201
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Krummey SM, Ford ML. Heterogeneity within T Cell Memory: Implications for Transplant Tolerance. Front Immunol 2012; 3:36. [PMID: 22566919 PMCID: PMC3342058 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Accepted: 02/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Adaptive immunity in both mouse and man results in the generation of immunological memory. Memory T cells are both friend and foe to transplant recipients, as they are intimately involved and in many cases absolutely required for the maintenance of protective immunity in the face immunosuppression, yet from the evidence presented herein they clearly constitute a formidable barrier for the successful implementation of tolerance induction strategies in transplantation. This review describes the experimental evidence demonstrating the increased resistance of memory T cells to many distinct tolerance induction strategies, and outlines recent advances in our knowledge of the ways in which alloreactive memory T cells arise in previously untransplanted individuals. Understanding the impact of alloreactive memory T cell specificity, frequency, and quality might allow for better donor selection in order to minimize the donor-reactive memory T cell barrier in an individual transplant recipient, thus allowing stratification of relative risk of alloreactive memory T cell mediated rejection, and conversely increase the likelihood of successful establishment of tolerance. However, further research into the molecular and cellular pathways involved in alloreactive memory T cell-mediated rejection is required in order to design new strategies to overcome the memory T cell barrier, without critically impairing protective immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott M Krummey
- Department of Surgery, Emory Transplant Center, Emory University Atlanta, GA, USA
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202
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Carbone J, Lanio N, Gallego A, Kern F, Navarro J, Muñoz P, Alonso R, Catalán P, Fernández-Yáñez J, Palomo J, Ruiz M, Fernández-Cruz E, Sarmiento E. Simultaneous Monitoring of Cytomegalovirus-Specific Antibody and T-cell levels in Seropositive Heart Transplant Recipients. J Clin Immunol 2012; 32:809-19. [DOI: 10.1007/s10875-012-9670-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2011] [Accepted: 02/13/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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203
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Thomas S, Herr W. Natural and adoptive T-cell immunity against herpes family viruses after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Immunotherapy 2012; 3:771-88. [PMID: 21668314 DOI: 10.2217/imt.11.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactivated infections with herpes family-related cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus and varicella zoster virus are serious and sometimes life-threatening complications for patients undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. The pathogenesis of these infections critically involves the slow and inefficient recovery of antiviral T-cell immunity after transplantation. Although efficient drugs to decrease viral load during this vulnerable period have been developed, long-term control of herpes viruses and protection from associated diseases require the sufficient reconstitution of virus-specific memory T cells. To heal the deficiency by immunotherapeutic means, numerous research groups have developed antiviral vaccines and strategies based on the adoptive transfer of virus-specific T cells. This article summarizes the substantial progress made in this field during the past two decades and gives future perspectives about challenges that need to be addressed before antigen-specific immunotherapy against herpes family viruses can be implemented in general clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Thomas
- Third Department of Medicine, University Medical Center of Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55101 Mainz, Germany.
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204
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Jöris MM, van Rood JJ, Roelen DL, Oudshoorn M, Claas FHJ. A Proposed Algorithm Predictive for Cytotoxic T Cell Alloreactivity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:1868-73. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1102086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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205
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Peng Y, Chen J, Shao W, Wang F, Dai H, Cheng P, Xia J, Wang F, Huang R, Zhu Q, Qi Z. Xenoreactive CD4+ memory T cells resist inhibition by anti-CD44 mAb and reject islet grafts via a Th2-dependent pathway. Xenotransplantation 2012; 18:252-61. [PMID: 21848543 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3089.2011.00646.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Memory T cells are a significant barrier to the induction of transplant tolerance. Our previous study demonstrated that multiple applications of anti-CD44 monoclonal antibody (mAb) could significantly inhibit CD4(+) memory T cells from mediating rejection of cardiac allografts. Now, we sought to explore the effect and mechanism of anti-CD44 mAb on the rejection of islet allografts and xenografts mediated by CD4(+) memory T cells. METHODS In this study, we first engrafted skin grafts of C57BL/6 (B6) mice or Dark Agouti (DA) rats onto BALB/c mice to induce donor-reactive memory T cells. We adoptively transferred purified CD4(+) memory T cells to BALB/c origin nude mice and then transplanted islet allografts and xenografts to produce the Allo-Tx and Xeno-Tx models, respectively. We subsequently administered multiple anti-CD44 mAb and observed changes in the survival times of the islet grafts. RESULTS In the Allo-Tx model, the mean survival time (MST) of the grafts was 7.7 days in the isotype group, and 20.3 days in the anti-CD44 group. In the Xeno-Tx model, the MST of the grafts was 7.2 days in the isotype group and 8.2 days in the anti-CD44 group. Compared with the isotype group, CD4(+) T cells on the grafts in the anti-CD44 group were significantly decreased in both the Allo-Tx and Xeno-Tx models, but the proportion of CD4(+) memory T cells in the spleens and draining lymph nodes of the recipient nude mice in the anti-CD44 group was significantly decreased in the Allo-Tx model, while it was increased in the Xeno-Tx model. The production of donor-specific IgG antibody in the anti-CD44 group did not vary in the Allo-Tx model, while it was markedly elevated in the Xeno-Tx model. Furthermore, the expression of interferon gamma in the anti-CD44 group was markedly decreased in both the Allo-Tx and Xeno-Tx models, while the expression of IL-4 in the anti-CD44 group was significantly increased only in the Xeno-Tx model. CONCLUSION Multiple applications of the anti-CD44 mAb could significantly inhibit donor-reactive CD4(+) memory T cells from rejecting grafts via a Th1-dependent pathway, but xenoreactive CD4(+) memory T cells can avoid the effects of anti-CD44 mAb to reject islet xenografts via a Th2-dependent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanzheng Peng
- Organ Transplantation Institute, Xiamen University, Xiamen City, Fujian Province, China
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206
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Smith C, Miles JJ, Khanna R. Advances in direct T-cell alloreactivity: function, avidity, biophysics and structure. Am J Transplant 2012; 12:15-26. [PMID: 22152064 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2011.03863.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Although T-cell-based adaptive immunity plays a crucial role in protection against infectious pathogens and uncontrolled outgrowth of malignant cells, a large portion of these T cells are also capable of responding to allogeneic HLA molecules, violating the paradigm of self-major histocompatibility complex (MHC) restriction. Recent studies have provided insights into the mechanisms by which these T cells recognize allogeneic targets. The role of antiviral T cells in direct alloreactivity through peptide-dependent molecular mimicry and alternate peptide-MHC docking modes has emerged as major models for the human alloresponse. Here, we review in depth recent advances in this field and discuss how molecular interactions between T cells and HLA molecules drive the activation of these effector cells and its potential implications for alloreactivity in human transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Smith
