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Xu Y, Zhang S, Niu H, Ye Y, Hu F, Chen S, Li X, Luo X, Jiang S, Liu Y, Chen Y, Li J, Xiang R, Li N. STIM1 accelerates cell senescence in a remodeled microenvironment but enhances the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in prostate cancer. Sci Rep 2015; 5:11754. [PMID: 26257076 PMCID: PMC4530453 DOI: 10.1038/srep11754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) and the role of its key molecular regulators, STIM1 and ORAI1, in the development of cancer are emerging. Here, we report an unexpected dual function of SOCE in prostate cancer progression by revealing a decrease in the expression of STIM1 in human hyperplasia and tumor tissues of high histological grade and by demonstrating that STIM1 and ORAI1 inhibit cell growth by arresting the G0/G1 phase and enhancing cell senescence in human prostate cancer cells. In addition, STIM1 and ORAI1 inhibited NF-κB signaling and remodeled the tumor microenvironment by reducing the formation of M2 phenotype macrophages, possibly creating an unfavorable tumor microenvironment and inhibiting cancer development. However, STIM1 also promoted cell migration and the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition by activating TGF-β, Snail and Wnt/β-Catenin pathways. Thus, our study revealed novel regulatory effects and the mechanisms by which STIM1 affects cell senescence, tumor migration and the tumor microenvironment, revealing that STIM1 has multiple functions in prostate cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxi Xu
- 1] School of Medicine, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China [2] State Key Lab of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Tianjin 300020, China
| | - Shu Zhang
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Haiying Niu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, First Central Hospital Clinic Institute, Tianjin Medical University, 24 Fukang Road, Tianjin 300192 China
| | - Yujie Ye
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Fen Hu
- School of Physics, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Si Chen
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xuefei Li
- Beijing Health Vocational College, 94 Nanhengxijie Street, Beijing, 100053 China
| | - Xiaohe Luo
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Shan Jiang
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yanhua Liu
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yanan Chen
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Junying Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, First Central Hospital Clinic Institute, Tianjin Medical University, 24 Fukang Road, Tianjin 300192 China
| | - Rong Xiang
- 1] School of Medicine, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China [2] Tianjin Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Neurovascular Regulation, Tianjin 300071, China [3] Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Na Li
- 1] School of Medicine, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China [2] Tianjin Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Neurovascular Regulation, Tianjin 300071, China [3] Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
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Gustafson HH, Holt-Casper D, Grainger DW, Ghandehari H. Nanoparticle Uptake: The Phagocyte Problem. NANO TODAY 2015; 10:487-510. [PMID: 26640510 PMCID: PMC4666556 DOI: 10.1016/j.nantod.2015.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 838] [Impact Index Per Article: 93.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Phagocytes are key cellular participants determining important aspects of host exposure to nanomaterials, initiating clearance, biodistribution and the tenuous balance between host tolerance and adverse nanotoxicity. Macrophages in particular are believed to be among the first and primary cell types that process nanoparticles, mediating host inflammatory and immunological biological responses. These processes occur ubiquitously throughout tissues where nanomaterials are present, including the host mononuclear phagocytic system (MPS) residents in dedicated host filtration organs (i.e., liver, kidney spleen, and lung). Thus, to understand nanomaterials exposure risks it is critical to understand how nanomaterials are recognized, internalized, trafficked and distributed within diverse types of host macrophages and how possible cell-based reactions resulting from nanomaterial exposures further inflammatory host responses in vivo. This review focuses on describing macrophage-based initiation of downstream hallmark immunological and inflammatory processes resulting from phagocyte exposure to and internalization of nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Herd Gustafson
- University of Utah, Department of Bioengineering, 36 S. Wasatch Dr, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112 USA ; University of Utah, Utah Center for Nanomedicine, Nano Institute of Utah, 36 S. Wasatch Dr., Salt Lake City, Utah 84112 USA
| | - Dolly Holt-Casper
- University of Utah, Department of Bioengineering, 36 S. Wasatch Dr, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112 USA
| | - David W Grainger
- University of Utah, Department of Bioengineering, 36 S. Wasatch Dr, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112 USA ; University of Utah, Utah Center for Nanomedicine, Nano Institute of Utah, 36 S. Wasatch Dr., Salt Lake City, Utah 84112 USA ; University of Utah, Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, 30 South 2000 East, Rm 301, Salt Lake City, UT USA 84112
| | - Hamidreza Ghandehari
- University of Utah, Department of Bioengineering, 36 S. Wasatch Dr, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112 USA ; University of Utah, Utah Center for Nanomedicine, Nano Institute of Utah, 36 S. Wasatch Dr., Salt Lake City, Utah 84112 USA ; University of Utah, Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, 30 South 2000 East, Rm 301, Salt Lake City, UT USA 84112
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Abstract
Background Matrix-metalloproteinases 9 (MMP-9) belongs to the class of matrix metalloproteinases whose main function is to degrade and remodel the extracellular matrix (ECM). MMP-9 has been shown to be an integral part of many diseases where modulation of the ECM is a key step such as cancer, osteoporosis and fibrosis. MMP-9 is secreted as a latent pro-enzyme that requires activation in the extracellular space. Therefore, identifying physiological and molecular contexts, which can activate MMP-9 is important. Results Acidification of osteoclast-conditioned media to pH 5 resulted in a fragment with a size corresponding to active MMP-9. Also, treatment of recombinant proMMP-9 with recombinant cathepsin K (CTSK) at pH 5 yielded a fragment that corresponded to the molecular weight of active MMP-9, and showed MMP-9 activity. This activation was abrogated in the presence of CTSK inhibitor indicating that CTSK was responsible for the activation of pro-MMP-9. Knocking down CTSK in MDA-MB-231 cells also diminished MMP-9 activity compared to wild type control. Conclusions Here we provide the first evidence that CTSK can cleave and activate MMP-9 in acidic environments such as seen in tumors and during bone resorption. This finding provides a key link between CTSK expression in tumors and bone and ECM remodeling, through MMP-9 activation. This novel mechanism to activate MMP-9 through extracellular physiological changes elucidated in this study reveals a protease-signaling network involving CTSK and MMP-9 and provides the impetus to explore ECM proteases as physiological markers and pharmacological targets. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13104-015-1284-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Christensen
- Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Hermann-Staudinger-Haus Stefan-Meier-Straße 31, 79104, Freiburg, Germany. .,BIOSS-Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 18, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - V Prasad Shastri
- Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Hermann-Staudinger-Haus Stefan-Meier-Straße 31, 79104, Freiburg, Germany. .,BIOSS-Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 18, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.
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204
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Kong H, Zhang Q, Zeng Y, Wang H, Wu M, Zheng T, Zeng Y, Shi H. Prognostic significance of STAT3/phosphorylated-STAT3 in tumor: a meta-analysis of literatures. Int J Clin Exp Med 2015; 8:8525-8539. [PMID: 26309504 PMCID: PMC4537978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The prognostic value of the expression of STAT3/phosphorylated-STAT3 on survival for cancer patients remains controversial. We performed a meta-analysis of the published literature in this field to identify its impact. METHODS We conducted a meta-analysis of 26 studies (n=3877 patients) that evaluated the relationship between the prognostic value and the expression of STAT3/phosphorylated-STAT3 in 15 different kinds of carcinomas. Studies evaluated the correlation between STAT3/phosphorylated-STAT3, which detected mostly by immunohistochemistry and western blot, and clinical staging, overall survival (OS) and disease free survival (DFS) were included. The impact of STAT3 and phosphorylated-STAT3 was analyzed separately. RESULTS A total of 26 studies (14 for STAT3 and 16 for phosphorylated-STAT3), comprising 3877 patients, were included for meta-analysis. The expression of STAT3 was strongly associated with a poor impact on overall survival (OS) in all eligible studies [hazard ratio (HR)=2.91, (95% confidence interval (CI), 1.91-4.42)], while a significant association was shown between the expression of phosphorylated-STAT3 and patients' outcome [HR=1.53, (95% CI, 0.86-2.70)]. No significant effect was shown between the expression of STAT3/phosphorylated-STAT3 and clinical staging, neither with DFS. CONCLUSION High expression of STAT3 seems to be associated with poor OS in patients with carcinomas, while phosphorylated-STAT3 does not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Kong
- Clinical Medicine (Eight-Year Program), West China School of Medicine, Sichuan UniversityChengdu, Sichuan, PRC
| | - Qiongwen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medicine School, Sichuan UniversityChengdu, Sichuan, PRC
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Department of Head and Neck Oncology, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan UniversityChengdu, Sichuan, PRC
| | - Yunhui Zeng
- Clinical Medicine (Eight-Year Program), West China School of Medicine, Sichuan UniversityChengdu, Sichuan, PRC
| | - Hong Wang
- Clinical Medicine (Eight-Year Program), West China School of Medicine, Sichuan UniversityChengdu, Sichuan, PRC
| | - Mengqian Wu
- Clinical Medicine (Eight-Year Program), West China School of Medicine, Sichuan UniversityChengdu, Sichuan, PRC
| | - Tianying Zheng
- Clinical Medicine (Eight-Year Program), West China School of Medicine, Sichuan UniversityChengdu, Sichuan, PRC
| | - Yanzhang Zeng
- Clinical Medicine (Eight-Year Program), West China School of Medicine, Sichuan UniversityChengdu, Sichuan, PRC
| | - Huashan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medicine School, Sichuan UniversityChengdu, Sichuan, PRC
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Department of Head and Neck Oncology, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan UniversityChengdu, Sichuan, PRC
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205
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Liu Y, Goswami RK, Liu C, Sinha SC. Chemically Programmed Bispecific Antibody Targeting Legumain Protease and αvβ3 Integrin Mediates Strong Antitumor Effects. Mol Pharm 2015; 12:2544-50. [PMID: 26024761 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.5b00257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A chemically programmed bispecific antibody (cp-bsAb) that targeted cysteine protease legumain and αvβ3 integrin has been prepared using the aldolase antibody chemical programming (AACP) strategy. In vitro evaluation of the anti-legumain, anti-integrin cp-bsAb and its comparison with cpAbs targeting either integrin or legumain have shown that the former possesses superior functions, including receptor binding and inhibitory effects on cell proliferation as well as capillary tube formation, among all three cpAbs. The anti-legumain, anti-integrin cp-bsAb also inhibited growth of primary tumor more effectively than either anti-legumain or anti-integrin cpAb as observed in the MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer mouse model. The AACP-based cp-bsAb, which contains a generic aldolase antibody, can also serve as a suitable platform for combination therapy, where two equally potent compounds are used to target extracellular receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Liu
- †Departments of Immunology and Microbial Sciences and §Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Rajib K Goswami
- †Departments of Immunology and Microbial Sciences and §Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Cheng Liu
- †Departments of Immunology and Microbial Sciences and §Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Subhash C Sinha
- †Departments of Immunology and Microbial Sciences and §Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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Yan J, Kong LY, Hu J, Gabrusiewicz K, Dibra D, Xia X, Heimberger AB, Li S. FGL2 as a Multimodality Regulator of Tumor-Mediated Immune Suppression and Therapeutic Target in Gliomas. J Natl Cancer Inst 2015; 107:djv137. [PMID: 25971300 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djv137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fibrinogen-like protein 2 (FGL2) may promote glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) cancer development by inducing multiple immune-suppression mechanisms. METHODS The biological significance of FGL2 expression was assessed using the The Cancer Genome Atlast (TCGA) glioma database and tumor lysates analysis. The therapeutic effects of an anti-Fgl2 antibody and the role of immune suppression regulation by Fgl2 were determined in immune-competent, NOD-scid IL2Rgammanull (NSG), and FcɣRIIB-/- mice (n = 3-18 per group). Data were analyzed with two-way analysis of variance, log-rank survival analysis, and Pearson correlation. All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS In low-grade gliomas, 72.5% of patients maintained two copies of the FGL2 gene, whereas 83.8% of GBM patients had gene amplification or copy gain. Patients with high levels of FGL2 mRNA in glioma tissues had a lower overall survival (P = .009). Protein levels of FGL2 in GBM lysates were higher relative to low-grade glioma lysates (11.48±5.75ng/mg vs 3.96±1.01ng/mg, P = .003). In GL261 mice treated with an anti-FGL2 antibody, median survival was 27 days compared with only 17 days for mice treated with an isotype control antibody (P = .01). The anti-FGL2 antibody treatment reduced CD39(+) Tregs, M2 macrophages, programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1), and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). FGL2-induced increases in M2, CD39, and PD-1 were ablated in FcɣRIIB-/- mice. CONCLUSIONS FGL2 augments glioma immunosuppression by increasing the expression levels of PD-1 and CD39, expanding the frequency of tumor-supportive M2 macrophages via the FcγRIIB pathway, and enhancing the number of MDSCs and CD39(+) regulatory T cells. Collectively, these results show that FGL2 functions as a key immune-suppressive modulator and has potential as an immunotherapeutic target for treating GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yan
- Department of Pediatric Research (JY, JH, DD, XX, SL) and Department of Neurosurgery (LYK, KG, ABH), The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Ling-Yuan Kong
- Department of Pediatric Research (JY, JH, DD, XX, SL) and Department of Neurosurgery (LYK, KG, ABH), The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Jiemiao Hu
- Department of Pediatric Research (JY, JH, DD, XX, SL) and Department of Neurosurgery (LYK, KG, ABH), The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Konrad Gabrusiewicz
- Department of Pediatric Research (JY, JH, DD, XX, SL) and Department of Neurosurgery (LYK, KG, ABH), The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Denada Dibra
- Department of Pediatric Research (JY, JH, DD, XX, SL) and Department of Neurosurgery (LYK, KG, ABH), The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Xueqing Xia
- Department of Pediatric Research (JY, JH, DD, XX, SL) and Department of Neurosurgery (LYK, KG, ABH), The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Amy B Heimberger
- Department of Pediatric Research (JY, JH, DD, XX, SL) and Department of Neurosurgery (LYK, KG, ABH), The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX.
