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Poretti A, Boltshauser E, Valente EM. The molar tooth sign is pathognomonic for Joubert syndrome! Pediatr Neurol 2014; 50:e15-6. [PMID: 24731480 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2013.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Poretti
- Section of Pediatric Neuroradiology, Division of Pediatric Radiology, The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Division of Pediatric Neurology, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Eugen Boltshauser
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Enza Maria Valente
- Mendel Laboratory, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza Institute, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy; Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
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202
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Del Giudice E, Macca M, Imperati F, D'Amico A, Parent P, Pasquier L, Layet V, Lyonnet S, Stamboul-Darmency V, Thauvin-Robinet C, Franco B. CNS involvement in OFD1 syndrome: a clinical, molecular, and neuroimaging study. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2014; 9:74. [PMID: 24884629 PMCID: PMC4113190 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1172-9-74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Oral-facial-digital type 1 syndrome (OFD1; OMIM 311200) belongs to the expanding group of disorders ascribed to ciliary dysfunction. With the aim of contributing to the understanding of the role of primary cilia in the central nervous system (CNS), we performed a thorough characterization of CNS involvement observed in this disorder. Methods A cohort of 117 molecularly diagnosed OFD type I patients was screened for the presence of neurological symptoms and/or cognitive/behavioral abnormalities on the basis of the available information supplied by the collaborating clinicians. Seventy-one cases showing CNS involvement were further investigated through neuroimaging studies and neuropsychological testing. Results Seventeen patients were molecularly diagnosed in the course of this study and five of these represent new mutations never reported before. Among patients displaying neurological symptoms and/or cognitive/behavioral abnormalities, we identified brain structural anomalies in 88.7%, cognitive impairment in 68%, and associated neurological disorders and signs in 53% of cases. The most frequently observed brain structural anomalies included agenesis of the corpus callosum and neuronal migration/organisation disorders as well as intracerebral cysts, porencephaly and cerebellar malformations. Conclusions Our results support recent published findings indicating that CNS involvement in this condition is found in more than 60% of cases. Our findings correlate well with the kind of brain developmental anomalies described in other ciliopathies. Interestingly, we also described specific neuropsychological aspects such as reduced ability in processing verbal information, slow thought process, difficulties in attention and concentration, and notably, long-term memory deficits which may indicate a specific role of OFD1 and/or primary cilia in higher brain functions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Brunella Franco
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy.
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Mutations in B9D1 and MKS1 cause mild Joubert syndrome: expanding the genetic overlap with the lethal ciliopathy Meckel syndrome. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2014; 9:72. [PMID: 24886560 PMCID: PMC4113192 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1172-9-72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Joubert syndrome is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous ciliopathy characterized by a typical cerebellar and brainstem malformation (the "molar tooth sign"), and variable multiorgan involvement. To date, 24 genes have been found mutated in Joubert syndrome, of which 13 also cause Meckel syndrome, a lethal ciliopathy with kidney, liver and skeletal involvement. Here we describe four patients with mild Joubert phenotypes who carry pathogenic mutations in either MKS1 or B9D1, two genes previously implicated only in Meckel syndrome.
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204
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The ciliary proteins Meckelin and Jouberin are required for retinoic acid-dependent neural differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells. Differentiation 2014; 87:134-146. [PMID: 24613594 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2014.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Revised: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The dysfunction of the primary cilium, a complex, evolutionarily conserved, organelle playing an important role in sensing and transducing cell signals, is the unifying pathogenetic mechanism of a growing number of diseases collectively termed "ciliopathies", typically characterized by multiorgan involvement. Developmental defects of the central nervous system (CNS) characterize a subset of ciliopathies showing clinical and genetic overlap, such as Joubert syndrome (JS) and Meckel syndrome (MS). Although several knock-out mice lacking a variety of ciliary proteins have shown the importance of primary cilia in the development of the brain and CNS-derived structures, developmental in vitro studies, extremely useful to unravel the role of primary cilia along the course of neural differentiation, are still missing. Mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) have been recently proven to mimic brain development, giving the unique opportunity to dissect the CNS differentiation process along its sequential steps. In the present study we show that mESCs express the ciliary proteins Meckelin and Jouberin in a developmentally-regulated manner, and that these proteins co-localize with acetylated tubulin labeled cilia located at the outer embryonic layer. Further, mESCs differentiating along the neuronal lineage activate the cilia-dependent sonic hedgehog signaling machinery, which is impaired in Meckelin knock-out cells but results unaffected in Jouberin-deficient mESCs. However, both lose the ability to acquire a neuronal phenotype. Altogether, these results demonstrate a pivotal role of Meckelin and Jouberin during embryonic neural specification and indicate mESCs as a suitable tool to investigate the developmental impact of ciliary proteins dysfunction.
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205
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Quarello E, Molho M, Garel C, Couture A, Legac MP, Moutard ML, Bault JP, Fallet-Bianco C, Guibaud L. Prenatal abnormal features of the fourth ventricle in Joubert syndrome and related disorders. ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY OF ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY 2014; 43:227-232. [PMID: 23868831 DOI: 10.1002/uog.12567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Revised: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Joubert syndrome and related disorders (JSRD) are characterized by absence or underdevelopment of the cerebellar vermis and a malformed brainstem. This family of disorders is a member of an emerging class of diseases called ciliopathies. We describe the abnormal features of the brain, particularly the fourth ventricle, in seven fetuses affected by JSRD. In three cases abnormality of the fourth ventricle was isolated and in four cases there were associated malformations. The molar tooth sign (MTS) was always present and visible on two-dimensional ultrasound and, when performed, on three-dimensional ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging. The fourth ventricle was always abnormal, in both axial and sagittal views, presenting pathognomonic deformities. It is important to identify JSRD, preferably prenatally or at least postnatally, due to its high risk of recurrence of about 25%. A detailed prenatal assessment of the fourth ventricle in several views may help to achieve this goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Quarello
- Unité d'Échographies Obstétricales, Service de Gynécologie Obstétrique, Pôle Parents Enfants, Hôpital Saint-Joseph, Marseille, France; Institut de Médecine de la Reproduction, Marseille, France
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206
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Abstract
We describe two brothers with Joubert syndrome (JS). JS diagnosis was made on the basis of neurological findings and the presence of the characteristic “molar tooth sign”, which was subsequently confirmed by magnetic resonance imaging. Both brothers demonstrated ptosis, hypotropia, exotropia, and horizontal pendular nystagmus. The younger brother had mild chorioretinal discoloration at the peripapillary region in both eyes, and a small coloboma at the inferior region of his right optic disc. The elder brother had coloboma in his right eye and a colobomatous optic disc in his left eye. Optical coherence tomography showed that the foveal architecture was preserved in both patients. We discuss the ocular findings, including those from optical coherence tomography, in JS, which has recently been recognized as ciliopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Makino
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Hironobu Tampo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
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207
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Akizu N, Silhavy JL, Rosti RO, Scott E, Fenstermaker AG, Schroth J, Zaki MS, Sanchez H, Gupta N, Kabra M, Kara M, Ben-Omran T, Rosti B, Guemez-Gamboa A, Spencer E, Pan R, Cai N, Abdellateef M, Gabriel S, Halbritter J, Hildebrandt F, van Bokhoven H, Gunel M, Gleeson JG. Mutations in CSPP1 lead to classical Joubert syndrome. Am J Hum Genet 2014; 94:80-6. [PMID: 24360807 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2013.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Joubert syndrome and related disorders (JSRDs) are genetically heterogeneous and characterized by a distinctive mid-hindbrain malformation. Causative mutations lead to primary cilia dysfunction, which often results in variable involvement of other organs such as the liver, retina, and kidney. We identified predicted null mutations in CSPP1 in six individuals affected by classical JSRDs. CSPP1 encodes a protein localized to centrosomes and spindle poles, as well as to the primary cilium. Despite the known interaction between CSPP1 and nephronophthisis-associated proteins, none of the affected individuals in our cohort presented with kidney disease, and further, screening of a large cohort of individuals with nephronophthisis demonstrated no mutations. CSPP1 is broadly expressed in neural tissue, and its encoded protein localizes to the primary cilium in an in vitro model of human neurogenesis. Here, we show abrogated protein levels and ciliogenesis in affected fibroblasts. Our data thus suggest that CSPP1 is involved in neural-specific functions of primary cilia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naiara Akizu
- Neurogenetics Laboratory, Institute for Genomic Medicine and Departments of Neurosciences and Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
| | - Jennifer L Silhavy
- Neurogenetics Laboratory, Institute for Genomic Medicine and Departments of Neurosciences and Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
| | - Rasim Ozgur Rosti
- Neurogenetics Laboratory, Institute for Genomic Medicine and Departments of Neurosciences and Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
| | - Eric Scott
- Neurogenetics Laboratory, Institute for Genomic Medicine and Departments of Neurosciences and Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
| | - Ali G Fenstermaker
- Neurogenetics Laboratory, Institute for Genomic Medicine and Departments of Neurosciences and Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
| | - Jana Schroth
- Neurogenetics Laboratory, Institute for Genomic Medicine and Departments of Neurosciences and Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
| | - Maha S Zaki
- Clinical Genetics Department, Human Genetics and Genome Research Division, National Research Centre, Cairo 12311, Egypt
| | - Henry Sanchez
- Pediatrics Department, Palo Alto Medical Foundation, Fremont, CA 94538, USA
| | - Neerja Gupta
- Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Madhulika Kabra
- Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Majdi Kara
- Department of Pediatrics, Tripoli Children's Hospital, PO Box 2214, Tripoli, Libya
| | - Tawfeg Ben-Omran
- Clinical and Metabolic Genetics Division, Department of Pediatrics, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha 3050, Qatar
| | - Basak Rosti
- Neurogenetics Laboratory, Institute for Genomic Medicine and Departments of Neurosciences and Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
| | - Alicia Guemez-Gamboa
- Neurogenetics Laboratory, Institute for Genomic Medicine and Departments of Neurosciences and Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
| | - Emily Spencer
- Neurogenetics Laboratory, Institute for Genomic Medicine and Departments of Neurosciences and Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
| | - Roger Pan
- Neurogenetics Laboratory, Institute for Genomic Medicine and Departments of Neurosciences and Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
| | - Na Cai
- Neurogenetics Laboratory, Institute for Genomic Medicine and Departments of Neurosciences and Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
| | - Mostafa Abdellateef
- Neurogenetics Laboratory, Institute for Genomic Medicine and Departments of Neurosciences and Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
| | - Stacey Gabriel
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02141, USA
| | - Jan Halbritter
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Friedhelm Hildebrandt
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Hans van Bokhoven
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Centre, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Murat Gunel
- Yale Program on Neurogenetics, Departments of Neurosurgery, Neurobiology, and Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Joseph G Gleeson
- Neurogenetics Laboratory, Institute for Genomic Medicine and Departments of Neurosciences and Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute.
