201
|
Aartsma-Rus A, van Putten M. The use of genetically humanized animal models for personalized medicine approaches. Dis Model Mech 2019; 13:13/2/dmm041673. [PMID: 31591145 PMCID: PMC6906630 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.041673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
For many genetic diseases, researchers are developing personalized medicine approaches. These sometimes employ custom genetic interventions such as antisense-mediated exon skipping or genome editing, aiming to restore protein function in a mutation-specific manner. Animal models can facilitate the development of personalized medicine approaches; however, given that they target human mutations and therefore human genetic sequences, scientists rely on the availability of humanized animal models. Here, we outline the usefulness, caveats and potential of such models, using the example of the hDMDdel52/mdx model, a humanized model recently generated for Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annemieke Aartsma-Rus
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Maaike van Putten
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
202
|
Janket SJ, Ackerson LK, Diamandis EP. Gut microbiotas and immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy response: a causal or coincidental relationship? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 58:18-24. [DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2019-0605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
As the largest immune organ, human gut microbiome could influence the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy (ICI). However, identifying contributory microbes from over 35,000 species is virtually impossible and the identified microbes are not consistent among studies. The reason for the disparity may be that the microbes found in feces are markers of other factors that link immune response and microbiotas. Notably, gut microbiome is influenced by stool consistency, diet and other lifestyle factors. Therefore, the ICI and microbiotas relationship must be adjusted for potential confounders and analyzed longitudinally. Moreover, a recent study where 11 low-abundance commensal bacteria induced interferon-γ-producing CD8 T cells, challenges the validity of the abundance-oriented microbiotas investigations. This study also confirmed the hierarchy in immunogenic roles among microbiotas. Fecal transplantation trials in germ-free mice provided “the proof of principle” that germ-free mice reproduce the donor’s microbiome and corresponding ICI efficacy. However, species-specific biological differences prevent direct extrapolation between the results in murine and human models. Fecal transplantation or supplementation with microbes found in ICI responders requires caution due to potential adverse events.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sok-Ja Janket
- Translational Oral Medicine Section, Forsyth Institute , Cambridge , MA , USA
| | - Leland K. Ackerson
- Department of Public Health , University of Massachusetts at Lowell , Lowell , MA , USA
| | - Eleftherios P. Diamandis
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine , Mount Sinai Hospital , Toronto , ON , Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology , University of Toronto , Toronto , ON , Canada
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry , University Health Network , Toronto , ON , Canada
- Head of Clinical Biochemistry , Mount Sinai Hospital and University Health Network , Toronto , Canada
| |
Collapse
|
203
|
Barraza-Flores P, Fontelonga TM, Wuebbles RD, Hermann HJ, Nunes AM, Kornegay JN, Burkin DJ. Laminin-111 protein therapy enhances muscle regeneration and repair in the GRMD dog model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Hum Mol Genet 2019; 28:2686-2695. [PMID: 31179490 PMCID: PMC6687953 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddz086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a devastating X-linked disease affecting ~1 in 5000 males. DMD patients exhibit progressive muscle degeneration and weakness, leading to loss of ambulation and premature death from cardiopulmonary failure. We previously reported that mouse Laminin-111 (msLam-111) protein could reduce muscle pathology and improve muscle function in the mdx mouse model for DMD. In this study, we examined the ability of msLam-111 to prevent muscle disease progression in the golden retriever muscular dystrophy (GRMD) dog model of DMD. The msLam-111 protein was injected into the cranial tibial muscle compartment of GRMD dogs and muscle strength and pathology were assessed. The results showed that msLam-111 treatment increased muscle fiber regeneration and repair with improved muscle strength and reduced muscle fibrosis in the GRMD model. Together, these findings support the idea that Laminin-111 could serve as a novel protein therapy for the treatment of DMD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Barraza-Flores
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Tatiana M Fontelonga
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Ryan D Wuebbles
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Hailey J Hermann
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Andreia M Nunes
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Joe N Kornegay
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Dean J Burkin
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV, USA
| |
Collapse
|
204
|
Bronisz-Budzyńska I, Chwalenia K, Mucha O, Podkalicka P, Karolina-Bukowska-Strakova, Józkowicz A, Łoboda A, Kozakowska M, Dulak J. miR-146a deficiency does not aggravate muscular dystrophy in mdx mice. Skelet Muscle 2019; 9:22. [PMID: 31412923 PMCID: PMC6693262 DOI: 10.1186/s13395-019-0207-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a genetic disease evoked by a mutation in the dystrophin gene. It is associated with progressive muscle degeneration and increased inflammation. Up to this date, mainly anti-inflammatory treatment is available for patients suffering from DMD. miR-146a is known to diminish inflammation and fibrosis in different tissues by downregulating the expression of proinflammatory cytokines. However, its role in DMD has not been studied so far. In our work, we have generated mice globally lacking both dystrophin and miR-146a (miR-146a−/−mdx) and examined them together with wild-type, single miR-146a knockout and dystrophic (mdx—lacking dystrophin) mice in a variety of aspects associated with DMD pathophysiology (muscle degeneration, inflammatory reaction, muscle satellite cells, muscle regeneration, and fibrosis). We have shown that miR-146a level is increased in dystrophic muscles in comparison to wild-type mice. Its deficiency augments the expression of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, CCL2, TNFα). However, muscle degeneration was not significantly worsened in mdx mice lacking miR-146a up to 24 weeks of age, although some aggravation of muscle damage and inflammation was evident in 12-week-old animals, though no effect of miR-146a deficiency was visible on quantity, proliferation, and in vitro differentiation of muscle satellite cells isolated from miR-146a−/−mdx mice vs. mdx. Similarly, muscle regeneration and collagen deposition were not changed by miR-146a deficiency. Nevertheless, the lack of miR-146a is associated with decreased Vegfa and increased Tgfb1. Overall, the lack of miR-146a did not aggravate significantly the dystrophic conditions in mdx mice, but its effect on DMD in more severe conditions warrants further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Bronisz-Budzyńska
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Chwalenia
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Olga Mucha
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Paulina Podkalicka
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Karolina-Bukowska-Strakova
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Krakow, Poland.,Department of Clinical Immunology and Transplantology, Institute of Paediatrics, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Wielicka 265, 30-663, Krakow, Poland
| | - Alicja Józkowicz
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Łoboda
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Magdalena Kozakowska
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Józef Dulak
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Krakow, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
205
|
Guo LJ, Soslow JH, Bettis AK, Nghiem PP, Cummings KJ, Lenox MW, Miller MW, Kornegay JN, Spurney CF. Natural History of Cardiomyopathy in Adult Dogs With Golden Retriever Muscular Dystrophy. J Am Heart Assoc 2019; 8:e012443. [PMID: 31411085 PMCID: PMC6759898 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.119.012443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Background Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is an X‐linked disease that causes progressive muscle weakness. Affected boys typically die from respiratory or cardiac failure. Golden retriever muscular dystrophy (GRMD) is genetically homologous with DMD and causes analogous skeletal and cardiac muscle disease. Previous studies have detailed features of GRMD cardiomyopathy in mostly young dogs. Cardiac disease is not well characterized in adult GRMD dogs, and cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging studies have not been completed. Methods and Results We evaluated echocardiography and CMR in 24 adult GRMD dogs at different ages. Left ventricular systolic and diastolic functions, wall thickness, and myocardial strain were assessed with echocardiography. Features evaluated with CMR included left ventricular function, chamber size, myocardial mass, and late gadolinium enhancement. Our results largely paralleled those of DMD cardiomyopathy. Ejection fraction and fractional shortening correlated well with age, with systolic dysfunction occurring at ≈30 to 45 months. Circumferential strain was more sensitive than ejection fraction in early disease detection. Evidence of left ventricular chamber dilatation provided proof of dilated cardiomyopathy. Late gadolinium enhancement imaging showed DMD‐like left ventricular lateral wall lesions and earlier involvement of the anterior septum. Multiple functional indexes were graded objectively and added, with and without late gadolinium enhancement, to give cardiac and cardiomyopathy scores of disease severity. Consistent with DMD, there was parallel skeletal muscle involvement, as tibiotarsal joint flexion torque declined in tandem with cardiac function. Conclusions This study established parallels of progressive cardiomyopathy between dystrophic dogs and boys, further validating GRMD as a model of DMD cardiac disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lee-Jae Guo
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Texas A&M University College Station TX.,Texas A&M Institute for Preclinical Studies College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Texas A&M University College Station TX
| | - Jonathan H Soslow
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology Department of Pediatrics Vanderbilt University Medical Center Nashville TN
| | - Amanda K Bettis
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Texas A&M University College Station TX
| | - Peter P Nghiem
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Texas A&M University College Station TX
| | - Kevin J Cummings
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine Cornell University Ithaca NY
| | - Mark W Lenox
- Department of Biomedical Engineering College of Engineering Texas A&M University College Station TX
| | - Matthew W Miller
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Texas A&M University College Station TX
| | - Joe N Kornegay
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Texas A&M University College Station TX
| | - Christopher F Spurney
- Division of Cardiology and Center for Genetic Medicine Research Children's National Health System Washington DC
| |
Collapse
|
206
|
