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Martínez-Cerdeño V, Cunningham CL, Camacho J, Keiter JA, Ariza J, Lovern M, Noctor SC. Evolutionary origin of Tbr2-expressing precursor cells and the subventricular zone in the developing cortex. J Comp Neurol 2016; 524:433-47. [PMID: 26267763 PMCID: PMC4843790 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The subventricular zone (SVZ) is greatly expanded in primates with gyrencephalic cortices and is thought to be absent from vertebrates with three-layered, lissencephalic cortices, such as the turtle. Recent work in rodents has shown that Tbr2-expressing neural precursor cells in the SVZ produce excitatory neurons for each cortical layer in the neocortex. Many excitatory neurons are generated through a two-step process in which Pax6-expressing radial glial cells divide in the VZ to produce Tbr2-expressing intermediate progenitor cells, which divide in the SVZ to produce cortical neurons. We investigated the evolutionary origin of SVZ neural precursor cells in the prenatal cerebral cortex by testing for the presence and distribution of Tbr2-expressing cells in the prenatal cortex of reptilian and avian species. We found that mitotic Tbr2(+) cells are present in the prenatal cortex of lizard, turtle, chicken, and dove. Furthermore, Tbr2(+) cells are organized into a distinct SVZ in the dorsal ventricular ridge (DVR) of turtle forebrain and in the cortices of chicken and dove. Our results are consistent with the concept that Tbr2(+) neural precursor cells were present in the common ancestor of mammals and reptiles. Our data also suggest that the organizing principle guiding the assembly of Tbr2(+) cells into an anatomically distinct SVZ, both developmentally and evolutionarily, may be shared across vertebrates. Finally, our results indicate that Tbr2 expression can be used to test for the presence of a distinct SVZ and to define the boundaries of the SVZ in developing cortices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Martínez-Cerdeño
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospital for Children of Northern California, Sacramento, California, 95817
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, UC Davis, Sacramento, California, 95817
- Medical Investigations of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (M.I.N.D.) Institute, School of Medicine, UC Davis, Sacramento, California, 95817
| | | | - Jasmin Camacho
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospital for Children of Northern California, Sacramento, California, 95817
| | - Janet A Keiter
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, UC Davis, Davis, California, 95616
| | - Jeanelle Ariza
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospital for Children of Northern California, Sacramento, California, 95817
| | - Matthew Lovern
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, 74074
| | - Stephen C Noctor
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, UC Davis, Sacramento, California, 95817
- Medical Investigations of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (M.I.N.D.) Institute, School of Medicine, UC Davis, Sacramento, California, 95817
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202
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Perez-Garcia CG, O'Leary DDM. Formation of the Cortical Subventricular Zone Requires MDGA1-Mediated Aggregation of Basal Progenitors. Cell Rep 2016; 14:560-571. [PMID: 26776515 PMCID: PMC4731247 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.12.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The subventricular zone (SVZ) provides a specialized neurogenic microenvironment for proliferation and aggregation of basal progenitors (BPs). Our study reveals a mechanism for the aggregation of BPs within the SVZ required for their proliferation and generation of cortical layer neurons. The autism-related IgCAM, MDGA1, is locally expressed in the BP cell membrane where it co-localizes and complexes with the gap junction protein Connexin43. To address MDGA1 function, we created a floxed allele of MDGA1 and deleted it from BPs. MDGA1 deletion results in reduced BP proliferation and size of the SVZ, with an aberrant population of BPs ectopically positioned in the cortical plate. These defects are manifested in diminished production of cortical layer neurons and a significant reduction of the cortical layers. We conclude that MDGA1 functions to aggregate and maintain BPs within the SVZ providing the neurogenic niche required for their proliferation and generation of cortical layer neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dennis D M O'Leary
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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203
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Riar AK, Narasimhan M, Rathinam ML, Henderson GI, Mahimainathan L. Ethanol induces cytostasis of cortical basal progenitors. J Biomed Sci 2016; 23:6. [PMID: 26786850 PMCID: PMC4717586 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-016-0225-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Developing brain is a major target for alcohol’s actions and neurological/functional abnormalities include microencephaly, reduced frontal cortex, mental retardation and attention-deficits. Previous studies have shown that ethanol altered the lateral ventricular neuroepithelial cell proliferation. However, the effect of ethanol on subventricular basal progenitors which generate majority of the cortical layers is not known. Methods We utilized spontaneously immortalized rat brain neuroblasts obtained from cultures of 18-day-old fetal rat cerebral cortices using in vitro ethanol exposures and an in utero binge model. In the in vitro acute model, cells were exposed to 86 mM ethanol for 8, 12 and 24 h. The second in vitro model comprised of chronic intermittent ethanol (CIE) exposure which consisted of 14 h of ethanol treatment followed by 10 h of withdrawal with three repetitions. Results E18 neuroblasts expressing Tbr2 representing immature basal progenitors displayed significant reduction of proliferation in response to ethanol in both the models. The decreased proliferation was accompanied by absence of apoptosis or autophagy as illustrated by FACS analysis and expression of apoptotic and autophagic markers. The BrdU incorporation assay indicated that ethanol enhanced the accumulation of cells at G1 with reduced cell number in S phase. In addition, the ethanol-inhibited basal neuroblasts proliferation was connected to decrease in cyclin D1 and Rb phosphorylation indicating cell cycle arrest. Further, in utero ethanol exposure in pregnant rats during E15-E18 significantly decreased Tbr2 and cyclin D1 positive cell number in cerebral cortex of embryos as assessed by cell sorting analysis by flow cytometry. Conclusions Altogether, the current findings demonstrate that ethanol impacts the expansion of basal progenitors by inducing cytostasis that might explain the anomalies of cortico-cerebral development associated with fetal alcohol syndrome. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12929-016-0225-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanjot Kaur Riar
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th Street, Lubbock, TX, 79430, USA
| | - Madhusudhanan Narasimhan
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th Street, Lubbock, TX, 79430, USA.,South Plains Alcohol and Addiction Research Center, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th Street, Lubbock, TX, 79430, USA
| | - Mary Latha Rathinam
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th Street, Lubbock, TX, 79430, USA
| | - George I Henderson
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th Street, Lubbock, TX, 79430, USA.,South Plains Alcohol and Addiction Research Center, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th Street, Lubbock, TX, 79430, USA
| | - Lenin Mahimainathan
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th Street, Lubbock, TX, 79430, USA. .,South Plains Alcohol and Addiction Research Center, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th Street, Lubbock, TX, 79430, USA.
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204
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Chu J, Tu Y, Chen J, Tan D, Liu X, Pi R. Effects of melatonin and its analogues on neural stem cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2016; 420:169-79. [PMID: 26499395 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2015] [Revised: 09/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) are multipotent cells which are capable of self-replication and differentiation into neurons, astrocytes or oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system (CNS). NSCs are found in two main regions in the adult brain: the subgranular zone (SGZ) in the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) and the subventricular zone (SVZ). The recent discovery of NSCs in the adult mammalian brain has fostered a plethora of translational and preclinical studies to investigate novel approaches for the therapy of neurodegenerative diseases. Melatonin is the major secretory product synthesized and secreted by the pineal gland and shows both a wide distribution within phylogenetically distant organisms from bacteria to humans and a great functional versatility. Recently, accumulated experimental evidence showed that melatonin plays an important role in NSCs, including its proliferation, differentiation and survival, which are modulated by many factors including MAPK/ERK signaling pathway, histone acetylation, neurotrophic factors, transcription factors, and apoptotic genes. The purpose of this review is to summarize the beneficial effects of melatonin on NSCs and further to discuss the potential usage of melatonin and its derivatives or analogues in the treatment of CNS neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Chu
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; International Joint Laboratory (SYSU-PolyU HK) of Novel Anti-Dementia Drugs of Guangdong, Guangzhou 510006, China; National and Local United Engineering Lab of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yalin Tu
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; International Joint Laboratory (SYSU-PolyU HK) of Novel Anti-Dementia Drugs of Guangdong, Guangzhou 510006, China; National and Local United Engineering Lab of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Jingkao Chen
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; International Joint Laboratory (SYSU-PolyU HK) of Novel Anti-Dementia Drugs of Guangdong, Guangzhou 510006, China; National and Local United Engineering Lab of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Dunxian Tan
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, The University of Texas, Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Xingguo Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rongbiao Pi
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; International Joint Laboratory (SYSU-PolyU HK) of Novel Anti-Dementia Drugs of Guangdong, Guangzhou 510006, China; National and Local United Engineering Lab of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, 74 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou 510080, China.
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205
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Abstract
The disproportional enlargement of the neocortex through evolution has been instrumental in the success of vertebrates, in particular mammals. The neocortex is a multilayered sheet of neurons generated from a simple proliferative neuroepithelium through a myriad of mechanisms with substantial evolutionary conservation. This developing neuroepithelium is populated by progenitors that can generate additional progenitors as well as post-mitotic neurons. Subtle alterations in the production of progenitors vs. differentiated cells during development can result in dramatic differences in neocortical size. This review article will examine how cadherin adhesion proteins, in particular α-catenin and N-cadherin, function in regulating the neural progenitor microenvironment, cell proliferation, and differentiation in cortical development.
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Key Words
- APC, Adenomatous polyposis coli.
