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Zhang S, Gong P, Zhang J, Mao X, Zhao Y, Wang H, Gan L, Lin X. Specific Frequency Electroacupuncture Stimulation Transiently Enhances the Permeability of the Blood-Brain Barrier and Induces Tight Junction Changes. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:582324. [PMID: 33122995 PMCID: PMC7573286 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.582324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) plays an important role in both the physiological state and pharmacological state of the brain. Transiently enhancing the permeability of the BBB may allow the use of more types of medications for neuropsychiatric diseases. Our previous research revealed that electroacupuncture (EA) stimulation at certain parameters can enhance the permeability of the BBB in Sprague-Dawley rats, but this phenomenon is not well characterized. We propose that specific frequency EA can transiently open the BBB and may be related to the change of tight junctions (TJ). To find the best EA frequency among commonly used frequencies, preliminarily explore the mechanism, we detected BBB permeability by measuring the intensity of Evans Blue and 20 kDa FITC-dextran fluorescence in the cerebral cortex. Then, we used a laser spectrometer, immunofluorescence, western blotting, and transmission electron microscopy to detect the mechanism of BBB opening. Finally, measured brain water content, AQP4, GFAP, Iba1, and used the DeadEndTM Fluorometric TUNEL System to clear whether the stimulation caused obvious negative effects. The results show that EA stimulation at 2/100 Hz maximally increased BBB permeability, and the BBB closed within 12 h after EA stimulation was removed. EA stimulation increased blood perfusion, c-fos levels, and Substance P expression in the cerebral cortex, decreased ZO-1 and occludin levels and induced ultrastructural changes in TJ morphology. EA stimulation at specific parameters did not cause brain edema, activation of glial cells, or cell apoptosis. This study shows that EA stimulation induces a reversible, frequency-dependent alteration of BBB permeability and proposes a hypothetical mechanism of BBB opening related to vasodilation and TJ disruption. Transiently enhancing the permeability of the BBB with EA at specific parameters may be a new strategies for delivering therapeutics to the central nervous system. Further study of this technology is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Peng Gong
- Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiangsong Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xuqing Mao
- Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yibin Zhao
- Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lin Gan
- Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xianming Lin
- Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
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202
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Salameh TS, Rhea EM, Talbot K, Banks WA. Brain uptake pharmacokinetics of incretin receptor agonists showing promise as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease therapeutics. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 180:114187. [PMID: 32755557 PMCID: PMC7606641 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Among the more promising treatments proposed for Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) are those reducing brain insulin resistance. The antidiabetics in the class of incretin receptor agonists (IRAs) reduce symptoms and brain pathology in animal models of AD and PD, as well as glucose utilization in AD cases and clinical symptoms in PD cases after their systemic administration. At least 9 different IRAs are showing promise as AD and PD therapeutics, but we still lack quantitative data on their relative ability to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) reaching the brain parenchyma. We consequently compared brain uptake pharmacokinetics of intravenous 125I-labeled IRAs in adult CD-1 mice over the course of 60 min. We tested single IRAs (exendin-4, liraglutide, lixisenatide, and semaglutide), which bind receptors for one incretin (glucagon-like peptide-1 [GLP-1]), and dual IRAs, which bind receptors for two incretins (GLP-1 and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide [GIP]), including unbranched, acylated, PEGylated, or C-terminally modified forms (Finan/Ma Peptides 17, 18, and 20 and Hölscher peptides DA3-CH and DA-JC4). The non-acylated and non-PEGylated IRAs (exendin-4, lixisenatide, Peptide 17, DA3-CH and DA-JC4) had significant rates of blood-to-brain influx (Ki), but the acylated IRAs (liraglutide, semaglutide, and Peptide 18) did not measurably cross the BBB. The brain influx of the non-acylated, non-PEGylated IRAs were not saturable up to 1 μg of these drugs and was most likely mediated by adsorptive transcytosis across brain endothelial cells, as observed for exendin-4. Of the non-acylated, non-PEGylated IRAs tested, exendin-4 and DA-JC4 were best able to cross the BBB based on their rate of brain influx, percentage reaching the brain that accumulated in brain parenchyma, and percentage of the systemic dose taken up per gram of brain tissue. Exendin-4 and DA-JC4 thus merit special attention as IRAs well-suited to enter the central nervous system (CNS), thus reaching areas pathologic in AD and PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Therese S Salameh
- Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center, Seattle, WA 98108, USA; University of Washington School of Medicine, Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98498, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Rhea
- Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center, Seattle, WA 98108, USA; University of Washington School of Medicine, Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98498, USA
| | - Konrad Talbot
- Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Departments of Neurosurgery, Basic Sciences, and Pathology and Human Anatomy, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - William A Banks
- Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center, Seattle, WA 98108, USA; University of Washington School of Medicine, Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98498, USA.
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203
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Vendel E, Rottschäfer V, de Lange ECM. A 3D brain unit model to further improve prediction of local drug distribution within the brain. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0238397. [PMID: 32966285 PMCID: PMC7511021 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0238397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of drugs targeting the brain still faces a high failure rate. One of the reasons is a lack of quantitative understanding of the complex processes that govern the pharmacokinetics (PK) of a drug within the brain. While a number of models on drug distribution into and within the brain is available, none of these addresses the combination of factors that affect local drug concentrations in brain extracellular fluid (brain ECF). Here, we develop a 3D brain unit model, which builds on our previous proof-of-concept 2D brain unit model, to understand the factors that govern local unbound and bound drug PK within the brain. The 3D brain unit is a cube, in which the brain capillaries surround the brain ECF. Drug concentration-time profiles are described in both a blood-plasma-domain and a brain-ECF-domain by a set of differential equations. The model includes descriptions of blood plasma PK, transport through the blood-brain barrier (BBB), by passive transport via paracellular and transcellular routes, and by active transport, and drug binding kinetics. The impact of all these factors on ultimate local brain ECF unbound and bound drug concentrations is assessed. In this article we show that all the above mentioned factors affect brain ECF PK in an interdependent manner. This indicates that for a quantitative understanding of local drug concentrations within the brain ECF, interdependencies of all transport and binding processes should be understood. To that end, the 3D brain unit model is an excellent tool, and can be used to build a larger network of 3D brain units, in which the properties for each unit can be defined independently to reflect local differences in characteristics of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esmée Vendel
- Mathematical Institute, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Vivi Rottschäfer
- Mathematical Institute, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
- * E-mail: (VR); (EL)
| | - Elizabeth C. M. de Lange
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
- * E-mail: (VR); (EL)
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204
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Sharifi-Rad J, Rayess YE, Rizk AA, Sadaka C, Zgheib R, Zam W, Sestito S, Rapposelli S, Neffe-Skocińska K, Zielińska D, Salehi B, Setzer WN, Dosoky NS, Taheri Y, El Beyrouthy M, Martorell M, Ostrander EA, Suleria HAR, Cho WC, Maroyi A, Martins N. Turmeric and Its Major Compound Curcumin on Health: Bioactive Effects and Safety Profiles for Food, Pharmaceutical, Biotechnological and Medicinal Applications. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:01021. [PMID: 33041781 PMCID: PMC7522354 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.01021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 281] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Curcumin, a yellow polyphenolic pigment from the Curcuma longa L. (turmeric) rhizome, has been used for centuries for culinary and food coloring purposes, and as an ingredient for various medicinal preparations, widely used in Ayurveda and Chinese medicine. In recent decades, their biological activities have been extensively studied. Thus, this review aims to offer an in-depth discussion of curcumin applications for food and biotechnological industries, and on health promotion and disease prevention, with particular emphasis on its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, anticancer, hepatoprotective, and cardioprotective effects. Bioavailability, bioefficacy and safety features, side effects, and quality parameters of curcumin are also addressed. Finally, curcumin's multidimensional applications, food attractiveness optimization, agro-industrial procedures to offset its instability and low bioavailability, health concerns, and upcoming strategies for clinical application are also covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javad Sharifi-Rad
- Zabol Medicinal Plants Research Center, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran
| | - Youssef El Rayess
- Department of Agriculture and Food Engineering, School of Engineering, Holy Spirit University of Kasli, Jounieh, Lebanon
| | - Alain Abi Rizk
- Department of Agriculture and Food Engineering, School of Engineering, Holy Spirit University of Kasli, Jounieh, Lebanon
| | - Carmen Sadaka
- Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Raviella Zgheib
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, AgroParisTech, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles, France
| | - Wissam Zam
- Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Andalus University for Medical Sciences, Tartous, Syria
| | | | - Simona Rapposelli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Interdepartmental Research Centre for Biology and Pathology of Aging, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Dorota Zielińska
- Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Bahare Salehi
- Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam, Iran
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam, Iran
| | - William N. Setzer
- Aromatic Plant Research Center, Lehi, UT, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL, United States
| | | | - Yasaman Taheri
- Phytochemistry Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marc El Beyrouthy
- Department of Agriculture and Food Engineering, School of Engineering, Holy Spirit University of Kasli, Jounieh, Lebanon
| | - Miquel Martorell
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile
- Unidad de Desarrollo Tecnológico, UDT, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Elise Adrian Ostrander
- Medical Illustration, Kendall College of Art and Design, Ferris State University, Grand Rapids, MI, United States
| | | | - William C. Cho
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Alfred Maroyi
- Department of Botany, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa
| | - Natália Martins
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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205
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Viscusi ER, Viscusi AR. Blood-brain barrier: mechanisms governing permeability and interaction with peripherally acting μ-opioid receptor antagonists. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2020; 45:688-695. [PMID: 32723840 PMCID: PMC7476292 DOI: 10.1136/rapm-2020-101403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) describes the unique properties of endothelial cells (ECs) that line the central nervous system (CNS) microvasculature. The BBB supports CNS homeostasis via EC-associated transport of ions, nutrients, proteins and waste products between the brain and blood. These transport mechanisms also serve as physiological barriers to pathogens, toxins and xenobiotics to prevent them from contacting neural tissue. The mechanisms that govern BBB permeability pose a challenge to drug design for CNS disorders, including pain, but can be exploited to limit the effects of a drug to the periphery, as in the design of the peripherally acting μ-opioid receptor antagonists (PAMORAs) used to treat opioid-induced constipation. Here, we describe BBB physiology, drug properties that affect BBB penetrance and how data from randomized clinical trials of PAMORAs improve our understanding of BBB permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene R Viscusi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Andrew R Viscusi
- Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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206
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Li HX, Heo M, Go Y, Kim YS, Kim YH, Yang SY, Li W. Coumarin and Moracin Derivatives from Mulberry Leaves ( Morus alba L.) with Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase Inhibitory Activity. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25173967. [PMID: 32878149 PMCID: PMC7504814 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25173967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This study identified three coumarins (1-3), and six moracin derivatives (4-9). The structures of these natural compounds were determined by the spectroscopic methods, including 1D and 2D NMR methods, and comparison with previous reported data. All of the isolated compounds were assessed for the effects on the soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) inhibitory activity. Among them, compounds 1-7 exhibited significant inhibitory effect with 100% inhibitory, with IC50 values of 6.9, 0.2, 15.9, 1.1, 1.2, 9.9, and 7.7 µM, respectively. A kinetic study revealed that compounds 1-4, and 6 were competitive types of inhibitors, compounds 5 and 7 were mixed types of inhibitors. These results suggest that moracin and coumarin derivatives from mulberry leaves are significant sEH inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Xu Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource and Eco-Environmental Science, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China;
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Myungsook Heo
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (M.H.); (Y.H.K.)
| | - Younghoon Go
- Korean Medicine (KM) Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daegu 41062, Korea; (Y.G.); (Y.S.K.)
| | - Young Soo Kim
- Korean Medicine (KM) Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daegu 41062, Korea; (Y.G.); (Y.S.K.)
| | - Young Ho Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (M.H.); (Y.H.K.)
| | - Seo Young Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (M.H.); (Y.H.K.)