Mueller AL, Bloch RJ. Skeletal muscle cell transplantation: models and methods. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 2019; 41:297-311. [PMID: 31392564 DOI: 10.1007/s10974-019-09550-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Xenografts of skeletal muscle are used to study muscle repair and regeneration, mechanisms of muscular dystrophies, and potential cell therapies for musculoskeletal disorders. Typically, xenografting involves using an immunodeficient host that is pre-injured to create a niche for human cell engraftment. Cell type and method of delivery to muscle depend on the specific application, but can include myoblasts, satellite cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, mesangioblasts, immortalized muscle precursor cells, and other multipotent cell lines delivered locally or systemically. Some studies follow cell engraftment with interventions to enhance cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation into mature muscle fibers. Recently, several advances in xenografting human-derived muscle cells have been applied to study and treat Duchenne muscular dystrophy and Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy. Here, we review the vast array of techniques available to aid researchers in designing future experiments aimed at creating robust muscle xenografts in rodent hosts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amber L Mueller
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 655 W. Baltimore St., Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Robert J Bloch
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 655 W. Baltimore St., Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
207
|
Niranjan N, Mareedu S, Tian Y, Kodippili K, Fefelova N, Voit A, Xie LH, Duan D, Babu GJ. Sarcolipin overexpression impairs myogenic differentiation in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2019; 317:C813-C824. [PMID: 31365291 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00146.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Reduction in the expression of sarcolipin (SLN), an inhibitor of sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA), ameliorates severe muscular dystrophy in mice. However, the mechanism by which SLN inhibition improves muscle structure remains unclear. Here, we describe the previously unknown function of SLN in muscle differentiation in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). Overexpression of SLN in C2C12 resulted in decreased SERCA pump activity, reduced SR Ca2+ load, and increased intracellular Ca2+ (Cai2+) concentration. In addition, SLN overexpression resulted in altered expression of myogenic markers and poor myogenic differentiation. In dystrophin-deficient dog myoblasts and myotubes, SLN expression was significantly high and associated with defective Cai2+ cycling. The dystrophic dog myotubes were less branched and associated with decreased autophagy and increased expression of mitochondrial fusion and fission proteins. Reduction in SLN expression restored these changes and enhanced dystrophic dog myoblast fusion during differentiation. In summary, our data suggest that SLN upregulation is an intrinsic secondary change in dystrophin-deficient myoblasts and could account for the Cai2+ mishandling, which subsequently contributes to poor myogenic differentiation. Accordingly, reducing SLN expression can improve the Cai2+ cycling and differentiation of dystrophic myoblasts. These findings provide cellular-level supports for targeting SLN expression as a therapeutic strategy for DMD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nandita Niranjan
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Satvik Mareedu
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Yimin Tian
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Kasun Kodippili
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Nadezhda Fefelova
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Antanina Voit
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Lai-Hua Xie
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Dongsheng Duan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.,Department of Neurology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.,Department of Biomedical, Biological & Chemical Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Gopal J Babu
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey
| |
Collapse
|
208
|
Sek AC, Moore IN, Smelkinson MG, Pak K, Minai M, Smith R, Ma M, Percopo CM, Rosenberg HF. Eosinophils Do Not Drive Acute Muscle Pathology in the mdx Mouse Model of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2019; 203:476-484. [PMID: 31142604 PMCID: PMC6615969 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Eosinophils are present in muscle lesions associated with Duchenne muscular dystrophy and dystrophin-deficient mdx mice that phenocopy this disorder. Although it has been hypothesized that eosinophils promote characteristic inflammatory muscle damage, this has not been fully examined. In this study, we generated mice with the dystrophin mutation introduced into PHIL, a strain with a transgene that directs lineage-specific eosinophil ablation. We also explored the impact of eosinophil overabundance on dystrophinopathy by introducing the dystrophin mutation into IL-5 transgenic mice. We evaluated the degree of eosinophil infiltration in association with myofiber size distribution, centralized nuclei, serum creatine kinase, and quantitative histopathology scores. Among our findings, eosinophils were prominent in the quadriceps muscles of 4-wk-old male mdx mice but no profound differences were observed in the quantitative measures of muscle damage when comparing mdx versus mdx.PHIL versus mdx.IL5tg mice, despite dramatic differences in eosinophil infiltration (CD45+CD11c-Gr1-MHC class IIloSiglecF+ eosinophils at 1.2 ± 0.34% versus <0.1% versus 20 ± 7.6% of total cells, respectively). Further evaluation revealed elevated levels of eosinophil chemoatttractants eotaxin-1 and RANTES in the muscle tissue of all three dystrophin-deficient strains; eotaxin-1 concentration in muscle correlated inversely with age. Cytokines IL-4 and IL-1R antagonist were also detected in association with eosinophils in muscle. Taken together, our findings challenge the long-held perception of eosinophils as cytotoxic in dystrophin-deficient muscle; we show clearly that eosinophil infiltration is not a driving force behind acute muscle damage in the mdx mouse strain. Ongoing studies will focus on the functional properties of eosinophils in this unique microenvironment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Albert C Sek
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
- Molecular, Cellular and Integrative Physiology Program, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Ian N Moore
- Infectious Disease Pathogenesis Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Margery G Smelkinson
- Research Technologies Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Katherine Pak
- Laboratory of Muscle Stem Cells and Gene Regulation, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Mahnaz Minai
- Infectious Disease Pathogenesis Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Roberta Smith
- Histotechnology/Pathology Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Michelle Ma
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Caroline M Percopo
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Helene F Rosenberg
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892;
| |
Collapse
|
209
|
Wells DJ. What is the level of dystrophin expression required for effective therapy of Duchenne muscular dystrophy? J Muscle Res Cell Motil 2019; 40:141-150. [PMID: 31289969 DOI: 10.1007/s10974-019-09535-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a fatal X-linked muscle wasting disease. The disease is due to mutations in the DMD gene that encodes for a large intracellular protein called dystrophin. Dystrophin plays a critical role in linking the internal cytoskeleton of the striated muscle cell with the extracellular matrix as well as having cell signalling functions. In its absence muscle contraction is associated with cycles of damage, repair, inflammation and fibrosis with eventual loss of muscle and replacement with fat. Experiments in animal models of DMD have generated a number of different approaches to the induction of dystrophin including viral vector mediated delivery of a recombinant dystrophin gene, antisense oligonucleotide mediated exon-skipping to restore the open reading frame in the dystrophin mRNA, read-through of premature stop mutations, genome modification using CRISPR-Cas9 or cell based transfer of a functional dystrophin gene. In all cases, it will be important to understand how much dystrophin expression is required for a clinically effective therapy and this review examines the data from humans and animal models to estimate the percentage of endogenous dystrophin that is likely to have significant clinical benefit. While there are a number of important caveats to consider, including the appropriate outcome measures, this review suggests that approximately 20% of endogenous levels uniformly distributed within the skeletal muscles and the heart may be sufficient to largely prevent disease progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dominic J Wells
- Neuromuscular Diseases Group, Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London, NW1 0TU, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
210
|
Gaglianone RB, Bloise FF, Ortiga-Carvalho TM, Quirico-Santos T, Costa ML, Mermelstein C. Comparative study of calcium and calcium-related enzymes with differentiation markers in different ages and muscle types in mdx mice. Histol Histopathol 2019; 35:203-216. [PMID: 31274171 DOI: 10.14670/hh-18-145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Sarcolemma instability and increased calcium influx in muscle fibers are characteristics of the Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Excessive calcium activates calcium-dependent enzymes, such as calpains (CAPN) and matrix metalloproteases (MMP). Here, we analyzed calcium deposits, the activity of CAPN and MMP and the expression of Myh, SERCA and myogenic regulatory factors in different skeletal muscles during myonecrosis (4-weeks) and regeneration (12-weeks) phases of the mdx muscular pathology. Alizarin red staining was used to assess calcium deposits, casein and gelatin zymography were performed to evaluate CAPN and MMP activity, and qPCR was used to evaluate the expression of Myh, Capn, Atp2a1 and Atp2a2, Myod1 and Myog. We observed the following characteristics in mdx muscles: (i) calcium deposits almost exclusively in mdx muscles, (ii) lower CAPN1 activity in mdx muscles, (iii) higher CAPN2 activity in mdx muscles (only at 12 wks), (iv) autolyzed CAPN activity exclusively in mdx muscles, (v) lower expression of Capn1 and higher expression of Capn2 in mdx muscles; (vi) lower expression of Atp2a1 and Atp2a2 in mdx muscles, (vii) higher MMP (pre pro MMP2, pro MMP2, MMP2 and MMP9) activity in mdx muscles, (viii) MMP2 activity exclusively in mdx muscles at 12 wks, (ix) MMP9 activity exclusively in mdx muscles, (x) higher expression of Myog in mdx muscles at 12 wks, and (xi) lower expression of Myh (Myh7, Myh2, Myh1, Myh4) in mdx muscles, particularly Myh7 and Myh2. The collection of our results provides valuable information for a better characterization of mdx pathology phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rhayanna B Gaglianone
- Biomedical Sciences Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,Biology Institute, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Flavia Fonseca Bloise
- Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysical Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | | | - Manoel Luis Costa
- Biomedical Sciences Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Claudia Mermelstein
- Biomedical Sciences Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
211
|