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208
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Tuz K, Bachmann-Gagescu R, O'Day DR, Hua K, Isabella CR, Phelps IG, Stolarski AE, O'Roak BJ, Dempsey JC, Lourenco C, Alswaid A, Bönnemann CG, Medne L, Nampoothiri S, Stark Z, Leventer RJ, Topçu M, Cansu A, Jagadeesh S, Done S, Ishak GE, Glass IA, Shendure J, Neuhauss SCF, Haldeman-Englert CR, Doherty D, Ferland RJ. Mutations in CSPP1 cause primary cilia abnormalities and Joubert syndrome with or without Jeune asphyxiating thoracic dystrophy. Am J Hum Genet 2014; 94:62-72. [PMID: 24360808 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2013.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Joubert syndrome (JBTS) is a recessive ciliopathy in which a subset of affected individuals also have the skeletal dysplasia Jeune asphyxiating thoracic dystrophy (JATD). Here, we have identified biallelic truncating CSPP1 (centrosome and spindle pole associated protein 1) mutations in 19 JBTS-affected individuals, four of whom also have features of JATD. CSPP1 mutations explain ∼5% of JBTS in our cohort, and despite truncating mutations in all affected individuals, the range of phenotypic severity is broad. Morpholino knockdown of cspp1 in zebrafish caused phenotypes reported in other zebrafish models of JBTS (curved body shape, pronephric cysts, and cerebellar abnormalities) and reduced ciliary localization of Arl13b, further supporting loss of CSPP1 function as a cause of JBTS. Fibroblasts from affected individuals with CSPP1 mutations showed reduced numbers of primary cilia and/or short primary cilia, as well as reduced axonemal localization of ciliary proteins ARL13B and adenylyl cyclase III. In summary, CSPP1 mutations are a major cause of the Joubert-Jeune phenotype in humans; however, the mechanism by which these mutations lead to both JBTS and JATD remains unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Tuz
- Center for Neuropharmacology and Neuroscience, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Ruxandra Bachmann-Gagescu
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; Institute of Medical Genetics, University of Zurich, 8603 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Diana R O'Day
- Divisions of Genetic Medicine and Developmental Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Kiet Hua
- Center for Neuropharmacology and Neuroscience, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Christine R Isabella
- Divisions of Genetic Medicine and Developmental Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Ian G Phelps
- Divisions of Genetic Medicine and Developmental Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Allan E Stolarski
- Center for Neuropharmacology and Neuroscience, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Brian J O'Roak
- Department of Molecular & Medical Genetics, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Jennifer C Dempsey
- Divisions of Genetic Medicine and Developmental Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Charles Lourenco
- Neurogenetics Division, Clinics Hospital, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Abdulrahman Alswaid
- Department of Pediatrics, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia
| | - Carsten G Bönnemann
- Neuromuscular and Neurogenetic Disorders of Childhood Section, John Edward Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Livija Medne
- Division of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sheela Nampoothiri
- Department of Pediatric Genetics, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Center, AIMS Ponekkara Post Office, Kochi, Kerala 682041, India
| | - Zornitza Stark
- Victorian Clinical Genetics Services, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Richard J Leventer
- Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital and University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Meral Topçu
- Department of Child Neurology, Hacettepe University Medical Faculty, Ihsan Dogramacı Children's Hospital, Ankara 06100, Turkey
| | - Ali Cansu
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, De Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon 61080, Turkey
| | | | - Stephen Done
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington and Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Gisele E Ishak
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington and Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Ian A Glass
- Divisions of Genetic Medicine and Developmental Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Hospital Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Jay Shendure
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Stephan C F Neuhauss
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Chad R Haldeman-Englert
- Department of Pediatrics, Section on Medical Genetics, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Dan Doherty
- Divisions of Genetic Medicine and Developmental Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Hospital Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98105, USA.
| | - Russell J Ferland
- Center for Neuropharmacology and Neuroscience, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA; Department of Neurology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA.
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209
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Poretti A, Boltshauser E. Nationwide survey of Arima syndrome: a note of doubt. Brain Dev 2014; 36:88. [PMID: 24054506 DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2013.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Revised: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Poretti
- Section of Pediatric Neuroradiology, Division of Pediatric Radiology, The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Division of Pediatric Neurology, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Eugen Boltshauser
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
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210
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Dirik MA, Yiş U, Dirik E. Molar tooth sign is not pathognomonic for Joubert syndrome. Pediatr Neurol 2013; 49:515-6. [PMID: 24120651 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2013.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2013] [Revised: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 08/10/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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211
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Tsioras K, Papastefanaki F, Politis PK, Matsas R, Gaitanou M. Functional Interactions between BM88/Cend1, Ran-binding protein M and Dyrk1B kinase affect cyclin D1 levels and cell cycle progression/exit in mouse neuroblastoma cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82172. [PMID: 24312406 PMCID: PMC3842983 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BM88/Cend1 is a neuronal-lineage specific modulator with a pivotal role in coordination of cell cycle exit and differentiation of neuronal precursors. In the current study we identified the signal transduction scaffolding protein Ran-binding protein M (RanBPM) as a BM88/Cend1 binding partner and showed that BM88/Cend1, RanBPM and the dual specificity tyrosine-phosphorylation regulated kinase 1B (Dyrk1B) are expressed in mouse brain as well as in cultured embryonic cortical neurons while RanBPM can form complexes with either of the two other proteins. To elucidate a potential mechanism involving BM88/Cend1, RanBPM and Dyrk1B in cell cycle progression/exit, we transiently co-expressed these proteins in mouse neuroblastoma Neuro 2a cells. We found that the BM88/Cend1-dependent or Dyrk1B-dependent down-regulation of cyclin D1 is reversed following their functional interaction with RanBPM. More specifically, functional interaction of RanBPM with either BM88/Cend1 or Dyrk1B stabilizes cyclin D1 in the nucleus and promotes 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation as a measure of enhanced cell proliferation. However, the RanBPM-dependent Dyrk1B cytosolic retention and degradation is reverted in the presence of Cend1 resulting in cyclin D1 destabilization. Co-expression of RanBPM with either BM88/Cend1 or Dyrk1B also had a negative effect on Neuro 2a cell differentiation. Our results suggest that functional interactions between BM88/Cend1, RanBPM and Dyrk1B affect the balance between cellular proliferation and differentiation in Neuro 2a cells and indicate that a potentially similar mechanism may influence cell cycle progression/exit and differentiation of neuronal precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Tsioras
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - Florentia Papastefanaki
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiotis K. Politis
- Center for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Rebecca Matsas
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Gaitanou
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
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212
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Lopez E, Thauvin-Robinet C, Reversade B, Khartoufi NE, Devisme L, Holder M, Ansart-Franquet H, Avila M, Lacombe D, Kleinfinger P, Kaori I, Takanashi JI, Le Merrer M, Martinovic J, Noël C, Shboul M, Ho L, Güven Y, Razavi F, Burglen L, Gigot N, Darmency-Stamboul V, Thevenon J, Aral B, Kayserili H, Huet F, Lyonnet S, Le Caignec C, Franco B, Rivière JB, Faivre L, Attié-Bitach T. C5orf42 is the major gene responsible for OFD syndrome type VI. Hum Genet 2013; 133:367-77. [PMID: 24178751 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-013-1385-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Oral-facial-digital syndrome type VI (OFD VI) is a recessive ciliopathy defined by two diagnostic criteria: molar tooth sign (MTS) and one or more of the following: (1) tongue hamartoma (s) and/or additional frenula and/or upper lip notch; (2) mesoaxial polydactyly of one or more hands or feet; (3) hypothalamic hamartoma. Because of the MTS, OFD VI belongs to the "Joubert syndrome related disorders". Its genetic aetiology remains largely unknown although mutations in the TMEM216 gene, responsible for Joubert (JBS2) and Meckel-Gruber (MKS2) syndromes, have been reported in two OFD VI patients. To explore the molecular cause(s) of OFD VI syndrome, we used an exome sequencing strategy in six unrelated families followed by Sanger sequencing. We identified a total of 14 novel mutations in the C5orf42 gene in 9/11 families with positive OFD VI diagnostic criteria including a severe fetal case with microphthalmia, cerebellar hypoplasia, corpus callosum agenesis, polydactyly and skeletal dysplasia. C5orf42 mutations have already been reported in Joubert syndrome confirming that OFD VI and JBS are allelic disorders, thus enhancing our knowledge of the complex, highly heterogeneous nature of ciliopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estelle Lopez
- Equipe d'accueil EA 4271 GAD "Génétique des Anomalies du Développement", IFR Santé STIC, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France,
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213
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Roy Y, Sivathanu V, Das SK. Effect of bunching of cilia and their interplay on muco-ciliary transport. Comput Biol Med 2013; 43:1758-72. [PMID: 24209922 PMCID: PMC7094451 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2013.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2012] [Revised: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Cilia are hair-like organelles projecting from a eukaryotic cell, used either for locomotion or as sensors. Cilia commonly occur in patches. To take this into consideration, we represent cilia in multiple patches, instead of the conventional 'dense mat' representation. We focus on the combined action and interplay of these patches. The effects of varying the frequency, spacing and phase lag of the beating of one cilia bunch with respect to the beating of adjacent patches are studied. We model the Airway Surface Liquid (ASL) as a three-layer structure. The possibility of an optimum frequency of beating is noted and the change of mucous flow under different spacing and phase differences are observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yagnaseni Roy