- Australian Centre for Vaccine Development, Tumour Immunology Laboratory, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Herston, Brisbane, Australia
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207
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Kitchens WH, Haridas D, Wagener ME, Song M, Kirk AD, Larsen CP, Ford ML. Integrin antagonists prevent costimulatory blockade-resistant transplant rejection by CD8(+) memory T cells. Am J Transplant 2012; 12:69-80. [PMID: 21942986 PMCID: PMC3467016 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2011.03762.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The success of belatacept in late-stage clinical trials inaugurates the arrival of a new class of immunosuppressants based on costimulatory blockade, an immunosuppression strategy that disrupts essential signals required for alloreactive T-cell activation. Despite having improved renal function, kidney transplant recipients treated with belatacept experienced increased rates of acute rejection. This finding has renewed focus on costimulatory blockade-resistant rejection and specifically the role of alloreactive memory T cells in mediating this resistance. To study the mechanisms of costimulatory blockade-resistant rejection and enhance the clinical efficacy of costimulatory blockade, we developed an experimental transplant system that models a donor-specific memory CD8(+) T-cell response. After confirming that graft-specific memory T cells mediate costimulatory blockade-resistant rejection, we characterized the role of integrins in this rejection. The resistance of memory T cells to costimulatory blockade was abrogated when costimulatory blockade was coupled with either anti-VLA-4 or anti-LFA-1. Mechanistic studies revealed that in the presence of costimulatory blockade, anti-VLA-4 impaired T-cell trafficking to the graft but not memory T-cell recall effector function, whereas anti-LFA-1 attenuated both trafficking and memory recall effector function. As antagonists against these integrins are clinically approved, these findings may have significant translational potential for future clinical transplant trials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - D. Haridas
- Emory Transplant Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - M. E. Wagener
- Emory Transplant Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - M. Song
- Emory Transplant Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - A. D. Kirk
- Emory Transplant Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - C. P. Larsen
- Emory Transplant Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - M. L. Ford
- Emory Transplant Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA,Corresponding Author: Mandy L. Ford Mailing Address: 101 Woodruff Circle, WMRB 5105; Atlanta, GA 30322 Phone: 404-727-2900 Fax: 404-727-3660
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208
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Detection of allo-HLA cross-reactivity by virus-specific memory T-cell clones using single HLA-transfected K562 cells. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 882:339-49. [PMID: 22665243 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-842-9_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The ability to directly measure virus-specific lymphocytes using fluorochrome-labeled tetrameric complexes has proven a great advancement for the transplantation field. Viral peptide/HLA tetrameric complexes allow the rapid generation of virus-specific clones using single cell sorting apparatus, permitting the determination of alloreactivity from a single TCR with known specificity. When combined with new target "detector" cells called single HLA antigen-transfected K562 cells (SALs), the human alloresponse can for the first time be examined specifically and reliably. Here we describe a method for detection of "heterologous immunity" from virus-specific memory T-cells using single HLA expressing cell lines as allogeneic targets.
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209
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TCR-MHC-peptide(s): in vivo veritas. Blood 2011; 118:6731-2. [PMID: 22194396 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2011-11-385286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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210
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Abstract
Gradually improved immunosuppression has contributed significantly to the progress achieved in transplantation medicine so far. Nevertheless, current drug regimens are associated with late graft loss--in particular as a result of immunologic damage or drug toxicity--and substantial morbidity. Recently, the costimulation blocker belatacept (marketed under the name Nulojix®) has been approved for immunosuppression in renal transplantation. Belatacept (a mutated version of CTLA4Ig) is a fusion protein rationally designed to block CD28, a critical activating receptor on T cells, by binding and saturating its ligands B7-1 and B7-2. In phase II and III trials, belatacept was compared with cyclosporine (in combination with basiliximab, MMF, and steroids). Advantages observed with belatacept include superior graft function, preservation of renal structure and improved cardiovascular risk profile. Concerns associated with belatacept are a higher frequency of cellular rejection episodes and more post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) cases especially in EBV seronegative patients, who should be excluded from belatacept-based regimens. Thus, after almost three decades of calcineurin inhibitors as mainstay of immunosuppression, belatacept offers a potential alternative. In this article, we will provide an overview of belatacept's preclinical development and will discuss the available evidence from clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Wekerle
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna General Hospital, Vienna, Austria.
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211
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D'Orsogna LJ, Roelen DL, Doxiadis IIN, Claas FHJ. TCR cross-reactivity and allorecognition: new insights into the immunogenetics of allorecognition. Immunogenetics 2011; 64:77-85. [PMID: 22146829 PMCID: PMC3253994 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-011-0590-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2011] [Accepted: 11/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Alloreactive T cells are core mediators of graft rejection and are a potent barrier to transplantation tolerance. It was previously unclear how T cells educated in the recipient thymus could recognize allogeneic HLA molecules. Recently it was shown that both naïve and memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells are frequently cross-reactive against allogeneic HLA molecules and that this allorecognition exhibits exquisite peptide and HLA specificity and is dependent on both public and private specificities of the T cell receptor. In this review we highlight new insights gained into the immunogenetics of allorecognition, with particular emphasis on how viral infection and vaccination may specifically activate allo-HLA reactive T cells. We also briefly discuss the potential for virus-specific T cell infusions to produce GvHD. The progress made in understanding the molecular basis of allograft rejection will hopefully be translated into improved allograft function and/or survival, and eventually tolerance induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J D'Orsogna
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Centre, PO Box 9600, 2300RC Leiden, the Netherlands.