S. Ferreira G, Veening-Griffioen DH, Boon WPC, Moors EHM, Gispen-de Wied CC, Schellekens H, van Meer PJK. A standardised framework to identify optimal animal models for efficacy assessment in drug development. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0218014. [PMID: 31194784 PMCID: PMC6563989 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Poor translation of efficacy data derived from animal models can lead to clinical trials unlikely to benefit patients-or even put them at risk-and is a potential contributor to costly and unnecessary attrition in drug development. OBJECTIVES To develop a tool to assess, validate and compare the clinical translatability of animal models used for the preliminary assessment of efficacy. DESIGN AND RESULTS We performed a scoping review to identify the key aspects used to validate animal models. Eight domains (Epidemiology, Symptomatology and Natural History-SNH, Genetic, Biochemistry, Aetiology, Histology, Pharmacology and Endpoints) were identified. We drafted questions to evaluate the different facets of human disease simulation. We designed the Framework to Identify Models of Disease (FIMD) to include standardised instructions, a weighting and scoring system to compare models as well as factors to help interpret model similarity and evidence uncertainty. We also added a reporting quality and risk of bias assessment of drug intervention studies in the Pharmacological Validation domain. A web-based survey was conducted with experts from different stakeholders to gather input on the framework. We conducted a pilot study of the validation in two models for Type 2 Diabetes (T2D)-the ZDF rat and db/db mouse. Finally, we present a full validation and comparison of two animal models for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD): the mdx mouse and GRMD dog. We show that there are significant differences between the mdx mouse and the GRMD dog, the latter mimicking the human epidemiological, SNH, and histological aspects to a greater extent than the mouse despite the overall lack of published data. CONCLUSIONS FIMD facilitates drug development by serving as the basis to select the most relevant model that can provide meaningful data and is more likely to generate translatable results to progress drug candidates to the clinic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme S. Ferreira
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Désirée H. Veening-Griffioen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter P. C. Boon
- Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Innovation Studies, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ellen H. M. Moors
- Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Innovation Studies, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Huub Schellekens
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Peter J. K. van Meer
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Medicines Evaluation Board, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
212
|
Lionarons JM, Hoogland G, Hendriksen RGF, Faber CG, Hellebrekers DMJ, Van Koeveringe GA, Schipper S, Vles JSH. Dystrophin is expressed in smooth muscle and afferent nerve fibers in the rat urinary bladder. Muscle Nerve 2019; 60:202-210. [PMID: 31095755 PMCID: PMC6771971 DOI: 10.1002/mus.26518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION With increasing life expectancy, comorbidities become overt in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). Although micturition problems are common, bladder function is poorly understood in DMD. We studied dystrophin expression and multiple isoform involvement in the bladder during maturation to gain insights into their roles in micturition. METHODS Dystrophin distribution was evaluated in rat bladders by immunohistochemical colocalization with smooth muscle, interstitial, urothelial, and neuronal markers. Protein levels of Dp140, Dp71, and smooth muscle were quantitated by Western blotting of neonatal to adult rat bladders. RESULTS Dystrophin colocalized with smooth muscle cells and afferent nerve fibers. Dp71 was expressed two- to threefold higher compared with Dp140, independently of age. Age-related muscle mass changes did not influence isoform expression levels. DISCUSSION Dystrophin is expressed in smooth muscle cells and afferent nerve fibers in the urinary bladder, which underscores that micturition problems in DMD may have not solely a myogenic but also a neurogenic origin. Muscle Nerve 60: 202-210, 2019.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Judith M Lionarons
- Department of Neurology, Maastricht University Medical Center, PO Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands.,School for Mental Health & Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Govert Hoogland
- School for Mental Health & Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Neurosurgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ruben G F Hendriksen
- Department of Neurology, Maastricht University Medical Center, PO Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands.,School for Mental Health & Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Catharina G Faber
- Department of Neurology, Maastricht University Medical Center, PO Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands.,School for Mental Health & Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Danique M J Hellebrekers
- Department of Neurology, Maastricht University Medical Center, PO Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands.,School for Mental Health & Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Gommert A Van Koeveringe
- School for Mental Health & Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Urology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Sandra Schipper
- School for Mental Health & Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Urology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Johan S H Vles
- Department of Neurology, Maastricht University Medical Center, PO Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands.,School for Mental Health & Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
213
|
Hughes MC, Ramos SV, Turnbull PC, Rebalka IA, Cao A, Monaco CM, Varah NE, Edgett BA, Huber JS, Tadi P, Delfinis LJ, Schlattner U, Simpson JA, Hawke TJ, Perry CG. Early myopathy in Duchenne muscular dystrophy is associated with elevated mitochondrial H 2 O 2 emission during impaired oxidative phosphorylation. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2019; 10:643-661. [PMID: 30938481 PMCID: PMC6596403 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Muscle wasting and weakness in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) causes severe locomotor limitations and early death due in part to respiratory muscle failure. Given that current clinical practice focuses on treating secondary complications in this genetic disease, there is a clear need to identify additional contributions in the aetiology of this myopathy for knowledge-guided therapy development. Here, we address the unresolved question of whether the complex impairments observed in DMD are linked to elevated mitochondrial H2 O2 emission in conjunction with impaired oxidative phosphorylation. This study performed a systematic evaluation of the nature and degree of mitochondrial-derived H2 O2 emission and mitochondrial oxidative dysfunction in a mouse model of DMD by designing in vitro bioenergetic assessments that attempt to mimic in vivo conditions known to be critical for the regulation of mitochondrial bioenergetics. METHODS Mitochondrial bioenergetics were compared with functional and histopathological indices of myopathy early in DMD (4 weeks) in D2.B10-DMDmdx /2J mice (D2.mdx)-a model that demonstrates severe muscle weakness. Adenosine diphosphate's (ADP's) central effect of attenuating H2 O2 emission while stimulating respiration was compared under two models of mitochondrial-cytoplasmic phosphate exchange (creatine independent and dependent) in muscles that stained positive for membrane damage (diaphragm, quadriceps, and white gastrocnemius). RESULTS Pathway-specific analyses revealed that Complex I-supported maximal H2 O2 emission was elevated concurrent with a reduced ability of ADP to attenuate emission during respiration in all three muscles (mH2 O2 : +17 to +197% in D2.mdx vs. wild type). This was associated with an impaired ability of ADP to stimulate respiration at sub-maximal and maximal kinetics (-17 to -72% in D2.mdx vs. wild type), as well as a loss of creatine-dependent mitochondrial phosphate shuttling in diaphragm and quadriceps. These changes largely occurred independent of mitochondrial density or abundance of respiratory chain complexes, except for quadriceps. This muscle was also the only one exhibiting decreased calcium retention capacity, which indicates increased sensitivity to calcium-induced permeability transition pore opening. Increased H2 O2 emission was accompanied by a compensatory increase in total glutathione, while oxidative stress markers were unchanged. Mitochondrial bioenergetic dysfunctions were associated with induction of mitochondrial-linked caspase 9, necrosis, and markers of atrophy in some muscles as well as reduced hindlimb torque and reduced respiratory muscle function. CONCLUSIONS These results provide evidence that Complex I dysfunction and loss of central respiratory control by ADP and creatine cause elevated oxidant generation during impaired oxidative phosphorylation. These dysfunctions may contribute to early stage disease pathophysiology and support the growing notion that mitochondria are a potential therapeutic target in this disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meghan C. Hughes
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, Muscle Health Research Centre, 344 Norman Bethune CollegeYork UniversityTorontoONCanada
| | - Sofhia V. Ramos
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, Muscle Health Research Centre, 344 Norman Bethune CollegeYork UniversityTorontoONCanada
| | - Patrick C. Turnbull
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, Muscle Health Research Centre, 344 Norman Bethune CollegeYork UniversityTorontoONCanada
| | - Irena A. Rebalka
- Department of Pathology and Molecular MedicineMcMaster UniversityHamiltonONCanada
| | - Andrew Cao
- Department of Pathology and Molecular MedicineMcMaster UniversityHamiltonONCanada
| | - Cynthia M.F. Monaco
- Department of Pathology and Molecular MedicineMcMaster UniversityHamiltonONCanada
| | - Nina E. Varah
- Department of Pathology and Molecular MedicineMcMaster UniversityHamiltonONCanada
| | - Brittany A. Edgett
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences and Cardiovascular Research GroupUniversity of GuelphGuelphONCanada
| | - Jason S. Huber
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences and Cardiovascular Research GroupUniversity of GuelphGuelphONCanada
| | - Peyman Tadi
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, Muscle Health Research Centre, 344 Norman Bethune CollegeYork UniversityTorontoONCanada
| | - Luca J. Delfinis
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, Muscle Health Research Centre, 344 Norman Bethune CollegeYork UniversityTorontoONCanada
| | - U. Schlattner
- Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Bioenergetics (LBFA) and SFR Environmental and Systems Biology (BEeSy)University Grenoble AlpesGrenobleFrance
| | - Jeremy A. Simpson
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences and Cardiovascular Research GroupUniversity of GuelphGuelphONCanada
| | - Thomas J. Hawke
- Department of Pathology and Molecular MedicineMcMaster UniversityHamiltonONCanada
| | - Christopher G.R. Perry
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, Muscle Health Research Centre, 344 Norman Bethune CollegeYork UniversityTorontoONCanada
| |
Collapse
|
214
|
Gudmundson K, Kalra HK, Tymko MM, McElwee K. Respiratory capacity is maintained despite Duchenne muscular dystrophy-related diaphragm weakness. J Physiol 2019; 597:2973-2974. [PMID: 31066056 DOI: 10.1113/jp278100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey Gudmundson
- School of Health and Exercise Science, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - Harsimran K Kalra