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, SRM University, Chennai 603203, India
| | - Vivek Sivathanu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Sarit K. Das
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 603203, India
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214
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Basson MA, Wingate RJ. Congenital hypoplasia of the cerebellum: developmental causes and behavioral consequences. Front Neuroanat 2013; 7:29. [PMID: 24027500 PMCID: PMC3759752 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2013.00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last 60 years, the spotlight of research has periodically returned to the cerebellum as new techniques and insights have emerged. Because of its simple homogeneous structure, limited diversity of cell types and characteristic behavioral pathologies, the cerebellum is a natural home for studies of cell specification, patterning, and neuronal migration. However, recent evidence has extended the traditional range of perceived cerebellar function to include modulation of cognitive processes and implicated cerebellar hypoplasia and Purkinje neuron hypo-cellularity with autistic spectrum disorder. In the light of this emerging frontier, we review the key stages and genetic mechanisms behind cerebellum development. In particular, we discuss the role of the midbrain hindbrain isthmic organizer in the development of the cerebellar vermis and the specification and differentiation of Purkinje cells and granule neurons. These developmental processes are then considered in relation to recent insights into selected human developmental cerebellar defects: Joubert syndrome, Dandy–Walker malformation, and pontocerebellar hypoplasia. Finally, we review current research that opens up the possibility of using the mouse as a genetic model to study the role of the cerebellum in cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Albert Basson
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, King's College London London, UK ; Medical Research Council Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London London, UK
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215
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Developmental disorders, including intellectual disability, autism and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), are neuropsychiatric disorders that manifest in early childhood as deviations from the normal development. At present, in the majority of cases a cause cannot be found. However, in the past 5 years major advances have been made in the identification of specific genetic causes of these disorders. Here, we review these findings and discuss possible implications for our current understanding of the cause of developmental disorders. RECENT FINDINGS In addition to the disorders with known genetic cause that are associated with intellectual disability, autism and ADHD, an increasing number of novel recurrent structural variants are identified in association with these developmental disorders. These variants, as well as the genetic variants identified through sequencing approaches indicate the involvement of a large number of genes. SUMMARY Similar to what is the case for intellectual disability, recent genetic studies indicate a large degree of genetic heterogeneity for autism and ADHD. Many of the disease risk variants display incomplete penetrance, indicating that additional genetic, and possibly nongenetic, factors are relevant. Despite the high number of causative or contributing genes, functional studies of these genes indicate a large degree of convergence into a smaller number of neurobiological pathways. Elucidating these shared biological mechanisms is a crucial step towards the rational development of novel therapeutic interventions.
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216
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Patra S, Purkait R, Samanta T, Bhadra R. Varadi Papp syndrome, an unusual variant of oral-facial-digital syndrome: Report of a rare case. Ann Indian Acad Neurol 2013; 16:289-91. [PMID: 23956587 PMCID: PMC3724097 DOI: 10.4103/0972-2327.112502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2012] [Revised: 01/25/2012] [Accepted: 06/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Varadi Papp syndrome or oral-facial-digital syndrome type VI (OFDS VI) is a rare autosomal-recessive disorder distinguished from other OFDSs by metacarpal abnormalities with central polydactyly and by cerebellar abnormalities. Our patient had a broad forehead, arched eyebrows, left-sided squint, hypertelorism, epicanthic folds, fleshy nodular tongue, midline upper lip cleft, high arched palate, both pre-axial and post-axial polydactyly of limbs, hypotonia and cerebellar hypoplasia with molar tooth sign consistent with the diagnosis of Varadi Papp syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumya Patra
- Department of Pediatric Medicine, NRS Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata, India
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217
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Elhassanien AF, Alghaiaty HAA. Joubert syndrome: Clinical and radiological characteristics of nine patients. Ann Indian Acad Neurol 2013; 16:239-44. [PMID: 23956573 PMCID: PMC3724083 DOI: 10.4103/0972-2327.112480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Revised: 12/25/2012] [Accepted: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Joubert Syndrome (JS) is a rare genetic developmental disorder, first identified in 1969. In patients with JS, certain regions of the brain (mainly cerebellar vermis and brainstem) are underdeveloped or malformed. This can lead to impaired attention, visual, spatial, motor, language and social functional skills. JS is characterized by a host of features, many of which do not occur in every patient. AIM OF THE STUDY To spotlight and increase awareness of clinical profile and neuroimaging findings of children with Joubert syndrome. METHODS This is a retrospective case series study of patients with JS who attended the Pediatric Neurology Clinic in Aladan and Alfarawanya Hospitals in Kuwait, from September 2007 to September 2012. Clinical and radiological data were obtained from the patient medical records. RESULTS Cerebellar vermis hypoplasia/aplasia and apnea were present in all patients, polydactly in 3 of 16, renal problems with cysts in 5 patients and 11 of 16 had abnormal electroretinograms (ERGs). Blood investigations of organic acids, amino acids and very-long-chain fatty acid, were normal in the all the nine patients. CONCLUSION JS is a rare genetic brain malformation with association of retinal dystrophy and renal abnormalities. The retinal dystrophy may be progressive. The prognosis of patients depends mainly on the degree of brain malformation.
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218
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Abstract
Joubert syndrome (JS) is a very rare, autosomal-recessive condition. It is characterized by agenesis of cerebellar vermis, abnormal eye movements with nystagmus, episodes of hyperpnea and apnea, delayed generalized motor development, retinal coloboma and dystrophy and, sometimes, multicystic kidney disease. The importance of recognizing JS is related to the outcome and its potential complications. Prenatal diagnosis by ultarsonography and antenatal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is also possible. We have diagnosed a case of JS in a male infant with history of delayed mental and motor milestone development, history of abnormal breathing pattern, abnormal limb movement, generalized hypotonia and abnormal head movements with nystagmus. MRI showed hypoplastic cerebellar vermis with hypoplasia of the superior cerebellar peduncle resembling the "Molar Tooth Sign" in the mid-brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Nag
- Department of General Medicine, Burdwan Medical College, Burdwan, West Bengal, India
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219
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Higginbotham H, Guo J, Yokota Y, Umberger NL, Su CY, Li J, Verma N, Hirt J, Caspary T, Anton ES. Arl13b-regulated cilia activities are essential for polarized radial glial scaffold formation. Nat Neurosci 2013; 16:1000-7. [PMID: 23817546 PMCID: PMC3866024 DOI: 10.1038/nn.3451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The construction of cerebral cortex begins with the formation of radial glia. Once formed, polarized radial glial cells divide either symmetrically or asymmetrically to balance appropriate production of progenitor cells and neurons. Following birth, neurons use the processes of radial glia as scaffolding for oriented migration. Radial glia therefore provide an instructive structural matrix to coordinate the generation and placement of distinct groups of cortical neurons in the developing cerebral cortex. We found that Arl13b, a cilia-enriched small GTPase that is mutated in Joubert syndrome, was critical for the initial formation of the polarized radial progenitor scaffold. Using developmental stage-specific deletion of Arl13b in mouse cortical progenitors, we found that early neuroepithelial deletion of ciliary Arl13b led to a reversal of the apical-basal polarity of radial progenitors and aberrant neuronal placement. Arl13b modulated ciliary signaling necessary for radial glial polarity. Our findings indicate that Arl13b signaling in primary cilia is crucial for the initial formation of a polarized radial glial scaffold and suggest that disruption of this process may contribute to aberrant neurodevelopment and brain abnormalities in Joubert syndrome-related ciliopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holden Higginbotham
- UNC Neuroscience Center and the Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Jiami Guo
- UNC Neuroscience Center and the Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Yukako Yokota
- UNC Neuroscience Center and the Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Nicole L. Umberger
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Chen-Ying Su
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Jingjun Li
- UNC Neuroscience Center and the Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Nisha Verma
- UNC Neuroscience Center and the Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Joshua Hirt
- UNC Neuroscience Center and the Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Tamara Caspary
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - E. S. Anton
- UNC Neuroscience Center and the Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
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220
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Abstract
Joubert syndrome is a congenital cerebellar ataxia with autosomal recessive or X-linked inheritance, the diagnostic hallmark of which is a unique cerebellar and brainstem malformation recognisable on brain imaging-the so-called molar tooth sign. Neurological signs are present from the neonatal period and include hypotonia progressing to ataxia, global developmental delay, ocular motor apraxia, and breathing dysregulation. These signs are variably associated with multiorgan involvement, mainly of the retina, kidneys, skeleton, and liver. 21 causative genes have been identified so far, all of which encode for proteins of the primary cilium or its apparatus. The primary cilium is a subcellular organelle that has key roles in development and in many cellular functions, making Joubert syndrome part of the expanding family of ciliopathies. Notable clinical and genetic overlap exists between distinct ciliopathies, which can co-occur even within families. Such variability is probably explained by an oligogenic model of inheritance, in which the interplay of mutations, rare variants, and polymorphisms at distinct loci modulate the expressivity of the ciliary phenotype.