- Correspondence: (S.Y.Y.); (W.L.); Tel.: +82-42-821-5933 (S.Y.Y.); +82-53-940-3874 (W.L.)
| | - Wei Li
- Korean Medicine (KM) Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daegu 41062, Korea; (Y.G.); (Y.S.K.)
- Correspondence: (S.Y.Y.); (W.L.); Tel.: +82-42-821-5933 (S.Y.Y.); +82-53-940-3874 (W.L.)
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207
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Siwy CM, Delfing BM, Smith AK, Klimov DK. Partitioning of Benzoic Acid into 1,2-Dimyristoyl- sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine and Blood-Brain Barrier Mimetic Bilayers. J Chem Inf Model 2020; 60:4030-4046. [PMID: 32672960 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.0c00590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Using an all-atom explicit water model and replica exchange umbrella sampling simulations, we investigated the molecular mechanisms of benzoic acid partitioning into two model lipid bilayers. The first was formed of 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DMPC) lipids, whereas the second was composed of an equimolar mixture of DMPC, 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine, palmitoylsphingomyelin, and cholesterol to constitute a blood-brain barrier (BBB) mimetic bilayer. Comparative analysis of benzoic acid partitioning into the two bilayers has revealed qualitative similarities. Partitioning into the DMPC and BBB bilayers is thermodynamically favorable although insertion into the former lowers the free energy of benzoic acid by approximately an additional 1 kcal mol-1. The partitioning energetics for the two bilayers is also largely similar based on the balance of benzoic acid interactions with apolar fatty acid tails, polar lipid headgroups, and water. In both bilayers, benzoic acid retains a considerable number of residual water molecules until reaching the bilayer midplane where it experiences nearly complete dehydration. Upon insertion into the bilayers, benzoic acid undergoes several rotations primarily determined by the interactions with the lipid headgroups. Nonetheless, in addition to the depth of the free energy minimum, the BBB bilayer differs from the DMPC counterpart by a much deeper location of the free energy minimum and the appearance of a high free energy barrier and positioning of benzoic acid near the midplane. Furthermore, DMPC and BBB bilayers exhibit different structural responses to benzoic acid insertion. Taken together, the BBB mimetic bilayer is preferable for an accurate description of benzoic acid partitioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Siwy
- School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia 20110, United States
| | - Bryan M Delfing
- School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia 20110, United States
| | - Amy K Smith
- School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia 20110, United States
| | - Dmitri K Klimov
- School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia 20110, United States
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208
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Ringuette AE, Spock M, Lindsley CW, Bender AM. DARK Classics in Chemical Neuroscience: Carfentanil. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020; 11:3955-3967. [PMID: 32786301 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Because of its remarkable potency and relative ease of synthesis, carfentanil (1) has recently emerged as a problematic contaminant in other drugs of abuse. Carfentanil and its close analogs, currently approved only for large animal veterinary medicine, have found use both as illicit additives to the clandestine manufacture of scheduled drugs and as chemical weapons. In this Review, the background, synthesis, manufacture, metabolism, pharmacology, approved indications, dosage, and adverse effects of carfentanil will be discussed along with its emergence as a key player in the ongoing opioid crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna E. Ringuette
- Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, , Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Matthew Spock
- Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, , Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Craig W. Lindsley
- Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, , Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Aaron M. Bender
- Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, , Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
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209
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Lochhead JJ, Yang J, Ronaldson PT, Davis TP. Structure, Function, and Regulation of the Blood-Brain Barrier Tight Junction in Central Nervous System Disorders. Front Physiol 2020; 11:914. [PMID: 32848858 PMCID: PMC7424030 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) allows the brain to selectively import nutrients and energy critical to neuronal function while simultaneously excluding neurotoxic substances from the peripheral circulation. In contrast to the highly permeable vasculature present in most organs that reside outside of the central nervous system (CNS), the BBB exhibits a high transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) along with a low rate of transcytosis and greatly restricted paracellular permeability. The property of low paracellular permeability is controlled by tight junction (TJ) protein complexes that seal the paracellular route between apposing brain microvascular endothelial cells. Although tight junction protein complexes are principal contributors to physical barrier properties, they are not static in nature. Rather, tight junction protein complexes are highly dynamic structures, where expression and/or localization of individual constituent proteins can be modified in response to pathophysiological stressors. These stressors induce modifications to tight junction protein complexes that involve de novo synthesis of new protein or discrete trafficking mechanisms. Such responsiveness of BBB tight junctions to diseases indicates that these protein complexes are critical for maintenance of CNS homeostasis. In fulfillment of this vital role, BBB tight junctions are also a major obstacle to therapeutic drug delivery to the brain. There is an opportunity to overcome this substantial obstacle and optimize neuropharmacology via acquisition of a detailed understanding of BBB tight junction structure, function, and regulation. In this review, we discuss physiological characteristics of tight junction protein complexes and how these properties regulate delivery of therapeutics to the CNS for treatment of neurological diseases. Specifically, we will discuss modulation of tight junction structure, function, and regulation both in the context of disease states and in the setting of pharmacotherapy. In particular, we will highlight how these properties can be potentially manipulated at the molecular level to increase CNS drug levels via paracellular transport to the brain.
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210
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Platosz N, Bączek N, Topolska J, Szawara-Nowak D, Misztal T, Wiczkowski W. The Blood-Cerebrospinal Fluid Barrier Is Selective for Red Cabbage Anthocyanins and Their Metabolites. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:8274-8285. [PMID: 32640787 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c03170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The study aim was to determine whether strongly bioactive hydrophilic red cabbage anthocyanins possess the ability to cross the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (blood-CSF barrier) and whether there is a selectivity of this barrier toward these compounds. To fulfill objectives, red cabbage preparation, containing nonacylated and acylated anthocyanins, was administered to 16 sheep with implanted cannulas into the brain third ventricle, and next, within 10 h, blood, urine, and the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were collected and analyzed with HPLC-MS/MS. Though, in blood plasma and urine after red cabbage intake, both, acylated and nonacylated anthocyanins and their metabolites occurred, but only nonacylated derivatives were present in the CSF, and their changes in the profile and concentration in the CSF resulted from the fluctuation of these pigments' concentration and profile in blood, their different abilities to permeate via the blood-CSF barrier, and their transformations in this barrier. Results indicate that the blood-CSF barrier is selective for red cabbage anthocyanins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Platosz
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences in Olsztyn, Tuwima 10 Str., 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Natalia Bączek
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences in Olsztyn, Tuwima 10 Str., 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Joanna Topolska
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences in Olsztyn, Tuwima 10 Str., 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Dorota Szawara-Nowak
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences in Olsztyn, Tuwima 10 Str., 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Tomasz Misztal
- The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, Instytucka 3, 05-110 Jabl̷onna, Poland
| | - Wieslaw Wiczkowski
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences in Olsztyn, Tuwima 10 Str., 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland
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211
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Xu L, Lee W, Rotenberg A, Böhlke M, Yoon K, Yoo SS. Localized Disruption of Blood Albumin-Phenytoin Binding Using Transcranial Focused Ultrasound. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2020; 46:1986-1997. [PMID: 32402673 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2020.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Plasma protein binding (PPB) plays an important role in drug pharmacokinetics, particularly for central nervous system drugs, as PPB affects the blood concentration of unbound drug available to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB). We report the non-invasive, spatially specific disruption of PPB to phenytoin, an anti-epileptic drug with high affinity to albumin, using 250-kHz focused ultrasound (FUS) delivered in a pulsed manner (55-ms tone burst duration, 4-Hz pulse repetitions). Equilibrium dialysis performed on sonicated phosphate-buffered saline solution containing phenytoin and bovine serum albumin revealed a 27.7% elevation in the unbound phenytoin concentration compared with an unsonicated control. Sonication of a unilateral brain hemisphere in rats (n = 10) after intraperitoneal phenytoin injection revealed increased parenchymal phenytoin uptake compared with the unsonicated hemisphere, without evidence of temperature change or BBB disruption. These findings illustrate the use of FUS as a novel technique for spatially selective disruption of PPB, which may be applied to a wide range of drug-plasma protein interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Xu
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Wonhye Lee
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alexander Rotenberg
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mark Böhlke
- Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kyungho Yoon
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Seung-Schik Yoo
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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212
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Todd N, McDannold N, Borsook D. Targeted manipulation of pain neural networks: The potential of focused ultrasound for treatment of chronic pain. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 115:238-250. [PMID: 32534900 PMCID: PMC7483565 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Focused ultrasound (FUS) is a promising technology for facilitating treatment of brain diseases including chronic pain. Focused ultrasound is a unique modality for delivering therapeutic levels of energy into the body, including the central nervous system (CNS). It is non-invasive and can target spatially localized effects through the intact skull to cortical or subcortical regions of the brain. FUS can achieve three different mechanisms of action in the brain that are relevant for chronic pain treatment: (1) localized thermal ablation of neural tissue; (2) localized and transient disruption of the blood-brain barrier for targeted drug delivery to CNS structures; and (3) inhibition or stimulation of neuronal activity in targeted regions. This review provides an in-depth look at the technology of FUS with emphasis placed on applications to CNS-based treatments of chronic pain. While still in the early stages of clinical translation and with some technical challenges remaining, we suggest that FUS has great potential as a novel approach for manipulating CNS networks involved in pain treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick Todd
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Center for Pain and the Brain, 1 Autumn Street, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, United States.