- School of Health and Exercise Science, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - Michael M Tymko
- School of Health and Exercise Science, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - Kaylie McElwee
- School of Health and Exercise Science, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
215
|
Piga D, Salani S, Magri F, Brusa R, Mauri E, Comi GP, Bresolin N, Corti S. Human induced pluripotent stem cell models for the study and treatment of Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophies. Ther Adv Neurol Disord 2019; 12:1756286419833478. [PMID: 31105767 PMCID: PMC6501480 DOI: 10.1177/1756286419833478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophies are the most common muscle diseases and are both currently incurable. They are caused by mutations in the dystrophin gene, which lead to the absence or reduction/truncation of the encoded protein, with progressive muscle degeneration that clinically manifests in muscle weakness, cardiac and respiratory involvement and early death. The limits of animal models to exactly reproduce human muscle disease and to predict clinically relevant treatment effects has prompted the development of more accurate in vitro skeletal muscle models. However, the challenge of effectively obtaining mature skeletal muscle cells or satellite stem cells as primary cultures has hampered the development of in vitro models. Here, we discuss the recently developed technologies that enable the differentiation of skeletal muscle from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) of Duchenne and Becker patients. These systems recapitulate key disease features including inflammation and scarce regenerative myogenic capacity that are partially rescued by genetic and pharmacological therapies and can provide a useful platform to study and realize future therapeutic treatments. Implementation of this model also takes advantage of the developing genome editing field, which is a promising approach not only for correcting dystrophin, but also for modulating the underlying mechanisms of skeletal muscle development, regeneration and disease. These data prove the possibility of creating an accurate Duchenne and Becker in vitro model starting from iPSCs, to be used for pathogenetic studies and for drug screening to identify strategies capable of stopping or reversing muscular dystrophinopathies and other muscle diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Piga
- Dino Ferrari Centre, Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (DEPT), Neurology Unit, IRCCS Foundation Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Sabrina Salani
- Dino Ferrari Centre, Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (DEPT), Neurology Unit, IRCCS Foundation Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Magri
- Dino Ferrari Centre, Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (DEPT), Neurology Unit, IRCCS Foundation Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberta Brusa
- Dino Ferrari Centre, Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (DEPT), Neurology Unit, IRCCS Foundation Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Eleonora Mauri
- Dino Ferrari Centre, Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (DEPT), Neurology Unit, IRCCS Foundation Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Giacomo P. Comi
- Dino Ferrari Centre, Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (DEPT), Neurology Unit, IRCCS Foundation Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Nereo Bresolin
- Dino Ferrari Centre, Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (DEPT), Neurology Unit, IRCCS Foundation Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefania Corti
- Dino Ferrari Centre, Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (DEPT), Neurology Unit, IRCCS Foundation Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Via Francesco Sforza 35, 20122, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
216
|
Wasala NB, Hakim CH, Chen SJ, Yang NN, Duan D. Questions Answered and Unanswered by the First CRISPR Editing Study in a Canine Model of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy. Hum Gene Ther 2019; 30:535-543. [PMID: 30648435 PMCID: PMC6534086 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2018.243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) editing is being considered as a potential gene repair therapy to treat Duchenne muscular dystrophy, a dystrophin-deficient lethal muscle disease affecting all muscles in the body. A recent preliminary study from the Olson laboratory (Amoasii et al. Science 2018;362:89-91) showed robust dystrophin restoration in a canine Duchenne muscular dystrophy model following intramuscular or intravenous delivery of the CRISPR editing machinery by adeno-associated virus serotype 9. Despite the limitation of the small sample size, short study duration, and the lack of muscle function data, the Olson lab findings have provided important proof of principle for scaling up CRISPR therapy from rodents to large mammals. Future large-scale, long-term, and comprehensive studies are warranted to establish the safety and efficacy of CRISPR editing therapy in large mammals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nalinda B. Wasala
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Missouri, Columbia
| | - Chady H. Hakim
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Missouri, Columbia
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Shi-Jie Chen
- Department of Physics, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Missouri, Columbia
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Missouri, Columbia
| | - N. Nora Yang
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Dongsheng Duan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Missouri, Columbia
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Missouri, Columbia
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Missouri, Columbia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Missouri, Columbia
| |
Collapse
|
217
|
Egorova TV, Zotova ED, Reshetov DA, Polikarpova AV, Vassilieva SG, Vlodavets DV, Gavrilov AA, Ulianov SV, Buchman VL, Deykin AV. CRISPR/Cas9-generated mouse model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy recapitulating a newly identified large 430 kb deletion in the human DMD gene. Dis Model Mech 2019; 12:dmm037655. [PMID: 31028078 PMCID: PMC6505476 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.037655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Exon skipping is a promising strategy for Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) disease-modifying therapy. To make this approach safe, ensuring that excluding one or more exons will restore the reading frame and that the resulting protein will retain critical functions of the full-length dystrophin protein is necessary. However, in vivo testing of the consequences of skipping exons that encode the N-terminal actin-binding domain (ABD) has been confounded by the absence of a relevant animal model. We created a mouse model of the disease recapitulating a novel human mutation, a large de novo deletion of exons 8-34 of the DMD gene, found in a Russian DMD patient. This mutation was achieved by deleting exons 8-34 of the X-linked mouse D md gene using CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing, which led to a reading frame shift and the absence of functional dystrophin production. Male mice carrying this deletion display several important signs of muscular dystrophy, including a gradual age-dependent decrease in muscle strength, increased creatine kinase, muscle fibrosis and central nucleation. The degrees of these changes are comparable to those observed in mdx mice, a standard laboratory model of DMD. This new model of DMD will be useful for validating therapies based on skipping exons that encode the N-terminal ABD and for improving our understanding of the role of the N-terminal domain and central rod domain in the biological function of dystrophin. Simultaneous skipping of exons 6 and 7 should restore the gene reading frame and lead to the production of a protein that might retain functionality despite the partial deletion of the ABD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana V Egorova
- Laboratory of Modeling and Gene Therapy of Hereditary Diseases, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119334, Russia
- Marlin Biotech LLC, Moscow, 143026, Russia
| | | | | | - Anna V Polikarpova
- Laboratory of Modeling and Gene Therapy of Hereditary Diseases, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119334, Russia
- Marlin Biotech LLC, Moscow, 143026, Russia
| | - Svetlana G Vassilieva
- Laboratory of Modeling and Gene Therapy of Hereditary Diseases, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119334, Russia
- Marlin Biotech LLC, Moscow, 143026, Russia
| | - Dmitry V Vlodavets
- Veltischev Scientific Research Clinical Paediatric Institute, Moscow, 125412, Russia
| | - Alexey A Gavrilov
- Group of Genome Spatial Organization, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119334, Russia
| | - Sergey V Ulianov
- Laboratory of Structural and Functional Organization of Chromosomes, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119334, Russia
- Faculty of Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | | | - Alexei V Deykin
- Core Facilities, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119334, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
218
|
Omentum acts as a regulatory organ controlling skeletal muscle repair of mdx mice diaphragm. Cell Tissue Res 2019; 377:269-279. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-019-03012-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
219
|
Podkalicka P, Mucha O, Dulak J, Loboda A. Targeting angiogenesis in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:1507-1528. [PMID: 30770952 PMCID: PMC6439152 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03006-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2018] [Revised: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) represents one of the most devastating types of muscular dystrophies which affect boys already at early childhood. Despite the fact that the primary cause of the disease, namely the lack of functional dystrophin is known already for more than 30 years, DMD still remains an incurable disease. Thus, an enormous effort has been made during recent years to reveal novel mechanisms that could provide therapeutic targets for DMD, especially because glucocorticoids treatment acts mostly symptomatic and exerts many side effects, whereas the effectiveness of genetic approaches aiming at the restoration of functional dystrophin is under the constant debate. Taking into account that dystrophin expression is not restricted to muscle cells, but is present also in, e.g., endothelial cells, alterations in angiogenesis process have been proposed to have a significant impact on DMD progression. Indeed, already before the discovery of dystrophin, several abnormalities in blood vessels structure and function have been revealed, suggesting that targeting angiogenesis could be beneficial in DMD. In this review, we will summarize current knowledge about the angiogenesis status both in animal models of DMD as well as in DMD patients, focusing on different organs as well as age- and sex-dependent effects. Moreover, we will critically discuss some approaches such as modulation of vascular endothelial growth factor or nitric oxide related pathways, to enhance angiogenesis and attenuate the dystrophic phenotype. Additionally, we will suggest the potential role of other mediators, such as heme oxygenase-1 or statins in those processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Podkalicka
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Olga Mucha
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Jozef Dulak
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Loboda
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Kraków, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
220
|