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221
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Vedolin L, Gonzalez G, Souza CF, Lourenço C, Barkovich AJ. Inherited cerebellar ataxia in childhood: a pattern-recognition approach using brain MRI. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2013; 34:925-34, S1-2. [PMID: 22595899 PMCID: PMC7964648 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a3055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ataxia is the principal symptom of many common neurologic diseases in childhood. Ataxias caused by dysfunction of the cerebellum occur in acute, intermittent, and progressive disorders. Most of the chronic progressive processes are secondary to degenerative and metabolic diseases. In addition, congenital malformation of the midbrain and hindbrain can also be present, with posterior fossa symptoms related to ataxia. Brain MR imaging is the most accurate imaging technique to investigate these patients, and imaging abnormalities include size, shape, and/or signal of the brain stem and/or cerebellum. Supratentorial and cord lesions are also common. This review will discuss a pattern-recognition approach to inherited cerebellar ataxia in childhood. The purpose is to provide a comprehensive discussion that ultimately could help neuroradiologists better manage this important topic in pediatric neurology.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Vedolin
- Neuroradiology Section, Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
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222
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Basten SG, Giles RH. Functional aspects of primary cilia in signaling, cell cycle and tumorigenesis. Cilia 2013; 2:6. [PMID: 23628112 PMCID: PMC3662159 DOI: 10.1186/2046-2530-2-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysfunctional cilia underlie a broad range of cellular and tissue phenotypes and can eventually result in the development of ciliopathies: pathologically diverse diseases that range from clinically mild to highly complex and severe multi-organ failure syndromes incompatible with neonatal life. Given that virtually all cells of the human body have the capacity to generate cilia, it is likely that clinical manifestations attributed to ciliary dysfunction will increase in the years to come. Disputed but nevertheless enigmatic is the notion that at least a subset of tumor phenotypes fit within the ciliopathy disease spectrum and that cilia loss may be required for tumor progression. Contending for the centrosome renders ciliation and cell division mutually exclusive; a regulated tipping of balance promotes either process. The mechanisms involved, however, are complex. If the hypothesis that tumorigenesis results from dysfunctional cilia is true, then why do the classic ciliopathies only show limited hyperplasia at best? Although disassembly of the cilium is a prerequisite for cell proliferation, it does not intrinsically drive tumorigenesis per se. Alternatively, we will explore the emerging evidence suggesting that some tumors depend on ciliary signaling. After reviewing the structure, genesis and signaling of cilia, the various ciliopathy syndromes and their genetics, we discuss the current debate of tumorigenesis as a ciliopathy spectrum defect, and describe recent advances in this fascinating field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sander G Basten
- Department of Medical Oncology, UMC Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, Utrecht, 3584 CG, The Netherlands
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, Utrecht, F03.223, 3584 CX, The Netherlands
| | - Rachel H Giles
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, Utrecht, F03.223, 3584 CX, The Netherlands
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223
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Detailed clinical, genetic and neuroimaging characterization of OFD VI syndrome. Eur J Med Genet 2013; 56:301-8. [PMID: 23523602 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2013.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 03/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Oral-facial-digital syndrome type VI (OFD VI) is characterized by the association of malformations of the face, oral cavity and extremities, distinguished from the 12 other OFD syndromes by cerebellar and metacarpal abnormalities. Cerebellar malformations in OFD VI have been described as a molar tooth sign (MTS), thus, including OFD VI among the "Joubert syndrome related disorders" (JSRD). OFD VI diagnostic criteria have recently been suggested: MTS and one or more of the following: 1) tongue hamartoma(s) and/or additional frenula and/or upper lip notch; 2) mesoaxial polydactyly of hands or feet; 3) hypothalamic hamartoma. In order to further delineate this rare entity, we present the neurological and radiological data of 6 additional OFD VI patients. All patients presented oral malformations, facial dysmorphism and distal abnormalities including frequent polydactyly (66%), as well as neurological symptoms with moderate to severe mental retardation. Contrary to historically reported patients, mesoaxial polydactyly did not appear to be a predominant clinical feature in OFD VI. Sequencing analyzes of the 14 genes implicated in JSRD up to 2011 revealed only an OFD1 frameshift mutation in one female OFD VI patient, strengthening the link between these two oral-facial-digital syndromes and JSRD.
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224
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Valente EM, Brancati F, Boltshauser E, Dallapiccola B. Clinical utility gene card for: Joubert syndrome--update 2013. Eur J Hum Genet 2013; 21:ejhg201310. [PMID: 23403901 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2013.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Enza Maria Valente
- 1] IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, Mendel Laboratory, San Giovanni Rotondo, Rome, Italy [2] Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
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225
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Travaglini L, Brancati F, Silhavy J, Iannicelli M, Nickerson E, Elkhartoufi N, Scott E, Spencer E, Gabriel S, Thomas S, Ben-Zeev B, Bertini E, Boltshauser E, Chaouch M, Cilio MR, de Jong MM, Kayserili H, Ogur G, Poretti A, Signorini S, Uziel G, Zaki MS, Johnson C, Attié-Bitach T, Gleeson JG, Valente EM. Phenotypic spectrum and prevalence of INPP5E mutations in Joubert syndrome and related disorders. Eur J Hum Genet 2013; 21:1074-8. [PMID: 23386033 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2012.305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2012] [Revised: 10/03/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Joubert syndrome and related disorders (JSRD) are clinically and genetically heterogeneous ciliopathies sharing a peculiar midbrain-hindbrain malformation known as the 'molar tooth sign'. To date, 19 causative genes have been identified, all coding for proteins of the primary cilium. There is clinical and genetic overlap with other ciliopathies, in particular with Meckel syndrome (MKS), that is allelic to JSRD at nine distinct loci. We previously identified the INPP5E gene as causative of JSRD in seven families linked to the JBTS1 locus, yet the phenotypic spectrum and prevalence of INPP5E mutations in JSRD and MKS remain largely unknown. To address this issue, we performed INPP5E mutation analysis in 483 probands, including 408 JSRD patients representative of all clinical subgroups and 75 MKS fetuses. We identified 12 different mutations in 17 probands from 11 JSRD families, with an overall 2.7% mutation frequency among JSRD. The most common clinical presentation among mutated families (7/11, 64%) was Joubert syndrome with ocular involvement (either progressive retinopathy and/or colobomas), while the remaining cases had pure JS. Kidney, liver and skeletal involvement were not observed. None of the MKS fetuses carried INPP5E mutations, indicating that the two ciliopathies are not allelic at this locus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Travaglini
- 1] IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, Mendel Laboratory San Giovanni Rotondo, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy [2] Unit of Molecular Medicine for Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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226
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Buntenbroich S, Dullenkopf A. Total intravenous anesthesia in a patient with Joubert-Boltshauser syndrome. Paediatr Anaesth 2013; 23:204-5. [PMID: 23289777 DOI: 10.1111/pan.12087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Buntenbroich
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine; Kantonsspital Frauenfeld; Frauenfeld; Switzerland
| | - Alexander Dullenkopf
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine; Kantonsspital Frauenfeld; Frauenfeld; Switzerland
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227
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Poretti A, Meoded A, Rossi A, Raybaud C, Huisman TAGM. Diffusion tensor imaging and fiber tractography in brain malformations. Pediatr Radiol 2013; 43:28-54. [PMID: 23288476 DOI: 10.1007/s00247-012-2428-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Accepted: 04/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is an advanced MR technique that provides qualitative and quantitative information about the micro-architecture of white matter. DTI and its post-processing tool fiber tractography (FT) have been increasingly used in the last decade to investigate the microstructural neuroarchitecture of brain malformations. This article aims to review the use of DTI and FT in the evaluation of a variety of common, well-described brain malformations, in particular by pointing out the additional information that DTI and FT renders compared with conventional MR sequences. In addition, the relevant existing literature is summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Poretti
- Division of Pediatric Radiology, The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe St., Nelson Basement, B-173, Baltimore, MD 21287-0842, USA
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228
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Valente EM, Dallapiccola B, Bertini E. Joubert syndrome and related disorders. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2013; 113:1879-1888. [PMID: 23622411 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-59565-2.00058-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Joubert syndrome (JS) is a rare autosomal recessive condition characterized by a peculiar midbrain-hindbrain malformation, known as the molar tooth sign (MTS). The neurological presentation of JS includes hypotonia that evolves into ataxia, developmental delay, abnormal eye movements, and neonatal breathing abnormalities. This picture is often associated with variable multiorgan involvement, mainly of the retina, kidneys, and liver, defining a group of conditions termed Joubert syndrome and related disorders (JSRDs), that share the MTS. To date, 16 causative genes have been identified, all encoding for proteins expressed in the primary cilium or its apparatus. Indeed, JSRD present clinical and genetic overlap with a growing field of disorders due to mutations in ciliary proteins, that are collectively known as "ciliopathies." These include isolated nephronophthisis, Senior-Løken syndrome, Bardet-Biedl syndrome and, in particular, Meckel syndrome, which is allelic at JSRD at seven distinct loci. Significant genotype-phenotype correlates are emerging between specific clinical presentations and mutations in JSRD genes, with relevant implications in terms of molecular diagnosis, clinical follow-up, and management of mutated patients. Moreover, the identification of mutations allows early prenatal diagnosis in couples at risk, while fetal neuroimaging may remain uninformative until the late second trimester of pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enza Maria Valente
- IRCCS CSS-Mendel Institute, Rome and Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy.