- CBD, catenin binding domain
- CK1, Casein kinase 1
- GSK3β, glycogen synthase kinase 3β
- Hh, Hedgehog
- JMD, juxtamembrane domain
- N-cadherin
- PCP, planar cell polarity
- PI3K, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase
- PTEN, phosphatase and tensin homolog
- SHH, sonic hedgehog
- SNP, short neural precursor
- VZ, ventricular zone
- adherens junction
- differentiation
- proliferation
- wnt
- α-catenin
- β-catenin
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam M Stocker
- a Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory ; The Salk Institute ; La Jolla , CA USA
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206
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Suzuki IK, Vanderhaeghen P. Is this a brain which I see before me? Modeling human neural development with pluripotent stem cells. Development 2016; 142:3138-50. [PMID: 26395142 DOI: 10.1242/dev.120568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The human brain is arguably the most complex structure among living organisms. However, the specific mechanisms leading to this complexity remain incompletely understood, primarily because of the poor experimental accessibility of the human embryonic brain. Over recent years, technologies based on pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) have been developed to generate neural cells of various types. While the translational potential of PSC technologies for disease modeling and/or cell replacement therapies is usually put forward as a rationale for their utility, they are also opening novel windows for direct observation and experimentation of the basic mechanisms of human brain development. PSC-based studies have revealed that a number of cardinal features of neural ontogenesis are remarkably conserved in human models, which can be studied in a reductionist fashion. They have also revealed species-specific features, which constitute attractive lines of investigation to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the development of the human brain, and its link with evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikuo K Suzuki
- Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Institute for Interdisciplinary Research (IRIBHM), and ULB Institute of Neuroscience (UNI), 808 Route de Lennik, Brussels B-1070, Belgium
| | - Pierre Vanderhaeghen
- Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Institute for Interdisciplinary Research (IRIBHM), and ULB Institute of Neuroscience (UNI), 808 Route de Lennik, Brussels B-1070, Belgium WELBIO, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 808 Route de Lennik, Brussels B-1070, Belgium
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207
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Yagi H, Oka Y, Komada M, Xie MJ, Noguchi K, Sato M. Filamin A interacting protein plays a role in proper positioning of callosal projection neurons in the cortex. Neurosci Lett 2016; 612:18-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2015.11.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 11/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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208
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Pfeuty B. Neuronal specification exploits the inherent flexibility of cell-cycle gap phases. NEUROGENESIS 2015; 2:e1095694. [PMID: 27606329 PMCID: PMC4973608 DOI: 10.1080/23262133.2015.1095694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Starting from pluripotent stem cells that virtually proliferate indefinitely, the orderly emergence during organogenesis of lineage-restricted cell types exhibiting a decreased proliferative capacity concurrently with an increasing range of differentiation traits implies the occurrence of a stringent spatiotemporal coupling between cell-cycle progression and cell differentiation. A recent computational modeling study has explored in the context of neurogenesis whether and how the peculiar pattern of connections among the proneural Neurog2 factor, the Hes1 Notch effector and antagonistically-acting G1-phase regulators would be instrumental in this event. This study highlighted that the strong opposition to G1/S transit imposed by accumulating Neurog2 and CKI enables a sensitive control of G1-phase lengthening and terminal differentiation to occur concomitantly with late-G1 exit. Contrastingly, Hes1 promotes early-G1 cell-cycle arrest and its cell-autonomous oscillations combined with a lateral inhibition mechanism help maintain a labile proliferation state in dynamic balance with diverse cell-fate outputs, thereby, offering cells the choice to either keep self-renewing or differentiate into distinct cell types. These results, discussed in connection with Ascl1-dependent neural differentiation, suggest that developmental fate decisions exploit the inherent flexibility of cell-cycle gap phases to generate diversity by selecting subtly-differing patterns of connections among components of the cell-cycle machinery and differentiation pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Pfeuty
- Laboratoire de Physique des Lasers Atomes et Molécules; CNRS; Université de Lille ; Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
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209
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Reiner O, Karzbrun E, Kshirsagar A, Kaibuchi K. Regulation of neuronal migration, an emerging topic in autism spectrum disorders. J Neurochem 2015; 136:440-56. [PMID: 26485324 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Revised: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) encompass a group of neurodevelopmental diseases that demonstrate strong heritability, however, the inheritance is not simple and many genes have been associated with these disorders. ASD is regarded as a neurodevelopmental disorder, and abnormalities at different developmental stages are part of the disease etiology. This review provides a general background on neuronal migration during brain development and discusses recent advancements in the field connecting ASD and aberrant neuronal migration. We propose that neuronal migration impairment may be an important common pathophysiology in autism spectrum disorders (ASD). This review provides a general background on neuronal migration during brain development and discusses recent advancements in the field connecting ASD and aberrant neuronal migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orly Reiner
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Eyal Karzbrun
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Aditya Kshirsagar
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Kozo Kaibuchi
- Department of Cell Pharmacology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa, Nagoya, Japan
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210
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Orchestration of Neuronal Differentiation and Progenitor Pool Expansion in the Developing Cortex by SoxC Genes. J Neurosci 2015. [PMID: 26203155 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1663-15.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
As the cerebral cortex forms, specialized molecular cascades direct the expansion of progenitor pools, the differentiation of neurons, or the maturation of discrete neuronal subtypes, together ensuring that the correct amounts and classes of neurons are generated. In several neural systems, the SoxC transcriptional regulators, particularly Sox11 and Sox4, have been characterized as functioning exclusively and redundantly in promoting neuronal differentiation. Using the mouse cerebral cortex as a model, Sox11 and Sox4 were examined in the formation of the most complex part of the mammalian brain. Anticipated prodifferentiation roles were observed. Distinct expression patterns and mutant phenotypes, however, reveal that Sox11 and Sox4 are not redundant in the cortex, but rather act in overlapping and discrete populations of neurons. In particular, Sox11 acts in early-born neurons; binding to its partner protein, Neurogenin1, leads to selective targeting and transactivation of a downstream gene, NeuroD1. In addition to neuronal expression, Sox4 was unexpectedly expressed in intermediate progenitor cells, the transit amplifying cell of the cerebral cortex. Sox4 mutant analyses reveal a requirement for Sox4 in IPC specification and maintenance. In intermediate progenitors, Sox4 partners with the proneural gene Neurogenin2 to activate Tbrain2 and then with Tbrain2 to maintain this cell fate. This work reveals an intricately structured molecular architecture for SoxC molecules, with Sox11 acting in a select set of cortical neurons and Sox4 playing an unanticipated role in designating secondary progenitors.
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211
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Abstract
Neurons are highly polarized cells with structurally and functionally distinct processes called axons and dendrites. This polarization underlies the directional flow of information in the central nervous system, so the establishment and maintenance of neuronal polarization is crucial for correct development and function. Great progress in our understanding of how neurons establish their polarity has been made through the use of cultured hippocampal neurons, while recent technological advances have enabled in vivo analysis of axon specification and elongation. This short review and accompanying poster highlight recent advances in this fascinating field, with an emphasis on the signaling mechanisms underlying axon and dendrite specification in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Takano
- Department of Cell Pharmacology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Chundi Xu
- Department of Cell Pharmacology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Funahashi
- Department of Cell Pharmacology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Takashi Namba
- Department of Cell Pharmacology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Kozo Kaibuchi
- Department of Cell Pharmacology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
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212
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Matsuzaki F, Shitamukai A. Cell Division Modes and Cleavage Planes of Neural Progenitors during Mammalian Cortical Development. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2015; 7:a015719. [PMID: 26330517 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a015719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
During mammalian brain development, neural progenitor cells undergo symmetric proliferative divisions followed by asymmetric neurogenic divisions. The division mode of these self-renewing progenitors, together with the cell fate of their progeny, plays critical roles in determining the number of neurons and, ultimately, the size of the adult brain. In the past decade, remarkable progress has been made toward identifying various types of neuronal progenitors. Recent technological advances in live imaging and genetic manipulation have enabled us to link dynamic cell biological events to the molecular mechanisms that control the asymmetric divisions of self-renewing progenitors and have provided a fresh perspective on the modes of division of these progenitors. In addition, comparison of progenitor repertoires between species has provided insight into the expansion and the development of the complexity of the brain during mammalian evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumio Matsuzaki
- Laboratory for Cell Asymmetry, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Atsunori Shitamukai
- Laboratory for Cell Asymmetry, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
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213
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Wagenführ L, Meyer AK, Braunschweig L, Marrone L, Storch A. Brain oxygen tension controls the expansion of outer subventricular zone-like basal progenitors in the developing mouse brain. Development 2015; 142:2904-15. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.121939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian neocortex shows a conserved six-layered structure that differs between species in the total number of cortical neurons produced owing to differences in the relative abundance of distinct progenitor populations. Recent studies have identified a new class of proliferative neurogenic cells in the outer subventricular zone (OSVZ) in gyrencephalic species such as primates and ferrets. Lissencephalic brains of mice possess fewer OSVZ-like progenitor cells and these do not constitute a distinct layer. Most in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that oxygen regulates the maintenance, proliferation and differentiation of neural progenitor cells. Here we dissect the effects of fetal brain oxygen tension on neural progenitor cell activity using a novel mouse model that allows oxygen tension to be controlled within the hypoxic microenvironment in the neurogenic niche of the fetal brain in vivo. Indeed, maternal oxygen treatment of 10%, 21% and 75% atmospheric oxygen tension for 48 h translates into robust changes in fetal brain oxygenation. Increased oxygen tension in fetal mouse forebrain in vivo leads to a marked expansion of a distinct proliferative cell population, basal to the SVZ. These cells constitute a novel neurogenic cell layer, similar to the OSVZ, and contribute to corticogenesis by heading for deeper cortical layers as a part of the cortical plate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Wagenführ
- Division of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurology, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, Dresden 01307, Germany
| | - Anne K. Meyer
- Division of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurology, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, Dresden 01307, Germany
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Material Research, IFW Dresden, Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Helmholtzstrasse 20, Dresden 01069, Germany
| | - Lena Braunschweig
- Division of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurology, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, Dresden 01307, Germany
| | - Lara Marrone
- Division of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurology, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, Dresden 01307, Germany
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 105, Dresden 01307, Germany
| | - Alexander Storch