Menon DV, Patel D, Joshi CG, Kumar A. The road less travelled: The efficacy of canine pluripotent stem cells. Exp Cell Res 2019; 377:94-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2019.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
|
221
|
Xu R, Jia Y, Zygmunt DA, Martin PT. rAAVrh74.MCK.GALGT2 Protects against Loss of Hemodynamic Function in the Aging mdx Mouse Heart. Mol Ther 2019; 27:636-649. [PMID: 30711447 PMCID: PMC6403484 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2019.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Dilated cardiomyopathy is a common cause of death in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). Gene therapies for DMD must, therefore, have a therapeutic impact in cardiac as well as skeletal muscles. Our previous studies have shown that GALGT2 overexpression in mdx skeletal muscles can prevent muscle damage. Here we have tested whether rAAVrh74.MCK.GALGT2 gene therapy in mdx cardiac muscle can prevent the loss of heart function. Treatment of mdx hearts with rAAVrh74.MCK.GALGT2 1 day after birth did not negatively alter hemodynamic function, tested at 3 months of age, and it prevented early left ventricular remodeling and expression of fibrotic gene markers. Intravenous treatment of mdx mice with rAAVrh74.MCK.GALGT2 at 2 months of age significantly improved stroke volume and cardiac output compared to mock-treated mice analyzed at 17 months, both at rest and after stimulation with dobutamine. rAAVrh74.MCK.GALGT2 treatment of mdx heart correlated with increased glycosylation of α-dystroglycan with the CT glycan and increased utrophin protein expression. These data provide the first demonstration that GALGT2 overexpression can inhibit the loss of cardiac function in the dystrophin-deficient heart and, thus, may benefit both cardiac and skeletal muscles in DMD patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Xu
- Center for Gene Therapy, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Ying Jia
- Center for Gene Therapy, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Deborah A Zygmunt
- Center for Gene Therapy, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Paul T Martin
- Center for Gene Therapy, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH 43205, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
222
|
Hughes MC, Ramos SV, Turnbull PC, Edgett BA, Huber JS, Polidovitch N, Schlattner U, Backx PH, Simpson JA, Perry CGR. Impairments in left ventricular mitochondrial bioenergetics precede overt cardiac dysfunction and remodelling in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. J Physiol 2019; 598:1377-1392. [PMID: 30674086 DOI: 10.1113/jp277306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Ninety-eight per cent of patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) develop cardiomyopathy, with 40% developing heart failure. While increased propensity for mitochondrial induction of cell death has been observed in left ventricle, it remains unknown whether this is linked to impaired mitochondrial respiratory control and elevated H2 O2 emission prior to the onset of cardiomyopathy. Classic mouse models of DMD demonstrate hyper-regeneration in skeletal muscle which may mask mitochondrial abnormalities. Using a model with less regenerative capacity that is more akin to DMD patients, we observed elevated left ventricular mitochondrial H2 O2 and impaired oxidative phosphorylation in the absence of cardiac remodelling or overt cardiac dysfunction at 4 weeks. These impairments were associated with dysfunctions at complex I, governance by ADP and creatine-dependent phosphate shuttling, which results in a less efficient response to energy demands. Mitochondria may be a therapeutic target for the treatment of cardiomyopathy in DMD. ABSTRACT In Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), mitochondrial dysfunction is predicted as a response to numerous cellular stressors, yet the contribution of mitochondria to the onset of cardiomyopathy remains unknown. To resolve this uncertainty, we designed in vitro assessments of mitochondrial bioenergetics to model mitochondrial control parameters that influence cardiac function. Both left ventricular mitochondrial responsiveness to the central bioenergetic controller ADP and the ability of creatine to facilitate mitochondrial-cytoplasmic phosphate shuttling were assessed. These measurements were performed in D2.B10-DMDmdx /2J mice - a model that demonstrates skeletal muscle atrophy and weakness due to limited regenerative capacities and cardiomyopathy more akin to people with DMD than classic models. At 4 weeks of age, there was no evidence of cardiac remodelling or cardiac dysfunction despite impairments in ADP-stimulated respiration and ADP attenuation of H2 O2 emission. These impairments were seen at both submaximal and maximal ADP concentrations despite no reductions in mitochondrial content markers. The ability of creatine to enhance ADP's control of mitochondrial bioenergetics was also impaired, suggesting an impairment in mitochondrial creatine kinase-dependent phosphate shuttling. Susceptibly to permeability transition pore opening and the subsequent activation of cell death pathways remained unchanged. Mitochondrial H2 O2 emission was elevated despite no change in markers of irreversible oxidative damage, suggesting alternative redox signalling mechanisms should be explored. These findings demonstrate that selective mitochondrial dysfunction precedes the onset of overt cardiomyopathy in D2.mdx mice, suggesting that improving mitochondrial bioenergetics by restoring ADP, creatine-dependent phosphate shuttling and complex I should be considered for treating DMD patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meghan C Hughes
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science and the Muscle Health Research Centre, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sofhia V Ramos
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science and the Muscle Health Research Centre, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Patrick C Turnbull
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science and the Muscle Health Research Centre, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Brittany A Edgett
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences and Cardiovascular Research Group, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie Medicine New Brunswick, Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada.,IMPART Team Canada Investigator Network, Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Jason S Huber
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences and Cardiovascular Research Group, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Nazari Polidovitch
- Department of Biology and the Muscle Health Research Centre, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Uwe Schlattner
- Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Bioenergetics (LBFA) and SFR Environmental and Systems Biology (BEeSy), University Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Peter H Backx
- Department of Biology and the Muscle Health Research Centre, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jeremy A Simpson
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences and Cardiovascular Research Group, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.,IMPART Team Canada Investigator Network, Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Christopher G R Perry
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science and the Muscle Health Research Centre, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
223
|
Gaglianone RB, Santos AT, Bloise FF, Ortiga-Carvalho TM, Costa ML, Quirico-Santos T, da Silva WS, Mermelstein C. Reduced mitochondrial respiration and increased calcium deposits in the EDL muscle, but not in soleus, from 12-week-old dystrophic mdx mice. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1986. [PMID: 30760802 PMCID: PMC6374364 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-38609-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria play an important role in providing ATP for muscle contraction. Muscle physiology is compromised in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) and several studies have shown the involvement of bioenergetics. In this work we investigated the mitochondrial physiology in fibers from fast-twitch muscle (EDL) and slow-twitch muscle (soleus) in the mdx mouse model for DMD and in control C57BL/10J mice. In our study, multiple mitochondrial respiratory parameters were investigated in permeabilized muscle fibers from 12-week-old animals, a critical age where muscle regeneration is observed in the mdx mouse. Using substrates of complex I and complex II from the electron transport chain, ADP and mitochondrial inhibitors, we found in the mdx EDL, but not in the mdx soleus, a reduction in coupled respiration suggesting that ATP synthesis is affected. In addition, the oxygen consumption after addition of complex II substrate is reduced in mdx EDL; the maximal consumption rate (measured in the presence of uncoupler) also seems to be reduced. Mitochondria are involved in calcium regulation and we observed, using alizarin stain, calcium deposits in mdx muscles but not in control muscles. Interestingly, more calcium deposits were found in mdx EDL than in mdx soleus. These data provide evidence that in 12-week-old mdx mice, calcium is accumulated and mitochondrial function is disturbed in the fast-twitch muscle EDL, but not in the slow-twitch muscle soleus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rhayanna B Gaglianone
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Anderson Teixeira Santos
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Flavia Fonseca Bloise
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Tania Maria Ortiga-Carvalho
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Manoel Luis Costa
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Wagner Seixas da Silva
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Claudia Mermelstein
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
224
|
Physical exertion exacerbates decline in the musculature of an animal model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:3508-3517. [PMID: 30755520 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1811379116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a genetic disorder caused by loss of the protein dystrophin. In humans, DMD has early onset, causes developmental delays, muscle necrosis, loss of ambulation, and death. Current animal models have been challenged by their inability to model the early onset and severity of the disease. It remains unresolved whether increased sarcoplasmic calcium observed in dystrophic muscles follows or leads the mechanical insults caused by the muscle's disrupted contractile machinery. This knowledge has important implications for patients, as potential physiotherapeutic treatments may either help or exacerbate symptoms, depending on how dystrophic muscles differ from healthy ones. Recently we showed how burrowing dystrophic (dys-1) C. elegans recapitulate many salient phenotypes of DMD, including loss of mobility and muscle necrosis. Here, we report that dys-1 worms display early pathogenesis, including dysregulated sarcoplasmic calcium and increased lethality. Sarcoplasmic calcium dysregulation in dys-1 worms precedes overt structural phenotypes (e.g., mitochondrial, and contractile machinery damage) and can be mitigated by reducing calmodulin expression. To learn how dystrophic musculature responds to altered physical activity, we cultivated dys-1 animals in environments requiring high intensity or high frequency of muscle exertion during locomotion. We find that several muscular parameters (e.g., size) improve with increased activity. However, longevity in dystrophic animals was negatively associated with muscular exertion, regardless of effort duration. The high degree of phenotypic conservation between dystrophic worms and humans provides a unique opportunity to gain insight into the pathology of the disease as well as the initial assessment of potential treatment strategies.