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212
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Flutter B, Veliça P, Chakraverty R. Memory lapses in graft-versus-host disease. Eur J Immunol 2011; 41:2530-4. [PMID: 21952812 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201141946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
"Faster, better, more" is the conventional benchmark used to define responses of memory T cells when compared with their naïve counterparts. In this issue of the European Journal of Immunology, Mark and Warren Shlomchik and colleagues [Eur. J. Immunol. 2011. 41: 2782-2792] make the intriguing observation that murine memory CD4(+) T-cell populations enriched for alloreactive precursors are fully capable of rejecting allogeneic skin grafts but yet are incapable of inducing significant graft-versus-host disease. These observations add to the emerging concept that memory CD4(+) T-cell development is more nuanced and complex than predicted by conventional models. In particular, the data suggest that it may be just as important to consider what naïve or effector cells have "lost" in their transition to memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry Flutter
- Transplantation Immunology Group, Department of Haematology, University College London, London, UK
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213
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Amir AL, Hagedoorn RS, van Luxemburg-Heijs SAP, Marijt EWA, Kruisselbrink AB, Frederik Falkenburg JH, Heemskerk MHM. Identification of a coordinated CD8 and CD4 T cell response directed against mismatched HLA Class I causing severe acute graft-versus-host disease. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2011; 18:210-9. [PMID: 22015995 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2011.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2011] [Accepted: 10/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
After HLA class I-mismatched stem cell transplantation, allo-HLA-directed CD8 T cell responses can be activated without the help of CD4 T cells if memory CD8 T cells cross-reactive against the allo-HLA class I are present or if naïve CD8 T cells are administered during inflammatory conditions. However, in the absence of inflammatory conditions, cooperation between CD4 and CD8 T cells likely is required for an effective primary CD8 T cell response directed against allo-HLA class I. In this study we investigated whether a coordinated response of CD8 and CD4 T cells could be demonstrated in an HLA class I-directed immune response in a patient who developed severe graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) after the administration HLA-A2-mismatched donor lymphocyte infusion in the absence of inflammatory conditions. A previously administered donor lymphocyte infusion from the same donor did not lead to an immune response, excluding the presence of a substantial pool of CD8 T cells cross-reactive against HLA-A2 within the memory T cell compartment of the donor. Analysis of isolated donor CD8 and CD4 T cell clones activated during the GVHD revealed a polyclonal CD8 T cell response directed against the mismatched HLA-A2 and a polyclonal CD4 T cell response recognizing HLA-A2-derived peptides presented in HLA class II. In addition, leukemic blasts present at the time of the emergence of GVHD expressed HLA-A2 and HLA class II and could activate both the CD4 and CD8 alloreactive T cells. Our results demonstrate that the GVHD was mediated by a cooperative CD4 and CD8 response directed against the mismatched HLA-A2 and suggest that leukemic blasts possibly activated this CD8 and CD4 T cell response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avital L Amir
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Department of Hematology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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214
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Abstract
T-cell alloreactivity directed against non-self-HLA molecules has been assumed to be less peptide specific than conventional T-cell reactivity. A large variation in degree of peptide specificity has previously been reported, including single peptide specificity, polyspecificity, and peptide degeneracy. Peptide polyspecificity was illustrated using synthetic peptide-loaded target cells, but in the absence of confirmation against endogenously processed peptides this may represent low-avidity T-cell reactivity. Peptide degeneracy was concluded based on recognition of Ag-processing defective cells. In addition, because most investigated alloreactive T cells were in vitro activated and expanded, the previously determined specificities may have not been representative for alloreactivity in vivo. To study the biologically relevant peptide specificity and avidity of alloreactivity, we investigated the degree of peptide specificity of 50 different allo-HLA-reactive T-cell clones which were activated and expanded in vivo during GVHD. All but one of the alloreactive T-cell clones, including those reactive against Ag-processing defective T2 cells, recognized a single peptide allo-HLA complex, unique for each clone. Down-regulation of the expression of the recognized Ags using silencing shRNAs confirmed single peptide specificity. Based on these results, we conclude that biologically relevant alloreactivity selected during in vivo immune response is peptide specific.
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215
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Kumar D, Blumberg EA, Danziger-Isakov L, Kotton CN, Halasa NB, Ison MG, Avery RK, Green M, Allen UD, Edwards KM, Miller G, Michaels MG. Influenza vaccination in the organ transplant recipient: review and summary recommendations. Am J Transplant 2011; 11:2020-30. [PMID: 21957936 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2011.03753.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Influenza virus causes a spectrum of illness in transplant recipients with a high rate of lower respiratory disease. Seasonal influenza vaccination is an important public health measure recommended for transplant recipients and their close contacts. Vaccine has been shown to be safe and generally well tolerated in both adult and pediatric transplant recipients. However, responses to vaccine are variable and are dependent on various factors including time from transplantation and specific immunosuppressive medication. Seasonal influenza vaccine has demonstrated safety and no conclusive evidence exists for a link between vaccination and allograft dysfunction. Annually updated trivalent inactivated influenza vaccines have been available and routinely used for several decades, although newer influenza vaccination formulations including high-dose vaccine, adjuvanted vaccine, quadrivalent inactivated vaccine and vaccine by intradermal delivery system are now available or will be available in the near future. Safety and immunogenicity data of these new formulations in transplant recipients requires investigation. In this document, we review the current state of knowledge on influenza vaccines in transplant recipients and make recommendations on the use of vaccine in both adult and pediatric organ transplant recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Kumar
- Transplant Infectious Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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216
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Abstract
Transplant tolerance, which allows grafts--allogeneic cells, tissues, or organs--to be accepted without host immunosuppression, can be achieved in mice but not in primates. In this issue of Science Translational Medicine, Nadazdin et al. report that a high pretransplant frequency of graft-reactive memory T cells may inhibit the induction of transplant tolerance in nonhuman primates and lead to transplant rejection. Knowing the frequency of allograft-specific memory T cells in potential transplant recipients could aid clinical decision-making by guiding selection of the antigenic profile of the donor organ or by influencing the type of tolerance-induction protocol pursued.
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217
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Falkenburg WJJ, Melenhorst JJ, van de Meent M, Kester MGD, Hombrink P, Heemskerk MHM, Hagedoorn RS, Gostick E, Price DA, Falkenburg JHF, Barrett AJ, Jedema I. Allogeneic HLA-A*02-restricted WT1-specific T cells from mismatched donors are highly reactive but show off-target promiscuity. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2011; 187:2824-33. [PMID: 21821799 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1100852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
T cells recognizing tumor-associated Ags such as Wilms tumor protein (WT1) are thought to exert potent antitumor reactivity. However, no consistent high-avidity T cell responses have been demonstrated in vaccination studies with WT1 as target in cancer immunotherapy. The aim of this study was to investigate the possible role of negative thymic selection on the avidity and specificity of T cells directed against self-antigens. T cell clones directed against the HLA-A*0201-binding WT1(126-134) peptide were generated from both HLA-A*02-positive (self-HLA-restricted) and HLA-A*02-negative [nonself (allogeneic) HLA [allo-HLA]-restricted] individuals by direct ex vivo isolation using tetramers or after in vitro priming and selection. The functional avidity and specificity of these T cell clones was analyzed in-depth. Self-HLA-restricted WT1-specific clones only recognized WT1(126-134) with low avidities. In contrast, allo-HLA-restricted WT1 clones exhibited profound functional reactivity against a multitude of HLA-A*02-positive targets, even in the absence of exogenously loaded WT1 peptide, indicative of Ag-binding promiscuity. To characterize this potential promiscuity, reactivity of the T cell clones against 400 randomly selected HLA-A*0201-binding peptides was investigated. The self-HLA-restricted WT1-specific T cell clones only recognized the WT1 peptide. In contrast, the allo-HLA-restricted WT1-reactive clones recognized besides WT1 various other HLA-A*0201-binding peptides. In conclusion, allogeneic HLA-A*02-restricted WT1-specific T cells isolated from mismatched donors may be more tumor-reactive than their autologous counterparts but can show specific off-target promiscuity of potential clinical importance. As a result of this, administration of WT1-specific T cells generated from HLA-mismatched donors should be performed with appropriate precautions against potential off-target effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willem J J Falkenburg