- Division of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurology, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, Dresden 01307, Germany
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 105, Dresden 01307, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Dresden, Arnoldstrasse 18, Dresden 01307, Germany
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214
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He S, Li Z, Ge S, Yu YC, Shi SH. Inside-Out Radial Migration Facilitates Lineage-Dependent Neocortical Microcircuit Assembly. Neuron 2015; 86:1159-66. [PMID: 26050035 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2015.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 03/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Neocortical excitatory neurons migrate radially along the glial fibers of mother radial glial progenitors (RGPs) in a birth-date-dependent inside-out manner. However, the precise functional significance of this well-established orderly neuronal migration remains largely unclear. Here, we show that strong electrical synapses selectively form between RGPs and their newborn progeny and between sister excitatory neurons in ontogenetic radial clones at the embryonic stage. Interestingly, the preferential electrical coupling between sister excitatory neurons, but not that between RGP and newborn progeny, is eliminated in mice lacking REELIN or upon clonal depletion of DISABLED-1, which compromises the inside-out radial neuronal migration pattern in the developing neocortex. Moreover, increased levels of Ephrin-A ligand or receptor that laterally disperse sister excitatory neurons also disrupt preferential electrical coupling between radially aligned sister excitatory neurons. These results suggest that RGP-guided inside-out radial neuronal migration facilitates the initial assembly of lineage-dependent precise columnar microcircuits in the neocortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuijin He
- Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Zhizhong Li
- Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Shaoyu Ge
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, SUNY at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Yong-Chun Yu
- Institute of Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Song-Hai Shi
- Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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215
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Namba T, Funahashi Y, Nakamuta S, Xu C, Takano T, Kaibuchi K. Extracellular and Intracellular Signaling for Neuronal Polarity. Physiol Rev 2015; 95:995-1024. [PMID: 26133936 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00025.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurons are one of the highly polarized cells in the body. One of the fundamental issues in neuroscience is how neurons establish their polarity; therefore, this issue fascinates many scientists. Cultured neurons are useful tools for analyzing the mechanisms of neuronal polarization, and indeed, most of the molecules important in their polarization were identified using culture systems. However, we now know that the process of neuronal polarization in vivo differs in some respects from that in cultured neurons. One of the major differences is their surrounding microenvironment; neurons in vivo can be influenced by extrinsic factors from the microenvironment. Therefore, a major question remains: How are neurons polarized in vivo? Here, we begin by reviewing the process of neuronal polarization in culture conditions and in vivo. We also survey the molecular mechanisms underlying neuronal polarization. Finally, we introduce the theoretical basis of neuronal polarization and the possible involvement of neuronal polarity in disease and traumatic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Namba
- Department of Cell Pharmacology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Funahashi
- Department of Cell Pharmacology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shinichi Nakamuta
- Department of Cell Pharmacology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Chundi Xu
- Department of Cell Pharmacology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Takano
- Department of Cell Pharmacology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kozo Kaibuchi
- Department of Cell Pharmacology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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216
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Stouffer MA, Golden JA, Francis F. Neuronal migration disorders: Focus on the cytoskeleton and epilepsy. Neurobiol Dis 2015; 92:18-45. [PMID: 26299390 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2015.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
A wide spectrum of focal, regional, or diffuse structural brain abnormalities, collectively known as malformations of cortical development (MCDs), frequently manifest with intellectual disability (ID), epilepsy, and/or autistic spectrum disorder (ASD). As the acronym suggests, MCDs are perturbations of the normal architecture of the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. The pathogenesis of these disorders remains incompletely understood; however, one area that has provided important insights has been the study of neuronal migration. The amalgamation of human genetics and experimental studies in animal models has led to the recognition that common genetic causes of neurodevelopmental disorders, including many severe epilepsy syndromes, are due to mutations in genes regulating the migration of newly born post-mitotic neurons. Neuronal migration genes often, though not exclusively, code for proteins involved in the function of the cytoskeleton. Other cellular processes, such as cell division and axon/dendrite formation, which similarly depend on cytoskeletal functions, may also be affected. We focus here on how the susceptibility of the highly organized neocortex and hippocampus may be due to their laminar organization, which involves the tight regulation, both temporally and spatially, of gene expression, specialized progenitor cells, the migration of neurons over large distances and a birthdate-specific layering of neurons. Perturbations in neuronal migration result in abnormal lamination, neuronal differentiation defects, abnormal cellular morphology and circuit formation. Ultimately this results in disorganized excitatory and inhibitory activity leading to the symptoms observed in individuals with these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A Stouffer
- INSERM UMRS 839, Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France; Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, France
| | - Jeffrey A Golden
- Department of Pathology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Fiona Francis
- INSERM UMRS 839, Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France; Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, France.
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217
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Koch B, Meyer AK, Helbig L, Harazim SM, Storch A, Sanchez S, Schmidt OG. Dimensionality of Rolled-up Nanomembranes Controls Neural Stem Cell Migration Mechanism. NANO LETTERS 2015; 15:5530-8. [PMID: 26161791 PMCID: PMC4538455 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b02099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
We employ glass microtube structures fabricated by rolled-up nanotechnology to infer the influence of scaffold dimensionality and cell confinement on neural stem cell (NSC) migration. Thereby, we observe a pronounced morphology change that marks a reversible mesenchymal to amoeboid migration mode transition. Space restrictions preset by the diameter of nanomembrane topography modify the cell shape toward characteristics found in living tissue. We demonstrate the importance of substrate dimensionality for the migration mode of NSCs and thereby define rolled-up nanomembranes as the ultimate tool for single-cell migration studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britta Koch
- Institute
for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz Institute
for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden, D-01069 Dresden, Germany
- E-mail:
| | - Anne K. Meyer
- Institute
for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz Institute
for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden, D-01069 Dresden, Germany
- Division
of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurology, Technische Universität Dresden, D-01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Linda Helbig
- Institute
for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz Institute
for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden, D-01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Stefan M. Harazim
- Institute
for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz Institute
for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden, D-01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Alexander Storch
- Division
of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurology, Technische Universität Dresden, D-01307 Dresden, Germany
- German Center for
Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Dresden, D-01307 Dresden, Germany
- Center
for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Technische Universität Dresden, D-01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Samuel Sanchez
- Institute
for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz Institute
for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden, D-01069 Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute
for Intelligent Systems, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Oliver G. Schmidt
- Institute
for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz Institute
for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden, D-01069 Dresden, Germany
- Material
Systems for Nanoelectronics, Technische
Universität Chemnitz, D-09107 Chemnitz, Germany
- Center
for
Advancing Electronics Dresden, Technische
Universität Dresden, D-01187 Dresden, Germany
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218
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Gil-Sanz C, Espinosa A, Fregoso SP, Bluske KK, Cunningham CL, Martinez-Garay I, Zeng H, Franco SJ, Müller U. Lineage Tracing Using Cux2-Cre and Cux2-CreERT2 Mice. Neuron 2015; 86:1091-1099. [PMID: 25996136 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2015.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Revised: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Using genetic fate-mapping with Cux2-Cre and Cux2-CreERT2 mice we demonstrated that the neocortical ventricular zone (VZ) contains radial glial cells (RGCs) with restricted fate potentials (Franco et al., 2012). Using the same mouse lines, Guo et al. (2013) concluded that the neocortical VZ does not contain lineage-restricted RGCs. We now show that the recombination pattern in Cux2-Cre/CreERT2 mice depends on genetic background and breeding strategies. We provide evidence that Guo et al. likely reached different conclusions because they worked with transgenic sublines with drifted transgene expression patterns. In Cux2-Cre and Cux2-CreERT2 mice that recapitulate the endogenous Cux2 expression pattern, the vast majority of fate-mapped neurons express Satb2 but not Ctip2, confirming that a restricted subset of all neocortical projection neurons belongs to the Cux2 lineage. This Matters Arising paper is in response to Guo et al. (2013), published in Neuron. See also the Matters Arising Response paper by Eckler et al. (2015), published concurrently with this Matters Arising in Neuron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Gil-Sanz
- Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Department, Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ana Espinosa
- Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Department, Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Santiago P Fregoso
- Graduate Program in Cell Biology, Stem Cells and Development, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Krista K Bluske
- Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Department, Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Christopher L Cunningham
- Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Department, Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Isabel Martinez-Garay
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK
| | - Hongkui Zeng
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98103, USA
| | - Santos J Franco
- Graduate Program in Cell Biology, Stem Cells and Development, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Program of Pediatric Stem Cell Biology, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| | - Ulrich Müller
- Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Department, Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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219
