGF-IR-induced EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Jung Kim
- Baylor College of Medicine, Breast Center MS:600, One Baylor Plaza, Room N1110, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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222
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Stegh AH, Kim H, Bachoo RM, Forloney KL, Zhang J, Schulze H, Park K, Hannon GJ, Yuan J, Louis DN, DePinho RA, Chin L. Bcl2L12 inhibits post-mitochondrial apoptosis signaling in glioblastoma. Genes Dev 2007; 21:98-111. [PMID: 17210792 PMCID: PMC1759904 DOI: 10.1101/gad.1480007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is an astrocytic brain tumor characterized by an aggressive clinical course and intense resistance to all therapeutic modalities. Here, we report the identification and functional characterization of Bcl2L12 (Bcl2-like-12) that is robustly expressed in nearly all human primary GBMs examined. Enforced Bcl2L12 expression confers marked apoptosis resistance in primary cortical astrocytes, and, conversely, its RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated knockdown sensitizes human glioma cell lines toward apoptosis in vitro and impairs tumor growth with increased intratumoral apoptosis in vivo. Mechanistically, Bcl2L12 expression does not affect cytochrome c release or apoptosome-driven caspase-9 activation, but instead inhibits post-mitochondrial apoptosis signaling at the level of effector caspase activation. One of Bcl2L12's mechanisms of action stems from its ability to interact with and neutralize caspase-7. Notably, while enforced Bcl2L12 expression inhibits apoptosis, it also engenders a pronecrotic state, which mirrors the cellular phenotype elicited by genetic or pharmacologic inhibition of post-mitochondrial apoptosis molecules. Thus, Bcl2L12 contributes to the classical tumor biological features of GBM such as intense apoptosis resistance and florid necrosis, and may provide a target for enhanced therapeutic responsiveness of this lethal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander H. Stegh
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Hyunggee Kim
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Robert M. Bachoo
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Center for Neuro-Oncology and Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Kristin L. Forloney
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Jean Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Center for Applied Cancer Science and the Belfer Foundation Institute for Innovative Cancer Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Harald Schulze
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Kevin Park
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Center and Neurosurgical Service, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Gregory J. Hannon
- Watson School of Biological Sciences, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA
| | - Junying Yuan
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - David N. Louis
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Center and Neurosurgical Service, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Ronald A. DePinho
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Center for Applied Cancer Science and the Belfer Foundation Institute for Innovative Cancer Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Department of Medicine and Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- E-MAIL ; FAX (617) 632-6069
| | - Lynda Chin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Center for Applied Cancer Science and the Belfer Foundation Institute for Innovative Cancer Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Corresponding authors.E-MAIL ; FAX (617) 582-8169
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223
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Herschkowitz JI, Simin K, Weigman VJ, Mikaelian I, Usary J, Hu Z, Rasmussen KE, Jones LP, Assefnia S, Chandrasekharan S, Backlund MG, Yin Y, Khramtsov AI, Bastein R, Quackenbush J, Glazer RI, Brown PH, Green JE, Kopelovich L, Furth PA, Palazzo JP, Olopade OI, Bernard PS, Churchill GA, Van Dyke T, Perou CM. Identification of conserved gene expression features between murine mammary carcinoma models and human breast tumors. Genome Biol 2007; 8:R76. [PMID: 17493263 PMCID: PMC1929138 DOI: 10.1186/gb-2007-8-5-r76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 881] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2006] [Revised: 01/18/2007] [Accepted: 05/10/2007] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although numerous mouse models of breast carcinomas have been developed, we do not know the extent to which any faithfully represent clinically significant human phenotypes. To address this need, we characterized mammary tumor gene expression profiles from 13 different murine models using DNA microarrays and compared the resulting data to those from human breast tumors. RESULTS Unsupervised hierarchical clustering analysis showed that six models (TgWAP-Myc, TgMMTV-Neu, TgMMTV-PyMT, TgWAP-Int3, TgWAP-Tag, and TgC3(1)-Tag) yielded tumors with distinctive and homogeneous expression patterns within each strain. However, in each of four other models (TgWAP-T121, TgMMTV-Wnt1, Brca1Co/Co;TgMMTV-Cre;p53+/- and DMBA-induced), tumors with a variety of histologies and expression profiles developed. In many models, similarities to human breast tumors were recognized, including proliferation and human breast tumor subtype signatures. Significantly, tumors of several models displayed characteristics of human basal-like breast tumors, including two models with induced Brca1 deficiencies. Tumors of other murine models shared features and trended towards significance of gene enrichment with human luminal tumors; however, these murine tumors lacked expression of estrogen receptor (ER) and ER-regulated genes. TgMMTV-Neu tumors did not have a significant gene overlap with the human HER2+/ER- subtype and were more similar to human luminal tumors. CONCLUSION Many of the defining characteristics of human subtypes were conserved among the mouse models. Although no single mouse model recapitulated all the expression features of a given human subtype, these shared expression features provide a common framework for an improved integration of murine mammary tumor models with human breast tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason I Herschkowitz
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Karl Simin
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Victor J Weigman
- Department of Biology and Program in Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | | | - Jerry Usary
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Zhiyuan Hu
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Karen E Rasmussen
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Laundette P Jones
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Shahin Assefnia
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | | | - Michael G Backlund