| | - Shulin Li
- Department of Pediatric Research (JY, JH, DD, XX, SL) and Department of Neurosurgery (LYK, KG, ABH), The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX.
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Wang X, Li X, Zhang X, Zang L, Yang H, Zhao W, Zhao H, Li Q, Xia B, Yu Y, Wang Y, Zhao Z, Zhang Y. Toll-like receptor 4-induced inflammatory responses contribute to the tumor-associated macrophages formation and infiltration in patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Ann Diagn Pathol 2015; 19:232-8. [PMID: 26071054 DOI: 10.1016/j.anndiagpath.2015.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Revised: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate the expression of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and their correlation with patient clinical characteristics, we detected using immunohistochemistry in 81 specimens of patients with DLBCL. The correlation between protein expression levels and clinical parameters, as well as the association between CD68 and TLR4 were analyzed. The number of CD68 TAMs was closely related to β2-microglobulin (P = .028 and P < .05), whereas there was no significant correlation between the number of CD68 TAMs and other clinical factors. Toll-like receptor 4 was related to tumor size and peripheral blood lymphocyte to monocyte ratio. The Spearman correlation coefficient indicated a significant positive correlation between CD68 TAMs and TLR4 expression (r = 0.240; P = .038, P = .05). These results, on one hand, indicated that TLR4-induced inflammatory responses may affect TAM infiltration and accumulation, and that TAMs and TLR4 may interact to play important roles in DLBCL microenvironment regulating the tumor growth, but, on the other hand demonstrated that both of TAMs and TLR4 had not only one side on DLBCL growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofang Wang
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, PR China.
| | - Xiangli Li
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Xiaoying Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Li Zang
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Hongliang Yang
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Weipeng Zhao
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Haifeng Zhao
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Bing Xia
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Yong Yu
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Yafei Wang
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Zhigang Zhao
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Yizhuo Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, PR China
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Katara GK, Kulshrestha A, Jaiswal MK, Pamarthy S, Gilman-Sachs A, Beaman KD. Inhibition of vacuolar ATPase subunit in tumor cells delays tumor growth by decreasing the essential macrophage population in the tumor microenvironment. Oncogene 2015; 35:1058-65. [PMID: 25961933 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Revised: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
In cancer cells, vacuolar ATPase (V-ATPase), a multi-subunit enzyme, is expressed on the plasma as well as vesicular membranes and critically influences metastatic behavior. The soluble, cleaved N-terminal domain of V-ATPase a2 isoform is associated with in vitro induction of tumorigenic characteristics in macrophages. This activity led us to further investigate its in vivo role in cancer progression by inhibition of a2 isoform (a2V) in tumor cells and the concomitant effect on tumor microenvironment in the mouse 4T-1 breast cancer model. Results showed that macrophages cocultivated with a2V knockdown (sh-a2) 4T-1 cells produce lower amounts of tumorigenic factors in vitro and have reduced ability to suppress T-cell activation and proliferation compared with control 4T-1 cells. Data analysis showed a delayed mammary tumor growth in Balb/c mice inoculated with sh-a2 4T-1 cells compared with control. The purified CD11b(+) macrophages from sh-a2 tumors showed a reduced expression of mannose receptor-1 (CD206), interleukin-10, transforming growth factor-β, arginase-1, matrix metalloproteinase and vascular endothelial growth factor. Flow cytometric analysis of tumor-infiltrated macrophages showed a significantly low number of F4/80(+)CD11c(+)CD206(+) macrophages in sh-a2 tumors compared with control. In sh-a2 tumors, most of the macrophages were F4/80(+)CD11c(+) (antitumor M1 macrophages) suggesting it to be the reason behind delayed tumor growth. Additionally, tumor-infiltrating macrophages from sh-a2 tumors showed a reduced expression of CD206 compared with control whereas CD11c expression was unaffected. These findings demonstrate that in the absence of a2V in tumor cells, the resident macrophage population in the tumor microenvironment is altered which affects in vivo tumor growth. We suggest that by involving the host immune system, tumor growth can be controlled through targeting of a2V on tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- G K Katara
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - A Kulshrestha
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - M K Jaiswal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - S Pamarthy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - A Gilman-Sachs
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - K D Beaman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, USA
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209
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Gene-expression molecular subtyping of triple-negative breast cancer tumours: importance of immune response. Breast Cancer Res 2015; 17:43. [PMID: 25887482 PMCID: PMC4389408 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-015-0550-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Triple-negative breast cancers need to be refined in order to identify therapeutic subgroups of patients. Methods We conducted an unsupervised analysis of microarray gene-expression profiles of 107 triple-negative breast cancer patients and undertook robust functional annotation of the molecular entities found by means of numerous approaches including immunohistochemistry and gene-expression signatures. A triple-negative external cohort (n = 87) was used for validation. Results Fuzzy clustering separated triple-negative tumours into three clusters: C1 (22.4%), C2 (44.9%) and C3 (32.7%). C1 patients were older (mean = 64.6 years) than C2 (mean = 56.8 years; P = 0.03) and C3 patients (mean = 51.9 years; P = 0.0004). Histological grade and Nottingham prognostic index were higher in C2 and C3 than in C1 (P < 0.0001 for both comparisons). Significant event-free survival (P = 0.03) was found according to cluster membership: patients belonging to C3 had a better outcome than patients in C1 (P = 0.01) and C2 (P = 0.02). Event-free survival analysis results were confirmed when our cohort was pooled with the external cohort (n = 194; P = 0.01). Functional annotation showed that 22% of triple-negative patients were not basal-like (C1). C1 was enriched in luminal subtypes and positive androgen receptor (luminal androgen receptor). C2 could be considered as an almost pure basal-like cluster. C3, enriched in basal-like subtypes but to a lesser extent, included 26% of claudin-low subtypes. Dissection of immune response showed that high immune response and low M2-like macrophages were a hallmark of C3, and that these patients had a better event-free survival than C2 patients, characterized by low immune response and high M2-like macrophages: P = 0.02 for our cohort, and P = 0.03 for pooled cohorts. Conclusions We identified three subtypes of triple-negative patients: luminal androgen receptor (22%), basal-like with low immune response and high M2-like macrophages (45%), and basal-enriched with high immune response and low M2-like macrophages (33%). We noted out that macrophages and other immune effectors offer a variety of therapeutic targets in breast cancer, and particularly in triple-negative basal-like tumours. Furthermore, we showed that CK5 antibody was better suited than CK5/6 antibody to subtype triple-negative patients. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13058-015-0550-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Chen H, Liu X, Clayman ES, Shao F, Xiao M, Tian X, Fu W, Zhang C, Ruan B, Zhou P, Liu Z, Wang Y, Rui W. Synthesis and Evaluation of a CBZ-AAN-Dox Prodrug and itsin vitroEffects on SiHa Cervical Cancer Cells Under Hypoxic Conditions. Chem Biol Drug Des 2015; 86:589-98. [DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Revised: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongyuan Chen
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology; School of Basic Course; Guangdong Pharmaceutical University; Guangzhou 510060 China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Bioactive Substances; Guangdong Pharmaceutical University; Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Xiao Liu
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology; School of Basic Course; Guangdong Pharmaceutical University; Guangzhou 510060 China
| | - Eric S. Clayman
- Transplantation Biology Research Center; Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School; Boston MA 02129 USA
| | - Fangyuan Shao
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology; School of Basic Course; Guangdong Pharmaceutical University; Guangzhou 510060 China
| | - Manshan Xiao
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology; School of Basic Course; Guangdong Pharmaceutical University; Guangzhou 510060 China
| | - Xuyan Tian
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology; School of Basic Course; Guangdong Pharmaceutical University; Guangzhou 510060 China
| | - Wuyu Fu
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology; School of Basic Course; Guangdong Pharmaceutical University; Guangzhou 510060 China
| | - Caiyun Zhang
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology; School of Basic Course; Guangdong Pharmaceutical University; Guangzhou 510060 China
| | - Bibo Ruan
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology; School of Basic Course; Guangdong Pharmaceutical University; Guangzhou 510060 China
| | - Pengjun Zhou
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology; School of Basic Course; Guangdong Pharmaceutical University; Guangzhou 510060 China
| | - Zhong Liu
- Biomedicine Research and Development Center of Jinan University; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine; National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine; Guangzhou 510632 China
| | - Yifei Wang
- Biomedicine Research and Development Center of Jinan University; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine; National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine; Guangzhou 510632 China
| | - Wen Rui
- Centre Laboratory; Guangdong Pharmaceutical University; Guangzhou 510006 China
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211
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Sun X, Gao D, Gao L, Zhang C, Yu X, Jia B, Wang F, Liu Z. Molecular imaging of tumor-infiltrating macrophages in a preclinical mouse model of breast cancer. Theranostics 2015; 5:597-608. [PMID: 25825599 PMCID: PMC4377728 DOI: 10.7150/thno.11546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Significant evidence has indicated that tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) play a critical role in the proliferation, invasion, angiogenesis, and metastasis of a variety of human carcinomas. In this study, we investigated whether near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) imaging using a macrophage mannose receptor (MMR; CD206)-targeting agent could be used to noninvasively visualize and quantify changes in TAMs in vivo. The CD206-targeting NIRF agent, Dye-anti-CD206, was prepared and characterized in vitro and in vivo. By using NIRF imaging, we were able to noninvasively image tumor-infiltrating macrophages in the 4T1 mouse breast cancer model. Importantly, longitudinal NIRF imaging revealed the depletion of macrophages in response to zoledronic acid (ZA) treatment. However, ZA alone did not lead to the inhibition of 4T1 tumor growth. We therefore combined anti-macrophage ZA therapy and tumor cytotoxic docetaxel (DTX) therapy in the mouse model. The results demonstrated that this combination strategy could significantly inhibit tumor growth as well as tumor metastasis to the lungs. Based on these findings, we concluded that CD206-targeted molecular imaging can sensitively detect the dynamic changes in tumor-infiltrating macrophages, and that the combination of macrophage depletion and cytotoxic therapy is a promising strategy for the effective treatment of solid tumors.