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Wong FK, Fei JF, Mora-Bermúdez F, Taverna E, Haffner C, Fu J, Anastassiadis K, Stewart AF, Huttner WB. Sustained Pax6 Expression Generates Primate-like Basal Radial Glia in Developing Mouse Neocortex. PLoS Biol 2015; 13:e1002217. [PMID: 26252244 PMCID: PMC4529158 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1002217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolutionary expansion of the neocortex in mammals has been linked to enlargement of the subventricular zone (SVZ) and increased proliferative capacity of basal progenitors (BPs), notably basal radial glia (bRG). The transcription factor Pax6 is known to be highly expressed in primate, but not mouse, BPs. Here, we demonstrate that sustaining Pax6 expression selectively in BP-genic apical radial glia (aRG) and their BP progeny of embryonic mouse neocortex suffices to induce primate-like progenitor behaviour. Specifically, we conditionally expressed Pax6 by in utero electroporation using a novel, Tis21–CreERT2 mouse line. This expression altered aRG cleavage plane orientation to promote bRG generation, increased cell-cycle re-entry of BPs, and ultimately increased upper-layer neuron production. Upper-layer neuron production was also increased in double-transgenic mouse embryos with sustained Pax6 expression in the neurogenic lineage. Strikingly, increased BPs existed not only in the SVZ but also in the intermediate zone of the neocortex of these double-transgenic mouse embryos. In mutant mouse embryos lacking functional Pax6, the proportion of bRG among BPs was reduced. Our data identify specific Pax6 effects in BPs and imply that sustaining this Pax6 function in BPs could be a key aspect of SVZ enlargement and, consequently, the evolutionary expansion of the neocortex. "Humanizing" the expression of the transcription factor Pax6 in cortical progenitors in the developing mouse brain is sufficient to endow these progenitors with a primate-like proliferative capacity. During development, neural progenitors generate all cells that make up the mammalian brain. Differences in brain size among the various mammalian species are attributed to differences in the abundance and proliferative capacity of a specific class of neural progenitors called basal progenitors. Among these, a specific progenitor type called basal radial glia is thought to have played an important role during evolution in the expansion of the neocortex, the part of the brain associated with higher cognitive functions like conscious thought and language. In the neocortex, the expression of the transcription factor Pax6 in basal progenitors is low in rodents, but high in primates, including humans. In this study, we aimed to mimic the elevated expression pattern of Pax6 seen in humans in basal progenitors of the embryonic mouse neocortex. To this end, we generated a novel, transgenic mouse line that allows sustained expression of the Pax6 gene in basal progenitors. This elevated expression resulted in an increase in the generation of basal radial glia, in the proliferative capacity of basal progenitors, and, ultimately, in the number of neurons produced. Our findings demonstrate that altering the expression of a single transcription factor from a mouse to a human-like pattern suffices to induce a primate-like proliferative behaviour in neural progenitors, which is thought to underlie the evolutionary expansion of the neocortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fong Kuan Wong
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ji-Feng Fei
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Elena Taverna
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Christiane Haffner
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jun Fu
- Biotechnology Center of the Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - A. Francis Stewart
- Biotechnology Center of the Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Wieland B. Huttner
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
- * E-mail:
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220
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De Juan Romero C, Borrell V. Coevolution of radial glial cells and the cerebral cortex. Glia 2015; 63:1303-19. [PMID: 25808466 PMCID: PMC5008138 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Radial glia cells play fundamental roles in the development of the cerebral cortex, acting both as the primary stem and progenitor cells, as well as the guides for neuronal migration and lamination. These critical functions of radial glia cells in cortical development have been discovered mostly during the last 15 years and, more recently, seminal studies have demonstrated the existence of a remarkable diversity of additional cortical progenitor cell types, including a variety of basal radial glia cells with key roles in cortical expansion and folding, both in ontogeny and phylogeny. In this review, we summarize the main cellular and molecular mechanisms known to be involved in cerebral cortex development in mouse, as the currently preferred animal model, and then compare these with known mechanisms in other vertebrates, both mammal and nonmammal, including human. This allows us to present a global picture of how radial glia cells and the cerebral cortex seem to have coevolved, from reptiles to primates, leading to the remarkable diversity of vertebrate cortical phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camino De Juan Romero
- Instituto De Neurociencias, Consejo Superior De Investigaciones Científicas & Universidad Miguel Hernández, Sant Joan D'alacant, Spain
| | - Víctor Borrell
- Instituto De Neurociencias, Consejo Superior De Investigaciones Científicas & Universidad Miguel Hernández, Sant Joan D'alacant, Spain
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221
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Okamoto M, Shinoda T, Kawaue T, Nagasaka A, Miyata T. Ferret-mouse differences in interkinetic nuclear migration and cellular densification in the neocortical ventricular zone. Neurosci Res 2015; 86:88-95. [PMID: 24780233 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2014.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2013] [Revised: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The thick outer subventricular zone (OSVZ) is characteristic of the development of human neocortex. How this region originates from the ventricular zone (VZ) is largely unknown. Recently, we showed that over-proliferation-induced acute nuclear densification and thickening of the VZ in neocortical walls of mice, which lack an OSVZ, causes reactive delamination of undifferentiated progenitors and invasion by these cells of basal areas outside the VZ. In this study, we sought to determine how VZ cells behave in non-rodent animals that have an OSVZ. A comparison of mid-embryonic mice and ferrets revealed: (1) the VZ is thicker and more pseudostratified in ferrets. (2) The soma and nuclei of VZ cells were horizontally and apicobasally denser in ferrets. (3) Individual endfeet were also denser on the apical (ventricular) surface in ferrets. (4) In ferrets, apicalward nucleokinesis was less directional, whereas basalward nucleokinesis was more directional; consequently, the nuclear density in the periventricular space (within 16 μm of the apical surface) was smaller in ferrets than in mice, despite the nuclear densification seen basally in ferrets. These results suggest that species-specific differences in nucleokinesis strategies may have evolved in close association with the magnitudes and patterns of nuclear stratification in the VZ.
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222
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Turrero García M, Chang Y, Arai Y, Huttner WB. S-phase duration is the main target of cell cycle regulation in neural progenitors of developing ferret neocortex. J Comp Neurol 2015; 524:456-70. [PMID: 25963823 PMCID: PMC5008145 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2015] [Revised: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The evolutionary expansion of the neocortex primarily reflects increases in abundance and proliferative capacity of cortical progenitors and in the length of the neurogenic period during development. Cell cycle parameters of neocortical progenitors are an important determinant of cortical development. The ferret (Mustela putorius furo), a gyrencephalic mammal, has gained increasing importance as a model for studying corticogenesis. Here, we have studied the abundance, proliferation, and cell cycle parameters of different neural progenitor types, defined by their differential expression of the transcription factors Pax6 and Tbr2, in the various germinal zones of developing ferret neocortex. We focused our analyses on postnatal day 1, a late stage of cortical neurogenesis when upper‐layer neurons are produced. Based on cumulative 5‐ethynyl‐2′‐deoxyuridine (EdU) labeling as well as Ki67 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) immunofluorescence, we determined the duration of the various cell cycle phases of the different neocortical progenitor subpopulations. Ferret neocortical progenitors were found to exhibit longer cell cycles than those of rodents and little variation in the duration of G1 among distinct progenitor types, also in contrast to rodents. Remarkably, the main difference in cell cycle parameters among the various progenitor types was the duration of S‐phase, which became shorter as progenitors progressively changed transcription factor expression from patterns characteristic of self‐renewal to those of neuron production. Hence, S‐phase duration emerges as major target of cell cycle regulation in cortical progenitors of this gyrencephalic mammal. J. Comp. Neurol. 524:456–470, 2016. © 2015 The Authors The Journal of Comparative Neurology Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Turrero García
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - YoonJeung Chang
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Yoko Arai
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Wieland B Huttner
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307, Dresden, Germany
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223
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Sato T, Sato F, Kamezaki A, Sakaguchi K, Tanigome R, Kawakami K, Sehara-Fujisawa A. Neuregulin 1 Type II-ErbB Signaling Promotes Cell Divisions Generating Neurons from Neural Progenitor Cells in the Developing Zebrafish Brain. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127360. [PMID: 26001123 PMCID: PMC4441363 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Post-mitotic neurons are generated from neural progenitor cells (NPCs) at the expense of their proliferation. Molecular and cellular mechanisms that regulate neuron production temporally and spatially should impact on the size and shape of the brain. While transcription factors such as neurogenin1 (neurog1) and neurod govern progression of neurogenesis as cell-intrinsic mechanisms, recent studies show regulatory roles of several cell-extrinsic or intercellular signaling molecules including Notch, FGF and Wnt in production of neurons/neural progenitor cells from neural stem cells/radial glial cells (NSCs/RGCs) in the ventricular zone (VZ). However, it remains elusive how production of post-mitotic neurons from neural progenitor cells is regulated in the sub-ventricular zone (SVZ). Here we show that newborn neurons accumulate in the basal-to-apical direction in the optic tectum (OT) of zebrafish embryos. While neural progenitor cells are amplified by mitoses in the apical ventricular zone, neurons are exclusively produced through mitoses of neural progenitor cells in the sub-basal zone, later in the sub-ventricular zone, and accumulate apically onto older neurons. This neurogenesis depends on Neuregulin 1 type II (NRG1-II)-ErbB signaling. Treatment with an ErbB inhibitor, AG1478 impairs mitoses in the sub-ventricular zone of the optic tectum. Removal of AG1478 resumes sub-ventricular mitoses without precedent mitoses in the apical ventricular zone prior to basal-to-apical accumulation of neurons, suggesting critical roles of ErbB signaling in mitoses for post-mitotic neuron production. Knockdown of NRG1-II impairs both mitoses in the sub-basal/sub-ventricular zone and the ventricular zone. Injection of soluble human NRG1 into the developing brain ameliorates neurogenesis of NRG1-II-knockdown embryos, suggesting a conserved role of NRG1 as a cell-extrinsic signal. From these results, we propose that NRG1-ErbB signaling stimulates cell divisions generating neurons from neural progenitor cells in the developing vertebrate brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Sato
- Department of Growth Regulation, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
- * E-mail: (TS); (ASF)
| | - Fuminori Sato
- Department of Growth Regulation, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Aosa Kamezaki
- Department of Growth Regulation, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology and Development, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kazuya Sakaguchi
- Department of Growth Regulation, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ryoma Tanigome
- Department of Growth Regulation, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Koichi Kawakami
- Division of Molecular and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima-shi, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Atsuko Sehara-Fujisawa
- Department of Growth Regulation, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
- * E-mail: (TS); (ASF)
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224
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Neuroimaging in autism spectrum disorder: brain structure and function across the lifespan. Lancet Neurol 2015; 14:1121-34. [PMID: 25891007 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(15)00050-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 276] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decade, in-vivo MRI studies have provided many invaluable insights into the neural substrates underlying autism spectrum disorder (ASD), which is now known to be associated with neurodevelopmental variations in brain anatomy, functioning, and connectivity. These systems-level features of ASD pathology seem to develop differentially across the human lifespan so that the cortical abnormalities that occur in children with ASD differ from those noted at other stages of life. Thus, investigation of the brain in ASD poses particular methodological challenges, which must be addressed to enable the comparison of results across studies. Novel analytical approaches are also being developed to facilitate the translation of findings from the research to the clinical setting. In the future, the insights provided by human neuroimaging studies could contribute to biomarker development for ASD and other neurodevelopmental disorders, and to new approaches to diagnosis and treatment.
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225
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Miyamoto Y, Sakane F, Hashimoto K. N-cadherin-based adherens junction regulates the maintenance, proliferation, and differentiation of neural progenitor cells during development. Cell Adh Migr 2015; 9:183-92. [PMID: 25869655 DOI: 10.1080/19336918.2015.1005466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This review addresses our current understanding of the regulatory mechanism by which N-cadherin, a classical cadherin, affects neural progenitor cells (NPCs) during development. N-cadherin is responsible for the integrity of adherens junctions (AJs), which develop in the sub-apical region of NPCs in the neural tube and brain cortex. The apical domain, which contains the sub-apical region, is involved in the switching from symmetric proliferative division to asymmetric neurogenic division of NPCs. In addition, N-cadherin-based AJ is deeply involved in the apico-basal polarity of NPCs and the regulation of Wnt-β-catenin, hedgehog (Hh), and Notch signaling. In this review, we discuss the roles of N-cadherin in the maintenance, proliferation, and differentiation of NPCs through components of AJ, β-catenin and αE-catenin.