| | - Nathan McDannold
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - David Borsook
- Center for Pain and the Brain, 1 Autumn Street, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, United States; Department of Anesthesia, Perioperative, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, United States
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213
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Santarsiero A, Bochicchio A, Funicello M, Lupattelli P, Choppin S, Colobert F, Hanquet G, Schiavo L, Convertini P, Chiummiento L, Infantino V. New synthesized polyoxygenated diarylheptanoids suppress lipopolysaccharide-induced neuroinflammation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 529:1117-1123. [PMID: 32819574 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.06.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease and multiple sclerosis, neuroinflammation induced by the microglial activation plays a crucial role. In effort to develop effective anti-neuroinflammatory compounds, different new linear polyoxygenated diarylheptanoids were synthesized. In LPS-triggered BV-2 microglial cells their ability to reduce the concentration of IL-6 and TNF-α pro-inflammatory cytokines was evaluated. Moreover, their effect on NF-κB and ATP citrate lyase (ACLY), a recently emerged target of metabolic reprogramming in inflammation, was assessed. Finally, we turned our attention to inflammatory mediators derived from the cleavage of citrate catalyzed by ACLY: prostaglandin E2, nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species. All compounds showed null or minimal cytotoxicity; most of them had a great anti-neuroinflammatory activity. Diarylheptanoids 6b and 6c, bearing a halide atom and benzyl ether protective groups, exhibited the best effect since they blocked the secretion of all inflammatory mediators analyzed and reduced NF-κB and ACLY protein levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Santarsiero
- Department of Science, University of Basilicata, Via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100, Potenza, Italy
| | - Antonella Bochicchio
- Department of Science, University of Basilicata, Via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100, Potenza, Italy
| | - Maria Funicello
- Department of Science, University of Basilicata, Via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100, Potenza, Italy
| | - Paolo Lupattelli
- Department of Science, University of Basilicata, Via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100, Potenza, Italy
| | - Sabine Choppin
- Université de Strasbourg, Université de Haute-Alsace, CNRS, UMR 7042-LIMA, ECPM, 25 Rue Becquerel, Strasbourg, 67087, France
| | - Françoise Colobert
- Université de Strasbourg, Université de Haute-Alsace, CNRS, UMR 7042-LIMA, ECPM, 25 Rue Becquerel, Strasbourg, 67087, France
| | - Gilles Hanquet
- Université de Strasbourg, Université de Haute-Alsace, CNRS, UMR 7042-LIMA, ECPM, 25 Rue Becquerel, Strasbourg, 67087, France
| | - Lucie Schiavo
- Université de Strasbourg, Université de Haute-Alsace, CNRS, UMR 7042-LIMA, ECPM, 25 Rue Becquerel, Strasbourg, 67087, France
| | - Paolo Convertini
- Department of Science, University of Basilicata, Via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100, Potenza, Italy.
| | - Lucia Chiummiento
- Department of Science, University of Basilicata, Via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100, Potenza, Italy.
| | - Vittoria Infantino
- Department of Science, University of Basilicata, Via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100, Potenza, Italy
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214
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Mulchandani R, Lyngdoh T, Kakkar AK. Statin use and safety concerns: an overview of the past, present, and the future. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2020; 19:1011-1024. [PMID: 32668998 DOI: 10.1080/14740338.2020.1796966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Dyslipidemia is a significant risk factor for cardiovascular disorders and contributes to significant morbidity and mortality associated with CAD and stroke worldwide. Statins are the most commonly prescribed drugs for the prevention and management of dyslipidemia globally. Although they provide immense therapeutic benefit, they are associated with clinically significant adverse effects, predominantly muscle, nerve, liver, and cognition-related besides new-onset diabetes. This has sparked various controversies, bringing to the fore, ambiguities that continue to exist in the scientific evidence, in relation to statin-associated harms. Therefore, it becomes essential to have a better understanding of safety issues related to statin use in various populations. AREAS COVERED This review describes the most common adverse effects of statins, examines available evidence and highlights the role of ethnicity, lipophilicity and other biological factors that could mediate and/or influence the relationship. MEDLINE was searched via PubMed to obtain relevant articles on dyslipidemia and statin safety. EXPERT OPINION The effectiveness of statins is presently unmatched. Further research is warranted to gain insights into the diverse pharmacological effects of statins in various population subgroups. This would assist prescribers in making better informed decisions. Specific treatment strategies for vulnerable groups can significantly attenuate harms, improve risk-benefit ratios, and ultimately enhance patient experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubina Mulchandani
- Indian Institute of Public Health-Delhi, Public Health Foundation of India , Gurgaon, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad - 201002, India
| | - Tanica Lyngdoh
- Indian Institute of Public Health-Delhi, Public Health Foundation of India , Gurgaon, India
| | - Ashish Kumar Kakkar
- Department of Pharmacology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research , Chandigarh, India
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215
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Pyaram A, Rampilla M, Deore J, Sengupta P. Challenges and Strategies for Quantification of Drugs in the Brain: Current Scenario and Future Advancement. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2020; 52:93-105. [PMID: 32687414 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2020.1791041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The site of action of centrally acting drugs lies inside the brain and therefore, needs to reach the brain to exert their therapeutic efficacy. Discovery and development process of such types of drugs demands their quantification in brain to establish the dose, study pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and optimize the overall efficacy. Moreover, some drugs of other categories also have potential to cross blood-brain barrier resulting in various adverse events by acting centrally. However, the collection of a matrix to analyze the amount of drugs present in brain is highly challenging. In this review, we have summarized different bioanalytical strategies to quantitate drugs inside the brain. A detailed discussion on various in vivo and in vitro techniques for monitoring drugs inside the brain has been incorporated. In addition, various sampling techniques have been discussed in brief with case studies. Therefore, this review can guide the researcher to choose appropriate bioanalytical techniques for analyzing drugs in brain depending upon the specific need and quantification threshold considering the commonly associated difficulties of the methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhila Pyaram
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad (NIPER-A), An Institute of National Importance, Government of India, Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Opp. Airforce Station, Palaj, Gandhinagar - 382355, Gujarat, INDIA
| | - Madhuri Rampilla
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad (NIPER-A), An Institute of National Importance, Government of India, Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Opp. Airforce Station, Palaj, Gandhinagar - 382355, Gujarat, INDIA
| | - Jayshri Deore
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad (NIPER-A), An Institute of National Importance, Government of India, Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Opp. Airforce Station, Palaj, Gandhinagar - 382355, Gujarat, INDIA
| | - Pinaki Sengupta
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad (NIPER-A), An Institute of National Importance, Government of India, Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Opp. Airforce Station, Palaj, Gandhinagar - 382355, Gujarat, INDIA
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216
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Attarhaie Tehrani M, Veney SL. Intramuscular antagonism of the G-protein coupled estrogen receptor 1 partially affects dimorphic characteristics of the syrinx, but is ineffective within the neural song circuit of zebra finches. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2020; 293:113492. [PMID: 32333912 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2020.113492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Within the zebra finch song system, robust sex differences exist that enable singing behavior in males, but not females. Estradiol is a potent contributor to this process, but how and through which receptor(s) it acts is not clear. Historically, pharmacological manipulations of nuclear estrogen receptors have yielded conflicting results possibly due to method of drug delivery. More recently, the membrane bound G-protein coupled estrogen receptor 1 (GPER1) has also been identified as a potential candidate, but its function has not been fully described. To further investigate the role of GPER1, and the importance of the route of drug administration, a specific antagonist (G-15) was intramuscularly administered to zebra finches for 25 days, starting on the day of hatching. G-15 significantly decreased muscle fiber sizes of ventralis and dorsalis in the syrinx of males only. Dimorphic characteristics of the neural song system were unaffected by this manipulation in either sex. These results contrast with a study in which G-15 was intracranially delivered. In males, select song nuclei were decreased in volume, and in females, syrinx muscle fiber size was increased. Together, these results support the hypothesis that estrogens acting through GPER1 influence dimorphic development of the song system, and that method of drug administration is important in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahtab Attarhaie Tehrani
- Department of Biological Sciences, 1275 University Esplanade, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA.
| | - Sean L Veney
- Department of Biological Sciences, 1275 University Esplanade, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA; School of Biomedical Sciences, 1275 University Esplanade, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA.
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217
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Abstract
Therapeutic strategies for traumatic injuries in the central nervous system (CNS) are largely limited to the efficiency of drug delivery. Despite the disrupted blood-CNS barrier during the early phase after injury, the drug administration faces a variety of obstacles derived from homeostatic imbalance at the injury site. In the late phase after CNS injury, the restoration of the blood-CNS barrier integrity varies depending on the injury severity resulting in inconsistent delivery of therapeutics. This review intends to characterize those different challenges of the therapeutic delivery in acute and chronic phases after injury and discuss recent advances in various approaches to explore novel strategies for the treatment of traumatic CNS injury.