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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218
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Anderson BE, Tang AL, Wang Y, Froicu M, Rothstein D, McNiff JM, Jain D, Demetris AJ, Farber DL, Shlomchik WD, Shlomchik MJ. Enhancing alloreactivity does not restore GVHD induction but augments skin graft rejection by CD4⁺ effector memory T cells. Eur J Immunol 2011; 41:2782-92. [PMID: 21660940 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201141678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2011] [Revised: 05/18/2011] [Accepted: 06/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) caused by donor T cells attacking recipient tissues is a major cause of morbidity and mortality following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (alloSCT). Studies have shown that effector memory T (T(EM) ) cells do not cause GVHD but are capable of immune functions post-transplant, including graft-versus-leukemia (GVL) effects, but the reasons for this are unclear. In mice, the T(EM) pool may have a less diverse T-cell receptor (TCR) repertoire than naive T (T(N) ) cells with fewer alloreactive clones. We therefore tested whether enhancing the alloreactivity of T(EM) cells would restore their ability to cause GVHD. In an MHC-matched system, alloreactive T(EM) cells were created by transferring GVHD effector cells into syngeneic recipients and allowing conversion to T(EM) cells. Upon retransfer to freshly transplanted recipients, these cells caused only mild GVHD. Similarly, in an MHC-mismatched system, T(EM) cells with a proven increased precursor frequency of alloreactive clones only caused limited GVHD. Nonetheless, these same cells mounted strong in vitro alloresponses and caused rapid skin graft rejection. T(EM) cells created from CD4(+) T cells that had undergone lymphopenia-induced proliferation (LIP) also caused only mild GVHD. Our findings establish that conversion to T(EM) cells significantly reduces GVHD potency, even in cells with a substantially enhanced alloreactive repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britt E Anderson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8035, USA
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219
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Novel adoptive T-cell immunotherapy using a WT1-specific TCR vector encoding silencers for endogenous TCRs shows marked antileukemia reactivity and safety. Blood 2011; 118:1495-503. [DOI: 10.1182/blood-2011-02-337089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Adoptive T-cell therapy for malignancies using redirected T cells genetically engineered by tumor antigen-specific T-cell receptor (TCR) gene transfer is associated with mispairing between introduced and endogenous TCR chains with unknown specificity. Therefore, deterioration of antitumor reactivity and serious autoimmune reactivity are major concerns. To address this problem, we have recently established a novel retroviral vector system encoding siRNAs for endogenous TCR genes (siTCR vector). In this study, to test the clinical application of siTCR gene therapy for human leukemia, we examined in detail the efficacy and safety of WT1-siTCR–transduced T cells. Compared with conventional WT1-TCR (WT1-coTCR) gene-transduced T cells, these cells showed significant enhancement of antileukemia reactivity resulting from stronger expression of the introduced WT1-specific TCR with inhibition of endogenous TCRs. Notably, WT1-siTCR gene-transduced T cells were remarkably expandable after repetitive stimulation with WT1 peptide in vitro, without any deterioration of antigen specificity. WT1-siTCR gene–transduced T cells from leukemia patients successfully lysed autologous leukemia cells, but not normal hematopoietic progenitor cells. In a mouse xenograft model, adoptively transferred WT1-siTCR gene-transduced T cells exerted distinct antileukemia efficacy but did not inhibit human hematopoiesis. Our results suggest that gene-immunotherapy for leukemia using this WT1-siTCR system holds considerable promise.
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220
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Hombrink P, Hadrup SR, Bakker A, Kester MGD, Falkenburg JHF, von dem Borne PA, Schumacher TNM, Heemskerk MHM. High-throughput identification of potential minor histocompatibility antigens by MHC tetramer-based screening: feasibility and limitations. PLoS One 2011; 6:e22523. [PMID: 21850230 PMCID: PMC3151248 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2011] [Accepted: 06/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
T-cell recognition of minor histocompatibility antigens (MiHA) plays an important role in the graft-versus-tumor (GVT) effect of allogeneic stem cell transplantation (allo-SCT). However, the number of MiHA identified to date remains limited, making clinical application of MiHA reactive T-cell infusion difficult. This study represents the first attempt of genome-wide prediction of MiHA, coupled to the isolation of T-cell populations that react with these antigens. In this unbiased high-throughput MiHA screen, both the possibilities and pitfalls of this approach were investigated. First, 973 polymorphic peptides expressed by hematopoietic stem cells were predicted and screened for HLA-A2 binding. Subsequently a set of 333 high affinity HLA-A2 ligands was identified and post transplantation samples from allo-SCT patients were screened for T-cell reactivity by a combination of pMHC-tetramer-based enrichment and multi-color flow cytometry. Using this approach, 71 peptide-reactive T-cell populations were generated. The isolation of a T-cell line specifically recognizing target cells expressing the MAP4K1IMA antigen demonstrates that identification of MiHA through this approach is in principle feasible. However, with the exception of the known MiHA HMHA1, none of the other T-cell populations that were generated demonstrated recognition of endogenously MiHA expressing target cells, even though recognition of peptide-loaded targets was often apparent. Collectively these results demonstrate the technical feasibility of high-throughput analysis of antigen-specific T-cell responses in small patient samples. However, the high-sensitivity of this approach requires the use of potential epitope sets that are not solely based on MHC binding, to prevent the frequent detection of T-cell responses that lack biological relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pleun Hombrink
- Department of Hematology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Combination of monoclonal antibodies with DST inhibits accelerated rejection mediated by memory T cells to induce long-lived heart allograft acceptance in mice. Immunol Lett 2011; 138:122-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2011.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2011] [Revised: 03/23/2011] [Accepted: 03/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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222
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High Epstein-Barr virus-specific T-cell counts are associated with near-zero likelihood of acute myeloid leukemia relapse after hematopoietic cell transplantation. Leukemia 2011; 26:359-62. [PMID: 21799514 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2011.195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Abstract
Adoptive cell transfer of allogeneic tumor-specific T cells could potentially be used as a universal treatment for cancer. We present a novel approach for adoptive immunotherapy using fully MHC-mismatched allogeneic T cells redirected with tumor-specific, non-MHC-restricted antibody-based chimeric antigen receptor (T-bodies) in the absence of GVHD. Mice bearing systemic metastatic disease were lymphodepleted by irradiation and treated with Her2/neu re-directed T cells. Lymphodepletion created a 'therapeutic window', which allowed the allo-T-bodies to attack the tumor before their rejection. A single split dose administration of allogeneic T-bodies extended the survival of tumor-bearing mice similarly to syngeneic T-bodies, and to a significantly greater extent than nonspecific allogeneic T cells. Blocking egress of lymphocytes from lymphoid organs using the sphingosine-1-phosphate agonist, FTY720, extended the persistence of allogeneic T cells such that allogeneic T-bodies provided superior therapeutic benefit relative to syngeneic ones, and dramatically extended the median survival time of the treated mice for more than a year. Therefore, we suggest that ex-vivo generated MHC-mismatched T-bodies can be used universally for off-the-shelf cancer immunotherapy and that their graft-versus-host reactivity can be safely harnessed to potentiate adoptive cell therapy.