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Key Words
- AJ, adherens junction
- EC, extracellular
- Fox, forkhead box
- Frz, frizzled
- GFAP, glial fibrillary acidic protein
- GSK3β, glycogen synthase kinase 3β
- Hes, hairly/enhancer of split
- Hh, hedgehog
- IP, intermediate progenitor
- KO, knockout
- LEF, lymphocyte enhancer factor
- N-cadherin
- NPC, neural progenitor cell
- Par, partition defective complex protein
- Ptc, Pached
- Smo, smoothened
- Sox2, sry (sex determining region Y)-box containing gene 2
- TA cell, transient amplifying cell; ZO-1, Zonula Occludens-1.
- TCF, T-cell factor
- aPKC, atypical protein kinase C
- adherens junction
- apico-basal polarity
- iPSC, induced pluripotent stem cell
- neural progenitor cells
- ngn2, neurogenin 2
- shRNA, short hairpin RNA
- β-catenin
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunori Miyamoto
- a The Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences; Ochanomizu University ; Tokyo , Japan
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226
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Sakakibara A, Hatanaka Y. Neuronal polarization in the developing cerebral cortex. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:116. [PMID: 25904841 PMCID: PMC4389351 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortical neurons consist of excitatory projection neurons and inhibitory GABAergic interneurons, whose connections construct highly organized neuronal circuits that control higher order information processing. Recent progress in live imaging has allowed us to examine how these neurons differentiate during development in vivo or in in vivo-like conditions. These analyses have revealed how the initial steps of polarization, in which neurons establish an axon, occur. Interestingly, both excitatory and inhibitory cortical neurons establish neuronal polarity de novo by undergoing a multipolar stage reminiscent of the manner in which polarity formation occurs in hippocampal neurons in dissociated culture. In this review, we focus on polarity formation in cortical neurons and describe their typical morphology and dynamic behavior during the polarization period. We also discuss cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying polarization, with reference to polarity formation in dissociated hippocampal neurons in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Sakakibara
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University Kasugai, Japan
| | - Yumiko Hatanaka
- Division of Cerebral Circuitry, National Institute for Physiological Sciences Okazaki, Japan ; Japan Science and Technology Agency, Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology Tokyo, Japan
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227
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Ito H, Shiwaku H, Yoshida C, Homma H, Luo H, Chen X, Fujita K, Musante L, Fischer U, Frints SGM, Romano C, Ikeuchi Y, Shimamura T, Imoto S, Miyano S, Muramatsu SI, Kawauchi T, Hoshino M, Sudol M, Arumughan A, Wanker EE, Rich T, Schwartz C, Matsuzaki F, Bonni A, Kalscheuer VM, Okazawa H. In utero gene therapy rescues microcephaly caused by Pqbp1-hypofunction in neural stem progenitor cells. Mol Psychiatry 2015; 20:459-71. [PMID: 25070536 PMCID: PMC4378255 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2014.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2014] [Revised: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Human mutations in PQBP1, a molecule involved in transcription and splicing, result in a reduced but architecturally normal brain. Examination of a conditional Pqbp1-knockout (cKO) mouse with microcephaly failed to reveal either abnormal centrosomes or mitotic spindles, increased neurogenesis from the neural stem progenitor cell (NSPC) pool or increased cell death in vivo. Instead, we observed an increase in the length of the cell cycle, particularly for the M phase in NSPCs. Corresponding to the developmental expression of Pqbp1, the stem cell pool in vivo was decreased at E10 and remained at a low level during neurogenesis (E15) in Pqbp1-cKO mice. The expression profiles of NSPCs derived from the cKO mouse revealed significant changes in gene groups that control the M phase, including anaphase-promoting complex genes, via aberrant transcription and RNA splicing. Exogenous Apc4, a hub protein in the network of affected genes, recovered the cell cycle, proliferation, and cell phenotypes of NSPCs caused by Pqbp1-cKO. These data reveal a mechanism of brain size control based on the simple reduction of the NSPC pool by cell cycle time elongation. Finally, we demonstrated that in utero gene therapy for Pqbp1-cKO mice by intraperitoneal injection of the PQBP1-AAV vector at E10 successfully rescued microcephaly with preserved cortical structures and improved behavioral abnormalities in Pqbp1-cKO mice, opening a new strategy for treating this intractable developmental disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ito
- Department of Neuropathology, Medical Research Institute and Center for Brain Integration Research, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - H Shiwaku
- Department of Neuropathology, Medical Research Institute and Center for Brain Integration Research, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - C Yoshida
- Department of Neuropathology, Medical Research Institute and Center for Brain Integration Research, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - H Homma
- Department of Neuropathology, Medical Research Institute and Center for Brain Integration Research, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - H Luo
- Department of Neuropathology, Medical Research Institute and Center for Brain Integration Research, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - X Chen
- Department of Neuropathology, Medical Research Institute and Center for Brain Integration Research, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - K Fujita
- Department of Neuropathology, Medical Research Institute and Center for Brain Integration Research, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - L Musante
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics, Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin-Dahlem, Germany
| | - U Fischer
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics, Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin-Dahlem, Germany
| | - S G M Frints
- Department of Clinical Genetics, University Hospital azM Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands,School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, GROW, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - C Romano
- Unità Operativa Complessa di Pediatria e Genetica Medica, IRCCS Associazione Oasi Maria Santissima, Troina (Enna), Italy
| | - Y Ikeuchi
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA,Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - T Shimamura
- Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - S Imoto
- Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - S Miyano
- Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - S-i Muramatsu
- Department of Neurology, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - T Kawauchi
- Department of Anatomy, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - M Hoshino
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, National Center for Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - M Sudol
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction and Proteomic Profiling, Weis Center for Research, Geisinger Clinic, Danville, PA, USA
| | - A Arumughan
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin-Buch, Germany
| | - E E Wanker
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin-Buch, Germany
| | - T Rich
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - C Schwartz
- JC Self Research Institute of Human Genetics, Greenwood Genetic Center, Greenwood, SC, USA
| | - F Matsuzaki
- Laboratory for Cell Asymmetry, Center for Developmental Biology, RIKEN, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan
| | - A Bonni
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA,Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - V M Kalscheuer
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics, Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin-Dahlem, Germany
| | - H Okazawa
- Department of Neuropathology, Medical Research Institute and Center for Brain Integration Research, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan,Department of Neuropathology, Medical Research Institute and Center for Brain Integration Research, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan. E-mail:
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228
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Shaker MR, Kim JY, Kim H, Sun W. Identification and characterization of secondary neural tube-derived embryonic neural stem cells in vitro. Stem Cells Dev 2015; 24:1171-81. [PMID: 25706228 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2014.0506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Secondary neurulation is an embryonic progress that gives rise to the secondary neural tube, the precursor of the lower spinal cord region. The secondary neural tube is derived from aggregated Sox2-expressing neural cells at the dorsal region of the tail bud, which eventually forms rosette or tube-like structures to give rise to neural tissues in the tail bud. We addressed whether the embryonic tail contains neural stem cells (NSCs), namely secondary NSCs (sNSCs), with the potential for self-renewal in vitro. Using in vitro neurosphere assays, neurospheres readily formed at the rosette and neural-tube levels, but less frequently at the tail bud tip level. Furthermore, we identified that sNSC-generated neurospheres were significantly smaller in size compared with cortical neurospheres. Interestingly, various cell cycle analyses revealed that this difference was not due to a reduction in the proliferation rate of NSCs, but rather the neuronal commitment of sNSCs, as sNSC-derived neurospheres contain more committed neuronal progenitor cells, even in the presence of epidermal growth factor (EGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF). These results suggest that the higher tendency for sNSCs to spontaneously differentiate into progenitor cells may explain the limited expansion of the secondary neural tube during embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed R Shaker
- Department of Anatomy, Brain Korea 21 Program, Korea University College of Medicine , Seoul, Korea
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229
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Patro N, Naik A, Patro IK. Differential temporal expression of S100β in developing rat brain. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:87. [PMID: 25852479 PMCID: PMC4364248 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Radial glial cells (RGs) originally considered to provide scaffold to the radially migrating neurons constitute a heterogeneous population of the regionally variable precursor cells that generate both neurons as well as glia depending upon the location and the timing of development. Hence specific immunohistochemical markers are required to specify their spatiotemporal location and fate in the neurogenic and gliogenic zones. We hypothesize S100β as a potential and unified marker for both primary and secondary progenitors. To achieve this, cryocut sections from rat brains of varied embryonic and postnatal ages were immunolabeled with a combination of antibodies, i.e., S100β + Nestin, Nestin + GFAP and S100β + GFAP. A large population of the primary and secondary progenitors, lining the VZ and SVZ, simultaneously co-expressed S100β and nestin establishing their progenitor nature. A downregulation of both S100β and nestin noticed by the end of the 1st postnatal week marks their differentiation towards neuronal or glial lineage. In view of the absence of co-expression of GFAP (glial fibrillary acidic protein) either with S100β or nestin, the suitability of accepting GFAP as an early marker of RG's was eliminated. Thus the dynamic expression of S100β in both the neural stem cells (NSCs) and RGs during embryonic and early neonatal life is associated with its proliferative potential and migration of undifferentiated neuroblasts and astrocytes. Once they lose their potential for proliferation, the S100β expression is repressed with its reemergence in mature astrocytes. This study provides the first clear evidence of S100β expression throughout the period of neurogenesis and early gliogenesis, suggesting its suitability as a radial progenitor cell marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Patro
- School of Studies in Neuroscience, Jiwaji UniversityGwalior, India
| | - Aijaz Naik
- School of Studies in Neuroscience, Jiwaji UniversityGwalior, India
- School of Studies in Zoology, Jiwaji UniversityGwalior, India
| | - Ishan K. Patro
- School of Studies in Neuroscience, Jiwaji UniversityGwalior, India
- School of Studies in Zoology, Jiwaji UniversityGwalior, India
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230