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218
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Panek M, Kawalec P, Pilc A, Lasoń W. Developments in the discovery and design of intranasal antidepressants. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2020; 15:1145-1164. [PMID: 32567398 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2020.1776697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Depression remains a major cause of morbidity worldwide; consequently, there is a need in neuropsychiatry for new antidepressants with a rapid onset of action. Intranasal administration of antidepressants is an attractive and promising approach to the treatment of mental disorders, as this route is noninvasive, offers a fast onset of action and improved drug bioavailability, allows a drug dose reduction, as well as gives the possibility to bypass the blood-brain barrier and reduce the number of systemic side effects. AREAS COVERED This review is a comprehensive discussion of the available intranasal drugs that have found application as antidepressants. The results of relevant clinical studies are presented. Additionally, the use of nanotechnology-based formulations for enhancing the intranasal delivery of antidepressants is briefly described. EXPERT OPINION Intranasal drug delivery has a huge potential for antidepressant administration, but its use in the treatment of central nervous system disorders is currently very limited. The nasal route of antidepressant delivery is noninvasive, improves drug bioavailability, as well as allows to overcome the problem with the blood-brain barrier, gastrointestinal absorption, and first-pass metabolism. In our opinion, fast-acting intranasal antidepressants will be widely used in the treatment of mental disorders in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Panek
- Faculty of Food Technology, University of Agriculture , Krakow, Poland
| | - Paweł Kawalec
- Department of Neurobiology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences , Kraków, Poland.,Drug Management Department, Institute of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University , Kraków, Poland
| | - Andrzej Pilc
- Department of Neurobiology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences , Kraków, Poland.,Drug Management Department, Institute of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University , Kraków, Poland
| | - Władysław Lasoń
- Department of Neurobiology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences , Kraków, Poland
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219
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de Boer ECW, van Gils JM, van Gils MJ. Ephrin-Eph signaling usage by a variety of viruses. Pharmacol Res 2020; 159:105038. [PMID: 32565311 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Ephrin-Eph signaling is a receptor tyrosine kinase signaling pathway involved in a variety of cellular mechanisms, of which many are related to the adhesion or migration of cells. Both the Eph receptor and ephrin ligand are abundantly present on a wide variety of cell types, and strongly evolutionary conserved. This review provides an overview of how 18 genetically diverse viruses utilize the Eph receptor (Eph), ephrin ligand (ephrin) or ephrin-Eph signaling to their advantage in their viral life cycle. Both Ephs and ephrins have been shown to serve as entry receptors for a variety of viruses, via both membrane fusion and endocytosis. Ephs and ephrins are also involved in viral transmission by vectors, associated with viral replication or persistence and lastly to neurological damage caused by viral infection. Although therapeutic opportunities targeting Ephs or ephrins do not seem feasible yet, the current research does propose two models for the viral usage of ephrin-Eph signaling. Firstly, the viral entry model, in which membrane molecules are used for viral entry, leading to cells being used for replication or as a transporter. Secondly, the advantageous expression ephrin-Eph signaling model, where viruses adapt the expression of Ephs or ephrins to change cell-cell interaction to their advantage. These models can guide future research questions on the usage of Ephs or ephrins by viruses and therapeutic opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther C W de Boer
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Janine M van Gils
- Einthoven Laboratory for Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - Marit J van Gils
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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220
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Montecillo-Aguado M, Tirado-Rodriguez B, Tong Z, Vega OM, Morales-Martínez M, Abkenari S, Pedraza-Chaverri J, Huerta-Yepez S. Importance of the Role of ω-3 and ω-6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in the Progression of Brain Cancer. Brain Sci 2020; 10:E381. [PMID: 32560280 PMCID: PMC7349634 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10060381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain cancer is one of the most malignant types of cancer in both children and adults. Brain cancer patients tend to have a poor prognosis and a high rate of mortality. Additionally, 20-40% of all other types of cancer can develop brain metastasis. Numerous pieces of evidence suggest that omega-3-polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-PUFAs) could potentially be used in the prevention and therapy of several types of cancer. PUFAs and oxylipins are fundamental in preserving physiological events in the nervous system; it is, therefore, necessary to maintain a certain ratio of ω-3 to ω-6 for normal nervous system function. Alterations in PUFAs signaling are involved in the development of various pathologies of the nervous system, including cancer. It is well established that an omega-6-polyunsaturated fatty acid (ω-6 PUFA)-rich diet has a pro-tumoral effect, whereas the consumption of an ω-3 rich diet has an anti-tumoral effect. This review aims to offer a better understanding of brain cancer and PUFAs and to discuss the role and impact of PUFAs on the development of different types of brain cancer. Considering the difficulty of antitumor drugs in crossing the blood-brain barrier, the therapeutic role of ω-3/ω-6 PUFAs against brain cancer would be a good alternative to consider. We highlight our current understanding of the role of PUFAs and its metabolites (oxylipins) in different brain tumors, proliferation, apoptosis, invasion, angiogenesis, and immunosuppression by focusing on recent research in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayra Montecillo-Aguado
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico (UNAM), Mexico City 04510, Mexico;
- Hospital Infantil de Mexico, Federico Gomez, Unidad de Investigacion en Enfermedades Oncologicas, Mexico City 06720, Mexico; (B.T.-R.); (M.M.-M.)
| | - Belen Tirado-Rodriguez
- Hospital Infantil de Mexico, Federico Gomez, Unidad de Investigacion en Enfermedades Oncologicas, Mexico City 06720, Mexico; (B.T.-R.); (M.M.-M.)
| | - Zhen Tong
- Molecular Toxicology Interdepartmental Program and Environmental Health Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA;
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (O.M.V.); (S.A.)
| | - Owen M. Vega
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (O.M.V.); (S.A.)
| | - Mario Morales-Martínez
- Hospital Infantil de Mexico, Federico Gomez, Unidad de Investigacion en Enfermedades Oncologicas, Mexico City 06720, Mexico; (B.T.-R.); (M.M.-M.)
| | - Shaheen Abkenari
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (O.M.V.); (S.A.)
| | - José Pedraza-Chaverri
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico (UNAM), Mexico City 04510, Mexico;
| | - Sara Huerta-Yepez
- Hospital Infantil de Mexico, Federico Gomez, Unidad de Investigacion en Enfermedades Oncologicas, Mexico City 06720, Mexico; (B.T.-R.); (M.M.-M.)
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (O.M.V.); (S.A.)
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221
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Chen BY, Wu YC, Lin YH, Tayo LL, Tacas AC, Hsueh CC. Deciphering Electron-Shuttling Characteristics of Parkinson’s Disease Medicines via Bioenergy Extraction in Microbial Fuel Cells. Ind Eng Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c01062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bor-Yann Chen
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National I-Lan University, I-Lan 26047, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Chen Wu
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National I-Lan University, I-Lan 26047, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsiu Lin
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National I-Lan University, I-Lan 26047, Taiwan
| | - Lemmuel Lara Tayo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, and Materials Engineering, Mapúa University, Manila 1002, Philippines
| | - Arjay Christopher Tacas
- Department of Chemical, Biological, and Materials Engineering, Mapúa University, Manila 1002, Philippines
| | - Chung-Chuan Hsueh
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National I-Lan University, I-Lan 26047, Taiwan
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222
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Wu XX, Yue GGL, Dong JR, Lam CWK, Wong CK, Qiu MH, Lau CBS. Actein Inhibits Tumor Growth and Metastasis in HER2-Positive Breast Tumor Bearing Mice via Suppressing AKT/mTOR and Ras/Raf/MAPK Signaling Pathways. Front Oncol 2020; 10:854. [PMID: 32547952 PMCID: PMC7269144 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
HER2-positive breast cancer accounts for 15–20% in breast cancer and 50% of the metastatic HER2-positive breast cancer patients died of central nervous system progression. The present study investigated the effects of actein (a natural cycloartane triterpene) on cells adhesion, migration, proliferation and matrix degradation, and its underlying mechanism in HER2-positive breast cancer cells. The in vivo effect of actein on tumor growth and metastasis in MDA-MB-361 tumor-bearing mice as well as the anti-brain metastasis in tail vein injection mice model were also investigated. Our results showed that actein inhibited HER2-positive breast cancer cells viability, proliferation and migration. Actein also induced MDA-MB-361 cells G1 phase arrest and inhibited the expressions of cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases. For intracellular mechanisms, actein inhibited the expressions of molecules in AKT/mTOR and Ras/Raf/MAPK signaling pathways. Furthermore, actein (15 mg/kg) was shown to exhibit anti-tumor and anti-metastatic activities in MDA-MB-361 breast tumor-bearing mice, and reduced brain metastasis in tail vein injection mice model. All these findings strongly suggested that actein is a potential anti-metastatic agent for HER2-positive breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Xiao Wu
- Department of Chemical Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Institute of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Grace Gar-Lee Yue
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,State Key Laboratory of Research on Bioactivities and Clinical Applications of Medicinal Plants, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jin-Run Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Christopher Wai-Kei Lam
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Chun-Kwok Wong
- Department of Chemical Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Institute of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,State Key Laboratory of Research on Bioactivities and Clinical Applications of Medicinal Plants, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin R & D Centre for Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ming-Hua Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Clara Bik-San Lau
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,State Key Laboratory of Research on Bioactivities and Clinical Applications of Medicinal Plants, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin R & D Centre for Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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223
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Improvement of Impaired Motor Functions by Human Dental Exfoliated Deciduous Teeth Stem Cell-Derived Factors in a Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21113807. [PMID: 32471263 PMCID: PMC7312764 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21113807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a long-term degenerative disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that primarily affects the motor system. So far there is no effective treatment for PD, only some drugs, surgery, and comprehensive treatment can alleviate the symptoms of PD. Stem cells derived from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED), mesenchymal stem cells derived from dental pulp, may have promising potential in regenerative medicine. In this study, we examine the therapeutic effect of SHED-derived conditioned medium (SHED-CM) in a rotenone-induced PD rat model. Intravenous administration of SHED-CM generated by standardized procedures significantly improved the PD symptoms accompanied with increased tyrosine hydroxylase amounts in the striatum, and decreased α-synuclein levels in both the nigra and striatum, from rotenone-treated rats. In addition, this SHED-CM treatment decreased both Iba-1 and CD4 levels in these brain areas. Gene ontology analysis indicated that the biological process of genes affected by SHED-CM was primarily implicated in neurodevelopment and nerve regeneration. The major constituents of SHED-CM included insulin-like growth factor binding protein-6 (IGFBP-6), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-2, TIMP-1, and transforming growth factor 1 (TGF-1). RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) revealed that these factors may ameliorate PD symptoms through modulating the cholinergic synapses, calcium signaling pathways, serotoninergic synapses, and axon guidance. In conclusion, our data indicate that SHED-CM contains active constituents that may have promising efficacy to alleviate PD.