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212
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Meng J, Li X, Wang C, Guo H, Liu J, Xu H. Carbon nanotubes activate macrophages into a M1/M2 mixed status: recruiting naïve macrophages and supporting angiogenesis. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:3180-3188. [PMID: 25591447 DOI: 10.1021/am507649n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The potential of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in medical applications has been attracting constant research interest as well as raising concerns related to toxicity. The immune system serves as the first line of defense against invasion. In this work, interactions of oxidized multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) with macrophages were investigated to unravel the activation profile of macrophages, using cytokine array, ELISA assay, transwell assay, confocal microscopy, and reactive oxygen species examination. Results show that MWCNT initiate phagocytosis of macrophages and upregulate CD14, CD11b, TLR-4/MD2, and CD206, which does not alter the MHCII expression of the macrophages. The macrophages engulfing MWCNT (MWCNT-RAW) secrete a large amount of MIP-1α and MIP-2 to recruit naïve macrophages and produce angiogenesis-related cytokines MMP-9 and VEGF, while inducing much lower levels of proinflammatory cytokines than those activated by LPS. In conclusion, MWCNT activate macrophages into a M1/M2 mixed status, which allows the cells to recruit naïve macrophages and support angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Meng
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, P. R. China
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213
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Zhang C, Li HZ, Qian BJ, Liu CM, Guo F, Lin MC. MTDH/AEG-1-based DNA vaccine suppresses metastasis and enhances chemosensitivity to paclitaxel in pelvic lymph node metastasis. Biomed Pharmacother 2015; 70:217-26. [PMID: 25776504 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2015.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE MTDH/AEG-1 could act as an oncogene by regulating cellular transformation, proliferation, invasion, metastasis, and angiogenesis. This study aims to explore the mechanism by which MTDH/AEG-1 inhibits cancer growth and metastasis and enhances chemosensitivity. METHODS Mouse model was established using orally immunized mice exposed to attenuated Salmonella containing vectors carrying full length MTDH/AEG-1 gene, and we were able to enhance the immune response and inhibit the growth and metastasis of prostate cancer through activation of cellular and humoral immunities and induction of CD8+ T cells. Immunohistochemistry and TUNEL assay, CD4+ and CD8+ T cell analysis by flow cytometry, HE staining, RT-PCR analysis, Western-blot analysis and quantitative polymerase chain reaction were performed. RESULTS The MTDH/AEG-1 gene vaccine induced the anti-tumor function of cytotoxic T lymphocytes and CD8+ T cells and inhibited tumor growth and metastasis of prostate cancer. In the therapy model, the MTDH/AEG-1 gene vaccine significantly enhanced chemosensitivity to paclitaxel, inhibited tumor growth, promoted tumor cell apoptosis, and prolonged the survival time of tumor-bearing mice without any apparent side effects. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrated that MTDH/AEG-1-based DNA vaccines could used for the treatment of prostate cancer in terms of the inhibition of tumor growth, the lifespan of tumor-bearing animals. Combined with chemotherapy, MTDH/AEG-1-based DNA vaccines may produce highly favorable outcomes in the prevention and treatment of prostate cancer, suggesting the immune efficacy of MTDH/AEG-1-based DNA should be further analyzed in other cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Zhang
- Institute of Ningde Urological Research and Department of Urology, Affiliated Mindong Hospital of Fujian Medical University, No. 89, Heshan Road, Fu'an, Fujian 355000, China
| | - Hui-Zhang Li
- Institute of Ningde Urological Research and Department of Urology, Affiliated Mindong Hospital of Fujian Medical University, No. 89, Heshan Road, Fu'an, Fujian 355000, China.
| | - Ben-Jiang Qian
- Institute of Ningde Urological Research and Department of Urology, Affiliated Mindong Hospital of Fujian Medical University, No. 89, Heshan Road, Fu'an, Fujian 355000, China
| | - Chang-Ming Liu
- Institute of Ningde Urological Research and Department of Urology, Affiliated Mindong Hospital of Fujian Medical University, No. 89, Heshan Road, Fu'an, Fujian 355000, China
| | - Fang Guo
- Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences of Chinese Academy of Sciences-Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine (SJTU-SM), No. 225, South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Miao-Chun Lin
- Institute of Ningde Urological Research and Department of Urology, Affiliated Mindong Hospital of Fujian Medical University, No. 89, Heshan Road, Fu'an, Fujian 355000, China
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214
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Wentink MQ, Huijbers EJM, de Gruijl TD, Verheul HMW, Olsson AK, Griffioen AW. Vaccination approach to anti-angiogenic treatment of cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2015; 1855:155-71. [PMID: 25641676 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2015.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Revised: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Improvement of patient survival by anti-angiogenic therapy has proven limited. A vaccination approach inducing an immune response against the tumor vasculature combines the benefits of immunotherapy and anti-angiogenesis, and may overcome the limitations of current anti-angiogenic drugs. Strategies to use whole endothelial cell vaccines and DNA- or protein vaccines against key players in the VEGF signaling axis, as well as specific markers of tumor endothelial cells, have been tested in preclinical studies. Current clinical trials are now testing the promise of this specific anti-cancer vaccination approach. This review will highlight the state-of-the-art in this exciting field of cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madelon Q Wentink
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth J M Huijbers
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Tanja D de Gruijl
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Henk M W Verheul
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Anna-Karin Olsson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Biomedical Center, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Arjan W Griffioen
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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215
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Ortega RA, Barham WJ, Kumar B, Tikhomirov O, McFadden ID, Yull FE, Giorgio TD. Biocompatible mannosylated endosomal-escape nanoparticles enhance selective delivery of short nucleotide sequences to tumor associated macrophages. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:500-510. [PMID: 25408159 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr03962a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Tumor associated macrophages (TAMs) can modify the tumor microenvironment to create a pro-tumor niche. Manipulation of the TAM phenotype is a novel, potential therapeutic approach to engage anti-cancer immunity. siRNA is a molecular tool for knockdown of specific mRNAs that is tunable in both strength and duration. The use of siRNA to reprogram TAMs to adopt an immunogenic, anti-tumor phenotype is an attractive alternative to ablation of this cell population. One current difficulty with this approach is that TAMs are difficult to specifically target and transfect. We report here successful utilization of novel mannosylated polymer nanoparticles (MnNP) that are capable of escaping the endosomal compartment to deliver siRNA to TAMs in vitro and in vivo. Transfection with MnNP-siRNA complexes did not significantly decrease TAM cell membrane integrity in culture, nor did it create adverse kidney or liver function in mice, even at repeated doses of 5 mg kg(-1). Furthermore, MnNP effectively delivers labeled nucleotides to TAMs in mice with primary mammary tumors. We also confirmed TAM targeting in the solid tumors disseminated throughout the peritoneum of ovarian tumor bearing mice following injection of fluorescently labeled MnNP-nucleotide complexes into the peritoneum. Finally, we show enhanced uptake of MnNP in lung metastasis associated macrophages compared to untargeted particles when using an intubation delivery method. In summary, we have shown that MnNP specifically and effectively deliver siRNA to TAMs in vivo.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Biocompatible Materials/chemistry
- Biocompatible Materials/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Survival
- Coculture Techniques
- Drug Carriers/chemistry
- Endosomes/metabolism
- Female
- Fluorescent Dyes/chemistry
- Lung/metabolism
- Lung/pathology
- Lung Neoplasms/pathology
- Lung Neoplasms/secondary
- Lung Neoplasms/therapy
- Macrophages/cytology
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Macrophages/transplantation
- Mammary Neoplasms, Animal/pathology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Animal/secondary
- Mammary Neoplasms, Animal/therapy
- Mannose/chemistry
- Mannose/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Microscopy, Fluorescence
- Nanoparticles/chemistry
- Nanoparticles/metabolism
- Ovarian Neoplasms/metabolism
- Ovarian Neoplasms/pathology
- Polymers/chemistry
- RNA, Small Interfering/chemistry
- RNA, Small Interfering/metabolism
- RNA, Small Interfering/therapeutic use
- Transplantation, Homologous
- Tumor Microenvironment
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan A Ortega
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA.
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216
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Vinogradov S, Warren G, Wei X. Macrophages associated with tumors as potential targets and therapeutic intermediates. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2015; 9:695-707. [PMID: 24827844 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.14.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) form approximately 50% of tumor mass. TAMs were shown to promote tumor growth by suppressing immunocompetent cells, inducing neovascularization and supporting cancer stem cells. TAMs retain mobility in tumor mass, which can potentially be employed for better intratumoral biodistribution of nanocarriers and effective tumor growth inhibition. Due to the importance of TAMs, they are increasingly becoming principal targets of novel therapeutic approaches. In this review, we compare features of macrophages and TAMs that are essential for TAM-directed therapies, and illustrate the advantages of nanomedicine that are related to the preferential capture of nanocarriers by Mϕ in the process of drug delivery. We discuss recent efforts in reprogramming or inhibiting tumor-protecting properties of TAMs, and potential strategies to increase efficacy of conventional chemotherapy by combining with macrophage-associated delivery of nanodrugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serguei Vinogradov
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6025, USA
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217
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High expression of the cysteine proteinase legumain in colorectal cancer – Implications for therapeutic targeting. Eur J Cancer 2015; 51:9-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2014.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Revised: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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218
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Jiang Y, Lu J, Wang Y, Zeng F, Wang H, Peng H, Huang M, Jiang H, Luo C, Huang Y. Molecular-dynamics-simulation-driven design of a protease-responsive probe for in-vivo tumor imaging. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2014; 26:8174-8178. [PMID: 25338710 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201403547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Revised: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A protease-responsive probe is developed based on a molecular dynamics simulation method for the rational design of the hairpin "turn" structure of peptides. The Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based probe is used for in vivo detection of legumain, a protease overexpressed in inflammation-related carcinogenesis, providing a potential method for early cancer detection and tumor imaging, and helpful information for better understanding legumain's role in tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Jiang
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Hai-ke Rd, Shanghai, 201203, PR China
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219
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Chen YC, Ingram P, Yoon E. Electrolytic valving isolation of cell co-culture microenvironment with controlled cell pairing ratios. Analyst 2014; 139:6371-8. [PMID: 25118341 PMCID: PMC4977364 DOI: 10.1039/c4an01282h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cancer-stromal interaction is a critical process in tumorigenesis. Conventional dish-based co-culture assays simply mix two cell types in the same dish; thus, they are deficient in controlling cell locations and precisely tracking single cell behavior from heterogeneous cell populations. Microfluidic technology can provide a good spatial-temporal control of microenvironments, but the control has been typically realized by using external pumps, making long-term cultures cumbersome and bulky. In this work, we have presented a cell-cell interaction microfluidic platform that can accurately control the co-culture microenvironment by using a novel electrolytic cell isolation scheme without using any valves or pneumatic pumps. The proposed microfluidic platform can also precisely control the number of interacting cells and pairing ratios to emulate cancer niches. More than 80% of the chambers captured the desired number of cells. The duration of cell isolation can be adjusted by electrolytic bubble generation and removal. We have verified that the electrolytic process has a negligible effect on cell viability and proliferation in our platform. To the best of our knowledge, this work is the first attempt to incorporate electrolytic bubble generation as a cell isolation method in microfluidics. For proof of feasibility, we have performed cell-cell interaction assays between prostate cancer (PC3) cells and myoblast (C2C12) cells. The preliminary results demonstrated the potential of using electrolysis for micro-environmental control during cell culture. Also, the ratio controlled cell-cell interaction assays were successfully performed which showed that the cell pairing ratios of PC3 to C2C12 affected the proliferation rate of myoblast cells due to increased secretion of growth factors from prostate cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chih Chen
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Engineering, University of Michigan, 1301 Beal Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2122, USA.