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Yuzhi Yin
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | | | - Roy Bastein
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - John Quackenbush
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Robert I Glazer
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | | | - Jeffrey E Green
- Transgenic Oncogenesis Group, Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics
| | - Levy Kopelovich
- Chemoprevention Agent Development Research Group, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Priscilla A Furth
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Juan P Palazzo
- Department of Pathology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Olufunmilayo I Olopade
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Committees on Genetics and Cancer Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Philip S Bernard
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | | | - Terry Van Dyke
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Charles M Perou
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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224
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Werner ME, Chen F, Moyano JV, Yehiely F, Jones JCR, Cryns VL. Caspase proteolysis of the integrin beta4 subunit disrupts hemidesmosome assembly, promotes apoptosis, and inhibits cell migration. J Biol Chem 2006; 282:5560-9. [PMID: 17178732 PMCID: PMC2819670 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m603669200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Caspases are a conserved family of cell death proteases that cleave intracellular substrates at Asp residues to modify their function and promote apoptosis. In this report we identify the integrin beta4 subunit as a novel caspase substrate using an expression cloning strategy. Together with its alpha6 partner, alpha6beta4 integrin anchors epithelial cells to the basement membrane at specialized adhesive structures known as hemidesmosomes and plays a critical role in diverse epithelial cell functions including cell survival and migration. We show that integrin beta4 is cleaved by caspase-3 and -7 at a conserved Asp residue (Asp(1109)) in vitro and in epithelial cells undergoing apoptosis, resulting in the removal of most of its cytoplasmic tail. Caspase cleavage of integrin beta4 produces two products, 1) a carboxyl-terminal product that is unstable and rapidly degraded by the proteasome and 2) an amino-terminal cleavage product (amino acids 1-1109) that is unable to assemble into mature hemidesmosomes. We also demonstrate that caspase cleavage of integrin beta4 sensitizes epithelial cells to apoptosis and inhibits cell migration. Taken together, we have identified a previously unrecognized proteolytic truncation of integrin beta4 generated by caspases that disrupts key structural and functional properties of epithelial cells and promotes apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E. Werner
- Cell Death Regulation Laboratory, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611
| | - Feng Chen
- Cell Death Regulation Laboratory, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611
| | - Jose V. Moyano
- Cell Death Regulation Laboratory, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611
| | - Fruma Yehiely
- Cell Death Regulation Laboratory, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611
| | - Jonathan C. R. Jones
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611
| | - Vincent L. Cryns
- Cell Death Regulation Laboratory, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: Departs. of Medicine and Cell and Molecular Biology, Lurie 4-113, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 E. Superior St., Chicago, IL 60611. Tel.: 312-503-0644; Fax: 312-908-9032;
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225
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Sinha A, Singh C, Parmar D, Singh MP. Proteomics in clinical interventions: achievements and limitations in biomarker development. Life Sci 2006; 80:1345-54. [PMID: 17210164 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2006.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2006] [Revised: 11/06/2006] [Accepted: 12/12/2006] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Development of toxicological and clinical biomarkers for disease diagnosis, quantification of toxicant/drug responses and rapid patient care are major concerns in modern biology. Even after human genome sequencing, identification of specific molecular signatures for unambiguous correlation with toxicity and clinical interventions is a challenging task. Differential protein expression patterns and protein-protein interaction studies have started unraveling rigorous molecular explanation of multi-factorial and toxicant borne diseases. Proteome profiling is extensively used to investigate etiology of diseases, develop predictive biomarkers for toxicity and therapeutic interventions and potential strategies for treatment of complex and toxicant mediated diseases. In this review, achievements and limitations of proteomics in developing predictive biomarkers for toxicological and clinical interventions have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashima Sinha
- Industrial Toxicology Research Centre, Lucknow-226 001, India
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226
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Bertucci F, Finetti P, Cervera N, Maraninchi D, Viens P, Birnbaum D. Gene Expression Profiling and Clinical Outcome in Breast Cancer. OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2006; 10:429-43. [PMID: 17233555 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2006.10.429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Pathologic and clinical heterogeneity of breast cancer reflects the poorly documented, complex, and combinatory molecular basis of the disease and is in part responsible for therapeutic failures. The DNA microarray technique allows the analysis of RNA expression of several thousands of genes simultaneously in a sample. There are multiple potential applications of the technique in cancer research. A number of recent studies have shown the promising role of gene expression profiling in breast cancer by identifying new prognostic subclasses unidentifiable by conventional parameters and new prognostic and/or predictive gene signatures, whose predictive impact is superior to conventional histoclinical prognostic factors. In this review we describe current use of DNA microarrays in the prognosis of breast cancer. We also discuss issues that need to be addressed in the near future to allow the method to reach its full potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Bertucci
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Oncologie Médicale, Oncologie Moléculaire, UMR599 Inserm-Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Université de la Méditerranée, Marseille, France.