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225
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Vaccine-induced allo-HLA-reactive memory T cells in a kidney transplantation candidate. Transplantation 2011; 91:645-51. [PMID: 21283063 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0b013e318208c071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allo-human leukocyte antigen (HLA) reactivity by naturally acquired viral-specific memory T cells is common. However, the effect of successful vaccination on the alloreactive memory T-cell repertoire is unclear. We hypothesized that vaccination could specifically induce allo-HLA-reactive memory T cells. METHODS A varicella-zoster virus (VZV) immediate early 62 (IE62)-specific CD8 memory T-cell clone was single cell sorted from a VZV seronegative renal transplant candidate after response to live attenuated varicella vaccination. To analyze the allo-HLA reactivity, the VZV IE62-specific T-cell clone was tested against HLA-typed target cells and target cells transfected with HLA molecules, in both cytokine production and cytotoxicity assays. RESULTS The varicella vaccine-induced VZV IE62-specific T-cell clone specifically produced interferon-γ when stimulated with HLA-B*55:01-expressing Epstein-Barr virus-transformed B cells and HLA-B*55:01-transfected K562 cells (single HLA antigen expressing cell line [SALs]) only. The clone also demonstrated specific cytolytic effector function against HLA-B*55:01 SALs and phytohemagglutinin blasts. Cytotoxicity assays using proximal tubular epithelial cell and human umbilical vein endothelial cell targets confirmed the kidney tissue specificity of the allo-HLA-B*55:01 reactivity, and the relevance of the cross-reactivity to clinical kidney transplantation. The results also suggest that molecular mimicry, and not bystander proliferation, is the mechanism underlying vaccine-induced alloreactivity. CONCLUSIONS Varicella vaccination generated a de novo alloreactive kidney cell-specific cytolytic effector memory T cell in a patient awaiting renal transplantation. Vaccination-induced alloreactivity may have important clinical implications, especially for vaccine timing and recipient monitoring.
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Tissue specificity of cross-reactive allogeneic responses by EBV EBNA3A-specific memory T cells. Transplantation 2011; 91:494-500. [PMID: 21242884 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0b013e318207944c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The crossreactivity of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen 3A [EBNA3A])-specific CD8 T cells against allogeneic human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-B*44:02 has been shown to be dependent on presentation of self-peptide EEYLQAFTY by the target antigen. In this study, we report that allogeneic HLA-B*44:02 proximal tubular epithelial cells (PTECs) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) are poor targets for EBV EBNA3A-specific T cells. METHODS The EEY peptide was exogenously loaded onto HLA-B*44:02 and HLA-B*44:03-expressing PTECs and HUVECs. EEY-peptide-loaded, and unloaded, PTECs and HUVECs were then incubated with serial dilutions of our EBNA3A T-cell clone, in a cytotoxicity assay. RESULTS Although HLA-B*44:02-expressing PTECs were specifically lysed in proportion to the effector/target ratio by the EBNA3A T-cell clone, without peptide loading, lysis was greatly increased by exogenous EEY peptide loading (15% vs. 75%; P<0.0001). HLA-B*44:02-expressing HUVECs were only lysed when loaded with exogenous EEY peptide (0% vs. 64%; P<0.0001). Lack of HLA expression and lack of ABCD3 gene expression were excluded as a cause for these results. PTECs and HUVECs were specifically targeted by another alloreactive T-cell clone without exogenous peptide loading, suggesting that the lack of recognition of HLA-B*44:02 epithelial and endothelial cells by the EBV EBNA3A T-cell clone was due to lack of EEYLQAFTY peptide presentation. CONCLUSIONS Tissue-specific (peptide dependent) alloreactivity may have important implications for transplantation monitoring and rejection.
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Distler E, Bloetz A, Albrecht J, Asdufan S, Hohberger A, Frey M, Schnürer E, Thomas S, Theobald M, Hartwig UF, Herr W. Alloreactive and leukemia-reactive T cells are preferentially derived from naive precursors in healthy donors: implications for immunotherapy with memory T cells. Haematologica 2011; 96:1024-32. [PMID: 21486863 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2010.037481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND HLA mismatch antigens are major targets of alloreactive T cells in HLA-incompatible stem-cell transplantation, which can trigger severe graft-versus-host disease and reduce survival in transplant recipients. Our objective was to identify T-cell subsets with reduced in vitro reactivity to allogeneic HLA antigens. DESIGN AND METHODS We sorted CD4 and CD8 T-cell subsets from peripheral blood by flow cytometry according to their expression of naive and memory markers CD45RA, CD45RO, CD62L, and CCR7. Subsets were defined by a single marker to facilitate future establishment of a clinical-grade procedure for reducing alloreactive T-cell precursors and graft-versus-host disease. T cells were stimulated in mixed lymphocyte reactions against HLA-deficient K562 cells transfected with single HLA-A/-B/-C/-DR/-DQ mismatch alleles. Alloreactivity was measured by interferon-γ spot production and cell proliferation. RESULTS We observed that allogeneic HLA-reactivity was preferentially derived from subsets enriched for naïve T cells rather than memory T cells in healthy donors, irrespective of the HLA mismatch allele. This separation was most efficient if CD45RA (versus other markers) was used for sorting. The numbers of allogeneic HLA-reactive effector cells were in median 7.2-fold and 16.6-fold lower in CD45RA(neg) memory CD8 and CD4 T cells than in entire CD8 and CD4 T cells, respectively. In contrast, proliferation of memory T cells in response to allogeneic HLA was more variably reduced (CD8) or equivalent (CD4) when compared to that of naïve T cells. We also demonstrated in HLA-matched donor-patient pairs that leukemia-reactive CD8 cytotoxic T-lymphocytes were mainly derived from subsets enriched for naïve T cells compared to memory T cells. CONCLUSIONS Memory T-cell subsets of most healthy individuals showed decreased allogeneic HLA-reactivity, but lacked significant anti-leukemia responses in vitro. The clinical use of memory or naïve-depleted T cells might be beneficial for HLA-mismatched patients at high risk of graft-versus-host disease and low risk of leukemia relapse. Preferred allografts are those which contain leukemia-reactive memory T cells. Alternatively, replenishment with leukemia-reactive T cells isolated from naïve subsets is desirable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Distler
- 3rd Department of Medicine, University Medical Center of Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
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Abstract
Rapamycin has long been considered an immunosuppressive agent due to its antiproliferative effects on immune cells, and is currently used as a component of antirejection regimens in transplantation. Despite the large number of mechanistic and clinical studies investigating the impact of rapamycin on cell-mediated immunity, several paradoxes concerning rapamycin immunobiology remain. In particular, emerging evidence suggests that under certain circumstances rapamycin can exert immunostimulatory effects, boosting T cell responses in the face of pathogen infections and vaccines. Here, we review recent findings concerning the contradictory outcomes of rapamycin induced mTOR inhibition on CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell responses in transplantation and protective immunity. These studies suggest that the conditions under which T cells are stimulated can profoundly modify the impact of rapamycin on antigen-specific T cell responses. Thus, further investigation into the cellular and molecular pathways underlying the dichotomous effects of rapamycin in transplantation is required to harness the full potential of this immunomodulatory agent to promote graft survival and maximize protective immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana R. Ferrer