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220
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Hayashi N, Kataoka H, Yano S, Tanaka M, Moriwaki K, Akashi H, Suzuki S, Mori Y, Kubota E, Tanida S, Takahashi S, Joh T. A novel photodynamic therapy targeting cancer cells and tumor-associated macrophages. Mol Cancer Ther 2014; 14:452-60. [PMID: 25512617 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-14-0348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) in cancer stroma play important roles for cancer cell growth, invasion, angiogenesis, and metastases. We synthesized a novel photosensitizer, mannose-conjugated chlorin (M-chlorin), designed to bind mannose receptors highly expressed on TAMs. We evaluated the newly available photodynamic therapy (PDT) with M-chlorin against gastric and colon cancer. We evaluated PDT with M-chlorin for in vitro cytotoxicity and apoptosis induction in cancer cells compared with chlorin alone and glucose-conjugated chlorin (G-chlorin). The subcellular localization of M-chlorin was observed by confocal microscopy, and the M-chlorin PDT effects against TAMs including THP-1-induced M2-polarized macrophages were evaluated. Anticancer effects were also investigated in an allograft model where cytotoxic effects against TAMs in the cancer cell stroma were analyzed by immunohistochemistry. M-chlorin PDT strongly induced cell death in cancer cells to almost the same extent as G-chlorin PDT by inducing apoptosis. M-chlorin was incorporated into cancer cells where it localized mainly in lysosomes and endoplasmic reticula. M-chlorin PDT revealed strong cytotoxicity for M2 macrophages induced from THP-1 cell lines, and it induced stronger cytotoxicity than G-chlorin PDT in the allograft model through killing both cancer cells and TAMs in the cancer stroma. The M-chlorin PDT produced strong cytotoxicity against cancer tissue by inducing apoptosis of both cancer cells and TAMs in the cancer stroma. This novel PDT thus stands as a new candidate for very effective, next-generation PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyuki Hayashi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hiromi Kataoka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Japan.
| | - Shigenobu Yano
- Graduate School of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara, Japan. Office of Society-Academia Collaboration for Innovation, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Mamoru Tanaka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Moriwaki
- Reseach Institute of Natural Sciences, Okayama University of Science, Kita-ku, Okayama-shi, Okayama, Japan
| | - Haruo Akashi
- Reseach Institute of Natural Sciences, Okayama University of Science, Kita-ku, Okayama-shi, Okayama, Japan
| | - Shugo Suzuki
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Tumor Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Mori
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Eiji Kubota
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Satoshi Tanida
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Satoru Takahashi
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Tumor Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takashi Joh
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Japan
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221
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Nurgazieva D, Mickley A, Moganti K, Ming W, Ovsyi I, Popova A, Sachindra, Awad K, Wang N, Bieback K, Goerdt S, Kzhyshkowska J, Gratchev A. TGF-β1, but not bone morphogenetic proteins, activates Smad1/5 pathway in primary human macrophages and induces expression of proatherogenic genes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 194:709-18. [PMID: 25505291 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages are responsible for the control of inflammation and healing, and their malfunction results in cardiometabolic disorders. TGF-β is a pleiotropic growth factor with dual (protective and detrimental) roles in atherogenesis. We have previously shown that in human macrophages, TGF-β1 activates Smad2/3 signaling and induces a complex gene expression program. However, activated genes were not limited to known Smad2/3-dependent ones, which prompted us to study TGF-β1-induced signaling in macrophages in detail. Analysis of Id3 regulatory sequences revealed a novel enhancer, located between +4517 and 4662 bp, but the luciferase reporter assay demonstrated that this enhancer is not Smad2/3 dependent. Because Id3 expression is regulated by Smad1/5 in endothelial cells, we analyzed activation of Smad1/5 in macrophages. We demonstrate here for the first time, to our knowledge, that TGF-β1, but not BMPs, activates Smad1/5 in macrophages. We show that an ALK5/ALK1 heterodimer is responsible for the induction of Smad1/5 signaling by TGF-β1 in mature human macrophages. Activation of Smad1/5 by TGF-β1 induces not only Id3, but also HAMP and PLAUR, which contribute to atherosclerotic plaque vulnerability. We suggest that the balance between Smad1/5- and Smad2/3-dependent signaling defines the outcome of the effect of TGF-β on atherosclerosis where Smad1/5 is responsible for proatherogenic effects, whereas Smad2/3 regulate atheroprotective effects of TGF-β.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinara Nurgazieva
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Center of Excellence in Dermatology, Ruprecht-Karls University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany; N.N. Blokhin Cancer Research Center, 115478 Moscow, Russia
| | - Amanda Mickley
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Center of Excellence in Dermatology, Ruprecht-Karls University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany; Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karls University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Kondaiah Moganti
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Center of Excellence in Dermatology, Ruprecht-Karls University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany; Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karls University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Wen Ming
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Center of Excellence in Dermatology, Ruprecht-Karls University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Illya Ovsyi
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Center of Excellence in Dermatology, Ruprecht-Karls University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Anna Popova
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Center of Excellence in Dermatology, Ruprecht-Karls University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Sachindra
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Center of Excellence in Dermatology, Ruprecht-Karls University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Kareem Awad
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Center of Excellence in Dermatology, Ruprecht-Karls University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany; Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karls University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Nan Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Center of Excellence in Dermatology, Ruprecht-Karls University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Karen Bieback
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karls University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Sergij Goerdt
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Center of Excellence in Dermatology, Ruprecht-Karls University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Julia Kzhyshkowska
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karls University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany; Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 125315 Moscow, Russia; and Laboratory for Translational Cellular and Molecular Biomedicine, Tomsk State University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia
| | - Alexei Gratchev
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Center of Excellence in Dermatology, Ruprecht-Karls University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany; N.N. Blokhin Cancer Research Center, 115478 Moscow, Russia;
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222
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Mitchell RA, Yaddanapudi K. Stromal-dependent tumor promotion by MIF family members. Cell Signal 2014; 26:2969-78. [PMID: 25277536 PMCID: PMC4293307 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2014.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Solid tumors are composed of a heterogeneous population of cells that interact with each other and with soluble and insoluble factors that, when combined, strongly influence the relative proliferation, differentiation, motility, matrix remodeling, metabolism and microvessel density of malignant lesions. One family of soluble factors that is becoming increasingly associated with pro-tumoral phenotypes within tumor microenvironments is that of the migration inhibitory factor family which includes its namesake, MIF, and its only known family member, D-dopachrome tautomerase (D-DT). This review seeks to highlight our current understanding of the relative contributions of a variety of immune and non-immune tumor stromal cell populations and, within those contexts, will summarize the literature associated with MIF and/or D-DT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Mitchell
- JG Brown Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, United States.
| | - Kavitha Yaddanapudi
- JG Brown Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, United States
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223
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Mou W, Xu Y, Ye Y, Chen S, Li X, Gong K, Liu Y, Chen Y, Li X, Tian Y, Xiang R, Li N. Expression of Sox2 in breast cancer cells promotes the recruitment of M2 macrophages to tumor microenvironment. Cancer Lett 2014; 358:115-123. [PMID: 25444903 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2014.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Revised: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Transcriptional factor Sox2 promotes tumor metastasis; however its regulatory effect on tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs, M2 phenotype) has not been defined. This study disclosed concomitant expression of TAMs marker-CD163 with SOX2 in human breast cancer and showed that Sox2 in breast cancer cells promotes recruitment of TAMs with altered expression of multiple chemokines, including MIP-1α, ICAM-1 etc. and activation of Stat3 and NF-κB signalings. In addition, TAMs rescued the compromised lung metastasis induced by Sox2 silencing in breast cancer cells. Together, this study documented that Sox2 plays an important role in recruiting TAMs and promotes tumor metastasis in a TAMs dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Mou
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China; Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100045, China; Department of Biochemistry, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Yingxi Xu
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yujie Ye
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Si Chen
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xuefei Li
- Beijing Health Vocational College, 94 Nanhengxijie Street, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Kangzi Gong
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yanhua Liu
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yanan Chen
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xiru Li
- Department of General Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Yaping Tian
- Department of Biochemistry, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Rong Xiang
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Neurovascular Regulation, Tianjin 300071, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Na Li
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Neurovascular Regulation, Tianjin 300071, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China.
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Zhang W, Zhang C, Li W, Deng J, Herrmann A, Priceman SJ, Liang W, Shen S, Pal SK, Hoon DSB, Yu H. CD8+ T-cell immunosurveillance constrains lymphoid premetastatic myeloid cell accumulation. Eur J Immunol 2014; 45:71-81. [PMID: 25310972 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201444467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Revised: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that premetastatic niches, consisting mainly of myeloid cells, provide microenvironment critical for cancer cell recruitment and survival to facilitate metastasis. While CD8(+) T cells exert immunosurveillance in primary human tumors, whether they can exert similar effects on myeloid cells in the premetastatic environment is unknown. Here, we show that CD8(+) T cells are capable of constraining premetastatic myeloid cell accumulation by inducing myeloid cell apoptosis in C57BL/6 mice. Ag-specific CD8(+) T-cell cytotoxicity against myeloid cells in premetastatic lymph nodes is compromised by Stat3. We demonstrate here that Stat3 ablation in myeloid cells leads to CD8(+) T-cell activation and increased levels of IFN-γ and granzyme B in the premetastatic environment. Furthermore, Stat3 negatively regulates soluble Ag cross-presentation by myeloid cells to CD8(+) T cells in the premetastatic niche. Importantly, in tumor-free lymph nodes of melanoma patients, infiltration of activated CD8(+) T cells inversely correlates with STAT3 activity, which is associated with a decrease in number of myeloid cells. Our study suggested a novel role for CD8(+) T cells in constraining myeloid cell activity through direct killing in the premetastatic environment, and the therapeutic potential by targeting Stat3 in myeloid cells to improve CD8(+) T-cell immunosurveillance against metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Zhang
- Department of Cancer Immunotherapeutics and Tumor Immunology, Beckman Research Institute and City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Chunyan Zhang
- Department of Cancer Immunotherapeutics and Tumor Immunology, Beckman Research Institute and City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Wenzhao Li
- Department of Cancer Immunotherapeutics and Tumor Immunology, Beckman Research Institute and City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Jiehui Deng
- Department of Cancer Immunotherapeutics and Tumor Immunology, Beckman Research Institute and City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Andreas Herrmann
- Department of Cancer Immunotherapeutics and Tumor Immunology, Beckman Research Institute and City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Saul J Priceman
- Department of Cancer Immunotherapeutics and Tumor Immunology, Beckman Research Institute and City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Wei Liang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research Institute and City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Shudan Shen
- Department of Cancer Immunotherapeutics and Tumor Immunology, Beckman Research Institute and City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Sumanta K Pal
- Department of Medical Oncology, Beckman Research Institute and City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Dave S B Hoon
- Department of Molecular Oncology, John Wayne Cancer Institute, Santa Monica, CA 90404, USA
| | - Hua Yu
- Department of Cancer Immunotherapeutics and Tumor Immunology, Beckman Research Institute and City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, USA
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225
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Martin OA, Redon CE, Dickey JS, Nakamura AJ, Bonner WM. Para-inflammation mediates systemic DNA damage in response to tumor growth. Commun Integr Biol 2014. [DOI: 10.4161/cib.13942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
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226
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Niu M, Naguib YW, Aldayel AM, Shi YC, Hursting SD, Hersh MA, Cui Z. Biodistribution and in vivo activities of tumor-associated macrophage-targeting nanoparticles incorporated with doxorubicin. Mol Pharm 2014; 11:4425-36. [PMID: 25314115 PMCID: PMC4255729 DOI: 10.1021/mp500565q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Tumor-associated
macrophages (TAMs) are increasingly considered
a viable target for tumor imaging and therapy. Previously, we reported
that innovative surface-functionalization of nanoparticles may help
target them to TAMs. In this report, using poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) nanoparticles incorporated with doxorubicin
(DOX) (DOX-NPs), we studied the effect of surface-modification of
the nanoparticles with mannose and/or acid-sensitive sheddable polyethylene
glycol (PEG) on the biodistribution of DOX and the uptake of DOX by
TAMs in tumor-bearing mice. We demonstrated that surface-modification
of the DOX-NPs with both mannose and acid-sensitive sheddable PEG
significantly increased the accumulation of DOX in tumors, enhanced
the uptake of the DOX by TAMs, but decreased the distribution of DOX
in mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS), such as liver. We also confirmed
that the acid-sensitive sheddable PEGylated, mannose-modified DOX-nanoparticles
(DOX-AS-M-NPs) targeted TAMs because depletion of TAMs in tumor-bearing
mice significantly decreased the accumulation of DOX in tumor tissues.