Collapse
|
225
|
Gordish-Dressman H, Willmann R, Dalle Pazze L, Kreibich A, van Putten M, Heydemann A, Bogdanik L, Lutz C, Davies K, Demonbreun AR, Duan D, Elsey D, Fukada SI, Girgenrath M, Patrick Gonzalez J, Grounds MD, Nichols A, Partridge T, Passini M, Sanarica F, Schnell FJ, Wells DJ, Yokota T, Young CS, Zhong Z, Spurney C, Spencer M, De Luca A, Nagaraju K, Aartsma-Rus A. "Of Mice and Measures": A Project to Improve How We Advance Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Therapies to the Clinic. J Neuromuscul Dis 2019; 5:407-417. [PMID: 30198876 PMCID: PMC6218134 DOI: 10.3233/jnd-180324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A new line of dystrophic mdx mice on the DBA/2J (D2) background has emerged as a candidate to study the efficacy of therapeutic approaches for Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). These mice harbor genetic polymorphisms that appear to increase the severity of the dystropathology, with disease modifiers that also occur in DMD patients, making them attractive for efficacy studies and drug development. This workshop aimed at collecting and consolidating available data on the pathological features and the natural history of these new D2/mdx mice, for comparison with classic mdx mice and controls, and to identify gaps in information and their potential value. The overall aim is to establish guidance on how to best use the D2/mdx mouse model in preclinical studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Maaike van Putten
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands
| | - Ahlke Heydemann
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | | | - Kay Davies
- Department of Physiology, University of Oxford, Anatomy and Genetics, Oxford, UK
| | - Alexis R Demonbreun
- Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Dongsheng Duan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Neurology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Department of Bioengineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - David Elsey
- Summit Therapeutics, Abingdon, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - So-Ichiro Fukada
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | | | | | - Miranda D Grounds
- School of Human Science, the University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Francesca Sanarica
- Department of Pharmacy and Drug Sciences, Unit of Pharmacology, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Italy
| | | | - Dominic J Wells
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
| | | | - Courtney S Young
- Department of Neurology, Molecular Biology Institute, Center for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Melissa Spencer
- Department of Neurology, Molecular Biology Institute, Center for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Annamaria De Luca
- Department of Pharmacy and Drug Sciences, Unit of Pharmacology, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Italy
| | - Kanneboyina Nagaraju
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Binghamton University, New York, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
226
|
Identification of qPCR reference genes suitable for normalizing gene expression in the mdx mouse model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0211384. [PMID: 30699165 PMCID: PMC6353192 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The mdx mouse is the most widely-used animal model of the human disease Duchenne muscular dystrophy, and quantitative PCR analysis of gene expression in the muscles of this animal plays a key role in the study of pathogenesis and disease progression and in evaluation of potential therapeutic interventions. Normalization to appropriate stably-expressed reference genes is essential for accurate quantitative measurement, but determination of such genes is challenging: healthy and dystrophic muscles present very different transcriptional environments, further altering with disease progression and muscle use, raising the possibility that no single gene or combination of genes may be stable under all experimental comparative scenarios. Despite the pedigree of this animal model, this problem remains unaddressed. The aim of this work was therefore to comprehensively assess reference gene suitability in the muscles of healthy and dystrophic mice, identifying reference genes appropriate for specific experimental comparisons, and determining whether an essentially universally-applicable set of genes exists. Using a large sample collection comprising multiple muscles (including the tibialis anterior, diaphragm and heart muscles) taken from healthy and mdx mice at three disease-relevant ages, and a panel of sixteen candidate reference genes (FBXO38, FBXW2, MON2, ZFP91, HTATSF1, GAPDH, ACTB, 18S, CDC40, SDHA, RPL13a, CSNK2A2, AP3D1, PAK1IP1, B2M and HPRT1), we used the geNorm, BestKeeper and Normfinder algorithms to identify genes that were stable under multiple possible comparative scenarios. We reveal that no single gene is stable under all conditions, but a normalization factor derived from multiple genes (RPL13a, CSNK2A2, AP3D1 and the widely-used ACTB) appears suitable for normalizing gene expression in both healthy and dystrophic mouse muscle regardless of muscle type or animal age. We further show that other popular reference genes, including GAPDH, are markedly disease- or muscle-type correlated. This study demonstrates the importance of empirical reference gene identification, and should serve as a valuable resource for investigators wishing to study gene expression in mdx mice.
Collapse
|
227
|
Meyers TA, Heitzman JA, Krebsbach AM, Aufdembrink LM, Hughes R, Bartolomucci A, Townsend D. Acute AT 1R blockade prevents isoproterenol-induced injury in mdx hearts. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2019; 128:51-61. [PMID: 30664850 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2019.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is an X-linked disease characterized by skeletal muscle degeneration and a significant cardiomyopathy secondary to cardiomyocyte damage and myocardial loss. The molecular basis of DMD lies in the absence of the protein dystrophin, which plays critical roles in mechanical membrane integrity and protein localization at the sarcolemma. A popular mouse model of DMD is the mdx mouse, which lacks dystrophin and displays mild cardiac and skeletal pathology that can be exacerbated to advance the disease state. In clinical and pre-clinical studies of DMD, angiotensin signaling pathways have emerged as therapeutic targets due to their adverse influence on muscle remodeling and oxidative stress. Here we aim to establish a physiologically relevant cardiac injury model in the mdx mouse, and determine whether acute blockade of the angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) may be utilized for prevention of dystrophic injury. METHODS AND RESULTS A single IP injection of isoproterenol (Iso, 10 mg/kg) was used to induce cardiac stress and injury in mdx and wild type (C57Bl/10) mice. Mice were euthanized 8 h, 30 h, 1 week, or 1 month following the injection, and hearts were harvested for injury evaluation. At 8 and 30 h post-injury, mdx hearts showed 2.2-fold greater serum cTnI content and 3-fold more extensive injury than wild type hearts. Analysis of hearts 1 week and 1 month after injury revealed significantly higher fibrosis in mdx hearts, with a more robust and longer-lasting immune response compared to wild type hearts. In the 30-hour group, losartan treatment initiated 1 h before Iso injection protected dystrophic hearts from cardiac damage, reducing mdx acute injury area by 2.8-fold, without any significant effect on injury in wild type hearts. However, both wild type and dystrophic hearts showed a 2-fold reduction in the magnitude of the macrophage response to injury 30 h after Iso with losartan. CONCLUSIONS This work demonstrates that acute blockade of AT1R has the potential for robust injury prevention in a model of Iso-induced dystrophic heart injury. In addition to selectively limiting dystrophic cardiac damage, blocking AT1R may serve to limit the inflammatory nature of the immune response to injury in all hearts. Our findings strongly suggest that earlier adoption of angiotensin receptor blockers in DMD patients could limit myocardial damage and subsequent cardiomyopathy.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers/pharmacology
- Animals
- Cardiomyopathies/drug therapy
- Cardiomyopathies/genetics
- Cardiomyopathies/pathology
- Dystrophin/genetics
- Heart/drug effects
- Heart/physiopathology
- Humans
- Isoproterenol/pharmacology
- Losartan/pharmacology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred mdx
- Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
- Muscle, Skeletal/pathology
- Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne/drug therapy
- Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne/genetics
- Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne/pathology
- Myocytes, Cardiac/drug effects
- Myocytes, Cardiac/pathology
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1/genetics
- Sarcolemma/metabolism
- Sarcolemma/pathology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana A Meyers
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Jackie A Heitzman
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Aimee M Krebsbach
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA; Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Lauren M Aufdembrink
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Robert Hughes
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Alessandro Bartolomucci
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - DeWayne Townsend
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA; Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
228
|
Jelinkova S, Fojtik P, Kohutova A, Vilotic A, Marková L, Pesl M, Jurakova T, Kruta M, Vrbsky J, Gaillyova R, Valášková I, Frák I, Lacampagne A, Forte G, Dvorak P, Meli AC, Rotrekl V. Dystrophin Deficiency Leads to Genomic Instability in Human Pluripotent Stem Cells via NO Synthase-Induced Oxidative Stress. Cells 2019; 8:cells8010053. [PMID: 30650618 PMCID: PMC6356905 DOI: 10.3390/cells8010053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 12/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent data on Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) show myocyte progenitor's involvement in the disease pathology often leading to the DMD patient's death. The molecular mechanism underlying stem cell impairment in DMD has not been described. We created dystrophin-deficient human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC) lines by reprogramming cells from two DMD patients, and also by introducing dystrophin mutation into human embryonic stem cells via CRISPR/Cas9. While dystrophin is expressed in healthy hPSC, its deficiency in DMD hPSC lines induces the release of reactive oxygen species (ROS) through dysregulated activity of all three isoforms of nitric oxide synthase (further abrev. as, NOS). NOS-induced ROS release leads to DNA damage and genomic instability in DMD hPSC. We were able to reduce both the ROS release as well as DNA damage to the level of wild-type hPSC by inhibiting NOS activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarka Jelinkova
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
- International Clinical Research Center ICRC, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, 602 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Petr Fojtik
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Aneta Kohutova
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
- International Clinical Research Center ICRC, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, 602 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Aleksandra Vilotic
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Lenka Marková
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Martin Pesl
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
- International Clinical Research Center ICRC, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, 602 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
- 1st department of Internal Medicine-Cardioangiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, 602 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Tereza Jurakova
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Miriama Kruta
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Jan Vrbsky
- International Clinical Research Center ICRC, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, 602 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Renata Gaillyova
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
- Department of Clinical Genetics, University hospital Brno, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Iveta Valášková
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
- Department of Clinical Genetics, University hospital Brno, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Ivan Frák
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Alain Lacampagne
- PhyMedExp, INSERM, University of Montpellier, CNRS, 342 95 Montpellier CEDEX 5, France.