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E. Eleraky N, M. Omar M, A. Mahmoud H, A. Abou-Taleb H. Nanostructured Lipid Carriers to Mediate Brain Delivery of Temazepam: Design and In Vivo Study. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12050451. [PMID: 32422903 PMCID: PMC7284889 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12050451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The opposing effect of the blood–brain barrier against the delivery of most drugs warrants the need for an efficient brain targeted drug delivery system for the successful management of neurological disorders. Temazepam-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) have shown possibilities for enhancing bioavailability and brain targeting affinity after oral administration. This study aimed to investigate these properties for insomnia treatment. Temazepam-NLCs were prepared by the solvent injection method and optimized using a 42 full factorial design. The optimum formulation (NLC-1) consisted of; Compritol® 888 ATO (75 mg), oleic acid (25 mg), and Poloxamer® 407 (0.3 g), with an entrapment efficiency of 75.2 ± 0.1%. The average size, zeta potential, and polydispersity index were determined to be 306.6 ± 49.6 nm, −10.2 ± 0.3 mV, and 0.09 ± 0.10, respectively. Moreover, an in vitro release study showed that the optimized temazepam NLC-1 formulation had a sustained release profile. Scintigraphy images showed evident improvement in brain uptake for the oral 99mTc-temazepam NLC-1 formulation versus the 99mTc-temazepam suspension. Pharmacokinetic data revealed a significant increase in the relative bioavailability of 99mTc-temazepam NLC-1 formulation (292.7%), compared to that of oral 99mTc-temazepam suspension. Besides, the NLC formulation exhibited a distinct targeting affinity to rat brain. In conclusion, our results indicate that the developed temazepam NLC formulation can be considered as a potential nanocarrier for brain-mediated drug delivery in the out-patient management of insomnia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nermin E. Eleraky
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt
- Correspondence: or
| | - Mahmoud M. Omar
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Deraya University, Minia 61768, Egypt;
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sohag University, Sohag 82524, Egypt
| | - Hemat A. Mahmoud
- Department of Clinical Oncology and Nuclear Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt;
| | - Heba A. Abou-Taleb
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Nahda University (NUB), Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt;
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225
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Hamedi A, Sakhteman A, Moheimani SM. An In Silico Approach Towards Investigation of Possible Effects of Essential Oils Constituents on Receptors Involved in Cardiovascular Diseases (CVD) and Associated Risk Factors (Diabetes Mellitus and Hyperlipidemia). Cardiovasc Hematol Agents Med Chem 2020; 19:32-42. [PMID: 32386501 DOI: 10.2174/1871524920666200510013039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
AIM Aromatherapy products, hydrosol beverages and distillates containing essential oils are widely used for cardiovascular conditions. Investigation of the possible activity of their major constituents with the cardiovascular-related receptors may lead to developing new therapeutics. It also may prevent unwanted side effects and drug-herb interactions. MATERIALS AND METHODS A list of 243 volatile molecules (mainly monoterpene and sesquiterpene) was prepared from a literature survey in Scopus and PubMed (2000-2019) on hydrosols and essential oils which are used for Cardiovascular Diseases (CVD) and its risk factors (diabetes mellitus and hyperlipidemia). The PDB files of the receptors (229 native PDB files) included alpha-glucosidase, angiotensin- converting enzymes, beta-2 adrenergic receptor, glucocorticoid, HMG-CoA reductase, insulin, mineralocorticoid, potassium channel receptors and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptoralpha, were downloaded from Protein Data Bank. An in silico study using AutoDock 4.2 and Vina in parallel mode was performed to investigate possible interaction of the molecules with the receptors. Drug likeliness of the most active molecules was investigated using DruLiTo software. RESULTS Spathulenol, bisabolol oxide A, bisabolone oxide, bergapten, bergamotene, dill apiole, pcymene, methyl jasmonate, pinocarveol, intermedeol, α-muurolol, S-camphor, ficusin, selinen-4-ol, iso-dihydrocarveol acetate, 3-thujanone, linanool oxide and cadinol isomers made a better interaction with some of the named receptors. All of the named molecules had an acceptable dug likeliness except for α-bergamotene. In addition, all of the named molecules had the ability to pass the bloodbrain barrier and it is possible to produce unwanted side effects. CONCLUSION Some ingredients of essential oils might be active on cardiovascular-related receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azadeh Hamedi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Medicinal Plants Processing Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Sakhteman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Maggio D, Ho WS, Breese R, Walbridge S, Wang H, Cui J, Heiss JD, Gilbert MR, Kovach JS, Lu RO, Zhuang Z. Inhibition of protein phosphatase-2A with LB-100 enhances antitumor immunity against glioblastoma. J Neurooncol 2020; 148:231-244. [PMID: 32342332 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-020-03517-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Glioblastoma (GBM) carries a dismal prognosis despite standard multimodal treatment with surgery, chemotherapy and radiation. Immune checkpoint inhibitors, such as PD1 blockade, for treatment of GBM failed to show clinical benefit. Rational combination strategies to overcome resistance of GBM to checkpoint monotherapy are needed to extend the promise of immunotherapy to GBM management. Emerging evidence suggests that protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) plays a critical role in the signal transduction pathways of both adaptive and innate immune cells and that inhibition of PP2A could enhance cancer immunity. We investigated the use of a PP2A inhibitor, LB-100, to enhance antitumor efficacy of PD1 blockade in a syngeneic glioma model. METHODS C57BL/6 mice were implanted with murine glioma cell line GL261-luc or GL261-WT and randomized into 4 treatment arms: (i) control, (ii) LB-100, (iii) PD1 blockade and (iv) combination. Survival was assessed and detailed profiling of tumor infiltrating leukocytes was performed. RESULTS Dual PP2A and PD1 blockade significantly improved survival compared with monotherapy alone. Combination therapy resulted in complete regression of tumors in about 25% of mice. This effect was dependent on CD4 and CD8 T cells and cured mice established antigen-specific secondary protective immunity. Analysis of tumor lymphocytes demonstrated enhanced CD8 infiltration and effector function. CONCLUSION This is the first preclinical investigation of the effect of combining PP2A inhibition with PD1 blockade for GBM. This novel combination provided effective tumor immunotherapy and long-term survival in our animal GBM model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Maggio
- Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Winson S Ho
- Department of Neurosurgery, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78701, USA.
- University of Texas at Austin, 1601 Trinity St, Bldg. B HDB 3.214, Austin, TX, 78701, USA.
| | - Rebecca Breese
- Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Stuart Walbridge
- Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Herui Wang
- Neuro-Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Jing Cui
- Neuro-Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - John D Heiss
- Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Mark R Gilbert
- Neuro-Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - John S Kovach
- Lixte Biotechnology Holdings, Inc., East Setauket, NY, 11733, USA
| | - Rongze O Lu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78701, USA.
- University of Texas at Austin, 1601 Trinity St, Bldg. B HDB 3.216, Austin, TX, 78701, USA.
| | - Zhengping Zhuang
- Neuro-Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
- National Institutes of Health, BLDG 35, Rm 2B203, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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227
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Jain A, Johnson MH. ET-traps offer a potential therapeutic tool for use in different autoimmune diseases. Drug Discov Today 2020; 25:1142-1145. [PMID: 32325125 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2020.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Research shows that endothelin (ET)-traps are a potential therapy for diabetes. Given that type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is an autoimmune disorder, ET-traps could also have an efficacious, therapeutic effect on other autoimmune diseases associated with pathologically elevated ET-1. Here, we describe those different autoimmune diseases that might benefit from a tool such as ET-traps, which potently sequester these elevated levels of ET-1. We also discuss the current use of ET receptor (ETR) antagonists and the associated adverse effects, and how ET-traps are associated with no toxicity and potentially offer a superior alternative. ET-traps could be used against different autoimmune diseases and, therefore, are a novel therapeutic tool for such conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjun Jain
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Accelerate Cambridge, Judge Business School, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Martin H Johnson
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Lübtow MM, Oerter S, Quader S, Jeanclos E, Cubukova A, Krafft M, Haider MS, Schulte C, Meier L, Rist M, Sampetrean O, Kinoh H, Gohla A, Kataoka K, Appelt-Menzel A, Luxenhofer R. In Vitro Blood–Brain Barrier Permeability and Cytotoxicity of an Atorvastatin-Loaded Nanoformulation Against Glioblastoma in 2D and 3D Models. Mol Pharm 2020; 17:1835-1847. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b01117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael M. Lübtow
- Functional Polymer Materials, Chair for Advanced Materials Synthesis, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Bavarian Polymer Institute, University of Würzburg, Röntgenring 11, 97070 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sabrina Oerter
- Chair Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (TERM), University Hospital Würzburg, Röntgenring 11, 97070 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sabina Quader
- Innovation Center of Nanomedicine (iCONM), Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion, 3-25-14 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-Ku, Kawasaki-Shi 210-0821, Japan
| | - Elisabeth Jeanclos
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Versbacher Straße 9, 97078 Würzburg, Germany
- Rudolf Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Straße 2, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Alevtina Cubukova
- Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research ISC, Translational Center Regenerative Therapies TLC-RT, Röntgenring 11, 97070 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Marion Krafft
- Chair Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (TERM), University Hospital Würzburg, Röntgenring 11, 97070 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Malik Salman Haider
- Functional Polymer Materials, Chair for Advanced Materials Synthesis, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Bavarian Polymer Institute, University of Würzburg, Röntgenring 11, 97070 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Clemens Schulte
- Functional Polymer Materials, Chair for Advanced Materials Synthesis, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Bavarian Polymer Institute, University of Würzburg, Röntgenring 11, 97070 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Laura Meier
- Functional Polymer Materials, Chair for Advanced Materials Synthesis, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Bavarian Polymer Institute, University of Würzburg, Röntgenring 11, 97070 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Maximilian Rist
- Functional Polymer Materials, Chair for Advanced Materials Synthesis, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Bavarian Polymer Institute, University of Würzburg, Röntgenring 11, 97070 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Oltea Sampetrean
- Institute for Advanced Medical Research (IAMR), Division of Gene Regulation, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kinoh
- Innovation Center of Nanomedicine (iCONM), Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion, 3-25-14 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-Ku, Kawasaki-Shi 210-0821, Japan
| | - Antje Gohla
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Versbacher Straße 9, 97078 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Kazunori Kataoka
- Innovation Center of Nanomedicine (iCONM), Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion, 3-25-14 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-Ku, Kawasaki-Shi 210-0821, Japan
- Policy Alternatives Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Antje Appelt-Menzel
- Chair Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (TERM), University Hospital Würzburg, Röntgenring 11, 97070 Würzburg, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research ISC, Translational Center Regenerative Therapies TLC-RT, Röntgenring 11, 97070 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Robert Luxenhofer
- Functional Polymer Materials, Chair for Advanced Materials Synthesis, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Bavarian Polymer Institute, University of Würzburg, Röntgenring 11, 97070 Würzburg, Germany
- Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
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Shetty V, Babu S. Management of CNS metastases in patients with EGFR mutation-positive NSCLC. Indian J Cancer 2020; 56:S31-S37. [PMID: 31793440 DOI: 10.4103/ijc.ijc_455_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) metastases are a frequent and severe complication associated with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-mutated non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The first- and second-generation EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have shown considerable efficacy in EGFR-mutated NSCLC. However, their limited potential to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) renders them less effective in the management of CNS metastases in NSCLC. Osimertinib, a third-generation irreversible EGFR-TKI with good potential to cross the BBB, has shown significant clinical activity and acceptable safety profile in patients with EGFR-positive NSCLC brain and leptomeningeal metastases. The progression-free survival (PFS) of up to 15.2 months in CNS metastases patients in the FLAURA trial and the CNS objective response rates (ORRs) of 54% and 43% in the AURA/AURA2 and BLOOM trials, respectively, have established the role of osimertinib in patients with NSCLC with CNS metastases. The AURA3 trial also reported a PFS of 8.5 months and overall ORR of 71%. These data have supported osimertinib to be recognized as a "preferred" first-line treatment for EGFR-positive metastatic NSCLC by the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN). With limited treatment options available, upfront administration of osimertinib in patients with NSCLC irrespective of EGFR T790M and CNS metastases may improve the overall response rate and potentially reduce the adverse effects of radiotherapy. Our review focuses on the management of EGFR-mutated NSCLC CNS metastases in the context of recent NCCN guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijith Shetty
- Department of Medical Oncology, K.S. Hegde Medical Academy, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Suresh Babu
- Medical Oncologist, Kidwai Memorial Institute of Oncology, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
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230
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Mallick A, Gupta A, Hussain A, Aparajay P, Singh S, Singh SK, Dev A. Intranasal delivery of gabapentin loaded optimized nanoemulsion for augmented permeation. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2020.101606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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231
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Investigation of drug partition kinetics to fat in simulated fed state gastric conditions based on drug properties. Eur J Pharm Sci 2020; 146:105263. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2020.105263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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232