Furthermore, in a B16-F10 tumor-bearing mouse model, we showed that
the DOX-AS-M-NPs were significantly more effective than free DOX in
controlling tumor growth but had only minimum effect on the macrophage
population in mouse liver and spleen. The AS-M-NPs are promising in
targeting cytotoxic or macrophage-modulating agents into tumors to
improve tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Niu
- College of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutics Division, The University of Texas at Austin , Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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227
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Jones CH, Chen M, Ravikrishnan A, Reddinger R, Zhang G, Hakansson AP, Pfeifer BA. Mannosylated poly(beta-amino esters) for targeted antigen presenting cell immune modulation. Biomaterials 2014; 37:333-44. [PMID: 25453962 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Given the rise of antibiotic resistance and other difficult-to-treat diseases, genetic vaccination is a promising preventative approach that can be tailored and scaled according to the vector chosen for gene delivery. However, most vectors currently utilized rely on ubiquitous delivery mechanisms that ineffectively target important immune effectors such as antigen presenting cells (APCs). As such, APC targeting allows the option for tuning the direction (humoral vs cell-mediated) and strength of the resulting immune responses. In this work, we present the development and assessment of a library of mannosylated poly(beta-amino esters) (PBAEs) that represent a new class of easily synthesized APC-targeting cationic polymers. Polymeric characterization and assessment methodologies were designed to provide a more realistic physiochemical profile prior to in vivo evaluation. Gene delivery assessment in vitro showed significant improvement upon PBAE mannosylation and suggested that mannose-mediated uptake and processing influence the magnitude of gene delivery. Furthermore, mannosylated PBAEs demonstrated a strong, efficient, and safe in vivo humoral immune response without use of adjuvants when compared to genetic and protein control antigens. In summary, the gene delivery effectiveness provided by mannosylated PBAE vectors offers specificity and potency in directing APC activation and subsequent immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles H Jones
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260-4200, USA
| | - Mingfu Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260-4200, USA
| | - Anitha Ravikrishnan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260-4200, USA
| | - Ryan Reddinger
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260-4200, USA
| | - Guojian Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260-4200, USA
| | - Anders P Hakansson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260-4200, USA; The Witebsky Center for Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260-4200, USA
| | - Blaine A Pfeifer
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260-4200, USA.
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228
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Zhan X, Jia L, Niu Y, Qi H, Chen X, Zhang Q, Zhang J, Wang Y, Dong L, Wang C. Targeted depletion of tumour-associated macrophages by an alendronate-glucomannan conjugate for cancer immunotherapy. Biomaterials 2014; 35:10046-57. [PMID: 25245263 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs) are a set of macrophages residing in the tumour microenvironment. They play essential roles in mediating tumour angiogenesis, metastasis and immune evasion. Delivery of therapeutic agents to eliminate TAMs can be a promising strategy for cancer immunotherapy but an efficient vehicle to target these cells is still in pressing need. In this study, we developed a bisphosphonate-glucomannan conjugate that could efficiently target and specifically eliminate TAMs in the tumour microenvironment. We employed the polysaccharide from Bletilla striata (BSP), a glucomannan affinitive for macrophages that express abundant mannose receptors, to conjugate alendronate (ALN), a bisphosphonate compound with in vitro macrophage-inhibiting activities. In both in vitro and in vivo tests, the prepared ALN-BSP conjugate could preferentially accumulate in macrophages and induced them into apoptosis. In the subcutaneous S180 tumour-bearing mice model, the treatment using ALN-BSP effectively eliminated TAMs, remarkably inhibited angiogenesis, recovered local immune surveillance, and eventually suppressed tumour progression, without eliciting any unwanted effect such as systematic immune response. Interestingly, ALN alone failed to exhibit any anti-TAM activity in vivo, probably because this compound was susceptible to the mildly acidic tumour microenvironment. Taken together, these results demonstrate the potential of ALN-BSP as a safe and efficient tool targeted at direct depletion of TAMs for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiudan Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
| | - Lixin Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yiming Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
| | - Haixia Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiuping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
| | - Qingwen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
| | - Junfeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yitao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
| | - Lei Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Chunming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China.
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229
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Mammary carcinoma cell derived cyclooxygenase 2 suppresses tumor immune surveillance by enhancing intratumoral immune checkpoint activity. Breast Cancer Res 2014; 15:R75. [PMID: 24004819 PMCID: PMC3979159 DOI: 10.1186/bcr3469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Revised: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Systemic inhibition of the inflammatory enzyme cyclooxygenase (COX) 2 decreases the risk of breast cancer and its recurrence. However, the biology of COX-2 in the multicellular tumor microenvironment is poorly defined. METHODS Mammary tumor onset and multiplicity were examined in ErbB2 transgenic mice that were deficient in mammary epithelial cell COX-2 (COX-2(MEC)KO) compared to wild type (WT) mice. Tumors were analyzed, by real time PCR, immune-staining and flow cytometry, for proliferation, apoptosis, angiogenesis and immune microenvironment. Lentiviral shRNA delivery was used to knock down (KD) COX-2 in ErbB2-transformed mouse breast cancer cells (COX-2KD), and growth as orthotopic tumors was examined in syngenic recipient mice, with or without depletion of CD8+ immune cells. RESULTS Mammary tumor onset was delayed, and multiplicity halved, in COX-2(MEC)KO mice compared to WT. COX-2(MEC)KO tumors showed decreased expression of Ki67, a proliferation marker, as well as reduced VEGFA, its receptor VEGFR2, endothelial NOS and the vascular endothelial marker CD31, indicating reduced tumor vascularization. COX-2(MEC)KO tumors contained more CD4+ T helper (Th) cells and CD8+ cytotoxic immune cells (CTL) consistent with increased immune surveillance. The ratio of Th markers Tbet (Th1) to GATA3 (Th2) was higher, and levels of Retnla, a M2 macrophage marker, lower, in COX-2(MEC)KO tumor infiltrating leukocytes compared to WT, suggesting a prevalence of pro-immune Th1 over immune suppressive Th2 lymphocytes, and reduced macrophage polarization to the immune suppressive M2 phenotype. Enhanced immune surveillance in COX-2(MEC)KO tumors was coincident with increased intratumoral CXCL9, a T cell chemoattractant, and decreased expression of T lymphocyte co-inhibitory receptors CTLA4 and PD-1, as well as PD-L1, the ligand for PD-1. PD-L1 was also decreased in IFNγ-treated COX-2KD mouse mammary cancer cells in vitro and, compared to control cells, growth of COX-2KD cells as orthotopic tumors in immune competent mice was markedly suppressed. However, robust growth of COX-2KD tumor cells was evident when recipients were depleted of CD8+ cells. CONCLUSIONS The data strongly support that, in addition to its angiogenic function, tumor cell COX-2 suppresses intratumoral cytotoxic CD8+ immune cell function, possibly through upregulation of immune checkpoints, thereby contributing to tumor immune escape. COX-2 inhibition may be clinically useful to augment breast cancer immunotherapy.
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230
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Herbein G, Kumar A. The oncogenic potential of human cytomegalovirus and breast cancer. Front Oncol 2014; 4:230. [PMID: 25202681 PMCID: PMC4142708 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the leading causes of cancer-related death among women. The vast majority of breast cancers are carcinomas that originate from cells lining the milk-forming ducts of the mammary gland. Numerous articles indicate that breast tumors exhibit diverse phenotypes depending on their distinct physiopathological signatures, clinical courses, and therapeutic possibilities. The human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a multifaceted highly host specific betaherpesvirus that is regarded as asymptomatic or mildly pathogenic virus in immunocompetent host. HCMV may cause serious in utero infections as well as acute and chronic complications in immunocompromised individual. The involvement of HCMV in late inflammatory complications underscores its possible role in inflammatory diseases and cancer. HCMV targets a variety of cell types in vivo, including macrophages, epithelial cells, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, stromal cells, neuronal cells, smooth muscle cells, and hepatocytes. HCMV can be detected in the milk after delivery and thereby HCMV could spread to adjacent mammary epithelial cells. HCMV also infects macrophages and induces an atypical M1/M2 phenotype, close to the tumor-associated macrophage phenotype, which is associated with the release of cytokines involved in cancer initiation or promotion and breast cancer of poor prognosis. HCMV antigens and DNA have been detected in tissue biopsies of breast cancers and elevation in serum HCMV IgG antibody levels has been reported to precede the development of breast cancer in some women. In this review, we will discuss the potential role of HCMV in the initiation and progression of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georges Herbein
- Department of Virology and Department of Pathogens & Inflammation, UPRES EA4266, SFR FED 4234, CHRU Besançon, University of Franche-Comté , Besançon , France
| | - Amit Kumar
- Department of Virology and Department of Pathogens & Inflammation, UPRES EA4266, SFR FED 4234, CHRU Besançon, University of Franche-Comté , Besançon , France
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231
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Head and neck cancer relapse after chemoradiotherapy correlates with CD163+ macrophages in primary tumour and CD11b+ myeloid cells in recurrences. Br J Cancer 2014; 111:1509-18. [PMID: 25093488 PMCID: PMC4200089 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2014.446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Revised: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: We investigated the prognostic role of tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs) in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) treated with definitive chemoradiotherapy (CRT). Methods: The expression of CD68+, CD163+ and CD11b+ cells was assessed using immunohistochemistry in n=106 pre-treatment tumour biopsy samples and was correlated with clinicopathological characteristics, including T-stage, N-stage, grading, tumour localisation, age and sex as well as local failure-free survival (LFFS), distant metastases-free survival (DMFS), progression-free (PFS), and overall survival (OS). Finally, TAMs expression and vessel density (CD31) were examined in n=12 available early local recurrence samples and compared with their matched primary tumours . The diagnostic images and radiotherapy plans of these 12 patients were also analysed. All local recurrences occurred in the high radiation dose region (⩾70 Gy). Results: With a median follow-up of 40 months, OS at 2 years was 60.5%. High CD163 expression in primary tumours was associated with decreased OS (P=0.010), PFS (P=0.033), LFFS (P=0.036) and DMFS (P=0.038) in multivariate analysis. CD163 demonstrated a strong prognostic value only in human papillomavirus (p16INK4)-negative patients. Early local recurrence specimens demonstrated a significantly increased infiltration of CD11b+ myeloid cells (P=0.0097) but decreased CD31-positive vessel density (P=0.0004) compared with their matched primary samples. Conclusions: Altogether, baseline CD163 expression predicts for an unfavourable clinical outcome in HNSCC after definitive CRT. Early local recurrences showed increased infiltration by CD11b+ cells. These data provide important insight on the role of TAMs in mediating response to CRT in patients with HNSCC.