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Manuel MN, Mi D, Mason JO, Price DJ. Regulation of cerebral cortical neurogenesis by the Pax6 transcription factor. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:70. [PMID: 25805971 PMCID: PMC4354436 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding brain development remains a major challenge at the heart of understanding what makes us human. The neocortex, in evolutionary terms the newest part of the cerebral cortex, is the seat of higher cognitive functions. Its normal development requires the production, positioning, and appropriate interconnection of very large numbers of both excitatory and inhibitory neurons. Pax6 is one of a relatively small group of transcription factors that exert high-level control of cortical development, and whose mutation or deletion from developing embryos causes major brain defects and a wide range of neurodevelopmental disorders. Pax6 is very highly conserved between primate and non-primate species, is expressed in a gradient throughout the developing cortex and is essential for normal corticogenesis. Our understanding of Pax6’s functions and the cellular processes that it regulates during mammalian cortical development has significantly advanced in the last decade, owing to the combined application of genetic and biochemical analyses. Here, we review the functional importance of Pax6 in regulating cortical progenitor proliferation, neurogenesis, and formation of cortical layers and highlight important differences between rodents and primates. We also review the pathological effects of PAX6 mutations in human neurodevelopmental disorders. We discuss some aspects of Pax6’s molecular actions including its own complex transcriptional regulation, the distinct molecular functions of its splice variants and some of Pax6’s known direct targets which mediate its actions during cortical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine N Manuel
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh UK
| | - Da Mi
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh UK
| | - John O Mason
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh UK
| | - David J Price
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh UK
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231
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Kim YH, Larsen HL, Rué P, Lemaire LA, Ferrer J, Grapin-Botton A. Cell cycle-dependent differentiation dynamics balances growth and endocrine differentiation in the pancreas. PLoS Biol 2015; 13:e1002111. [PMID: 25786211 PMCID: PMC4364879 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1002111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Organogenesis relies on the spatiotemporal balancing of differentiation and proliferation driven by an expanding pool of progenitor cells. In the mouse pancreas, lineage tracing at the population level has shown that the expanding pancreas progenitors can initially give rise to all endocrine, ductal, and acinar cells but become bipotent by embryonic day 13.5, giving rise to endocrine cells and ductal cells. However, the dynamics of individual progenitors balancing self-renewal and lineage-specific differentiation has never been described. Using three-dimensional live imaging and in vivo clonal analysis, we reveal the contribution of individual cells to the global behaviour and demonstrate three modes of progenitor divisions: symmetric renewing, symmetric endocrinogenic, and asymmetric generating a progenitor and an endocrine progenitor. Quantitative analysis shows that the endocrine differentiation process is consistent with a simple model of cell cycle-dependent stochastic priming of progenitors to endocrine fate. The findings provide insights to define control parameters to optimize the generation of β-cells in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung Hae Kim
- DanStem, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Life Sciences, Institute of Bioengineering, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Pau Rué
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jorge Ferrer
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Institut d'Investigacions August Pi i Sunyer, CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anne Grapin-Botton
- DanStem, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Life Sciences, Institute of Bioengineering, Lausanne, Switzerland
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232
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Nomura T, Yamashita W, Gotoh H, Ono K. Genetic manipulation of reptilian embryos: toward an understanding of cortical development and evolution. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:45. [PMID: 25759636 PMCID: PMC4338674 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian neocortex is a remarkable structure that is characterized by tangential surface expansion and six-layered lamination. However, how the mammalian neocortex emerged during evolution remains elusive. Because all modern reptiles have a homolog of the neocortex at the dorsal pallium, developmental analyses of the reptilian cortex are valuable to explore the origin of the neocortex. However, reptilian cortical development and the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear, mainly due to technical difficulties with sample collection and embryonic manipulation. Here, we introduce a method of embryonic manipulations for the Madagascar ground gecko and Chinese softshell turtle. We established in ovo electroporation and an ex ovo culture system to address neural stem cell dynamics, neuronal differentiation and migration. Applications of these techniques illuminate the developmental mechanisms underlying reptilian corticogenesis, which provides significant insight into the evolutionary steps of different types of cortex and the origin of the mammalian neocortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadashi Nomura
- Developmental Neurobiology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine Kyoto, Japan ; Japan Science and Technology Agency, PRESTO Kawaguchi, Japan
| | - Wataru Yamashita
- Department of Biophysics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Gotoh
- Developmental Neurobiology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine Kyoto, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Ono
- Developmental Neurobiology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine Kyoto, Japan
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233
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Abstract
The foundation of the diverse metazoan nervous systems is laid by embryonic patterning mechanisms, involving the generation and movement of neural progenitors and their progeny. Here we divide early neurogenesis into discrete elements, including origin, pattern, proliferation, and movement of neuronal progenitors, which are controlled by conserved gene cassettes. We review these neurogenetic mechanisms in representatives of the different metazoan clades, with the goal to build a conceptual framework in which one can ask specific questions, such as which of these mechanisms potentially formed part of the developmental "toolkit" of the bilaterian ancestor and which evolved later.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker Hartenstein
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Angelika Stollewerk
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK.
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234
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Delaunay D, Robini MC, Dehay C. Mitotic spindle asymmetry in rodents and primates: 2D vs. 3D measurement methodologies. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:33. [PMID: 25709568 PMCID: PMC4321609 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent data have uncovered that spindle size asymmetry (SSA) is a key component of asymmetric cell division (ACD) in the mouse cerebral cortex (Delaunay et al., 2014). In the present study we show that SSA is independent of spindle orientation and also occurs during cortical progenitor divisions in the ventricular zone (VZ) of the macaque cerebral cortex, pointing to a conserved mechanism in the mammalian lineage. Because SSA magnitude is smaller in cortical precursors than in invertebrate neuroblasts, the unambiguous demonstration of volume differences between the two half spindles is considered to require 3D reconstruction of the mitotic spindle (Delaunay et al., 2014). Although straightforward, the 3D analysis of SSA is time consuming, which is likely to hinder SSA identification and prevent further explorations of SSA related mechanisms in generating ACD. We therefore set out to develop an alternative method for accurately measuring spindle asymmetry. Based on the mathematically demonstrated linear relationship between 2D and 3D analysis, we show that 2D assessment of spindle size in metaphase cells is as accurate and reliable as 3D reconstruction provided a specific procedure is applied. We have examined the experimental accuracy of the two methods by applying them to different sets of in vivo and in vitro biological data, including mouse and primate cortical precursors. Linear regression analysis demonstrates that the results from 2D and 3D reconstructions are equally powerful. We therefore provide a reliable and efficient technique to measure SSA in mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Delaunay
- Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U846 Bron, France ; Université de Lyon I Lyon, France
| | - Marc C Robini
- CREATIS (CNRS Research Unit UMR5220 and INSERM Research Unit U1044), INSA-Lyon Villeurbanne, France
| | - Colette Dehay
- Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U846 Bron, France ; Université de Lyon I Lyon, France
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235
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Miyata T, Okamoto M, Shinoda T, Kawaguchi A. Interkinetic nuclear migration generates and opposes ventricular-zone crowding: insight into tissue mechanics. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 8:473. [PMID: 25674051 PMCID: PMC4309187 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The neuroepithelium (NE) or ventricular zone (VZ), from which multiple types of brain cells arise, is pseudostratified. In the NE/VZ, neural progenitor cells are elongated along the apicobasal axis, and their nuclei assume different apicobasal positions. These nuclei move in a cell cycle-dependent manner, i.e., apicalward during G2 phase and basalward during G1 phase, a process called interkinetic nuclear migration (INM). This review will summarize and discuss several topics: the nature of the INM exhibited by neural progenitor cells, the mechanical difficulties associated with INM in the developing cerebral cortex, the community-level mechanisms underlying collective and efficient INM, the impact on overall brain formation when NE/VZ is overcrowded due to loss of INM, and whether and how neural progenitor INM varies among mammalian species. These discussions will be based on recent findings obtained in live, three-dimensional specimens using quantitative and mechanical approaches. Experiments in which overcrowding was induced in mouse neocortical NE/VZ, as well as comparisons of neocortical INM between mice and ferrets, have revealed that the behavior of NE/VZ cells can be affected by cellular densification. A consideration of the physical aspects in the NE/VZ and the mechanical difficulties associated with high-degree pseudostratification (PS) is important for achieving a better understanding of neocortical development and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaki Miyata
- Anatomy and Cell Biology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Mayumi Okamoto
- Anatomy and Cell Biology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Tomoyasu Shinoda
- Anatomy and Cell Biology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Ayano Kawaguchi
- Anatomy and Cell Biology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
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236
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Ciliary ectosomes: transmissions from the cell's antenna. Trends Cell Biol 2015; 25:276-85. [PMID: 25618328 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2014.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Revised: 12/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The cilium is the site of function for a variety of membrane receptors, enzymes and signal transduction modules crucial for a spectrum of cellular processes. Through targeted transport and selective gating mechanisms, the cell localizes specific proteins to the cilium that equip it for the role of sensory antenna. This capacity of the cilium to serve as a specialized compartment where specific proteins can be readily concentrated for sensory reception also makes it an ideal organelle to employ for the regulated emission of specific biological material and information. In this review we present and discuss an emerging body of evidence centered on ciliary ectosomes - bioactive vesicles released from the surface of the cilium.