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Weenink B, French PJ, Sillevis Smitt PA, Debets R, Geurts M. Immunotherapy in Glioblastoma: Current Shortcomings and Future Perspectives. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E751. [PMID: 32235752 PMCID: PMC7140029 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12030751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastomas are aggressive, fast-growing primary brain tumors. After standard-of-care treatment with radiation in combination with temozolomide, the overall prognosis of newly diagnosed patients remains poor, with a 2-year survival rate of less than 20%. The remarkable survival benefit gained with immunotherapy in several extracranial tumor types spurred a variety of experimental intervention studies in glioblastoma patients. These ranged from immune checkpoint inhibition to vaccinations and adoptive T cell therapies. Unfortunately, almost all clinical outcomes were universally disappointing. In this perspective, we provide an overview of immune interventions performed to date in glioblastoma patients and re-evaluate their performance. We argue that shortcomings of current immune therapies in glioblastoma are related to three major determinants of resistance, namely: low immunogenicity; immune privilege of the central nervous system; and immunosuppressive micro-environment. In this perspective, we propose strategies that are guided by exact shortcomings to sensitize glioblastoma prior to treatment with therapies that enhance numbers and/or activation state of CD8 T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bas Weenink
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Be430A, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pim J. French
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Be430A, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter A.E. Sillevis Smitt
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Be430A, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Reno Debets
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology, Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marjolein Geurts
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Be430A, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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233
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Jia Y, Wang N, Zhang Y, Xue D, Lou H, Liu X. Alteration in the Function and Expression of SLC and ABC Transporters in the Neurovascular Unit in Alzheimer's Disease and the Clinical Significance. Aging Dis 2020; 11:390-404. [PMID: 32257549 PMCID: PMC7069460 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2019.0519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The neurovascular unit (NVU) plays an important role in maintaining the function of the central nervous system (CNS). Emerging evidence has indicated that the NVU changes function and molecules at the early stage of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), which initiates multiple pathways of neurodegeneration. Cell types in the NVU have become attractive targets in the interventional treatment of AD. The NVU transportation system contains a variety of proteins involved in compound transport and neurotransmission. Brain transporters can be classified as members of the solute carrier (SLC) and ATP-binding cassette (ABC) families in the NVU. Moreover, the transporters can regulate both endogenous toxins, including amyloid-beta (Aβ) and xenobiotic homeostasis, in the brains of AD patients. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified some transporter gene variants as susceptibility loci for late-onset AD. Therefore, the present study summarizes changes in blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability in AD, identifies the location of SLC and ABC transporters in the brain and focuses on major SLC and ABC transporters that contribute to AD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongming Jia
- 1Department of Neuropharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, China
| | - Na Wang
- 2Department of Pathophysiology, Basic Medical Science College, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, China
| | - Yingbo Zhang
- 3College of Pathology, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, China
| | - Di Xue
- 1Department of Neuropharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, China
| | - Haoming Lou
- 4Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Chemistry of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Xuewei Liu
- 1Department of Neuropharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, China
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234
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Wanat K. Biological barriers, and the influence of protein binding on the passage of drugs across them. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:3221-3231. [PMID: 32140957 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05361-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Drug-protein binding plays a key role in determining the pharmacokinetics of a drug. The distribution and protein binding ability of a drug changes over a lifetime, and are important considerations during pregnancy and lactation. Although proteins are a significant fraction in plasma composition, they also exist beyond the bloodstream and bind with drugs in the skin, tissues or organs. Protein binding influences the bioavailability and distribution of active compounds, and is a limiting factor in the passage of drugs across biological membranes and barriers: drugs are often unable to cross membranes mainly due to the high molecular mass of the drug-protein complex, thus resulting in the accumulation of the active compounds and a significant reduction of their pharmacological activity. This review describes the consequences of drug-protein binding on drug transport across physiological barriers, whose role is to allow the passage of essential substances-such as nutrients or oxygen, but not of xenobiotics. The placental barrier regulates passage of xenobiotics into a fetus and protects the unborn organism. The blood-brain barrier is the most important barrier in the entire organism and the skin separates the human body from the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Wanat
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Lodz, Muszyńskiego 1, 90-151, Lodz, Poland.
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235
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Wang G, Rayner S, Chung R, Shi B, Liang X. Advances in nanotechnology-based strategies for the treatments of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Mater Today Bio 2020; 6:100055. [PMID: 32529183 PMCID: PMC7280770 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2020.100055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), also known as motor neuron disease (MND), is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects both upper and lower motor neurons, which results in loss of muscle control and eventual paralysis [1]. Currently, there are as yet unresolved challenges regarding efficient drug delivery into the central nervous system (CNS). These challenges can be attributed to multiple factors including the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB), as well as the inherent characteristics of the drugs themselves (e.g. low solubility, insufficient bioavailability/bio-stability, 'off-target' effects) etc. As a result, conventional drug delivery systems may not facilitate adequate dosage of the required drugs for functional recovery in ALS patients. Nanotechnology-based strategies, however, employ engineered nanostructures that show great potential in delivering single or combined therapeutic agents to overcome the biological barriers, enhance interaction with targeted sites, improve drug bioavailability/bio-stability and achieve real-time tracking while minimizing the systemic side-effects. This review provides a concise discussion of recent advances in nanotechnology-based strategies in relation to combating specific pathophysiology relevant to ALS disease progression and investigates the future scope of using nanotechnology to develop innovative treatments for ALS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- G.Y. Wang
- Huaihe Hospital, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China
- Centre for Motor Neuron Disease Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - S.L. Rayner
- Centre for Motor Neuron Disease Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - R. Chung
- Centre for Motor Neuron Disease Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - B.Y. Shi
- Centre for Motor Neuron Disease Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
- Henan-Macquarie University Joint Centre for Biomedical Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China
| | - X.J. Liang
- Key Laboratory for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
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Hu J, Gao G, He M, Yin Q, Gao X, Xu H, Sun T. Optimal route of gold nanoclusters administration in mice targeting Parkinson’s disease. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2020; 15:563-580. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2019-0268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: To explore the optimal route of gold nanoclusters (AuNCs) administration in mice targeting Parkinson’s disease. Materials & methods: Assessing the pharmacokinetic and bioavailability of AuNCs in mice administrated following intravenous, intraperitoneal, gavage and intranasal injection. Investigating the biodistribution of AuNCs in mice by atomic absorption spectrometry and transmission electron microscope. Toxicity assessments of AuNCs were carried out both in cells and in mice. Results: Administration of AuNCs via intraperitoneal injection showed the greatest bioavailability and the longest residence in brain. AuNCs could penetrate blood–brain barrier and be excreted mainly through kidney. No obvious toxicity of AuNCs found in cells and in mice. Conclusion: The optimal route of AuNCs administration in mice targeting Parkinson’s disease is intraperitoneal administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinqi Hu
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering & Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, No. 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
| | - Guanbin Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis & Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, No. 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
| | - Meng He
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering & Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, No. 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
| | - Qiang Yin
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering & Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, No. 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
| | - Xiaobing Gao
- General Hospital of Central Theater Command, No. 627 Wuluo Road, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
| | - Haixing Xu
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering & Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, No. 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
| | - Taolei Sun
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering & Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, No. 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis & Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, No. 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
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237
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Li L, Hao B, Zhang Y, Ji S, Chou G. Metabolite Profiling and Distribution of Militarine in Rats Using UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25051082. [PMID: 32121087 PMCID: PMC7179186 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25051082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Militarine, a natural glucosyloxybenzyl 2-isobutylmalate, isolated from Bletilla striata, was reported with a prominent neuroprotective effect recently. The limited information on the metabolism of militarine impedes comprehension of its biological actions and pharmacology. This study aimed to investigate the metabolite profile and the distribution of militarine in vivo, which help to clarify the action mechanism further. A total of 71 metabolites (57 new metabolites) in rats were identified with a systematic method by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography combined with quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS). The proposed metabolic pathways of militarine include hydrolyzation, oxidation, glycosylation, esterification, sulfation, glucuronidation and glycine conjugation. Militarine and its metabolites were distributed extensively in the treated rats. Notably, six metabolites of militarine were identified in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which were highly consistent with the metabolites after oral administration of gastrodin in rats. Among the metabolites in CSF, five of them were not reported before. It is the first systematic metabolic study of militarine in vivo, which is very helpful for better comprehension of the functions and the central nervous system (CNS) bioactivities of militarine. The findings will also provide an essential reference for the metabolism of other glucosylated benzyl esters of succinic, malic, tartaric and citric acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limin Li
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China;
- Shanghai Institute for Food and Drug Control, Shanghai 201203, China;
| | - Bin Hao
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (B.H.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yulong Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (B.H.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Shen Ji
- Shanghai Institute for Food and Drug Control, Shanghai 201203, China;
| | - Guixin Chou
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-021-50271706
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238
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Trowbridge A, Walton SM, Gaunt MJ. New Strategies for the Transition-Metal Catalyzed Synthesis of Aliphatic Amines. Chem Rev 2020; 120:2613-2692. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 310] [Impact Index Per Article: 77.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Trowbridge
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Scarlett M. Walton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
- Oncology
- IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Darwin Building, Unit 310, Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0WG, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew J. Gaunt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
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239
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Effect of a newly synthesized quinoline-based compound (PPQ-8) on murine schistosomiasis mansoni. J Helminthol 2020; 94:e123. [PMID: 32029011 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x2000005x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Schistosomiasis represents a public health problem and praziquantel is the only drug used for treatment of all forms of the disease. Thus, the development of new anti-schistosomal agents is of utmost importance to increase the effectiveness, reduce side effects and delay the emergence of resistance. The present study was conducted to report the therapeutic efficacy of PPQ-8, a new synthetic quinoline-based compound against Schistosoma mansoni. Mice were treated with PPQ-8 at day 49 post infection using two treatment regimens (20 and 40 mg/kg). Significant reductions were recorded in hepatic (62.9% and 83.6%) and intestinal tissue egg load (57.4% and 73.5%), granuloma count (75.4% and 89.1%) and diameter (26.2% and 47.3%), in response to the drug regimens, respectively. In addition, both treatment regimens induced significant decrease in liver (23.3% and 32.8%) and spleen (37.5% and 45.3%) indices. Also, there were significant reductions in mature ova, total worm and female count, which were more prominent with the higher dose. The reduction in the level of nitric oxide in the liver by both therapeutic regimens to 22.5% and 47.2% indicates the anti-oxidant activity of PPQ-8. Bright field microscopic examination of worms recovered from infected and PPQ-8-treated mice showed nearly empty intestinal caeca with no observable changes in the tegument. Our findings hold promise for the development of a novel anti-schistosomal drug using PPQ-8, but further in vitro and in vivo studies are needed to elucidate the possible mechanism/s of action and to study the effect of PPQ-8 on other human schistosomes.