| | - Giancarlo Forte
- International Clinical Research Center ICRC, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, 602 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Petr Dvorak
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
- International Clinical Research Center ICRC, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, 602 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Albano C Meli
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
- PhyMedExp, INSERM, University of Montpellier, CNRS, 342 95 Montpellier CEDEX 5, France.
| | - Vladimir Rotrekl
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
- International Clinical Research Center ICRC, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, 602 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
229
|
Montes M, Sanford BL, Comiskey DF, Chandler DS. RNA Splicing and Disease: Animal Models to Therapies. Trends Genet 2019; 35:68-87. [PMID: 30466729 PMCID: PMC6339821 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alternative splicing of pre-mRNA increases genetic diversity, and recent studies estimate that most human multiexon genes are alternatively spliced. If this process is not highly regulated and accurate, it leads to mis-splicing events, which may result in proteins with altered function. A growing body of work has implicated mis-splicing events in a range of diseases, including cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, and muscular dystrophies. Understanding the mechanisms that cause aberrant splicing events and how this leads to disease is vital for designing effective therapeutic strategies. In this review, we focus on advances in therapies targeting splicing, and highlight the animal models developed to recapitulate disease phenotypes as a model for testing these therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matías Montes
- Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Graduate Program and The Center for RNA Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Brianne L Sanford
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Daniel F Comiskey
- Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Graduate Program and The Center for RNA Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Dawn S Chandler
- Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Graduate Program and The Center for RNA Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
230
|
Zhang Y, Long C, Bassel-Duby R, Olson EN. Myoediting: Toward Prevention of Muscular Dystrophy by Therapeutic Genome Editing. Physiol Rev 2018; 98:1205-1240. [PMID: 29717930 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00046.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscular dystrophies represent a large group of genetic disorders that significantly impair quality of life and often progress to premature death. There is no effective treatment for these debilitating diseases. Most therapies, developed to date, focus on alleviating the symptoms or targeting the secondary effects, while the underlying gene mutation is still present in the human genome. The discovery and application of programmable nucleases for site-specific DNA double-stranded breaks provides a powerful tool for precise genome engineering. In particular, the CRISPR/Cas system has revolutionized the genome editing field and is providing a new path for disease treatment by targeting the disease-causing genetic mutations. In this review, we provide a historical overview of genome-editing technologies, summarize the most recent advances, and discuss potential strategies and challenges for permanently correcting genetic mutations that cause muscular dystrophies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Senator Paul D. Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Cooperative Research Center and Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas, Texas
| | - Chengzu Long
- Department of Molecular Biology, Senator Paul D. Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Cooperative Research Center and Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas, Texas
| | - Rhonda Bassel-Duby
- Department of Molecular Biology, Senator Paul D. Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Cooperative Research Center and Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas, Texas
| | - Eric N Olson
- Department of Molecular Biology, Senator Paul D. Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Cooperative Research Center and Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas, Texas
| |
Collapse
|
231
|
Hewitt JE, Pollard AK, Lesanpezeshki L, Deane CS, Gaffney CJ, Etheridge T, Szewczyk NJ, Vanapalli SA. Muscle strength deficiency and mitochondrial dysfunction in a muscular dystrophy model of Caenorhabditis elegans and its functional response to drugs. Dis Model Mech 2018; 11:dmm036137. [PMID: 30396907 PMCID: PMC6307913 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.036137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle strength is a key clinical parameter used to monitor the progression of human muscular dystrophies, including Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophies. Although Caenorhabditis elegans is an established genetic model for studying the mechanisms and treatments of muscular dystrophies, analogous strength-based measurements in this disease model are lacking. Here, we describe the first demonstration of the direct measurement of muscular strength in dystrophin-deficient C. elegans mutants using a micropillar-based force measurement system called NemaFlex. We show that dys-1(eg33) mutants, but not dys-1(cx18) mutants, are significantly weaker than their wild-type counterparts in early adulthood, cannot thrash in liquid at wild-type rates, display mitochondrial network fragmentation in the body wall muscles, and have an abnormally high baseline mitochondrial respiration. Furthermore, treatment with prednisone, the standard treatment for muscular dystrophy in humans, and melatonin both improve muscular strength, thrashing rate and mitochondrial network integrity in dys-1(eg33), and prednisone treatment also returns baseline respiration to normal levels. Thus, our results demonstrate that the dys-1(eg33) strain is more clinically relevant than dys-1(cx18) for muscular dystrophy studies in C. elegans This finding, in combination with the novel NemaFlex platform, can be used as an efficient workflow for identifying candidate compounds that can improve strength in the C. elegans muscular dystrophy model. Our study also lays the foundation for further probing of the mechanism of muscle function loss in dystrophin-deficient C. elegans, leading to knowledge translatable to human muscular dystrophy.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer E Hewitt
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Amelia K Pollard
- MRC/ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, Royal Derby Hospital, University of Nottingham & National Institute for Health Research Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Derby, UK
| | - Leila Lesanpezeshki
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Colleen S Deane
- Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, St Luke's Campus, Exeter EX1 2LU, UK
| | - Christopher J Gaffney
- Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, St Luke's Campus, Exeter EX1 2LU, UK
- Lancaster Medical School, Furness College, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YG, UK
| | - Timothy Etheridge
- Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, St Luke's Campus, Exeter EX1 2LU, UK
| | - Nathaniel J Szewczyk
- MRC/ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, Royal Derby Hospital, University of Nottingham & National Institute for Health Research Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Derby, UK
| | - Siva A Vanapalli
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| |
Collapse
|
232
|
González-Sánchez J, Sánchez-Temprano A, Cid-Díaz T, Pabst-Fernández R, Mosteiro CS, Gallego R, Nogueiras R, Casabiell X, Butler-Browne GS, Mouly V, Relova JL, Pazos Y, Camiña JP. Improvement of Duchenne muscular dystrophy phenotype following obestatin treatment. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2018; 9:1063-1078. [PMID: 30216693 PMCID: PMC6240759 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study was performed to test the therapeutic potential of obestatin, an autocrine anabolic factor regulating skeletal muscle repair, to ameliorate the Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) phenotype. METHODS AND RESULTS Using a multidisciplinary approach, we characterized the ageing-related preproghrelin/GPR39 expression patterns in tibialis anterior (TA) muscles of 4-, 8-, and 18-week-old mdx mice (n = 3/group) and established the effects of obestatin administration at this level in 8-week-old mdx mice (n = 5/group). The findings were extended to in vitro effects on human immortalized DMD myotubes. An analysis of TAs revealed an age-related loss of preproghrelin expression, as precursor of obestatin, in mdx mice. Administration of obestatin resulted in a significant increase in tetanic specific force (33.0% ± 1.5%, P < 0.05), compared with control mdx mice. Obestatin-treated TAs were characterized by reduction of fibres with centrally located nuclei (10.0% ± 1.2%, P < 0.05) together with an increase in the number of type I fibres (25.2% ± 1.7%, P < 0.05) associated to histone deacetylases/myocyte enhancer factor-2 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator 1α axis, and down-regulation of ubiquitin E3-ligases by inactivation of FoxO1/4, indexes of muscle atrophy. Obestatin reduced the level of contractile damage and tissue fibrosis. These observations correlated with decline in serum creatine kinase (58.8 ± 15.2, P < 0.05). Obestatin led to stabilization of the sarcolemma by up-regulation of utrophin, α-syntrophin, β-dystroglycan, and α7β1-integrin proteins. These pathways were also operative in human DMD myotubes. CONCLUSIONS These results highlight the potential of obestatin as a peptide therapeutic for preserving muscle integrity in DMD, thus allowing a better efficiency of gene or cell therapy in a combined therapeutic approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica González-Sánchez
- Laboratorio de Endocrinología Celular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (CHUS), Servicio Gallego de Salud (SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Agustín Sánchez-Temprano