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232
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Jeong SK, Yang K, Park YS, Choi YJ, Oh SJ, Lee CW, Lee KY, Jeong MH, Jo WS. Interferon gamma induced by resveratrol analog, HS-1793, reverses the properties of tumor associated macrophages. Int Immunopharmacol 2014; 22:303-10. [PMID: 25042796 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2014.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Revised: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages are capable of both inhibiting and promoting the growth and spread of cancers, depending on their activation state. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) are a kind of alternatively activated M2 macrophage, which may contribute to tumor progression. Following our previous study to evaluate the anti-tumor effect of a synthetic resveratrol analog HS-1793, the current study demonstrated that HS-1793 treatment significantly increased IFN-γ secreting cells in splenocytes and decreased CD206+ macrophage infiltration compared to CD68+ cells in the tumor site with a higher expression of IFN-γ. As these results suggested that IFN-γ increased locally at the tumor sites could modulate the status of TAM, we designed an in vitro model to study macrophage morphology and functions in relation to the tumor microenvironment. Human monocytic cell line THP-1 cells stimulated with phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA) differentiated to macrophages with M2-like phenotypes. TAM-like properties of CD206(high), CD204(high), IL-10(high), TGF-β(high), IL-6(low), IL-12(low), VEGF(high), and MMP-9(high) and promotion of tumor cell invasion were more pronounced in M-2-polarized THP-1 macrophages generated by differentiating THP-1 cells with PMA and subsequently polarizing them with Th2 cytokines (IL-4/IL-13). Upon IFN-γ exposure, THP-1-derived TAM changed their phenotypes to the M-1-like morphology and intracellular granular pattern with an expression of an increased level of proinflammatory and immunostimulatory cytokines and a reduced level of immunosuppressive and tumor progressive mediators. These results explain the underlying mechanism of the anti-tumor activity of HS-1793. The elevated level of IFN-γ production after HS-1793 treatment evoked reprogramming of M-2 phenotype TAM, which efficiently countered the immunosuppressive and tumor progressive influences of TAM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Kyung Jeong
- Department of Research Center, Dong Nam Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Jwadong-gil 40, Jangan-eup, Gijang-gun, Busan 619-953, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwangmo Yang
- Department of Research Center, Dong Nam Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Jwadong-gil 40, Jangan-eup, Gijang-gun, Busan 619-953, Republic of Korea
| | - You Soo Park
- Department of Research Center, Dong Nam Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Jwadong-gil 40, Jangan-eup, Gijang-gun, Busan 619-953, Republic of Korea
| | - You Jin Choi
- Department of Research Center, Dong Nam Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Jwadong-gil 40, Jangan-eup, Gijang-gun, Busan 619-953, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Jung Oh
- Department of Research Center, Dong Nam Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Jwadong-gil 40, Jangan-eup, Gijang-gun, Busan 619-953, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Woo Lee
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Daeshingongwon-gil 32, Seo-gu, Busan 602-714, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu Yeol Lee
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Daeshingongwon-gil 32, Seo-gu, Busan 602-714, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Ho Jeong
- Department of Microbiology, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Daeshingongwon-gil 32, Seo-gu, Busan 602-714, Republic of Korea.
| | - Wol Soon Jo
- Department of Research Center, Dong Nam Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Jwadong-gil 40, Jangan-eup, Gijang-gun, Busan 619-953, Republic of Korea.
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Smith RL, Åstrand OAH, Nguyen LM, Elvestrand T, Hagelin G, Solberg R, Johansen HT, Rongved P. Synthesis of a novel legumain-cleavable colchicine prodrug with cell-specific toxicity. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:3309-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.04.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Revised: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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234
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Legumain protease-activated TAT-liposome cargo for targeting tumours and their microenvironment. Nat Commun 2014; 5:4280. [PMID: 24969588 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Specific targeting and cellular internalization are key properties for carriers of antitumor therapeutic agents. Here, we develop a drug carrier through the attachment of substrate of endoprotease legumain, alanine-alanine-asparagine (AAN), to cell-penetrating peptides (TAT, trans-activating factor). The addition of the AAN moiety to the fourth lysine in the TAT creates a branched peptide moiety, which leads to a decrease in the transmembrane transport capacity of TAT by 72.65%. Legumain efficiently catalyses the release of TAT-liposome from the AAN-TAT-liposome and thereby recovers the penetrating capacity of TAT. Doxorubicin carried by the AAN-TAT-liposome led to an increase in the tumoricidal effect of doxorubicin and a reduction in its systemic adverse effects in comparison with doxorubicin carried by a control delivery system. Thus, the specific targeting and high efficiency of this delivery platform offers a novel approach to limit the toxicity of anticancer agents as well as increasing their efficacy in cancer therapy.
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235
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Zhang Y, Guo Q, Zhang Z, Bai N, Liu Z, Xiong M, Wei Y, Xiang R, Tan X. VDR status arbitrates the prometastatic effects of tumor-associated macrophages. Mol Cancer Res 2014; 12:1181-91. [PMID: 24821711 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-14-0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The relationship between tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) during the initiation and progression of metastasis is still unclear. Here, a role for the vitamin D receptor (VDR) in metastasis was identified, as well as a role in the relationship between TAMs and EMT. First, the expression level of VDR was examined in clinical tissue from human patients with breast cancer or a mouse model of breast cancer with differential metastasis. These results revealed that VDR expression negatively correlates with metastasis in breast cancer. Second, coculture of VDR-overexpressing breast cancer cells with a macrophage cell line demonstrated that overexpression of VDR alleviated the prometastatic effect of cocultured macrophages on breast cancer cells. Furthermore, VDR overexpression abrogated the induction of EMT in breast cancer cells by cocultured macrophage cells, as measured by a loss of E-cadherin (CDH1) and induction of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA). TNFα in macrophage conditioned media inhibited VDR expression, whereas downregulation of VDR further mediated the promotion of TGFβ-induced EMT by TNFα. In addition, β-catenin expression was inhibited in VDR-overexpressing breast cancer cells and tumor xenografts. Finally, administration of calcitriol [1,25-(OH)2D3], an active vitamin D metabolite, exerted similar antimetastatic effects in breast cancer cells in vitro and a mouse model of breast cancer in vivo with preservation of VDR and suppression of β-catenin. IMPLICATIONS VDR suppression by TNFα mediates the prometastatic effect of TAMs through enhancement of the β-catenin pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Zhujun Zhang
- Pathology, Medical School of Nankai University, Tianjin; and
| | - Nan Bai
- Departments of Immunology and
| | - Ze Liu
- Departments of Immunology and
| | - Min Xiong
- Pathology, Medical School of Nankai University, Tianjin; and
| | - Yuquan Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | | | - Xiaoyue Tan
- Pathology, Medical School of Nankai University, Tianjin; and
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236
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Knútsdóttir H, Pálsson E, Edelstein-Keshet L. Mathematical model of macrophage-facilitated breast cancer cells invasion. J Theor Biol 2014; 357:184-99. [PMID: 24810842 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2014.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2013] [Revised: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Mortality from breast cancer stems from its tendency to invade into surrounding tissues and organs. Experiments have shown that this metastatic process is facilitated by macrophages in a short-ranged chemical signalling loop. Macrophages secrete epidermal growth factor, EGF, and respond to the colony stimulating factor 1, CSF-1. Tumor cells secrete CSF-1 and respond to EGF. In this way, the cells coordinate aggregation and cooperative migration. Here we investigate this process in a model for in vitro interactions using two distinct but related mathematical approaches. In the first, we analyze and simulate a set of partial differential equations to determine conditions for aggregation. In the second, we use a cell-based discrete 3D simulation to follow the fates and motion of individual cells during aggregation. Linear stability analysis of the PDE model reveals that decreasing the chemical secretion, chemotaxis coefficients or density of cells or increasing the chemical degradation in the model could eliminate the spontaneous aggregation of cells. Simulations with the discrete model show that the ratio between tumor cells and macrophages in aggregates increases when the EGF secretion parameter is increased. The results also show how CSF-1/CSF-1R autocrine signalling in tumor cells affects the ratio between the two cell types. Comparing the continuum results with simulations of a discrete cell-based model, we find good qualitative agreement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hildur Knútsdóttir
- Mathematics Department, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z2.
| | - Eirikur Pálsson
- Biology Department, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada V5A 1S6.
| | - Leah Edelstein-Keshet
- Mathematics Department, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z2.
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Habibollahi P, Waldron T, Heidari P, Cho HS, Alcantara D, Josephson L, Wang TC, Rustgi AK, Mahmood U. Fluorescent Nanoparticle Imaging Allows Noninvasive Evaluation of Immune Cell Modulation in Esophageal Dysplasia. Mol Imaging 2014. [DOI: 10.2310/7290.2014.00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Peiman Habibollahi
- From the Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Division of Gastroenterology, Departments of Medicine and Genetics, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; and Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, and Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Todd Waldron
- From the Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Division of Gastroenterology, Departments of Medicine and Genetics, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; and Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, and Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Pedram Heidari
- From the Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Division of Gastroenterology, Departments of Medicine and Genetics, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; and Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, and Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Hoon Sung Cho
- From the Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Division of Gastroenterology, Departments of Medicine and Genetics, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; and Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, and Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - David Alcantara
- From the Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Division of Gastroenterology, Departments of Medicine and Genetics, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; and Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, and Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Lee Josephson
- From the Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Division of Gastroenterology, Departments of Medicine and Genetics, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; and Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, and Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Timothy C. Wang
- From the Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Division of Gastroenterology, Departments of Medicine and Genetics, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; and Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, and Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Anil K. Rustgi
- From the Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Division of Gastroenterology, Departments of Medicine and Genetics, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; and Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, and Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Umar Mahmood
- From the Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Division of Gastroenterology, Departments of Medicine and Genetics, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; and Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, and Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
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Pahl JHW, Kwappenberg KMC, Varypataki EM, Santos SJ, Kuijjer ML, Mohamed S, Wijnen JT, van Tol MJD, Cleton-Jansen AM, Egeler RM, Jiskoot W, Lankester AC, Schilham MW. Macrophages inhibit human osteosarcoma cell growth after activation with the bacterial cell wall derivative liposomal muramyl tripeptide in combination with interferon-γ. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2014; 33:27. [PMID: 24612598 PMCID: PMC4007518 DOI: 10.1186/1756-9966-33-27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Background In osteosarcoma, the presence of tumor-infiltrating macrophages positively correlates with patient survival in contrast to the negative effect of tumor-associated macrophages in patients with other tumors. Liposome-encapsulated muramyl tripeptide (L-MTP-PE) has been introduced in the treatment of osteosarcoma patients, which may enhance the potential anti-tumor activity of macrophages. Direct anti-tumor activity of human macrophages against human osteosarcoma cells has not been described so far. Hence, we assessed osteosarcoma cell growth after co-culture with human macrophages. Methods Monocyte-derived M1-like and M2-like macrophages were polarized with LPS + IFN-γ, L-MTP-PE +/− IFN-γ or IL-10 and incubated with osteosarcoma cells. Two days later, viable tumor cell numbers were analyzed. Antibody-dependent effects were investigated using the therapeutic anti-EGFR antibody cetuximab. Results M1-like macrophages inhibited osteosarcoma cell growth when activated with LPS + IFN-γ. Likewise, stimulation of M1-like macrophages with liposomal muramyl tripeptide (L-MTP-PE) inhibited tumor growth, but only when combined with IFN-γ. Addition of the tumor-reactive anti-EGFR antibody cetuximab did not further improve the anti-tumor activity of activated M1-like macrophages. The inhibition was mediated by supernatants of activated M1-like macrophages, containing TNF-α and IL-1β. However, specific blockage of these cytokines, nitric oxide or reactive oxygen species did not inhibit the anti-tumor effect, suggesting the involvement of other soluble factors released upon macrophage activation. While LPS + IFN-γ–activated M2-like macrophages had low anti-tumor activity, IL-10–polarized M2-like macrophages were able to reduce osteosarcoma cell growth in the presence of the anti-EGFR cetuximab involving antibody-dependent tumor cell phagocytosis. Conclusion This study demonstrates that human macrophages can be induced to exert direct anti-tumor activity against osteosarcoma cells. Our observation that the induction of macrophage anti-tumor activity by L-MTP-PE required IFN-γ may be of relevance for the optimization of L-MTP-PE therapy in osteosarcoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Marco W Schilham
- Department of Pediatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.