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229
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BARZEGAR M, MALAKI M, SADEGI-HOKMABADI E. Joubert syndrome with variable features: presentation of two cases. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF CHILD NEUROLOGY 2013; 7:43-6. [PMID: 24665296 PMCID: PMC3943034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Revised: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Joubert syndrome is a very rare disorder characterized by respiratory irregularities, nystagmus, hypotonia, and global developmental delay with abnormalities of cerebellum. We present two cases of this syndrome with different phenotypes. The first case was an 8-month-old girl with hypotonia, apnea, and mild developmental delay as well as retinal degeneration and unilateral renal cystic dysplasia. The second case was a 27-month-old boy who presented with episodes of hyperpnea, apnea, retinal dystrophy, and severe global developmental delay. Both patients had normal metabolic profile and prototype imaging of joubert syndrome including vermis agenesis and molar tooth sign.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad BARZEGAR
- Professor of Pediatric Neurology, Pediatric Health Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Majid MALAKI
- Assistant Professor of Pediatric Neurology, Pediatric Health Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Elyar SADEGI-HOKMABADI
- Adult Neurologist, Pediatric Health Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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230
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Akhondian J, Ashrafzadeh F, Beiraghi Toosi M, Moazen N, Mohammadpoor T, Karami R. Joubert syndrome in three children in a family: a case series. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF CHILD NEUROLOGY 2013; 7:39-42. [PMID: 24665289 PMCID: PMC3943079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2012] [Revised: 09/29/2012] [Accepted: 10/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Joubert syndrome (JS) is a rare autosomal recessive central nervous system malformation characterized by hypoplasia of the cerebellar vermis, hypotonia and abnormal psychomotor development, along with altered respiratory pattern and various ophthalmologic features. Here, we describe three children with Joubert syndrome in a family that had almost similar presentations, including ataxia, developmental delay, mental retardation and ocular disorders. Prevalence of Joubert syndrome is about 1 in 100,000 live birth. It may be accompanied by other organs' disorders. The molar tooth sign is pathognomonic for joubert syndrome that is ascertained by brain MRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javad Akhondian
- Professor of Pediatric Neurology, Ghaem Medical Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Farah Ashrafzadeh
- Professor of Pediatric Neurology, Ghaem Medical Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mehran Beiraghi Toosi
- Fellow of Pediatric Neurology, Ghaem Medical Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Nasrin Moazen
- Resident of Pediatrics, Ghaem Medical Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Toktam Mohammadpoor
- Student of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Reza Karami
- Student of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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231
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Cohen MM. Perspectives on asymmetry: the Erickson Lecture. Am J Med Genet A 2012; 158A:2981-98. [PMID: 23132826 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.34348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2011] [Accepted: 07/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Topics discussed include asymmetry of the brain; prosopagnosia with asymmetric involvement; the blaspheming brain; effects of the numbers of X chromosomes on brain asymmetry; normal facial asymmetry; kissing asymmetry; left- and right-handedness; left-sided baby cradling; Nodal signaling and left/right asymmetry; primary cilium and left/right asymmetry in zebrafish; right/left asymmetry in snails; species differences in Shh and Fgf8; primary cilium in vertebrate asymmetry; Hedgehog signaling on the cilium; Wnt signaling on the cilium; situs solitus, situs inversus, and situs ambiguus (heterotaxy); ciliopathies; right-sided injuries in trilobites; unilateral ocular use in the octopus; fiddler crabs; scale-eating cichlids; narwhals; left-footed parrots; asymmetric whisker use in rats; and right-sided fatigue fractures in greyhounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Michael Cohen
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
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232
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İncecik F, Hergüner MÖ, Altunbaşak Ş, Gleeson JG. Joubert syndrome: report of 11 cases. Turk J Pediatr 2012; 54:605-611. [PMID: 23692786 PMCID: PMC4442635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Joubert syndrome (JS) is an autosomal recessive condition characterized by hypotonia, ataxia, psychomotor delay, and variable occurrence of oculomotor apraxia and neonatal breathing abnormalities. The 11 cases were searched according to their clinic, radiologic, and mutation analysis findings, according to which they were diagnosed as JS. Physical, neurological and fundus examinations were performed in all patients. Cerebral magnetic resonance imaging scan, abdominal ultrasonography, and if necessary, echocardiography were performed. CC2D2A and ARL13B mutations were analyzed in our 11 JS patients. The mean age was 31.09 ± 37.49 months (range: 1 month - 10 years). Two of the cases were siblings. Nine of the cases had a history of episodic hyperpnea. The other findings were hypotonia, ataxia, psychomotor retardation, and nystagmus. In all patients, the "molar tooth sign" was observed with scanning methods. In addition, cerebellar cortical dysplasia was established in one of the cases. Macrocephaly (1 patient), multiple renal cysts (1 patient), ocular coloboma (2 patients), ptosis (1 patient), congenital heart disease (1 patient), polydactyly (2 patients), and congenital hip dislocation (2 patients) were also determined. We identified mutation (c.C4452T → p.R1518W) in CC2D2A in two patients. JS can show heterogeneity clinically, neuroradiologically and genetically. Determination of the symptoms, early diagnosis and genetic consultation are the goals for decision-making to begin treatment and rehabilitation programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faruk İncecik
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Çukurova University Faculty of Medicine, Adana, Turkey.
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233
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Tsurusaki Y, Kobayashi Y, Hisano M, Ito S, Doi H, Nakashima M, Saitsu H, Matsumoto N, Miyake N. The diagnostic utility of exome sequencing in Joubert syndrome and related disorders. J Hum Genet 2012; 58:113-5. [DOI: 10.1038/jhg.2012.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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234
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Analysis of human samples reveals impaired SHH-dependent cerebellar development in Joubert syndrome/Meckel syndrome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:16951-6. [PMID: 23027964 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1201408109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Joubert syndrome (JS) and Meckel syndrome (MKS) are pleiotropic ciliopathies characterized by severe defects of the cerebellar vermis, ranging from hypoplasia to aplasia. Interestingly, ciliary conditional mutant mice have a hypoplastic cerebellum in which the proliferation of cerebellar granule cell progenitors (GCPs) in response to Sonic hedgehog (SHH) is severely reduced. This suggests that Shh signaling defects could contribute to the vermis hypoplasia observed in the human syndromes. As existing JS/MKS mutant mouse models suggest apparently contradictory hypotheses on JS/MKS etiology, we investigated Shh signaling directly on human fetal samples. First, in an examination of human cerebellar development, we linked the rates of GCP proliferation to the different levels and localizations of active Shh signaling and showed that the GCP possessed a primary cilium with CEP290 at its base. Second, we found that the proliferation of GCPs and their response to SHH were severely impaired in the cerebellum of subjects with JS/MKS and Jeune syndrome. Finally, we showed that the defect in GCP proliferation was similar in the cerebellar vermis and hemispheres in all patients with ciliopathy analyzed, suggesting that the specific cause of vermal hypo-/aplasia precedes this defect. Our results, obtained from the analysis of human samples, show that the hemispheres and the vermis are affected in JS/MKS and provide evidence of a defective cellular mechanism in these pathologic processes.