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240
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Shetty AK, Zanirati G. The Interstitial System of the Brain in Health and Disease. Aging Dis 2020; 11:200-211. [PMID: 32010493 PMCID: PMC6961771 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2020.0103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain interstitial fluid (ISF) and the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cushion and support the brain cells. The ISF occupies the brain interstitial system (ISS), whereas the CSF fills the brain ventricles and the subarachnoid space. The brain ISS is an asymmetrical, tortuous, and exceptionally confined space between neural cells and the brain microvasculature. Recently, with a newly developed in vivo measuring technique, a series of discoveries have been made in the brain ISS and the drainage of ISF. The goal of this review is to confer recent advances in our understanding of the brain ISS, including its structure, function, and the various processes mediating or disrupting ISF drainage in physiological and pathological conditions. The brain ISF in the deep brain regions has recently been demonstrated to drain in a compartmentalized ISS instead of a highly connected system, together with the drainage of ISF into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) at the surface of the cerebral cortex and the transportation from CSF into cervical lymph nodes. Besides, accumulation of tau in the brain ISS in conditions such as Alzheimer’s disease and its link to the sleep-wake cycle and sleep deprivation, clearance of ISF in a deep sleep via increased CSF flow, novel approaches to remove beta-amyloid from the brain ISS, and obstruction to the ISF drainage in neurological conditions are deliberated. Moreover, the role of ISS in the passage of extracellular vesicles (EVs) released from neural cells and the rapid targeting of therapeutic EVs into neural cells in the entire brain following an intranasal administration, and the promise and limitations of ISS based drug delivery approaches are discussed
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok K Shetty
- 1Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Gabriele Zanirati
- 2Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (BraIns), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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241
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Janicka M, Sztanke M, Sztanke K. Predicting the Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability of New Drug-Like Compounds via HPLC with Various Stationary Phases. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25030487. [PMID: 31979316 PMCID: PMC7037052 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25030487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The permeation of the blood-brain barrier is a very important consideration for new drug candidate molecules. In this research, the reversed-phase liquid chromatography with different columns (Purosphere RP-18e, IAM.PC.DD2 and Cosmosil Cholester) was used to predict the penetration of the blood-brain barrier by 65 newly-synthesized drug-like compounds. The linear free energy relationships (LFERs) model (log BB = c + eE + sS + aA + bB + vV) was established for a training set of 23 congeneric biologically active azole compounds with known experimental log BB (BB = Cblood/Cbrain) values (R2 = 0.9039). The reliability and predictive potency of the model were confirmed by leave-one-out cross validation as well as leave-50%-out cross validation. Multiple linear regression (MLR) was used to develop the quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs) to predict the log BB values of compounds that were tested, taking into account the chromatographic lipophilicity (log kw), polarizability and topological polar surface area. The excellent statistics of the developed MLR equations (R2 > 0.8 for all columns) showed that it is possible to use the HPLC technique and retention data to produce reliable blood-brain barrier permeability models and to predict the log BB values of our pharmaceutically important molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Janicka
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Science, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Maria Curie-Skłodowska Sq. 3, 20-031 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Małgorzata Sztanke
- Chair and Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical University, 4A Chodźki Street, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
- Correspondence: (M.S.); (K.S.); Tel.: +48-814486195 (M.S. & K.S.)
| | - Krzysztof Sztanke
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis and Analysis, Chair and Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical University, 4A Chodźki Street, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
- Correspondence: (M.S.); (K.S.); Tel.: +48-814486195 (M.S. & K.S.)
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242
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Thakkar JP, Kumthekar P, Dixit KS, Stupp R, Lukas RV. Leptomeningeal metastasis from solid tumors. J Neurol Sci 2020; 411:116706. [PMID: 32007755 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2020.116706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) metastasis from systemic cancers can involve the brain parenchyma, leptomeninges (pia, subarachnoid space and arachnoid mater), and dura. Leptomeningeal metastases (LM), also known by different terms including neoplastic meningitis and carcinomatous meningitis, occur in both solid tumors and hematologic malignancies. This review will focus exclusively on LM arising from solid tumors with a goal of providing the reader an understanding of the epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, prognostication, current management and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jigisha P Thakkar
- Loyola University Medical Center, Department of Neurology, United States of America; Department of Neurosurgery, United States of America
| | - Priya Kumthekar
- Northwestern University, Department of Neurology, United States of America; Lou & Jean Malnati Brain Tumor institute of the Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, United States of America; Division of Hematology/Oncology, United States of America
| | - Karan S Dixit
- Northwestern University, Department of Neurology, United States of America; Lou & Jean Malnati Brain Tumor institute of the Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, United States of America
| | - Roger Stupp
- Northwestern University, Department of Neurology, United States of America; Lou & Jean Malnati Brain Tumor institute of the Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, United States of America; Department of Neurological Surgery, United States of America; Division of Hematology/Oncology, United States of America
| | - Rimas V Lukas
- Northwestern University, Department of Neurology, United States of America; Lou & Jean Malnati Brain Tumor institute of the Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, United States of America.
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243
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Yu F, Kumar NDS, Foo LC, Ng SH, Hunziker W, Choudhury D. A pump-free tricellular blood-brain barrier on-a-chip model to understand barrier property and evaluate drug response. Biotechnol Bioeng 2020; 117:1127-1136. [PMID: 31885078 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) leads to various neurovascular diseases. Development of therapeutics required to cross the BBB is difficult due to a lack of relevant in vitro models. We have developed a three-dimensional (3D) microfluidic BBB chip (BBBC) to study cell interactions in the brain microvasculature and to test drug candidates of neurovascular diseases. We isolated primary brain microvascular endothelial cells (ECs), pericytes, and astrocytes from neonatal rats and cocultured them in the BBBC. To mimic the 3D in vivo BBB structure, we used type I collagen hydrogel to pattern the microchannel via viscous finger patterning technique to create a matrix. ECs, astrocytes, and pericytes were cocultured in the collagen matrix. The fluid flow in the BBBC was controlled by a pump-free strategy utilizing gravity as driving force and resistance in a paper-based flow resistor. The primary cells cultured in the BBBC expressed high levels of junction proteins and formed a tight endothelial barrier layer. Addition of tumor necrosis factor alpha to recapitulate neuroinflammatory conditions compromised the BBB functionality. To mitigate the neuroinflammatory stimulus, we treated the BBB model with the glucocorticoid drug dexamethasone, and observed protection of the BBB. This BBBC represents a new simple, cost-effective, and scalable in vitro platform for validating therapeutic drugs targeting neuroinflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Yu
- Bio-Manufacturing Group, Singapore Institute of Manufacturing Technology (SIMTech), A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nivasini D/O Selva Kumar
- Epithelial Cell Biology Laboratory, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lynette C Foo
- Epithelial Cell Biology Laboratory, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sum Huan Ng
- Bio-Manufacturing Group, Singapore Institute of Manufacturing Technology (SIMTech), A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Walter Hunziker
- Epithelial Cell Biology Laboratory, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Deepak Choudhury
- Bio-Manufacturing Group, Singapore Institute of Manufacturing Technology (SIMTech), A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
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244
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The rate of dasotraline brain entry is slow following intravenous administration. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2020; 237:3435-3446. [PMID: 32813030 PMCID: PMC7651685 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-020-05623-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Drugs that rapidly increase dopamine levels have an increased risk of abuse. Dasotraline (DAS) is a dopamine and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor characterized by slow oral absorption with low potential for abuse. However, it remains unclear whether intravenous (i.v.) administration would facilitate the rapid elevation of dopamine levels associated with stimulant drugs. OBJECTIVE To assess the kinetics of DAS across the blood-brain barrier and time to onset of dopamine transporters (DAT) inhibition. METHODS We compared the onset of DAT occupancy and the associated elevation of synaptic dopamine levels in rhesus monkey following i.v. administration of DAS or methylphenidate (MPH) using positron emission tomography (PET). Brain entry times were estimated by reductions in [18F]-FE-PE2I binding to DAT in rhesus monkeys. Elevations of synaptic dopamine were estimated by reductions in [11C]-Raclopride binding to D2 receptors. RESULTS Intravenous administration of DAS (0.1 and 0.2 mg/kg) resulted in striatal DAT occupancies of 54% and 68%, respectively; i.v. administered MPH (0.1 and 0.5 mg/kg) achieved occupancies of 69% and 88% respectively. Brain entry times of DAS (22 and 15 min, respectively) were longer than for MPH (3 and 2 min). Elevations in synaptic dopamine were similar for both DAS and MPH however the time for half-maximal displacement by MPH (t = 23 min) was 4-fold more rapid than for DAS (t = 88 min). CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that the pharmacodynamics effects of DAS on DAT occupancy and synaptic dopamine levels are more gradual in onset than those of MPH even with i.v. administration that is favored by recreational drug abusers.