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237
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Najas S, Arranz J, Lochhead PA, Ashford AL, Oxley D, Delabar JM, Cook SJ, Barallobre MJ, Arbonés ML. DYRK1A-mediated Cyclin D1 Degradation in Neural Stem Cells Contributes to the Neurogenic Cortical Defects in Down Syndrome. EBioMedicine 2015; 2:120-34. [PMID: 26137553 PMCID: PMC4484814 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2015.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Revised: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Alterations in cerebral cortex connectivity lead to intellectual disability and in Down syndrome, this is associated with a deficit in cortical neurons that arises during prenatal development. However, the pathogenic mechanisms that cause this deficit have not yet been defined. Here we show that the human DYRK1A kinase on chromosome 21 tightly regulates the nuclear levels of Cyclin D1 in embryonic cortical stem (radial glia) cells, and that a modest increase in DYRK1A protein in transgenic embryos lengthens the G1 phase in these progenitors. These alterations promote asymmetric proliferative divisions at the expense of neurogenic divisions, producing a deficit in cortical projection neurons that persists in postnatal stages. Moreover, radial glial progenitors in the Ts65Dn mouse model of Down syndrome have less Cyclin D1, and Dyrk1a is the triplicated gene that causes both early cortical neurogenic defects and decreased nuclear Cyclin D1 levels in this model. These data provide insights into the mechanisms that couple cell cycle regulation and neuron production in cortical neural stem cells, emphasizing that the deleterious effect of DYRK1A triplication in the formation of the cerebral cortex begins at the onset of neurogenesis, which is relevant to the search for early therapeutic interventions in Down syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sònia Najas
- Department of Developmental Biology, Instituto de Biología Molecular de Barcelona, CSIC, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan Arranz
- Department of Developmental Biology, Instituto de Biología Molecular de Barcelona, CSIC, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pamela A. Lochhead
- Signalling Programme, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, CB22 3AT Cambridge, UK
| | - Anne L. Ashford
- Signalling Programme, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, CB22 3AT Cambridge, UK
| | - David Oxley
- Proteomics Group, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, CB22 3AT Cambridge, UK
| | - Jean M. Delabar
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Inserm, CNRS, UM 75, U 1127, UMR 7225, ICM, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Simon J. Cook
- Signalling Programme, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, CB22 3AT Cambridge, UK
| | - María José Barallobre
- Department of Developmental Biology, Instituto de Biología Molecular de Barcelona, CSIC, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria L. Arbonés
- Department of Developmental Biology, Instituto de Biología Molecular de Barcelona, CSIC, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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238
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Kask K, Ruisu K, Tikker L, Karis K, Saare M, Meier R, Karis A, Tõnissoo T, Pooga M. Deletion of RIC8A in neural precursor cells leads to altered neurogenesis and neonatal lethality of mouse. Dev Neurobiol 2015; 75:984-1002. [DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Revised: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keiu Kask
- Department of Developmental Biology; Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu; 23 Riia St., Tartu 51010 Estonia
| | - Katrin Ruisu
- Department of Developmental Biology; Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu; 23 Riia St., Tartu 51010 Estonia
| | - Laura Tikker
- Department of Developmental Biology; Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu; 23 Riia St., Tartu 51010 Estonia
| | - Kirstin Karis
- Department of Developmental Biology; Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu; 23 Riia St., Tartu 51010 Estonia
| | - Merly Saare
- Department of Developmental Biology; Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu; 23 Riia St., Tartu 51010 Estonia
| | - Riho Meier
- Department of Developmental Biology; Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu; 23 Riia St., Tartu 51010 Estonia
| | - Alar Karis
- Department of Developmental Biology; Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu; 23 Riia St., Tartu 51010 Estonia
| | - Tambet Tõnissoo
- Department of Developmental Biology; Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu; 23 Riia St., Tartu 51010 Estonia
| | - Margus Pooga
- Department of Developmental Biology; Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu; 23 Riia St., Tartu 51010 Estonia
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239
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Costa MR, Müller U. Specification of excitatory neurons in the developing cerebral cortex: progenitor diversity and environmental influences. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 8:449. [PMID: 25628534 PMCID: PMC4290578 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The mature cerebral cortex harbors a heterogeneous population of glutamatergic neurons, organized into a highly intricate histological architecture. Classically, this mixed population of neurons was thought to be generated sequentially from a seemingly homogenous group of progenitors under the influence of external cues. This view, however, has been challenged in the last decade by evidences pointing to the existence of fate-restricted neuronal progenitors in the developing neocortex. Here, we review classical studies using cell transplantation, retroviral labeling and cell culture, as well as new data from genetic fate-mapping analysis, to discuss the lineage relationships between neocortical progenitors and subclasses of excitatory neurons. We also propose a temporal model to conciliate the existence of fate-restricted progenitors alongside multipotent progenitors in the neocortex. Finally, we discuss evidences for a critical period of plasticity among post mitotic excitatory cortical neurons when environmental influences could change neuronal cell fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos R Costa
- Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte Natal, Brazil
| | - Ulrich Müller
- Dorris Neuroscience Center and Department of Cell Biology, The Scripps Research Institute La Jolla, CA, USA
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240
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Artegiani B, de Jesus Domingues AM, Bragado Alonso S, Brandl E, Massalini S, Dahl A, Calegari F. Tox: a multifunctional transcription factor and novel regulator of mammalian corticogenesis. EMBO J 2014; 34:896-910. [PMID: 25527292 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201490061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Major efforts are invested to characterize the factors controlling the proliferation of neural stem cells. During mammalian corticogenesis, our group has identified a small pool of genes that are transiently downregulated in the switch of neural stem cells to neurogenic division and reinduced in newborn neurons. Among these switch genes, we found Tox, a transcription factor with hitherto uncharacterized roles in the nervous system. Here, we investigated the role of Tox in corticogenesis by characterizing its expression at the tissue, cellular and temporal level. We found that Tox is regulated by calcineurin/Nfat signalling. Moreover, we combined DNA adenine methyltransferase identification (DamID) with deep sequencing to characterize the chromatin binding properties of Tox including its motif and downstream transcriptional targets including Sox2, Tbr2, Prox1 and other key factors. Finally, we manipulated Tox in the developing brain and validated its multiple roles in promoting neural stem cell proliferation and neurite outgrowth of newborn neurons. Our data provide a valuable resource to study the role of Tox in other tissues and highlight a novel key player in brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedetta Artegiani
- DFG-Research Center for Regenerative Therapies, Cluster of Excellence, TU-Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Sara Bragado Alonso
- DFG-Research Center for Regenerative Therapies, Cluster of Excellence, TU-Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Brandl
- DFG-Research Center for Regenerative Therapies, Cluster of Excellence, TU-Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Simone Massalini
- DFG-Research Center for Regenerative Therapies, Cluster of Excellence, TU-Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Andreas Dahl
- Deep Sequencing Group-SFB655, Biotechnology Center, TU-Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Federico Calegari
- DFG-Research Center for Regenerative Therapies, Cluster of Excellence, TU-Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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241
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Lodato S, Shetty AS, Arlotta P. Cerebral cortex assembly: generating and reprogramming projection neuron diversity. Trends Neurosci 2014; 38:117-25. [PMID: 25529141 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Revised: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian cerebral cortex is responsible for the highest levels of associative, cognitive and motor functions. In the central nervous system (CNS) the cortex stands as a prime example of extreme neuronal diversity, broadly classified into excitatory projection neurons (PNs) and inhibitory interneurons (INs). We review here recent progress made in understanding the strategies and mechanisms that shape PN diversity during embryogenesis, and discuss how PN classes may be maintained, postnatally, for the life of the organism. In addition, we consider the intriguing possibility that PNs may be amenable to directed reprogramming of their class-specific features to allow enhanced cortical plasticity in the adult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Lodato
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ashwin S Shetty
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Paola Arlotta
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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242
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Clinton BK, Cunningham CL, Kriegstein AR, Noctor SC, Martínez-Cerdeño V. Radial glia in the proliferative ventricular zone of the embryonic and adult turtle, Trachemys scripta elegans. NEUROGENESIS 2014; 1:e970905. [PMID: 27504470 PMCID: PMC4973586 DOI: 10.4161/23262125.2014.970905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
To better understand the role of radial glial (RG) cells in the evolution of the mammalian cerebral cortex, we investigated the role of RG cells in the dorsal cortex and dorsal ventricular ridge of the turtle, Trachemys scripta elegans. Unlike mammals, the glial architecture of adult reptile consists mainly of ependymoradial glia, which share features with mammalian RG cells, and which may contribute to neurogenesis that continues throughout the lifespan of the turtle. To evaluate the morphology and proliferative capacity of ependymoradial glia (here referred to as RG cells) in the dorsal cortex of embryonic and adult turtle, we adapted the cortical electroporation technique, commonly used in rodents, to the turtle telencephalon. Here, we demonstrate the morphological and functional characteristics of RG cells in the developing turtle dorsal cortex. We show that cell division occurs both at the ventricle and away from the ventricle, that RG cells undergo division at the ventricle during neurogenic stages of development, and that mitotic Tbr2+ precursor cells, a hallmark of the mammalian SVZ, are present in the turtle cortex. In the adult turtle, we show that RG cells encompass a morphologically heterogeneous population, particularly in the subpallium where proliferation is most prevalent. One RG subtype is similar to RG cells in the developing mammalian cortex, while 2 other RG subtypes appear to be distinct from those seen in mammal. We propose that the different subtypes of RG cells in the adult turtle perform distinct functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian K Clinton
- Department of Psychiatry; Columbia University Medical Center ; New York, NY USA
| | | | - Arnold R Kriegstein
- Department of Neurology; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research; and Neuroscience Graduate Program; University of California at San Francisco ; San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Stephen C Noctor
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences; University of California at Davis; Sacramento, CA USA; MIND Institute; University of California at Davis; Sacramento, CA USA
| | - Verónica Martínez-Cerdeño
- MIND Institute; University of California at Davis; Sacramento, CA USA; Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine; University of California at Davis / Shriners Hospitals; Sacramento, CA USA; and Medical Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; University of California at Davis; Sacramento, CA USA
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243
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Vasconcelos FF, Castro DS. Transcriptional control of vertebrate neurogenesis by the proneural factor Ascl1. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:412. [PMID: 25520623 PMCID: PMC4251449 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Proneural transcription factors (TFs) such as Ascl1 function as master regulators of neurogenesis in vertebrates, being both necessary and sufficient for the activation of a full program of neuronal differentiation. Novel insights into the dynamics of Ascl1 expression at the cellular level, combined with the progressive characterization of its transcriptional program, have expanded the classical view of Ascl1 as a differentiation factor in neurogenesis. These advances resulted in a new model, whereby Ascl1 promotes sequentially the proliferation and differentiation of neural/stem progenitor cells. The multiple activities of Ascl1 are associated with the activation of distinct direct targets at progressive stages along the neuronal lineage. How this temporal pattern is established is poorly understood. Two modes of Ascl1 expression recently described (oscillatory vs. sustained) are likely to be of importance, together with additional mechanistic determinants such as the chromatin landscape and other transcriptional pathways. Here we revise these latest findings, and discuss their implications to the gene regulatory functions of Ascl1 during neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Diogo S Castro