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Lin Y, Qiu Y, Xu C, Liu Q, Peng B, Kaufmann GF, Chen X, Lan B, Wei C, Lu D, Zhang Y, Guo Y, Lu Z, Jiang B, Edgington TS, Guo F. Functional role of asparaginyl endopeptidase ubiquitination by TRAF6 in tumor invasion and metastasis. J Natl Cancer Inst 2014; 106:dju012. [PMID: 24610907 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/dju012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asparaginyl endopeptidase (AEP) has been implicated in human cancer development. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying AEP regulation, including the role of pro-AEP activation, remain elusive. METHODS We investigated the regulation of AEP by TRAF6 and its effects on tumor progression and metastasis in cancer cell lines, murine models, and specimens from patients using biochemical analyses, confocal microscopy, immunoelectron microscopy, and migration-invasion assays. The sera of healthy donors and breast cancer patients were examined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and a tissue array of 314 breast cancer specimens was assessed for AEP and TRAF6 by immunohistochemistry. Furthermore, the effects of AEP inhibitors or monoclonal antibodies on pulmonary metastasis were evaluated in murine models. The statistical significance between groups was determined using two-tailed Student t tests. RESULTS We demonstrate that TRAF6 ubiquitinates the proform of AEP through K63-linked polyubiquitin, reversible by USP17, and forms a complex with HSP90α to subsequently promote pro-AEP intracellular stability as well as secretion. Disrupting the interaction between pro-AEP and TRAF6 or inhibiting HSP90α reduced pro-AEP secretion and consequently reduced tumor metastasis. Higher circulating AEP levels were detected in the sera of breast cancer patients, and AEP inhibitors or neutralizing antibodies remarkably decreased tumor metastasis in murine models. Notably, TRAF6 and AEP were overexpressed in human breast neoplasms and correlated with poor prognosis. Patients with low AEP/TRAF6 expression survived for a mean of 111 months (95% confidence interval [CI] = 108 to 115 months), whereas those with high AEP/TRAF6 expression survived for a mean of only 61 months (95% CI = 42 to 79 months; P < .001). CONCLUSIONS Our study elucidates a novel mechanism of AEP regulation and an alternative oncogenic pathway for TRAF6 in breast cancer, which suggests that AEP and TRAF6 protein levels may have prognostic implications in breast cancer patients. Thus, AEP may serve as a biomarker as well as new therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Lin
- Affiliations of authors: Laboratory of Targeted Tumor Therapy, Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute (QL, BP, CW, YZ, FG) Institute of Health Sciences (YL, XC, BL, FG) Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; Department of Neurosurgery, Renji Hospital (YQ,YL) Shanghai First People's Hospital (YG) and Department of Radiation Oncology, Ruijin Hospital (CX), School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University, Shanghai, China; Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA (GFK, TSE); Sorrento Thearpeutics, Inc, San Diego, CA (GFK); Department of Neuro-Oncology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX (ZL); Cancer Research Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China (DL); Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai, China (BJ)
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240
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Hu HY, Gehrig S, Reither G, Subramanian D, Mall MA, Plettenburg O, Schultz C. FRET-based and other fluorescent proteinase probes. Biotechnol J 2014; 9:266-81. [PMID: 24464820 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201300201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2013] [Revised: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The continuous detection of enzyme activities and their application in medical diagnostics is one of the challenges in the translational sciences. Proteinases represent one of the largest groups of enzymes in the human genome and many diseases are based on malfunctions of proteolytic activity. Fluorescent sensors may shed light on regular and irregular proteinase activity in vitro and in vivo and provide a deeper insight into the function of these enzymes and their role in pathophysiological processes. The focus of this review is on Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based proteinase sensors and reporters because these probes are most likely to provide quantitative data. The medical relevance of proteinases are discussed using lung diseases as a prominent example. Probe design and probe targeting are described and fluorescent probe development for disease-relevant proteinases, including matrix-metalloproteinases, cathepsins, caspases, and other selected proteinases, is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Yu Hu
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, Heidelberg, Germany; Sanofi Deutschland GmbH, Diabetes Division, R&D, Industriepark Hoechst, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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241
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Curigliano G, Spitaleri G, Dettori M, Locatelli M, Scarano E, Goldhirsch A. Vaccine immunotherapy in breast cancer treatment: promising, but still early. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2014; 7:1225-41. [PMID: 17892423 DOI: 10.1586/14737140.7.9.1225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cancer vaccine-based immunotherapy should potentiate immunosurveillance function, preventing and protecting against growing tumors. Tumor cells usually activate the immune system, including T lymphocytes and natural killer cells, which are able to eliminate the transformed cells. Immunosubversion mechanisms related to tumor cells antigenic immunoediting induces mechanisms of tolerance and immunoescape. This condition impairs not only host-generated immunosurveillance, but also attempts to harness the immune response for therapeutic purposes. Most trials evaluating breast cancer vaccines have been carried out in patients in the metastatic and adjuvant setting. The aim of this review is to analyze the activity of vaccination strategies in current clinical trials. We summarize the differential approaches, protein-based and cell-based vaccines, focusing on vaccines targeting HER2/neu protein. Another focus of the review is to provide the reader with future challenges in the field, taking into account both the immunological and clinical aspects to better target the goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Curigliano
- European Institute of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Via Ripamonti 435, 20141 Milan, Italy.
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242
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Daudel D, Weidinger G, Spreng S. Use of attenuated bacteria as delivery vectors for DNA vaccines. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 6:97-110. [PMID: 17280482 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.6.1.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Live, attenuated bacterial vaccines (LBV) are promising candidates for the induction of a broad-based immune response directed at recombinant heterologous antigens and the corresponding pathogen. LBVs allow vaccination through the mucosal surfaces and specific targeting of professional antigen-presenting cells located at the inductive sites of the immune system. A novel approach exploits attenuated intracellular bacteria as delivery vectors for eukaryotic antigen-expression plasmids (so-called DNA vaccines). Candidate carrier bacteria include attenuated strains of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. These bacteria have been shown to deliver DNA vaccines to human cells in vitro and have also proven their in vivo efficacy in several experimental animal models of infectious diseases and different cancers. The clinical assessment of the safety, immunogenicity and efficacy of these candidate strains will be the next challenging step towards live bacterial DNA vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damini Daudel
- Berna Biotech AG, Rehhagstrasse 79, CH-3018 Berne, Switzerland.
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243
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Ma L, Shen YQ, Khatri HP, Schachner M. The asparaginyl endopeptidase legumain is essential for functional recovery after spinal cord injury in adult zebrafish. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95098. [PMID: 24747977 PMCID: PMC3991597 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 03/22/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Unlike mammals, adult zebrafish are capable of regenerating severed axons and regaining locomotor function after spinal cord injury. A key factor for this regenerative capacity is the innate ability of neurons to re-express growth-associated genes and regrow their axons after injury in a permissive environment. By microarray analysis, we have previously shown that the expression of legumain (also known as asparaginyl endopeptidase) is upregulated after complete transection of the spinal cord. In situ hybridization showed upregulation of legumain expression in neurons of regenerative nuclei during the phase of axon regrowth/sprouting after spinal cord injury. Upregulation of Legumain protein expression was confirmed by immunohistochemistry. Interestingly, upregulation of legumain expression was also observed in macrophages/microglia and neurons in the spinal cord caudal to the lesion site after injury. The role of legumain in locomotor function after spinal cord injury was tested by reducing Legumain expression by application of anti-sense morpholino oligonucleotides. Using two independent anti-sense morpholinos, locomotor recovery and axonal regrowth were impaired when compared with a standard control morpholino. We conclude that upregulation of legumain expression after spinal cord injury in the adult zebrafish is an essential component of the capacity of injured neurons to regrow their axons. Another feature contributing to functional recovery implicates upregulation of legumain expression in the spinal cord caudal to the injury site. In conclusion, we established for the first time a function for an unusual protease, the asparaginyl endopeptidase, in the nervous system. This study is also the first to demonstrate the importance of legumain for repair of an injured adult central nervous system of a spontaneously regenerating vertebrate and is expected to yield insights into its potential in nervous system regeneration in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Ma
- W. M. Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience and Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Yan-Qin Shen
- Center for Neuroscience, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
- Department of Basic Medicine, Jiangnan University Medical School, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Harsh P. Khatri
- W. M. Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience and Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Melitta Schachner
- W. M. Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience and Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
- Center for Neuroscience, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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244
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Habibollahi P, Waldron T, Heidari P, Cho HS, Alcantara D, Josephson L, Wang TC, Rustgi AK, Mahmood U. Fluorescent nanoparticle imaging allows noninvasive evaluation of immune cell modulation in esophageal dysplasia. Mol Imaging 2014; 13:1-11. [PMID: 24824854 PMCID: PMC4255710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Esophageal tumors provide unique challenges and opportunities for developing and testing surveillance imaging technology for different tumor microenvironment components, including assessment of immune cell modulation, with the ultimate goal of promoting early detection and response evaluation. In this context, accessibility through the lumen using a minimally invasive approach provides a means for repetitive evaluation longitudinally by combining fluorescent endoscopic imaging technology with novel fluorescent nanoparticles that are phagocytized by immune cells in the microenvironment. The agent we developed for imaging is synthesized from Feraheme (ferumoxytol), a Food and Drug Administration-approved monocrystaline dextran-coated iron oxide nanoparticle, which we conjugated to a near-infrared fluorochrome, CyAL5.5. We demonstrate a high level of uptake of the fluorescent nanoparticles by myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) in the esophagus and spleen of L2Cre;p120ctnflox/flox mice. These mice develop esophageal dysplasia leading to squamous cell carcinoma; we have previously demonstrated that dysplastic and neoplastic esophageal lesions in these mice have an immune cell infiltration that is dominated by MDSCs. In the L2Cre;p120ctnflox/flox mice, evaluation of the spleen reveals that nearly 80% of CD45+ leukocytes that phagocytized the nanoparticle were CD11b+Gr1+ MDSCs. After dexamethasone treatment, we observed concordant decreased fluorescent signal from esophageal lesions during fluorescent endoscopy and decreased CyAL5.5-fluorescent-positive immune cell infiltration in esophageal dysplastic lesions by fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis. Our observations suggest that this translatable technology may be used for the early detection of dysplastic changes and the serial assessment of immunomodulatory therapy and to visualize changes in MDSCs in the esophageal tumor microenvironment.