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235
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Cheng YZ, Eley L, Hynes AM, Overman LM, Simms RJ, Barker A, Dawe HR, Lindsay S, Sayer JA. Investigating embryonic expression patterns and evolution of AHI1 and CEP290 genes, implicated in Joubert syndrome. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44975. [PMID: 23028714 PMCID: PMC3454386 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2012] [Accepted: 08/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Joubert syndrome and related diseases (JSRD) are developmental cerebello-oculo-renal syndromes with phenotypes including cerebellar hypoplasia, retinal dystrophy and nephronophthisis (a cystic kidney disease). We have utilised the MRC-Wellcome Trust Human Developmental Biology Resource (HDBR), to perform in-situ hybridisation studies on embryonic tissues, revealing an early onset neuronal, retinal and renal expression pattern for AHI1. An almost identical pattern of expression is seen with CEP290 in human embryonic and fetal tissue. A novel finding is that both AHI1 and CEP290 demonstrate strong expression within the developing choroid plexus, a ciliated structure important for central nervous system development. To test if AHI1 and CEP290 may have co-evolved, we carried out a genomic survey of a large group of organisms across eukaryotic evolution. We found that, in animals, ahi1 and cep290 are almost always found together; however in other organisms either one may be found independent of the other. Finally, we tested in murine epithelial cells if Ahi1 was required for recruitment of Cep290 to the centrosome. We found no obvious differences in Cep290 localisation in the presence or absence of Ahi1, suggesting that, while Ahi1 and Cep290 may function together in the whole organism, they are not interdependent for localisation within a single cell. Taken together these data support a role for AHI1 and CEP290 in multiple organs throughout development and we suggest that this accounts for the wide phenotypic spectrum of AHI1 and CEP290 mutations in man.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Zhu Cheng
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, International Centre for Life, Newcastle University, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Lorraine Eley
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, International Centre for Life, Newcastle University, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Ann-Marie Hynes
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, International Centre for Life, Newcastle University, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Lynne M. Overman
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, International Centre for Life, Newcastle University, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Roslyn J. Simms
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, International Centre for Life, Newcastle University, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Amy Barker
- Biosciences: College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Helen R. Dawe
- Biosciences: College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Susan Lindsay
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, International Centre for Life, Newcastle University, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - John A. Sayer
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, International Centre for Life, Newcastle University, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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236
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Mutation of plasma membrane Ca2+ ATPase isoform 3 in a family with X-linked congenital cerebellar ataxia impairs Ca2+ homeostasis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:14514-9. [PMID: 22912398 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1207488109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Ca(2+) in neurons is vital to processes such as neurotransmission, neurotoxicity, synaptic development, and gene expression. Disruption of Ca(2+) homeostasis occurs in brain aging and in neurodegenerative disorders. Membrane transporters, among them the calmodulin (CaM)-activated plasma membrane Ca(2+) ATPases (PMCAs) that extrude Ca(2+) from the cell, play a key role in neuronal Ca(2+) homeostasis. Using X-exome sequencing we have identified a missense mutation (G1107D) in the CaM-binding domain of isoform 3 of the PMCAs in a family with X-linked congenital cerebellar ataxia. PMCA3 is highly expressed in the cerebellum, particularly in the presynaptic terminals of parallel fibers-Purkinje neurons. To study the effects of the mutation on Ca(2+) extrusion by the pump, model cells (HeLa) were cotransfected with expression plasmids encoding its mutant or wild-type (wt) variants and with the Ca(2+)-sensing probe aequorin. The mutation reduced the ability of the PMCA3 pump to control the cellular homeostasis of Ca(2+). It significantly slowed the return to baseline of the Ca(2+) transient induced by an inositol-trisphosphate (InsP(3))-linked plasma membrane agonist. It also compromised the ability of the pump to oppose the influx of Ca(2+) through the plasma membrane capacitative channels.
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237
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Karp N, Grosse-Wortmann L, Bowdin S. Severe aortic stenosis, bicuspid aortic valve and atrial septal defect in a child with Joubert Syndrome and Related Disorders (JSRD) - a case report and review of congenital heart defects reported in the human ciliopathies. Eur J Med Genet 2012; 55:605-10. [PMID: 22910529 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2012.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
We report a case of a 2 year-old boy with Joubert Syndrome and Related Disorders (JSRD), severe congenital aortic stenosis, bicuspid aortic valve and an atrial septal defect. JSRD is one of a group of conditions known as 'ciliopathies', whose multi-organ involvement results from primary cilia dysfunction. To date, there have been no other reported cases of aortic stenosis and bicuspid aortic valve associated with JSRD. Cardiac screening is not currently recommended in the management guidelines for individuals suspected of having JSRD. We speculate that while the presence of congenital aortic stenosis in this child could be caused by an unrelated genetic mechanism, it could also represent a phenotypic overlap with another ciliopathy, Bardet Biedl syndrome, in which aortic stenosis is more commonly reported. We also review the range of cardiac malformations reported to be present in all human diseases known to be ciliopathies, in order to assist with the investigation and management of individuals with a suspected or proven ciliopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalya Karp
- Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, 555 University Ave, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 1X8
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238
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Di Donato N, Riess A, Hackmann K, Rump A, Huebner A, von der Hagen M, Hahn G, Schrock E, Tinschert S. Macrocephaly, obesity, mental (intellectual) disability, and ocular abnormalities: alternative definition and further delineation of MOMO syndrome. Am J Med Genet A 2012; 158A:2857-62. [PMID: 22821547 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.35481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Accepted: 04/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
MOMO syndrome, previously defined as Macrosomia, Obesity, Macrocephaly, and Ocular abnormalities (OMIM 157980) is a rare intellectual disability syndrome of unknown cause. We describe two further patients with MOMO syndrome. Reported data of patients with MOMO syndrome and our own findings indicate that overgrowth does not appear to be a specific feature. We propose to form the acronym "MOMO" from Macrocephaly, Obesity, Mental (intellectual) disability, and Ocular abnormalities, excluding macrosomia from the syndrome name. The combination of obesity, macrocephaly, and colobomas is unique, therefore these features can be used as major diagnostic criteria of MOMO syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Di Donato
- Institute of Clinical Genetics, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
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239
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Hershey T, Lugar HM, Shimony JS, Rutlin J, Koller JM, Perantie DC, Paciorkowski AR, Eisenstein SA, Permutt MA. Early brain vulnerability in Wolfram syndrome. PLoS One 2012; 7:e40604. [PMID: 22792385 PMCID: PMC3394712 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2012] [Accepted: 06/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Wolfram Syndrome (WFS) is a rare autosomal recessive disease characterized by insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, optic nerve atrophy, diabetes insipidus, deafness, and neurological dysfunction leading to death in mid-adulthood. WFS is caused by mutations in the WFS1 gene, which lead to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-mediated cell death. Case studies have found widespread brain atrophy in late stage WFS. However, it is not known when in the disease course these brain abnormalities arise, and whether there is differential vulnerability across brain regions and tissue classes. To address this limitation, we quantified regional brain abnormalities across multiple imaging modalities in a cohort of young patients in relatively early stages of WFS. Children and young adults with WFS were evaluated with neurological, cognitive and structural magnetic resonance imaging measures. Compared to normative data, the WFS group had intact cognition, significant anxiety and depression, and gait abnormalities. Compared to healthy and type 1 diabetic control groups, the WFS group had smaller intracranial volume and preferentially affected gray matter volume and white matter microstructural integrity in the brainstem, cerebellum and optic radiations. Abnormalities were detected in even the youngest patients with mildest symptoms, and some measures did not follow the typical age-dependent developmental trajectory. These results establish that WFS is associated with smaller intracranial volume with specific abnormalities in the brainstem and cerebellum, even at the earliest stage of clinical symptoms. This pattern of abnormalities suggests that WFS has a pronounced impact on early brain development in addition to later neurodegenerative effects, representing a significant new insight into the WFS disease process. Longitudinal studies will be critical for confirming and expanding our understanding of the impact of ER stress dysregulation on brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Hershey
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America.
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240
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Joubert syndrome: brain and spinal cord malformations in genotyped cases and implications for neurodevelopmental functions of primary cilia. Acta Neuropathol 2012; 123:695-709. [PMID: 22331178 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-012-0951-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Revised: 01/25/2012] [Accepted: 01/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Joubert syndrome (JS) is an autosomal recessive ciliopathy characterized by hypotonia, ataxia, abnormal eye movements, and intellectual disability. The brain is malformed, with severe vermian hypoplasia, fourth ventriculomegaly, and "molar tooth" appearance of the cerebral and superior cerebellar peduncles visible as consistent features on neuroimaging. Neuropathological studies, though few, suggest that several other brain and spinal cord structures, such as the dorsal cervicomedullary junction, may also be affected in at least some patients. Genetically, JS is heterogeneous, with mutations in 13 genes accounting for approximately 50% of patients. Here, we compare neuropathologic findings in five subjects with JS, including four with defined mutations in OFD1 (2 siblings), RPGRIP1L, or TCTN2. Characteristic findings in all JS genotypes included vermian hypoplasia, fragmented dentate and spinal trigeminal nuclei, hypoplastic pontine and inferior olivary nuclei, and nondecussation of corticospinal tracts. Other common findings, seen in multiple genotypes but not all subjects, were dorsal cervicomedullary heterotopia, nondecussation of superior cerebellar peduncles, enlarged arcuate nuclei, hypoplastic reticular formation, hypoplastic medial lemnisci, and dorsal spinal cord disorganization. Thus, while JS exhibits significant neuropathologic as well as genetic heterogeneity, no genotype-phenotype correlations are apparent as yet. Our findings suggest that primary cilia are important for neural patterning, progenitor proliferation, cell migration, and axon guidance in the developing human brain and spinal cord.