- Emory Transplant Center and Department of Surgery, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Koichi Araki
- Emory Vaccine Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Mandy L. Ford
- Emory Transplant Center and Department of Surgery, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
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Dai H, Chen J, Shao W, Wang F, Xu S, Peng Y, Lin Y, Xia J, Ekberg H, Wang X, Qi Z. Blockade of CD27/CD70 pathway to reduce the generation of memory T cells and markedly prolong the survival of heart allografts in presensitized mice. Transpl Immunol 2011; 24:195-202. [PMID: 21396447 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2011.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2011] [Revised: 02/25/2011] [Accepted: 02/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alloreactive memory T cells are a major obstacle to transplantation acceptance due to their capacity for accelerated rejection. METHODS C57BL/6 mice that had rejected BALB/c skin grafts 4 weeks earlier were used as recipients. The recipient mice were treated with anti-CD154/LFA-1 with or without anti-CD70 during the primary skin transplantation and anti-CD154/LFA-1 or not during the secondary transplantation of BALB/c heart. We evaluated the impact of combinations of antibody-mediated blockade on the generation of memory T cells and graft survival after fully MHC-mismatched transplantations. RESULTS One month after the primary skin transplantation, the proportions of CD4(+) memory T cells/CD4(+) T cells and CD8(+)memory T cells/CD8(+) T cells in the anti-CD154/LFA-1 combination group were 47.32±4.28% and 23.18±2.77%, respectively. In the group that included anti-CD70 treatment, the proportions were reduced to 34.10±2.71% and 12.19±3.52% (P<0.05 when comparing the proportion of memory T cells between the two groups). The addition of anti-CD70 to the treatment regimen prolonged the mean survival time following secondary heart transplantation from 10days to more than 90days (P<0.001). Furthermore, allogenic proliferation of recipient splenic T cells and graft-infiltrating lymphocytes were significantly decreased. Meanwhile, the proportion of regulatory T cells was increased to 9.46±1.48% on day 100 post-transplantation (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS The addition of anti-CD70 to the anti-CD154/LFA-1 combination given during the primary transplantation reduced the generation of memory T cells. This therapy regimen provided a potential means to alleviate the accelerated rejection mediated by memory T cells during secondary heart transplantation and markedly prolong the survival of heart allografts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helong Dai
- Organ Transplantation Institute, Xiamen University, Fujian Province, PR China
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230
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Ochi T, Fujiwara H, Yasukawa M. Requisite considerations for successful adoptive immunotherapy with engineered T-lymphocytes using tumor antigen-specific T-cell receptor gene transfer. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2011; 11:699-713. [PMID: 21413911 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2011.566853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although engineered T-cell-based antitumor immunotherapy using tumor-antigen-specific T-cell receptor (TCR) gene transfer is undoubtedly a promising strategy, a number of studies have revealed that it has several drawbacks. AREAS COVERED This review covers selected articles detailing recent progress in this field, not only for solid tumors, but also for leukemias. In terms of achieving uniform therapeutic quality of TCR gene-modified T cells as an 'off-the-shelf' product, the authors abstract and discuss the requisite conditions for successful outcome, including: i) the optimal target choice reflecting the specificity of the introduced TCR, ii) the quality and quantity of expressed TCRs in gene-modified T cells, and additional genetic modification reflecting enhanced antitumor functionality, and iii) 'on-' and 'off-target' adverse events caused by the quality of the introduced TCRs and other adverse events related to genetic modification itself. Readers will be able to readily abstract recent advances in TCR gene-transferred T-cell therapy, centering notably on efforts to obtain uniformity in the therapeutic functionality of engineered T cells. EXPERT OPINION Harmonizing the functionality and target specificity of TCR will allow the establishment of clinically useful adoptive immunotherapy in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiki Ochi
- Department of Bioregulatory Medicine, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime 791 0295, Japan.
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231
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Merlo A, Turrini R, Dolcetti R, Zanovello P, Rosato A. Immunotherapy for EBV-associated malignancies. Int J Hematol 2011; 93:281-293. [PMID: 21336546 DOI: 10.1007/s12185-011-0782-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2010] [Revised: 01/10/2011] [Accepted: 02/01/2011] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Since 1995 to date, more than 250 patients with EBV-related diseases received virus-specific CTL. Cell therapy proved to be safe and effective, and achieved some complete remissions also in patients who failed all previous standard treatments. The first clinical results with EBV-specific CTL were obtained for both prophylaxis and treatment of post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease arising in stem cell transplant or solid organ transplant recipients. Based on such encouraging results, the same approach was then extended to other EBV-related diseases, namely Hodgkin's lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, and chronic active infection. Nowadays, the modification of the CTL generation protocols and the introduction of new specificities into EBV-specific CTL lines by chimeric antigen receptor transfer allow targeting other viral infections and also non-EBV related malignancies. Aim of this review is to summarize clinical results obtained thus far in adoptive cell therapy approaches with EBV-specific CTL. Moreover, by analyzing ongoing clinical trials, we also provide some insights on the potential future of a successful and paradigmatic history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Merlo
- Department of Oncology and Surgical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Gattamelata, 64, 35128, Padua, Italy
| | - Riccardo Turrini
- Department of Oncology and Surgical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Gattamelata, 64, 35128, Padua, Italy
| | - Riccardo Dolcetti
- Cancer Bio-Immunotherapy Unit, Department of Medical Oncology, CRO, IRCCS, National Cancer Institute, Aviano, Italy
| | - Paola Zanovello
- Department of Oncology and Surgical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Gattamelata, 64, 35128, Padua, Italy.,Istituto Oncologico Veneto, IOV-IRCCS, Padua, Italy
| | - Antonio Rosato
- Department of Oncology and Surgical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Gattamelata, 64, 35128, Padua, Italy. .,Istituto Oncologico Veneto, IOV-IRCCS, Padua, Italy.