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245
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Schwartz M, Baruch K. The resolution of neuroinflammation in neurodegeneration: leukocyte recruitment via the choroid plexus. EMBO J 2013; 33:7-22. [PMID: 24357543 DOI: 10.1002/embj.201386609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is an integral part of the body's physiological repair mechanism, unless it remains unresolved and becomes pathological, as evident in the progressive nature of neurodegeneration. Based on studies from outside the central nervous system (CNS), it is now understood that the resolution of inflammation is an active process, which is dependent on well-orchestrated innate and adaptive immune responses. Due to the immunologically privileged status of the CNS, such resolution mechanism has been mostly ignored. Here, we discuss resolution of neuroinflammation as a process that depends on a network of immune cells operating in a tightly regulated sequence, involving the brain's choroid plexus (CP), a unique neuro-immunological interface, positioned to integrate signals it receives from the CNS parenchyma with signals coming from circulating immune cells, and to function as an on-alert gate for selective recruitment of inflammation-resolving leukocytes to the inflamed CNS parenchyma. Finally, we propose that functional dysregulation of the CP reflects a common underlying mechanism in the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases, and can thus serve as a potential novel target for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Schwartz
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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246
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He YF, Zhang MY, Wu X, Sun XJ, Xu T, He QZ, Di W. High MUC2 expression in ovarian cancer is inversely associated with the M1/M2 ratio of tumor-associated macrophages and patient survival time. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79769. [PMID: 24324582 PMCID: PMC3855613 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucin 2 (MUC2) is a mucin molecule aberrantly expressed by ovarian cancer cells. Previous in vitro studies have indicated that MUC2 promotes cancer growth and metastasis through a tumor-associated macrophage (TAM)-dependent mechanism. However, this mechanism has never been linked to clinical oncology, and its prognostic significance needed to be clarified. Here, we collected 102 consecutive ovarian cancer specimens and used the multiple immuno-histo-chemical/-fluorescent technique to determine the correlations between the MUC2 expression status, the ratio of M1/M2 TAMs and the densities of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)+ TAMs and COX-2+ cancer cells. The Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and multivariate Cox regression analysis were used to evaluate the prognostic influences of these parameters. As a result, we found that the MUC2 overexpression (immunostaining ++/+++) was significantly correlated with a reduced ratio of M1/M2 TAMs (p<0.001), an increased density of COX-2+ TAMs (p<0.001) and an increased density of COX-2+ cancer cells (p=0.017). Moreover, most of the M2 TAMs (93%-100%) and COX-2+ TAMs (63%-89%) overlapped; and the COX-2+ cancer cells were frequently observed near the COX-2+ TAMs. In the Cox regression analysis, MUC2 overexpression was found to be an independent prognostic factor for ovarian cancer patients, of which the hazard ratio (HR) was 2.354 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.031-10.707, p=0.005). Also, the reduced ratio of M1/M2 TAMs and the increased densities of COX-2+ TAMs and COX-2+ cancer cells were demonstrated to be the predictors of poor prognosis, among which the reduced M1/M2 ratio possessed the highest HR (1.767, 95% CI: 1.061-6.957, p=0.019). All these findings revealed that MUC2 can concurrently exert M2-polarizing and COX-2-inducing effects on TAMs, by which it causes an imbalanced TAM M1-/M2-polarization pattern and induces local PGE2 synthesis (in both TAMs and cancer cells). The positive feedback between local PGE2 synthesis and TAM M2-polarization accelerates ovarian cancer progression.
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MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous/genetics
- Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous/metabolism
- Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous/mortality
- Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous/pathology
- Aged
- Cyclooxygenase 2/genetics
- Cyclooxygenase 2/metabolism
- Cystadenocarcinoma, Serous/genetics
- Cystadenocarcinoma, Serous/metabolism
- Cystadenocarcinoma, Serous/mortality
- Cystadenocarcinoma, Serous/pathology
- Dinoprostone/metabolism
- Feedback, Physiological
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Macrophages/classification
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Macrophages/pathology
- Middle Aged
- Mucin-2/genetics
- Mucin-2/metabolism
- Neoplasm Staging
- Ovarian Neoplasms/genetics
- Ovarian Neoplasms/metabolism
- Ovarian Neoplasms/mortality
- Ovarian Neoplasms/pathology
- Prognosis
- Proportional Hazards Models
- Signal Transduction
- Survival Analysis
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-feng He
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mei-ying Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Wu
- Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiang-jun Sun
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ting Xu
- Department of Pathology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi-zhi He
- Department of Pathology, First Maternity and Infant Health Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen Di
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail:
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247
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Liu Y, Zhao L, Li D, Yin Y, Zhang CY, Li J, Zhang Y. Microvesicle-delivery miR-150 promotes tumorigenesis by up-regulating VEGF, and the neutralization of miR-150 attenuate tumor development. Protein Cell 2013; 4:932-41. [PMID: 24203759 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-013-3092-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) mostly exhibit M2-like (alternatively activated) properties and play positive roles in angiogenesis and tumorigenesis. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a key angiogenic factor. During tumor development, TAMs secrete VEGF and other factors to promote angiogenesis; thus, anti-treatment against TAMs and VEGF can repress cancer development, which has been demonstrated in clinical trials and on an experimental level. In the present work, we show that miR-150 is an oncomir because of its promotional effect on VEGF. MiR-150 targets TAMs to up-regulate their secretion of VEGF in vitro. With the utilization of cell-derived vesicles, named microvesicles (MVs), we transferred antisense RNA targeted to miR-150 into mice and found that the neutralization of miR-150 down-regulates miR-150 and VEGF levels in vivo and attenuates angiogenesis. Therefore, we proposed the therapeutic potential of neutralizing miR-150 to treat cancer and demonstrated a novel, natural, microvesicle-based method for the transfer of nucleic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Liu
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
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248
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Mishalian I, Bayuh R, Levy L, Zolotarov L, Michaeli J, Fridlender ZG. Tumor-associated neutrophils (TAN) develop pro-tumorigenic properties during tumor progression. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2013; 62:1745-56. [PMID: 24092389 PMCID: PMC11028422 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-013-1476-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The role and characteristics of tumor-associated neutrophils (TAN) in cancer are poorly defined. We have recently shown that TAN can have anti-tumorigenic (N1) or pro-tumorigenic (N2) functions. An interesting unanswered question is how the phenotype of TAN is influenced by the ongoing evolvement of tumor microenvironment. We therefore studied the phenotype and effects of TAN at different time points during tumor progression. We used two models of murine tumor cancer cell lines-Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) and AB12 (mesothelioma). Neutrophils were studied at early and late stages and compared to each other and to neutrophils from bone marrow/periphery of naïve mice. Although there was no difference in the number of neutrophils entering the tumor, we found that at early stages of tumor development, neutrophils were almost exclusively at the periphery of the tumor. Only at later stages, neutrophils were also found scattered among the tumor cells. We further found that TAN from early tumors are more cytotoxic toward tumor cells and produce higher levels of TNF-α, NO and H2O2. In established tumors, these functions are down-regulated and TAN acquire a more pro-tumorigenic phenotype. In line with this phenotype, only depletion of neutrophils at later stages of tumor development inhibited tumor growth, possibly due to their central location in the tumor. Our work adds another important layer to the understanding of neutrophils in cancer by further characterizing the changes in TAN during time. Additional research on the functional role of TAN and differences between subsets of TAN is currently underway.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antigens, Ly/immunology
- Antigens, Ly/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cytokines/genetics
- Cytokines/immunology
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/genetics
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/immunology
- Disease Progression
- Flow Cytometry
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/immunology
- Hydrogen Peroxide/immunology
- Hydrogen Peroxide/metabolism
- Immunohistochemistry
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Neoplasms, Experimental/immunology
- Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Neutrophils/drug effects
- Neutrophils/immunology
- Neutrophils/metabolism
- Nitric Oxide/immunology
- Nitric Oxide/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Time Factors
- Tumor Burden/genetics
- Tumor Burden/immunology
- Tumor Microenvironment/genetics
- Tumor Microenvironment/immunology
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/immunology
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Inbal Mishalian
- Laboratory of Lung Cancer Research, Institute of Pulmonary Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, POB 12000, 91120 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Rachel Bayuh
- Laboratory of Lung Cancer Research, Institute of Pulmonary Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, POB 12000, 91120 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Liran Levy
- Laboratory of Lung Cancer Research, Institute of Pulmonary Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, POB 12000, 91120 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Lida Zolotarov
- Laboratory of Lung Cancer Research, Institute of Pulmonary Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, POB 12000, 91120 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Janna Michaeli
- Laboratory of Lung Cancer Research, Institute of Pulmonary Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, POB 12000, 91120 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Zvi Gregorio Fridlender
- Laboratory of Lung Cancer Research, Institute of Pulmonary Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, POB 12000, 91120 Jerusalem, Israel
- Thoracic Oncology Research Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
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249
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Abstract
Cancer nanomedicines approved so far minimize toxicity, but their efficacy is often limited by physiological barriers posed by the tumour microenvironment. Here, we discuss how these barriers can be overcome through innovative nanomedicine design and through creative manipulation of the tumour microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikash P. Chauhan
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratory, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Rakesh K. Jain
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratory, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
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250
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Kruse J, von Bernstorff W, Evert K, Albers N, Hadlich S, Hagemann S, Günther C, van Rooijen N, Heidecke CD, Partecke LI. Macrophages promote tumour growth and liver metastasis in an orthotopic syngeneic mouse model of colon cancer. Int J Colorectal Dis 2013; 28:1337-49. [PMID: 23657400 DOI: 10.1007/s00384-013-1703-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Tumour-associated macrophages have been shown to promote proliferation, angiogenesis and metastasis in several carcinomas. The effect on colon cancer has not yet been clarified. Furthermore, Kupffer cells in the liver might initiate the formation of metastases by directly binding tumour cells. METHODS An orthotopic syngeneic mouse model of colon cancer as well as a liver metastases model has been studied, using murine CT-26 colon cancer cells in Balb/c-mice. Macrophages were depleted in both models by clodronate liposomes. Tumour sizes and metastases were determined using 7-Tesla MRI. The macrophage and vascular density in the orthotopic tumours as well as the Kupffer cell density in the livers were evaluated using immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Animals in the macrophage-depleted group displayed significantly smaller primary tumours (37 ± 20 mm(3)) compared to the control group (683 ± 389 mm(3), p = 0.0072). None of the mice in the depleted group showed liver or peritoneal metastases, whereas four of six control mice displayed liver and five out of six mice peritoneal metastases. The vascular density was significantly lower in the macrophage-depleted group (p = 0.0043). In the liver metastases model, animals of the Kupffer cell-depleted group (14.3 ± 7.7) showed significantly less liver metastases than mice of the two control groups (PBS liposomes, 118.5 ± 28.2, p = 0.0117; NaCl, 81.7 ± 23.2, p = 0.0266). The number of liver metastases correlated directly with the Kupffer cell density (p = 0.0221). CONCLUSION Macrophages promote tumour growth, angiogenesis and metastases in this orthotopic syngeneic mouse model. Kupffer cells enhance the formation of metastases in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kruse
- Department of General, Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Medicine Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Strasse, 17475, Greifswald, Germany
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