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241
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Tsurusaki Y, Kosho T, Hatasaki K, Narumi Y, Wakui K, Fukushima Y, Doi H, Saitsu H, Miyake N, Matsumoto N. Exome sequencing in a family with an X-linked lethal malformation syndrome: clinical consequences of hemizygous truncating OFD1 mutations in male patients. Clin Genet 2012; 83:135-44. [PMID: 22548404 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.2012.01885.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Oral-facial-digital syndrome type 1 (OFD1; OMIM #311200) is an X-linked dominant disorder, caused by heterozygous mutations in the OFD1 gene and characterized by facial anomalies, abnormalities in oral tissues, digits, brain, and kidney; and male lethality in the first or second trimester pregnancy. We encountered a family with three affected male neonates having an 'unclassified' X-linked lethal congenital malformation syndrome. Exome sequencing of entire transcripts of the whole X chromosome has identified a novel splicing mutation (c.2388+1G > C) in intron 17 of OFD1, resulting in a premature stop codon at amino acid position 796. The affected males manifested severe multisystem complications in addition to the cardinal features of OFD1 and the carrier female showed only subtle features of OFD1. The present patients and the previously reported male patients from four families (clinical OFD1; Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome, type 2 with an OFD1 mutation; Joubert syndrome-10 with OFD1 mutations) would belong to a single syndrome spectrum caused by truncating OFD1 mutations, presenting with craniofacial features (macrocephaly, depressed or broad nasal bridge, and lip abnormalities), postaxial polydactyly, respiratory insufficiency with recurrent respiratory tract infections in survivors, severe mental or developmental retardation, and brain malformations (hypoplasia or agenesis of corpus callosum and/or cerebellar vermis and posterior fossa abnormalities).
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Tsurusaki
- Department of Human Genetics, Yokohama City Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
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242
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Burguete Moriones A, Cabada Giadás T, Bacaicoa Saralegui M, Annicherico Sánchez F. Síndrome de Joubert: hallazgos en resonancia magnética convencional y tensor de difusión. RADIOLOGIA 2012; 54:279-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rx.2010.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2010] [Revised: 09/24/2010] [Accepted: 09/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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243
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Chokshi FH, Poretti A, Meoded A, Huisman TAGM. Normal and abnormal development of the cerebellum and brainstem as depicted by diffusion tensor imaging. Semin Ultrasound CT MR 2012; 32:539-54. [PMID: 22108217 DOI: 10.1053/j.sult.2011.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is an advanced MRI technique that measures the microscopic molecular motion of water to gain information about the brain structure. This modality and its application to fiber tractography have been increasingly used in the last years to study the neuroanatomical background of brain malformations. This article aims to give an overview of the application of DTI and fiber tractography on pediatric posterior fossa including malformations, acquired disorders affecting the white matter, and posterior fossa involvement in phacomatoses. For every disorder, we show the additional information that DTI and fiber tractography are providing compared to conventional MR sequences and discuss their significance. Additionally, we show at the beginning normal DTI and fiber tractography findings of the pediatric posterior fossa. Finally, we briefly discuss potential future uses for DTI and fiber tractography to further understand the pathogenesis of posterior fossa malformations and the neuronal plasticity and connectivity of acquired lesions affecting the posterior fossa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Falgun H Chokshi
- Division of Neuroradiology, The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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244
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Simms RJ, Hynes AM, Eley L, Inglis D, Chaudhry B, Dawe HR, Sayer JA. Modelling a ciliopathy: Ahi1 knockdown in model systems reveals an essential role in brain, retinal, and renal development. Cell Mol Life Sci 2012; 69:993-1009. [PMID: 21959375 PMCID: PMC11115044 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-011-0826-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2011] [Revised: 09/09/2011] [Accepted: 09/12/2011] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Joubert syndrome and related diseases (JSRD) are cerebello-oculo-renal syndromes with phenotypes including cerebellar hypoplasia, retinal dystrophy, and nephronophthisis (a cystic kidney disease). Mutations in AHI1 are the most common genetic cause of JSRD, with developmental hindbrain anomalies and retinal degeneration being prominent features. We demonstrate that Ahi1, a WD40 domain-containing protein, is highly conserved throughout evolution and its expression associates with ciliated organisms. In zebrafish ahi1 morphants, the phenotypic spectrum of JSRD is modeled, with embryos showing brain, eye, and ear abnormalities, together with renal cysts and cloacal dilatation. Following ahi1 knockdown in zebrafish, we demonstrate loss of cilia at Kupffer's vesicle and subsequently defects in cardiac left-right asymmetry. Finally, using siRNA in renal epithelial cells we demonstrate a role for Ahi1 in both ciliogenesis and cell-cell junction formation. These data support a role for Ahi1 in epithelial cell organization and ciliary formation and explain the ciliopathy phenotype of AHI1 mutations in man.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roslyn J. Simms
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ UK
| | - Ann Marie Hynes
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ UK
| | - Lorraine Eley
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ UK
| | - David Inglis
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RE UK
| | - Bill Chaudhry
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ UK
| | - Helen R. Dawe
- Biosciences: College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QD UK
| | - John A. Sayer
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ UK
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245
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Gill H, Muthusamy B, Atan D, Williams C, Ellis M. Joubert syndrome presenting with motor delay and oculomotor apraxia. Case Rep Pediatr 2012; 2011:262641. [PMID: 22606509 PMCID: PMC3350021 DOI: 10.1155/2011/262641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2011] [Accepted: 12/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
We describe two sisters who presented in early childhood with motor delay and unusual eye movements. Both demonstrated hypotonia and poor visual attention. The older girl at 14 weeks of age showed fine pendular horizontal nystagmus more pronounced on lateral gaze, but despite investigation with cranial MRI no diagnosis was reached. The birth of her younger sister four years later with a similar presentation triggered review of the sisters' visual behaviour. Each had developed an unusual but similar form of oculomotor apraxia (OMA) with head thrusts to maintain fixation rather than to change fixation. MRI of the older sibling demonstrated the characteristic "molar tooth sign" (MTS) of Joubert syndrome which was subsequently confirmed on MRI in the younger sibling. We discuss the genetically heterogeneous ciliopathies now grouped as Joubert syndrome and Related Disorders. Clinicians need to consider this group of disorders when faced with unusual eye movements in the developmentally delayed child.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harjinder Gill
- Community Paediatrics, The Children's Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals, Headley Way, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Brinda Muthusamy
- Paediatric Ophthalmology and Adult Strabismus, The Wilmer Eye Institute at Johns Hopkins, 600 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Denize Atan
- Academic Department of Ophthalmology, School of Clinical Sciences, Bristol Eye Hospital, Lower Maudlin Street, Bristol BS1 2LX, UK
| | - Cathy Williams
- Centre for Child and Adolescent Health, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Matthew Ellis
- Centre for Child and Adolescent Health, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
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246
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Poretti A, Vitiello G, Hennekam RCM, Arrigoni F, Bertini E, Borgatti R, Brancati F, D'Arrigo S, Faravelli F, Giordano L, Huisman TAGM, Iannicelli M, Kluger G, Kyllerman M, Landgren M, Lees MM, Pinelli L, Romaniello R, Scheer I, Schwarz CE, Spiegel R, Tibussek D, Valente EM, Boltshauser E. Delineation and diagnostic criteria of Oral-Facial-Digital Syndrome type VI. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2012; 7:4. [PMID: 22236771 PMCID: PMC3313869 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1172-7-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2011] [Accepted: 01/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral-Facial-Digital Syndrome type VI (OFD VI) represents a rare phenotypic subtype of Joubert syndrome and related disorders (JSRD). In the original report polydactyly, oral findings, intellectual disability, and absence of the cerebellar vermis at post-mortem characterized the syndrome. Subsequently, the molar tooth sign (MTS) has been found in patients with OFD VI, prompting the inclusion of OFD VI in JSRD. We studied the clinical, neurodevelopmental, neuroimaging, and genetic findings in a cohort of 16 patients with OFD VI. We derived the following inclusion criteria from the literature: 1) MTS and one oral finding and polydactyly, or 2) MTS and more than one typical oral finding. The OFD VI neuroimaging pattern was found to be more severe than in other JSRD subgroups and includes severe hypoplasia of the cerebellar vermis, hypoplastic and dysplastic cerebellar hemispheres, marked enlargement of the posterior fossa, increased retrocerebellar collection of cerebrospinal fluid, abnormal brainstem, and frequently supratentorial abnormalities that occasionally include characteristic hypothalamic hamartomas. Additionally, two new JSRD neuroimaging findings (ascending superior cerebellar peduncles and fused thalami) have been identified. Tongue hamartomas, additional frenula, upper lip notch, and mesoaxial polydactyly are specific findings in OFD VI, while cleft lip/palate and other types of polydactyly of hands and feet are not specific. Involvement of other organs may include ocular findings, particularly colobomas. The majority of the patients have absent motor development and profound cognitive impairment. In OFD VI, normal cognitive functions are possible, but exceptional. Sequencing of known JSRD genes in most patients failed to detect pathogenetic mutations, therefore the genetic basis of OFD VI remains unknown. Compared with other JSRD subgroups, the neurological findings and impairment of motor development and cognitive functions in OFD VI are significantly worse, suggesting a correlation with the more severe neuroimaging findings. Based on the literature and this study we suggest as diagnostic criteria for OFD VI: MTS and one or more of the following: 1) tongue hamartoma(s) and/or additional frenula and/or upper lip notch; 2) mesoaxial polydactyly of one or more hands or feet; 3) hypothalamic hamartoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Poretti