- Molecular Neurobiology, Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência Oeiras, Portugal
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244
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Lewitus E, Kelava I, Kalinka AT, Tomancak P, Huttner WB. An adaptive threshold in mammalian neocortical evolution. PLoS Biol 2014; 12:e1002000. [PMID: 25405475 PMCID: PMC4236020 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1002000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
A study of the evolutionary history of cortical folding in mammals, its relationship to physiological and life-history traits and the underlying cortical progenitor behavior during embryogenesis, explains the diversity of folding we see across modern mammals. The diversity of neocortical folding among mammals can be explained by two distinct neurogenic programs, which give rise to mammals with a highly folded neocortex and mammals with slightly folded or unfolded neocortex, each occupying a distinct ecological niche. Expansion of the neocortex is a hallmark of human evolution. However, determining which adaptive mechanisms facilitated its expansion remains an open question. Here we show, using the gyrencephaly index (GI) and other physiological and life-history data for 102 mammalian species, that gyrencephaly is an ancestral mammalian trait. We find that variation in GI does not evolve linearly across species, but that mammals constitute two principal groups above and below a GI threshold value of 1.5, approximately equal to 109 neurons, which may be characterized by distinct constellations of physiological and life-history traits. By integrating data on neurogenic period, neuroepithelial founder pool size, cell-cycle length, progenitor-type abundances, and cortical neuron number into discrete mathematical models, we identify symmetric proliferative divisions of basal progenitors in the subventricular zone of the developing neocortex as evolutionarily necessary for generating a 14-fold increase in daily prenatal neuron production, traversal of the GI threshold, and thus establishment of two principal groups. We conclude that, despite considerable neuroanatomical differences, changes in the length of the neurogenic period alone, rather than any novel neurogenic progenitor lineage, are sufficient to explain differences in neuron number and neocortical size between species within the same principal group. What are the key differences in the development and evolution of the cerebral cortex that underlie the differences in its size and degree of folding across mammals? Here, we present phylogenetic evidence that the Jurassic era mammalian ancestor may have been a relatively large-brained species with a folded neocortex. We then show that variation in the degree of cortical folding (gyrencephaly index [GI]) does not evolve linearly across species, as previously assumed, but that mammals fall into two principal groups associated with distinct ecological niches: low-GI mammals (such as mice and tarsiers) and high-GI mammals (such as dolphins and humans), which are found to generate on average 14-fold more brain weight per day of gestation. This greater daily brain weight production in mammals with a highly folded neocortex requires a specific class of progenitor cell-type to adopt a special mode of cell division, which is absent in mammals with slightly folded or unfolded neocortices. Differences among mammals within the same GI group (high or low) are not due to different programming, but rather the result of differences in the length of the neurogenic period. So, the impressively large and folded human neocortex, which is three times the size of the chimpanzee neocortex, can be explained by a modest evolutionary extension of the neurogenic period with respect to its closest primate ancestors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Lewitus
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
- * E-mail: (EL); (WBH)
| | - Iva Kelava
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Alex T. Kalinka
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Pavel Tomancak
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Wieland B. Huttner
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
- * E-mail: (EL); (WBH)
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245
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Casarosa S, Bozzi Y, Conti L. Neural stem cells: ready for therapeutic applications? MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR THERAPIES 2014; 2:31. [PMID: 26056597 PMCID: PMC4452059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) offer a unique and powerful tool for basic research and regenerative medicine. However, the challenges that scientists face in the comprehension of the biology and physiological function of these cells are still many. Deciphering NSCs fundamental biological aspects represents indeed a crucial step to control NSCs fate and functional integration following transplantation, and is essential for a safe and appropriate use of NSCs in injury/disease conditions. In this review, we focus on the biological properties of NSCs and discuss how these cells may be exploited to provide effective therapies for neurological disorders. We also review and discuss ongoing NSC-based clinical trials for these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Casarosa
- Center for Integrative Biology, Università degli Studi di Trento, Via Sommarive 9, Povo-Trento, 38123 Italy
| | - Yuri Bozzi
- Center for Integrative Biology, Università degli Studi di Trento, Via Sommarive 9, Povo-Trento, 38123 Italy
| | - Luciano Conti
- Center for Integrative Biology, Università degli Studi di Trento, Via Sommarive 9, Povo-Trento, 38123 Italy
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246
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Casarosa S, Bozzi Y, Conti L. Neural stem cells: ready for therapeutic applications? MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR THERAPIES 2014; 2:31. [PMID: 26056597 PMCID: PMC4452059 DOI: 10.1186/2052-8426-2-31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) offer a unique and powerful tool for basic research and regenerative medicine. However, the challenges that scientists face in the comprehension of the biology and physiological function of these cells are still many. Deciphering NSCs fundamental biological aspects represents indeed a crucial step to control NSCs fate and functional integration following transplantation, and is essential for a safe and appropriate use of NSCs in injury/disease conditions. In this review, we focus on the biological properties of NSCs and discuss how these cells may be exploited to provide effective therapies for neurological disorders. We also review and discuss ongoing NSC-based clinical trials for these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Casarosa
- Center for Integrative Biology, Università degli Studi di Trento, Via Sommarive 9, Povo-Trento, 38123 Italy
| | - Yuri Bozzi
- Center for Integrative Biology, Università degli Studi di Trento, Via Sommarive 9, Povo-Trento, 38123 Italy
| | - Luciano Conti
- Center for Integrative Biology, Università degli Studi di Trento, Via Sommarive 9, Povo-Trento, 38123 Italy
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247
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Delgado-Esteban M, García-Higuera I, Maestre C, Moreno S, Almeida A. APC/C-Cdh1 coordinates neurogenesis and cortical size during development. Nat Commun 2014; 4:2879. [PMID: 24301314 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The morphology of the adult brain is the result of a delicate balance between neural progenitor proliferation and the initiation of neurogenesis in the embryonic period. Here we assessed whether the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) cofactor, Cdh1--which regulates mitosis exit and G1-phase length in dividing cells--regulates neurogenesis in vivo. We use an embryo-restricted Cdh1 knockout mouse model and show that functional APC/C-Cdh1 ubiquitin ligase activity is required for both terminal differentiation of cortical neurons in vitro and neurogenesis in vivo. Further, genetic ablation of Cdh1 impairs the ability of APC/C to promote neurogenesis by delaying the exit of the progenitor cells from the cell cycle. This causes replicative stress and p53-mediated apoptotic death resulting in decreased number of cortical neurons and cortex size. These results demonstrate that APC/C-Cdh1 coordinates cortical neurogenesis and size, thus posing Cdh1 in the molecular pathogenesis of congenital neurodevelopmental disorders, such as microcephaly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Delgado-Esteban
- 1] Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Fundación IECSCYL, 37007 Salamanca, Spain [2] Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica (IBFG), CSIC/Universidad de Salamanca, IBSAL, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
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248
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Cortical neurogenesis in the absence of centrioles. Nat Neurosci 2014; 17:1528-35. [PMID: 25282615 PMCID: PMC4213237 DOI: 10.1038/nn.3831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal production in the mammalian cortex depends on extensive mitoses of radial glial progenitors (RGPs) residing in the ventricular zone (VZ). Here, we examine the function of centrioles in RGPs during cortical neurogenesis in mice by conditional removal of SAS-4, a protein required for centriole biogenesis. SAS-4 deletion leads to a progressive loss of centrioles, accompanied by RGP detachment from the VZ. Delocalized RGPs do not become outer subventricular zone RGPs (oRGs). While remaining proliferative, ectopic RGPs, as well as those in the VZ with a centrosomal deficit exhibit prolonged mitosis, p53 up-regulation and apoptosis, resulting in neuronal loss and microcephaly. Simultaneous removal of p53 fully rescues RGP death and microcephaly, but not RGP delocalization and randomized mitotic spindle orientation. Our findings define centriolar functions in anchoring RGPs in the VZ and ensuring their efficient mitoses, and also reveal the remarkable adaptability of RGPs in the developing cortex.
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249
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Xu HT, Han Z, Gao P, He S, Li Z, Shi W, Kodish O, Shao W, Brown KN, Huang K, Shi SH. Distinct lineage-dependent structural and functional organization of the hippocampus. Cell 2014; 157:1552-64. [PMID: 24949968 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2014.03.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Revised: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The hippocampus, as part of the cerebral cortex, is essential for memory formation and spatial navigation. Although it has been extensively studied, especially as a model system for neurophysiology, the cellular processes involved in constructing and organizing the hippocampus remain largely unclear. Here, we show that clonally related excitatory neurons in the developing hippocampus are progressively organized into discrete horizontal, but not vertical, clusters in the stratum pyramidale, as revealed by both cell-type-specific retroviral labeling and mosaic analysis with double markers (MADM). Moreover, distinct from those in the neocortex, sister excitatory neurons in the cornu ammonis 1 region of the hippocampus rarely develop electrical or chemical synapses with each other. Instead, they preferentially receive common synaptic input from nearby fast-spiking (FS), but not non-FS, interneurons and exhibit synchronous synaptic activity. These results suggest that shared inhibitory input may specify horizontally clustered sister excitatory neurons as functional units in the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Tai Xu
- Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Zhi Han
- College of Software, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Peng Gao
- Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Shuijin He
- Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Zhizhong Li
- Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Wei Shi
- Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Oren Kodish
- Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Wei Shao
- Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA; Graduate Program in Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Cell and Developmental Biology, and Molecular Biology, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Keith N Brown
- Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Kun Huang
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State University, 333 West 10(th) Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Song-Hai Shi
- Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA; Graduate Program in Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Cell and Developmental Biology, and Molecular Biology, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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250
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Tuoc TC, Pavlakis E, Tylkowski MA, Stoykova A. Control of cerebral size and thickness. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:3199-218. [PMID: 24614969 PMCID: PMC11113230 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1590-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Revised: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian neocortex is a sheet of cells covering the cerebrum that provides the structural basis for the perception of sensory inputs, motor output responses, cognitive function, and mental capacity of primates. Recent discoveries promote the concept that increased cortical surface size and thickness in phylogenetically advanced species is a result of an increased generation of neurons, a process that underlies higher cognitive and intellectual performance in higher primates and humans. Here, we review some of the advances in the field, focusing on the diversity of neocortical progenitors in different species and the cellular mechanisms of neurogenesis. We discuss recent views on intrinsic and extrinsic molecular determinants, including the role of epigenetic chromatin modifiers and microRNA, in the control of neuronal output in developing cortex and in the establishment of normal cortical architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tran Cong Tuoc
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, Kreuzbergring 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany,
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