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245
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Arvanitis CD, Ferraro GB, Jain RK. The blood-brain barrier and blood-tumour barrier in brain tumours and metastases. Nat Rev Cancer 2020; 20:26-41. [PMID: 31601988 PMCID: PMC8246629 DOI: 10.1038/s41568-019-0205-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 843] [Impact Index Per Article: 210.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
For a blood-borne cancer therapeutic agent to be effective, it must cross the blood vessel wall to reach cancer cells in adequate quantities, and it must overcome the resistance conferred by the local microenvironment around cancer cells. The brain microenvironment can thwart the effectiveness of drugs against primary brain tumours as well as brain metastases. In this Review, we highlight the cellular and molecular components of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), a specialized neurovascular unit evolved to maintain brain homeostasis. Tumours are known to compromise the integrity of the BBB, resulting in a vasculature known as the blood-tumour barrier (BTB), which is highly heterogeneous and characterized by numerous distinct features, including non-uniform permeability and active efflux of molecules. We discuss the challenges posed by the BBB and BTB for drug delivery, how multiple cell types dictate BBB function and the role of the BTB in disease progression and treatment. Finally, we highlight emerging molecular, cellular and physical strategies to improve drug delivery across the BBB and BTB and discuss their impact on improving conventional as well as emerging treatments, such as immune checkpoint inhibitors and engineered T cells. A deeper understanding of the BBB and BTB through the application of single-cell sequencing and imaging techniques, and the development of biomarkers of BBB integrity along with systems biology approaches, should enable new personalized treatment strategies for primary brain malignancies and brain metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Costas D Arvanitis
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Gino B Ferraro
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rakesh K Jain
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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246
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Sarma A, Das MK. Nose to brain delivery of antiretroviral drugs in the treatment of neuroAIDS. MOLECULAR BIOMEDICINE 2020; 1:15. [PMID: 34765998 PMCID: PMC7725542 DOI: 10.1186/s43556-020-00019-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
NeuroAIDS (Neuro Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome) or HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) associated neuronal abnormality is continuing to be a significant health issue among AIDS patients even under the treatment of combined antiretroviral therapy (cART). Injury and damage to neurons of the brain are the prime causes of neuroAIDS, which happens due to the ingress of HIV by direct permeation across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) or else via peripherally infected macrophage into the central nervous system (CNS). The BBB performs as a stringent barricade for the delivery of therapeutics drugs. The intranasal route of drug administration exhibits as a non-invasive technique to bypass the BBB for the delivery of antiretroviral drugs and other active pharmaceutical ingredients inside the brain and CNS. This method is fruitful for the drugs that are unable to invade the BBB to show its action in the CNS and thus erase the demand of systemic delivery and thereby shrink systemic side effects. Drug delivery from the nose to the brain/CNS takes very less time through both olfactory and trigeminal nerves. Intranasal delivery does not require the involvement of any receptor as it occurs by an extracellular route. Nose to brain delivery also involves nasal associated lymphatic tissues (NALT) and deep cervical lymph nodes. However, very little research has been done to explore the utility of nose to brain delivery of antiretroviral drugs in the treatment of neuroAIDS. This review focuses on the potential of nasal route for the effective delivery of antiretroviral nanoformulations directly from nose to the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupam Sarma
- Drug Delivery Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, Assam 786004 India.,Pratiksha Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guwahati, Assam 781026 India
| | - Malay K Das
- Drug Delivery Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, Assam 786004 India
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247
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Seo S, Kim H, Sung JH, Choi N, Lee K, Kim HN. Microphysiological systems for recapitulating physiology and function of blood-brain barrier. Biomaterials 2019; 232:119732. [PMID: 31901694 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.119732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) diseases are emerging as a major issue in an aging society. Although extensive research has focused on the development of CNS drugs, the limited transport of therapeutic agents across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) remains a major challenge. Conventional two-dimensional culture dishes do not recapitulate in vivo physiology and real-time observations of molecular transport are not possible in animal models. Recent advances in engineering techniques have enabled the generation of more physiologically relevant in vitro BBB models, and their applications have expanded from fundamental biological research to practical applications in the pharmaceutical industry. In this article, we provide an overview of recent advances in the development of in vitro BBB models, with a particular focus on the recapitulation of BBB function. The development of biomimetic BBB models is postulated to revolutionize not only fundamental biological studies but also drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suyeong Seo
- Center for BioMicrosystems, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea; Program in Nano Science and Technology, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwieun Kim
- Center for BioMicrosystems, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea; Department of Chemical Engineering, Hongik University, Seoul, 04066, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Hwan Sung
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hongik University, Seoul, 04066, Republic of Korea
| | - Nakwon Choi
- Center for BioMicrosystems, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea; Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea; KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Kangwon Lee
- Program in Nano Science and Technology, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hong Nam Kim
- Center for BioMicrosystems, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea; Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea.
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248
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Morad G, Carman CV, Hagedorn EJ, Perlin JR, Zon LI, Mustafaoglu N, Park TE, Ingber DE, Daisy CC, Moses MA. Tumor-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Breach the Intact Blood-Brain Barrier via Transcytosis. ACS NANO 2019; 13:13853-13865. [PMID: 31479239 PMCID: PMC7169949 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b04397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 295] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The restrictive nature of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) creates a major challenge for brain drug delivery with current nanomedicines lacking the ability to cross the BBB. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been shown to contribute to the progression of a variety of brain diseases including metastatic brain cancer and have been suggested as promising therapeutics and drug delivery vehicles. However, the ability of native tumor-derived EVs to breach the BBB and the mechanism(s) involved in this process remain unknown. Here, we demonstrate that tumor-derived EVs can breach the intact BBB in vivo, and by using state-of-the-art in vitro and in vivo models of the BBB, we have identified transcytosis as the mechanism underlying this process. Moreover, high spatiotemporal resolution microscopy demonstrated that the endothelial recycling endocytic pathway is involved in this transcellular transport. We further identify and characterize the mechanism by which tumor-derived EVs circumvent the low physiologic rate of transcytosis in the BBB by decreasing the brain endothelial expression of rab7 and increasing the efficiency of their transport. These findings identify previously unknown mechanisms by which tumor-derived EVs breach an intact BBB during the course of brain metastasis and can be leveraged to guide and inform the development of drug delivery approaches to deliver therapeutic cargoes across the BBB for treatment of a variety of brain diseases including, but not limited to, brain malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Golnaz Morad
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Christopher V. Carman
- Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences Program, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Elliott J. Hagedorn
- Stem Cell Program and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children’s Hospital and Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Julie R. Perlin
- Stem Cell Program and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children’s Hospital and Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Leonard I. Zon
- Stem Cell Program and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children’s Hospital and Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Nur Mustafaoglu
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Tae-Eun Park
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, South Korea
| | - Donald E. Ingber
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Cassandra C. Daisy
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Marsha A. Moses
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Department of Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Corresponding Author:
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Litchfield M, Wuest M, Glubrecht D, Wuest F. Radiosynthesis and Biological Evaluation of [ 18F]Triacoxib: A New Radiotracer for PET Imaging of COX-2. Mol Pharm 2019; 17:251-261. [PMID: 31816246 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b00986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Inducible isozyme cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is upregulated under acute and chronic inflammatory conditions, including cancer, wherein it promotes angiogenesis, tissue invasion, and resistance to apoptosis. Due to its high expression in various cancers, COX-2 has become an important biomarker for molecular imaging and therapy of cancer. Recently, our group applied in situ click chemistry for the identification of the highly potent and selective COX-2 inhibitor triacoxib. In this study, we present the radiosynthesis in vitro and in vivo radiopharmacological validation of [18F]triacoxib, a novel radiotracer for PET imaging of COX-2. Radiosynthesis of [18F]triacoxib was accomplished using copper-mediated late-stage radiofluorination chemistry. The radiosynthesis, including radio-HPLC purification, of [18F]triacoxib was accomplished within 90 min in decay-corrected radiochemical yields of 72% (n = 7) at molar activities exceeding 90 GBq/μmol. Cellular uptake and inhibition studies with [18F]triacoxib were carried out in COX-2 expressing HCA-7 cells. Cellular uptake of [18F]triacoxib in HCA-7 cells reached 25% radioactivity/mg protein after 60 min. Cellular uptake was reduced by 63% upon pretreatment with 0.1 mM celecoxib, and 90% of the radiotracer remained intact in vivo after 60 min p.i. in mice. [18F]Triacoxib was further evaluated in HCA-7 tumor-bearing mice using dynamic PET imaging, radiometabolite analysis, autoradiography, and immunohistochemistry. PET imaging revealed a favorable baseline radiotracer uptake in HCA-7 tumors (SUV60min = 0.76 ± 0.02 (n = 4)), which could be blocked by 20% through i.p. pretreatment with 2 mg of celecoxib. Autoradiography and immunohistochemistry experiments further the confirmed blocking of COX-2 in vivo. [18F]Triacoxib, whose nonradioactive analogue was identified through in situ click chemistry, is a novel radiotracer for PET imaging of COX-2 in cancer. Despite a substantial amount of nonspecific uptake in vivo, [18F]triacoxib displayed specific binding to COX-2 in vivo and reinforced the feasibility of optimal structure selection by in situ click chemistry. It remains to be elucidated how this novel radiotracer would perform in first-in-human studies to detect COX-2 with PET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Litchfield
- Department of Oncology , University of Alberta , 11560 University Avenue , Edmonton , Alberta T6G 1Z2 , Canada
| | - Melinda Wuest
- Department of Oncology , University of Alberta , 11560 University Avenue , Edmonton , Alberta T6G 1Z2 , Canada.,Cancer Research Institute of Northern Alberta , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Alberta T6G 2S2 , Canada
| | - Darryl Glubrecht
- Department of Oncology , University of Alberta , 11560 University Avenue , Edmonton , Alberta T6G 1Z2 , Canada
| | - Frank Wuest
- Department of Oncology , University of Alberta , 11560 University Avenue , Edmonton , Alberta T6G 1Z2 , Canada.,Cancer Research Institute of Northern Alberta , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Alberta T6G 2S2 , Canada
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Botz B, Bátai IZ, Kiss T, Pintér E, Helyes Z, Bölcskei K. The fluorescent dye 3,3'-diethylthiatricarbocyanine iodide is unsuitable for in vivo imaging of myelination in the mouse. Brain Res Bull 2019; 156:10-14. [PMID: 31857136 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2019.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
There is a growing interest to use non-invasive optical imaging methods to study central nervous system diseases. The application of a myelin-binding fluorescent dye, 3,3-diethylthiatricarbocyanine iodide (DBT) was recently described for in vivo optical imaging of demyelination in the mouse. In the present study we aimed at adapting the method to our optical imaging systems, the IVIS Lumina II to measure epifluorescence and the fluorescent molecular tomograph (FMT) for 3-dimensional quantification of the fluorophore. Epifluorescent imaging was performed 5-30 min after DBT injection which was followed by FMT imaging at 40 min. Two mice also underwent micro-CT imaging in the FMT cassette for the purpose of FMT-CT co-registration. Ex vivo imaging of the brain and other tissues of the head and neck was carried out 1 h after injection. Both the FMT-CT co-registration and the ex vivo imaging of organs proved that DBT poorly crossed the blood-brain barrier. The dye did not accumulate in the myelin sheath of the sciatic nerve. In contrast, there was an intense accumulation in the pituitary and salivary glands. The FMT-CT co-registration unequivocally demonstrated that the signal localized to the head did not originate from beyond the blood-brain barrier. No myelin binding was demonstrated by the ex vivo imaging either. In conclusion, DBT is unsuitable for in vivo imaging of myelination due to its poor BBB penetration, accumulation in other structures of the head and neck region and lack of selective binding towards myelin in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bálint Botz
- János Szentágothai Research Centre and Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Ifjúság út 20, Hungary; Department of Radiology, University of Pécs Medical School, H-7624 Pécs, Ifjúság út 13, Hungary
| | - István Zoárd Bátai
- János Szentágothai Research Centre and Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Ifjúság út 20, Hungary; Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Pécs Medical School, H-7624 Pécs, Szigeti út 12, Hungary
| | - Tamás Kiss
- János Szentágothai Research Centre and Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Ifjúság út 20, Hungary
| | - Erika Pintér
- János Szentágothai Research Centre and Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Ifjúság út 20, Hungary; Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Pécs Medical School, H-7624 Pécs, Szigeti út 12, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Helyes
- János Szentágothai Research Centre and Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Ifjúság út 20, Hungary; Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Pécs Medical School, H-7624 Pécs, Szigeti út 12, Hungary
| | - Kata Bölcskei
- János Szentágothai Research Centre and Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Ifjúság út 20, Hungary; Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Pécs Medical School, H-7624 Pécs, Szigeti út 12, Hungary.
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