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, University Children's Hospital of Zurich, Switzerland
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247
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Courtney
- Case Eye Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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248
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Huang L, Szymanska K, Jensen V, Janecke A, Innes A, Davis E, Frosk P, Li C, Willer J, Chodirker B, Greenberg C, McLeod D, Bernier F, Chudley A, Müller T, Shboul M, Logan C, Loucks C, Beaulieu C, Bowie R, Bell S, Adkins J, Zuniga F, Ross K, Wang J, Ban M, Becker C, Nürnberg P, Douglas S, Craft C, Akimenko MA, Hegele R, Ober C, Utermann G, Bolz H, Bulman D, Katsanis N, Blacque O, Doherty D, Parboosingh J, Leroux M, Johnson C, Boycott K. TMEM237 is mutated in individuals with a Joubert syndrome related disorder and expands the role of the TMEM family at the ciliary transition zone. Am J Hum Genet 2011; 89:713-30. [PMID: 22152675 PMCID: PMC3234373 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2011] [Revised: 10/25/2011] [Accepted: 11/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Joubert syndrome related disorders (JSRDs) have broad but variable phenotypic overlap with other ciliopathies. The molecular etiology of this overlap is unclear but probably arises from disrupting common functional module components within primary cilia. To identify additional module elements associated with JSRDs, we performed homozygosity mapping followed by next-generation sequencing (NGS) and uncovered mutations in TMEM237 (previously known as ALS2CR4). We show that loss of the mammalian TMEM237, which localizes to the ciliary transition zone (TZ), results in defective ciliogenesis and deregulation of Wnt signaling. Furthermore, disruption of Danio rerio (zebrafish) tmem237 expression produces gastrulation defects consistent with ciliary dysfunction, and Caenorhabditis elegans jbts-14 genetically interacts with nphp-4, encoding another TZ protein, to control basal body-TZ anchoring to the membrane and ciliogenesis. Both mammalian and C. elegans TMEM237/JBTS-14 require RPGRIP1L/MKS5 for proper TZ localization, and we demonstrate additional functional interactions between C. elegans JBTS-14 and MKS-2/TMEM216, MKSR-1/B9D1, and MKSR-2/B9D2. Collectively, our findings integrate TMEM237/JBTS-14 in a complex interaction network of TZ-associated proteins and reveal a growing contribution of a TZ functional module to the spectrum of ciliopathy phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijia Huang
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Katarzyna Szymanska
- Section of Ophthalmology and Neurosciences, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Victor L. Jensen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Andreas R. Janecke
- Department of Pediatrics II, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
- Division of Human Genetics, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - A. Micheil Innes
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T3B 6A8, Canada
| | - Erica E. Davis
- Center for Human Disease Modeling, Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Patrick Frosk
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3R 0J9, Canada
| | - Chunmei Li
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Jason R. Willer
- Center for Human Disease Modeling, Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Bernard N. Chodirker
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3R 0J9, Canada
| | - Cheryl R. Greenberg
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3R 0J9, Canada
| | - D. Ross McLeod
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T3B 6A8, Canada
| | - Francois P. Bernier
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T3B 6A8, Canada
| | - Albert E. Chudley
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3R 0J9, Canada
| | - Thomas Müller
- Department of Pediatrics II, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Mohammad Shboul
- Institute of Medical Biology: Human Embryology, 8A Biomedical Grove, #05-40 Immunos, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Clare V. Logan
- Section of Ophthalmology and Neurosciences, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Catrina M. Loucks
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T3B 6A8, Canada
| | - Chandree L. Beaulieu
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Rachel V. Bowie
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Sandra M. Bell
- Section of Ophthalmology and Neurosciences, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Jonathan Adkins
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Freddi I. Zuniga
- Mary D. Allen Laboratory in Vision Research, Doheny Eye Institute, Departments of Ophthalmology and Cell and Neurobiology, Los Angeles, CA 90033-9224, USA
| | - Kevin D. Ross
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Jian Wang
- Robarts Research Institute and University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Matthew R. Ban
- Robarts Research Institute and University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Christian Becker
- Cologne Center for Genomics, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Peter Nürnberg
- Cologne Center for Genomics, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Stuart Douglas
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Cheryl M. Craft
- Mary D. Allen Laboratory in Vision Research, Doheny Eye Institute, Departments of Ophthalmology and Cell and Neurobiology, Los Angeles, CA 90033-9224, USA
| | | | - Robert A. Hegele
- Robarts Research Institute and University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Carole Ober
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Gerd Utermann
- Division of Human Genetics, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Hanno J. Bolz
- Center for Human Genetics, Bioscientia, 55218 Ingelheim, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Dennis E. Bulman
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute and University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Nicholas Katsanis
- Center for Human Disease Modeling, Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Oliver E. Blacque
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Dan Doherty
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | | | - Michel R. Leroux
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Colin A. Johnson
- Section of Ophthalmology and Neurosciences, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Kym M. Boycott
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada
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249
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Swanhart LM, Cosentino CC, Diep CQ, Davidson AJ, de Caestecker M, Hukriede NA. Zebrafish kidney development: basic science to translational research. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 93:141-56. [PMID: 21671354 DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.20209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The zebrafish has become a significant model system for studying renal organogenesis and disease, as well as for the quest for new therapeutics, because of the structural and functional simplicity of the embryonic kidney. Inroads to the nature and disease states of kidney-related ciliopathies and acute kidney injury (AKI) have been advanced by zebrafish studies. This model organism has been instrumental in the analysis of mutant gene function for human disease with respect to ciliopathies. Additionally, in the AKI field, recent work in the zebrafish has identified a bona fide adult zebrafish renal progenitor (stem) cell that is required for neo-nephrogenesis, both during the normal lifespan and in response to renal injury. Taken together, these studies solidify the zebrafish as a successful model system for studying the broad spectrum of ciliopathies and AKI that affect millions of humans worldwide, and point to a very promising future of zebrafish drug discovery. The emphasis of this review will be on the role of the zebrafish as a model for human kidney-related ciliopathies and AKI, and how our understanding of these complex pathologies is being furthered by this tiny teleost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Swanhart
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
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250
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Dafinger C, Liebau MC, Elsayed SM, Hellenbroich Y, Boltshauser E, Korenke GC, Fabretti F, Janecke AR, Ebermann I, Nürnberg G, Nürnberg P, Zentgraf H, Koerber F, Addicks K, Elsobky E, Benzing T, Schermer B, Bolz HJ. Mutations in KIF7 link Joubert syndrome with Sonic Hedgehog signaling and microtubule dynamics. J Clin Invest 2011; 121:2662-7. [PMID: 21633164 DOI: 10.1172/jci43639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2010] [Accepted: 04/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Joubert syndrome (JBTS) is characterized by a specific brain malformation with various additional pathologies. It results from mutations in any one of at least 10 different genes, including NPHP1, which encodes nephrocystin-1. JBTS has been linked to dysfunction of primary cilia, since the gene products known to be associated with the disorder localize to this evolutionarily ancient organelle. Here we report the identification of a disease locus, JBTS12, with mutations in the KIF7 gene, an ortholog of the Drosophila kinesin Costal2, in a consanguineous JBTS family and subsequently in other JBTS patients. Interestingly, KIF7 is a known regulator of Hedgehog signaling and a putative ciliary motor protein. We found that KIF7 co-precipitated with nephrocystin-1. Further, knockdown of KIF7 expression in cell lines caused defects in cilia formation and induced abnormal centrosomal duplication and fragmentation of the Golgi network. These cellular phenotypes likely resulted from abnormal tubulin acetylation and microtubular dynamics. Thus, we suggest that modified microtubule stability and growth direction caused by loss of KIF7 function may be an underlying disease mechanism contributing to JBTS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Dafinger
- Institute of Human Genetics, Department of Medicine and Centre for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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