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227
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Yehiely F, Moyano JV, Evans JR, Nielsen TO, Cryns VL. Deconstructing the molecular portrait of basal-like breast cancer. Trends Mol Med 2006; 12:537-44. [PMID: 17011236 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2006.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2006] [Revised: 08/31/2006] [Accepted: 09/19/2006] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Gene-expression profiling has revealed several molecular subtypes of breast cancer, which differ in their pathobiology and clinical outcomes. Basal-like tumors are a newly recognized subtype of breast cancer, which express genes that are characteristic of basal epithelial cells, such as the basal cytokeratins, and are associated with poor relapse-free and overall survival. However, the genetic and epigenetic alterations that are responsible for the biologically aggressive phenotype of these estrogen receptor-negative and HER2/ErbB2-negative tumors are not well understood, thereby hindering efforts to develop targeted therapies. Here, we focus on new insights into the molecular pathogenesis of basal-like breast cancer and explore how these discoveries might impact the treatment of these poor-prognosis tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fruma Yehiely
- Cell Death Regulation Laboratory, Departments of Medicine and Cell and Molecular Biology, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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228
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Foulkes WD. BRCA1 and BRCA2: chemosensitivity, treatment outcomes and prognosis. Fam Cancer 2006; 5:135-42. [PMID: 16736282 DOI: 10.1007/s10689-005-2832-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2004] [Accepted: 02/09/2005] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BRCA1 and BRCA2 are important breast and ovarian cancer susceptibility genes, and mutations in these two genes confer lifetime risks of breast cancer of up to 80% and ovarian cancer risks of up to 40%. Clinico-pathological studies have identified features that are specific to BRCA1-related breast cancer, but this has been more difficult for BRCA2-related breast cancer. Ovarian cancers due to BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations cannot usually be distinguished from their non-hereditary counterparts on morphological grounds, but micro-array data suggest that differences do exist. Prognostic studies have shown that breast cancer in a BRCA1 mutation carrier is likely to have a similar, or worse, outcome than that occurring in a BRCA2- or non-carrier of the same age. By contrast, most studies indicate that women developing a BRCA1/2-related ovarian cancer have an improved survival compared with non-carriers, particularly if they receive platinum-based therapy. In support of this, in vitro chemo-sensitivity studies have found that human cells lacking BRCA1 may be particularly sensitive to cisplatinum and to other drugs that cause double-strand breaks in DNA. Nevertheless, in breast cancer, little is known regarding clinically important differences in response to chemotherapy between BRCA1/2 mutation carriers and non-carriers, and between different chemotherapeutic regimens within existing series of BRCA1/2 mutation carriers. There are no published prospective studies. It is hoped that, in the near future, randomised controlled trials will be started with the aim of answering these important clinical questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- William D Foulkes
- Program in Cancer Genetics, Departments of Oncology and Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H2W 1S6.
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229
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Bertucci F, Birnbaum D, Goncalves A. Proteomics of breast cancer: principles and potential clinical applications. Mol Cell Proteomics 2006; 5:1772-86. [PMID: 16733261 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.r600011-mcp200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Progresses in screening, early diagnosis, prediction of aggressiveness and of therapeutic response or toxicity, and identification of new targets for therapeutic will improve survival of breast cancer. These progresses will likely be accelerated by the new proteomic techniques. In this review, we describe the different techniques currently applied to clinical samples of breast cancer and the most important results obtained with the two most popular proteomic approaches in translational research (tissue microarrays and SELDI-TOF).
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Affiliation(s)
- François Bertucci
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Département d'Oncologie Moléculaire, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, IPC, and UMR599 INSERM, 13009 Marseille, France.
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230
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Gruvberger-Saal SK, Parsons R. Is the small heat shock protein alphaB-crystallin an oncogene? J Clin Invest 2006; 116:30-2. [PMID: 16395401 PMCID: PMC1323271 DOI: 10.1172/jci27462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last 5 years, global gene expression profiling has allowed for the subclassification of the heterogeneous disease of breast cancer into new subgroups with prognostic significance. However, for most subgroups, the nature of the contributions of individual genes to the clinical phenotypes remains largely unknown. In this issue of the JCI, Moyano and colleagues further examine the oncogenic potential of the small heat shock protein alpha-basic-crystallin, commonly expressed in tumors of the basal-like breast cancer subtype associated with poor prognosis, and show that it is an oncogenic protein in the breast.
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