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232
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Long HM, Taylor GS, Rickinson AB. Immune defence against EBV and EBV-associated disease. Curr Opin Immunol 2011; 23:258-64. [PMID: 21269819 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2010.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2010] [Accepted: 12/23/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a B-lymphotropic herpesvirus widespread in the human population and normally contained as an asymptomatic infection by T cell surveillance, nevertheless causes infectious mononucleosis and is strongly linked to several types of human cancer. Here we describe new findings on the range of cellular immune responses induced by EBV infection, on viral strategies to evade those responses and on the links between HLA gene loci and EBV-induced disease. The success of adoptive T cell therapy for EBV-driven post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease is stimulating efforts to target other EBV-associated tumours by immunotherapeutic means, and has reawakened interest in the ultimate intervention strategy, a prophylactic EBV vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather M Long
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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Floyd TL, Koehn BH, Kitchens WH, Robertson JM, Cheeseman JA, Stempora L, Larsen CP, Ford ML. Limiting the amount and duration of antigen exposure during priming increases memory T cell requirement for costimulation during recall. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 186:2033-41. [PMID: 21257960 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1003015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Donor-reactive memory T cells (Tmem) can play an important role in mediating graft rejection after transplantation. Transplant recipients acquire donor-reactive Tmem not only through prior sensitization with alloantigens but also through previous exposure to environmental pathogens that are cross-reactive with allogeneic peptide-MHC complexes. Current dogma suggests that most, if not all, Tmem responses are independent of the requirement for CD28 and/or CD154/CD40-mediated costimulation to mount a recall response. However, heterogeneity among Tmem is increasingly being appreciated, and one important factor known to impact the function and phenotype of Ag-specific T cell responses is the amount/duration of Ag exposure. Importantly, the impact of Ag exposure on development of costimulation independence is currently unknown. In this study, we interrogated the effect of decreased Ag amount/duration during priming on the ability of donor-reactive Tmem to mediate costimulation blockade-resistant rejection during a recall response after transplantation in a murine model. Recipients possessing donor-reactive Tmem responses that were generated under conditions of reduced Ag exposure exhibited similar frequencies of Ag-specific T cells at day 30 postinfection, but, strikingly, failed to mediate costimulation blockade-resistant rejection after challenge with an OVA-expressing skin graft. Thus, these data demonstrate the amount/duration of Ag exposure is a critical factor in determining Tmem's relative requirement for costimulation during the recall response after transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara L Floyd
- Department of Surgery and Emory Transplant Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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234
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Melenhorst JJ, Scheinberg P, Williams A, Ambrozak DR, Keyvanfar K, Smith M, McCoy JP, Hensel NF, Douek DC, Barrett AJ. Alloreactivity across HLA barriers is mediated by both naïve and antigen-experienced T cells. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2011; 17:800-9. [PMID: 21215812 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2010.12.711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2010] [Accepted: 12/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
T cell responses to allogeneic targets arise predominantly from the naïve pool. However, in humans, the risk of graft-versus-host disease is increased if the donor has circulating T cells recognizing multiple persistent DNA viruses, suggesting that memory T cells also contribute to the alloresponse. To examine HLA alloreactivity, we used flow cytometry-based proliferation and cytokine production assays. We identified the clonal identity of virus-specific T cells cross-reacting with HLA-disparate targets by sequencing the T cell receptor β chains in virus-specific T cell lines restimulated with cognate and HLA-disparate targets and sorting these chains according to cytokine response. We confirmed that naïve T cells from cord blood and adult individuals responded to HLA-mismatched target cells. In addition, in adults, we identified memory T cells responding by cytokine release to HLA-mismatched targets both in direct assays and after 8 days of culture with allogeneic stimulator cells. Epstein-Barr virus-specific and cytomegalovirus-specific T cells, tested against a panel of 30 T cell antigen-presenting cells with a broad coverage of the most prominent HLA types, displayed specificity for certain mismatched HLA alleles. Sequencing of the T cell receptor β chain demonstrated a clonotypic identity of cells that responded to both viral and allogeneic stimulation. These findings show conclusively that alloresponses in humans are not confined to the naïve T cell subset, and that memory viral antigen-specific T cells can cross-react with specific mismatched HLA-peptide complexes not presenting with cytomegalovirus or Epstein-Barr virus peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Joseph Melenhorst
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1202, USA.
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Quantitative and Functional Diversity of Cross-Reactive EBV-Specific CD8+ T Cells in a Longitudinal Study Cohort of Lung Transplant Recipients. Transplantation 2010; 90:1439-49. [DOI: 10.1097/tp.0b013e3181ff4ff3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Screening of viral specific T-cell lines for HLA alloreactivity prior to adoptive immunotherapy may prevent GvHD. Transpl Immunol 2010; 24:141. [PMID: 21167283 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2010.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Accepted: 12/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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T time for transplants. Blood 2010; 116:4391-3. [DOI: 10.1182/blood-2010-09-305177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In allogeneic stem cell transplantation, unsorted donor T cells are dangerous things: too many and the recipient runs the risk of death from severe graft-versus-host disease (GVHD); not enough and the graft may fail, the disease recur, and opportunistic infection arise. Smarter, more specific donor T cells might be better, but how specific does specific need to be to avoid trouble? In this issue of Blood, Melenhorst and colleagues allay anxieties about the use of virus-specific donor-derived T cells to prevent or treat viral reactivation and infection occurring after allogeneic transplantation.1 Their analysis of 153 transplant recipients given virus-specific donor-derived cells showed no de novo GVHD secondary to adoptive transfer and a rate of GVHD reactivation of only 6.5% with no reactivation greater than grade II in severity.
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Melenhorst JJ, Leen AM, Bollard CM, Quigley MF, Price DA, Rooney CM, Brenner MK, Barrett AJ, Heslop HE. Allogeneic virus-specific T cells with HLA alloreactivity do not produce GVHD in human subjects. Blood 2010; 116:4700-2. [PMID: 20709906 PMCID: PMC2996125 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2010-06-289991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2010] [Accepted: 08/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Adoptive transfer of viral antigen-specific memory T cells can reconstitute antiviral immunity, but in a recent report a majority of virus-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) lines showed in vitro cross-reactivity against allo-human leukocyte antigen (HLA) molecules as measured by interferon-γ secretion. We therefore reviewed our clinical experience with adoptive transfer of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation donor-derived virus-specific CTLs in 153 recipients, including 73 instances where there was an HLA mismatch. There was no de novo acute graft-versus-host disease after infusion, and incidence of graft-versus-host disease reactivation was low and not significantly different in recipients of matched or mismatched CTL. However, we found that virus-specific T cell lines recognized up to 10% of a panel of 44 HLA disparate targets, indicating that virus-specific T cells can have cross-reactivity with HLA-mismatched targets in vitro. These data indicate that the adoptive transfer of partially HLA-mismatched virus-specific CTL is safe despite in vitro recognition of recipient HLA molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Joseph Melenhorst
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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PD-L1 blockade effectively restores strong graft-versus-leukemia effects without graft-versus-host disease after delayed adoptive transfer of T-cell receptor gene-engineered allogeneic CD8+ T cells. Blood 2010; 117:1030-41. [PMID: 21063028 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2010-04-283119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Adoptive transfer (AT) of T cells forced to express tumor-reactive T-cell receptor (TCR) genes is an attractive strategy to direct autologous T-cell immunity against tumor-associated antigens. However, clinical effectiveness has been hampered by limited in vivo persistence. We investigated whether the use of major histocompatibility complex-mismatched T cells would prolong the in vivo persistence of tumor-reactive TCR gene expressing T cells by continuous antigen-driven proliferation via the endogenous potentially alloreactive receptor. Donor-derived CD8(+) T cells engineered to express a TCR against a leukemia-associated antigen mediated strong graft-versus-leukemia (GVL) effects with reduced graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) severity when given early after transplantation. AT later after transplantation resulted in a complete loss of GVL. Loss of function was associated with reduced expansion of TCR-transduced T cells as assessed by CDR3 spectratyping analysis and PD-1 up-regulation on T cells in leukemia-bearing recipients. PD-L1 blockade in allogeneic transplant recipients largely restored the GVL efficacy without triggering GVHD, whereas no significant antileukemia effects of PD-L1 blockade were observed in syngeneic controls. These data suggest a clinical approach in which the AT of gene-modified allogeneic T cells early after transplantation can provide a potent GVL effect without GVHD, whereas later AT is effective only with concurrent PD-L1 blockade.
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Overcoming the memory barrier in tolerance induction: molecular mimicry and functional heterogeneity among pathogen-specific T-cell populations. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2010; 15:405-10. [PMID: 20616729 DOI: 10.1097/mot.0b013e32833b7916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review highlights recent advances in our understanding of the frequency and nature of alloreactivity among memory T-cell populations, and discusses recent successes in experimentally targeting these populations in order to prolong graft survival. RECENT FINDINGS Recent studies suggest that not only is alloreactivity present within peripheral T-cell compartments of normal healthy individuals, but cross-reactivity between viral-specific T cells and allotropes may in fact be a very common occurrence. Furthermore, this cross-reactivity functions at the level of molecular mimicry of T-cell receptor recognition. Therapeutics that specifically target cell surface molecules or effector pathways used by memory T cells to mediate graft rejection will likely be required in order to attenuate the donor-reactive memory T-cell response during transplantation. SUMMARY A major challenge facing the field over the next decade is to define the heterogeneity that exists within memory T-cell populations that impacts graft survival. Understanding the functional and phenotypic differences that modify the memory T-cell barrier to tolerance induction might allow a strategy in which strength of immunosuppression could be tailored to fit the immunological history of a given transplant recipient in order to minimize nonimmune toxicities, maximize protective immunity, and prolong graft survival.
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Morice A, Charreau B, Neveu B, Brouard S, Soulillou JP, Bonneville M, Houssaint E, Degauque N. Cross-reactivity of herpesvirus-specific CD8 T cell lines toward allogeneic class I MHC molecules. PLoS One 2010; 5:e12120. [PMID: 20711433 PMCID: PMC2920819 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2010] [Accepted: 07/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Although association between persistent viral infection and allograft rejection is well characterized, few examples of T-cell cross-reactivity between self-MHC/viral and allogeneic HLA molecules have been documented so far. We appraised in this study the alloreactivity of CD8 T cell lines specific for immunodominant epitopes from human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). CD8 T cell lines were generated after sorting with immunomagnetic beads coated with either pp65495–503/A*0201, BMLF1259–267/A*0201, or BZLF154–64/B*3501 multimeric complexes. Alloreactivity of the CD8 T cell lines against allogeneic class I MHC alleles was assessed by screening of (i) TNF-α production against COS-7 cells transfected with as many as 39 individual HLA class I-encoding cDNA, and (ii) cytotoxicity activity toward a large panel of HLA-typed EBV-transformed B lymphoblastoid cell lines. We identified several cross-reactive pp65/A*0201-specific T cell lines toward allogeneic HLA-A*3001, A*3101, or A*3201. Moreover, we described here cross-recognition of HLA-Cw*0602 by BZLF1/B*3501-specific T cells. It is noteworthy that these alloreactive CD8 T cell lines showed efficient recognition of endothelial cells expressing the relevant HLA class I allele, with high level TNF-α production and cytotoxicity activity. Taken together, our data support the notion that herpes virus-specific T cells recognizing allo-HLA alleles may promote solid organ rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Morice
- UMR892, INSERM - Institut de Recherche Thérapeutique de l'Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | | | - Bérangère Neveu
- UMR892, INSERM - Institut de Recherche Thérapeutique de l'Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Sophie Brouard
- UMR 643, INSERM, Nantes, France
- ITUN, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
- Faculté de Médecine, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Jean-Paul Soulillou
- UMR 643, INSERM, Nantes, France
- ITUN, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
- Faculté de Médecine, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Marc Bonneville
- UMR892, INSERM - Institut de Recherche Thérapeutique de l'Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Elisabeth Houssaint
- UMR892, INSERM - Institut de Recherche Thérapeutique de l'Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
- Faculté des Sciences, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Nicolas Degauque
- UMR 643, INSERM, Nantes, France
- ITUN, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
- Faculté de Médecine, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
- * E-mail:
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Lehrnbecher T, Schmidt S, Koehl U, Schuster FR, Uharek L, Klingebiel T, Tramsen L. Adoptive antifungal T cell immunotherapy--into the clinic? Med Mycol 2010; 49 Suppl 1:S164-9. [PMID: 20586680 DOI: 10.3109/13693786.2010.497953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The morbidity and mortality rates of invasive fungal infection in allogeneic stem cell recipients are still unacceptably high and have not been significantly improved by alternative antifungal strategies to date. Over the last few years, rapid methods for the clinical-scale generation of functionally active and well characterized antifungal T(H)1 cells have become available. In addition, current data on the use of donor-derived virus-specific T cells in allogeneic stem cell transplantation suggest that the risk of severe adverse events, in particular the risk of graft-versus-host disease, is negligible. Therefore, adoptive antifungal immunotherapeutic strategies should be evaluated in clinical trials. However, one has to recognize that these trials are only meaningful with sufficiently large and homogenous cohorts of patients and if the settings of adoptive antifungal immunotherapy are comparable. Ultimately, the strategy of adoptively transferring antifungal immune responses might improve the outcome in hematopoietic stem cell recipients suffering from invasive fungal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Lehrnbecher
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Children's Hospital III, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, Frankfurt, Germany.
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D'Orsogna LJA, Roelen DL, Doxiadis IIN, Claas FHJ. Alloreactivity from human viral specific memory T-cells. Transpl Immunol 2010; 23:149-55. [PMID: 20600900 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2010.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2010] [Accepted: 06/17/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms by which alloreactive memory T-cells are generated in non-sensitized individuals have begun to be elucidated. It is generally accepted that a very high level of crossreactivity is an essential feature of the T-cell receptor. Indeed it has recently been shown that alloreactivity from viral specific memory T-cells is far more common than predicted, 45% of viral specific T-cell clones were found to be allo-HLA crossreactive. In this overview the evidence for crossreactive alloresponses from human viral specific memory T-cells is discussed with special emphasis on the unexpected high frequency of these crossreactive responses, the peptide and tissue specificity of the responses, and the mechanistic insights gleaned from the elucidation of the crystal structure of an allo-HLA crossreactive viral specific TCR. The possible implications for clinical solid organ and bone marrow transplantation and tolerance induction will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J A D'Orsogna
- Dept of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Centre, The Netherlands.
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Mixed T cell receptor dimers harbor potentially harmful neoreactivity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:10972-7. [PMID: 20534461 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1005802107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Adoptive transfer of T cell receptor (TCR)-transduced T cells may be an attractive strategy to target both hematological malignancies and solid tumors. By introducing a TCR, large numbers of T cells with defined antigen (Ag) specificity can be obtained. However, by introduction of a TCR, mixed TCR dimers can be formed. Besides the decrease in TCR expression of the introduced and endogenous TCR, these mixed TCR dimers could harbor potentially harmful specificities. In this study, we demonstrate that introduction of TCRs resulted in formation of neoreactive mixed TCR dimers, composed of the introduced TCR chains pairing with either the endogenous TCR alpha or beta chain. Neoreactivities observed were HLA class I or class II restricted. Most neoreactive mixed TCR dimers were allo-HLA reactive; however, neoreactive mixed TCR dimers with autoreactive activity were also observed. We demonstrate that inclusion of an extra disulfide bond between the constant domains of the introduced TCR markedly reduced neoreactivity, whereas enhanced effectiveness of the introduced TCR was observed. In conclusion, TCR transfer results in the formation of neoreactive mixed TCR dimers with the potential to generate off-target effects, underlining the importance of searching for techniques to facilitate preferential pairing.
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