- Laboratorio de Endocrinología Celular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (CHUS), Servicio Gallego de Salud (SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Tania Cid-Díaz
- Laboratorio de Endocrinología Celular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (CHUS), Servicio Gallego de Salud (SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Regina Pabst-Fernández
- Laboratorio de Endocrinología Celular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (CHUS), Servicio Gallego de Salud (SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Carlos S Mosteiro
- Laboratorio de Endocrinología Celular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (CHUS), Servicio Gallego de Salud (SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Rosalía Gallego
- Departamento de Ciencias Morfológicas, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela (USC), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ruben Nogueiras
- Departamento de Fisiología, USC, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Xesús Casabiell
- Departamento de Fisiología, USC, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Gillian S Butler-Browne
- Center for Research in Myology, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM UMRS 974, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Mouly
- Center for Research in Myology, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM UMRS 974, Paris, France
| | | | - Yolanda Pazos
- Laboratorio de Patología Digestiva, IDIS, CHUS, SERGAS, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Jesús P Camiña
- Laboratorio de Endocrinología Celular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (CHUS), Servicio Gallego de Salud (SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
233
|
Rice ML, Yang MB, Wong B. Reply. J AAPOS 2018; 22:484-485. [PMID: 30394341 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaapos.2018.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa L Rice
- Abrahamson Pediatric Eye Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Michael B Yang
- Abrahamson Pediatric Eye Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Brenda Wong
- Department of Pediatrics and Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| |
Collapse
|
234
|
Skeletal muscle fibrosis: an overview. Cell Tissue Res 2018; 375:575-588. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-018-2955-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
235
|
Abstract
The ability to efficiently modify the genome using CRISPR technology has rapidly revolutionized biology and genetics and will soon transform medicine. Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) represents one of the first monogenic disorders that has been investigated with respect to CRISPR-mediated correction of causal genetic mutations. DMD results from mutations in the gene encoding dystrophin, a scaffolding protein that maintains the integrity of striated muscles. Thousands of different dystrophin mutations have been identified in DMD patients, who suffer from a loss of ambulation followed by respiratory insufficiency, heart failure, and death by the third decade of life. Using CRISPR to bypass DMD mutations, dystrophin expression has been efficiently restored in human cells and mouse models of DMD. Here, we review recent progress toward the development of possible CRISPR therapies for DMD and highlight opportunities and potential obstacles in attaining this goal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Li Min
- Department of Molecular Biology, Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, and Senator Paul D. Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Cooperative Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA;
| | - Rhonda Bassel-Duby
- Department of Molecular Biology, Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, and Senator Paul D. Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Cooperative Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA;
| | - Eric N Olson
- Department of Molecular Biology, Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, and Senator Paul D. Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Cooperative Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
236
|
Chick embryonic cells as a source for generating in vitro model of muscle cell dystrophy. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2018; 54:756-769. [DOI: 10.1007/s11626-018-0297-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
237
|
McAtee BB, Heseltine JC, Guo LT, Willard MD, Shelton GD. Dysphagia and esophageal dysfunction due to dystrophin deficient muscular dystrophy in a male Spanish water spaniel. Vet Q 2018; 38:28-32. [PMID: 29384432 PMCID: PMC6831012 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2018.1435939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Brigitte B McAtee
- a Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences , Texas A&M University , College Station , TX , USA
| | - Johanna C Heseltine
- a Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences , Texas A&M University , College Station , TX , USA
| | - Ling T Guo
- b Comparative Neuromuscular Laboratory , University of California San Diego , La Jolla , CA , USA
| | - Michael D Willard
- a Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences , Texas A&M University , College Station , TX , USA
| | - G Diane Shelton
- b Comparative Neuromuscular Laboratory , University of California San Diego , La Jolla , CA , USA
| |
Collapse
|
238
|
Metabolomic Analyses Reveal Extensive Progenitor Cell Deficiencies in a Mouse Model of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy. Metabolites 2018; 8:metabo8040061. [PMID: 30282911 PMCID: PMC6315702 DOI: 10.3390/metabo8040061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a musculoskeletal disorder that causes severe morbidity and reduced lifespan. Individuals with DMD have an X-linked mutation that impairs their ability to produce functional dystrophin protein in muscle. No cure exists for this disease and the few therapies that are available do not dramatically delay disease progression. Thus, there is a need to better understand the mechanisms underlying DMD which may ultimately lead to improved treatment options. The muscular dystrophy (MDX) mouse model is frequently used to explore DMD disease traits. Though some studies of metabolism in dystrophic mice exist, few have characterized metabolic profiles of supporting cells in the diseased environment. Using nontargeted metabolomics we characterized metabolic alterations in muscle satellite cells (SCs) and serum of MDX mice. Additionally, live-cell imaging revealed MDX-derived adipose progenitor cell (APC) defects. Finally, metabolomic studies revealed a striking elevation of acylcarnitines in MDX APCs, which we show can inhibit APC proliferation. Together, these studies highlight widespread metabolic alterations in multiple progenitor cell types and serum from MDX mice and implicate dystrophy-associated metabolite imbalances in APCs as a potential contributor to adipose tissue disequilibrium in DMD.
Collapse
|
239
|
Genetic and pharmacological regulation of the endocannabinoid CB1 receptor in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3950. [PMID: 30262909 PMCID: PMC6160489 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06267-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system refers to a widespread signaling system and its alteration is implicated in a growing number of human diseases. However, the potential role of endocannabinoids in skeletal muscle disorders remains unknown. Here we report the role of the endocannabinoid CB1 receptors in Duchenne's muscular dystrophy. In murine and human models, CB1 transcripts show the highest degree of expression at disease onset, and then decline overtime. Similar changes are observed for PAX7, a key regulator of muscle stem cells. Bioinformatics and biochemical analysis reveal that PAX7 binds and upregulates the CB1 gene in dystrophic more than in healthy muscles. Rimonabant, an antagonist of CB1, promotes human satellite cell differentiation in vitro, increases the number of regenerated myofibers, and prevents locomotor impairment in dystrophic mice. In conclusion, our study uncovers a PAX7-CB1 cross talk potentially exacerbating DMD and highlights the role of CB1 receptors as target for potential therapies.
Collapse
|
240
|
Kodippili K, Hakim CH, Yang HT, Pan X, Yang NN, Laughlin MH, Terjung RL, Duan D. Nitric oxide-dependent attenuation of noradrenaline-induced vasoconstriction is impaired in the canine model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. J Physiol 2018; 596:5199-5216. [PMID: 30152022 DOI: 10.1113/jp275672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS We developed a novel method to study sympatholysis in dogs. We showed abolishment of sarcolemmal nNOS, and reduction of total nNOS and total eNOS in the canine Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) model. We showed sympatholysis in dogs involving both nNOS-derived NO-dependent and NO-independent mechanisms. We showed that the loss of sarcolemmal nNOS compromised sympatholysis in the canine DMD model. We showed that NO-independent sympatholysis was not affected in the canine DMD model. ABSTRACT The absence of dystrophin in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) leads to the delocalization of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) from the sarcolemma. Sarcolemmal nNOS plays an important role in sympatholysis, a process of attenuating reflex sympathetic vasoconstriction during exercise to ensure blood perfusion in working muscle. Delocalization of nNOS compromises sympatholysis resulting in functional ischaemia and muscle damage in DMD patients and mouse models. Little is known about the contribution of membrane-associated nNOS to blood flow regulation in dystrophin-deficient DMD dogs. We tested the hypothesis that the loss of sarcolemmal nNOS abolishes protective sympatholysis in contracting muscle of affected dogs. Haemodynamic responses to noradrenaline in the brachial artery were evaluated at rest and during contraction in the absence and presence of NOS inhibitors. We found sympatholysis was significantly compromised in DMD dogs, as well as in normal dogs treated with a selective nNOS inhibitor, suggesting that the absence of sarcolemmal nNOS underlies defective sympatholysis in the canine DMD model. Surprisingly, inhibition of all NOS isoforms did not completely abolish sympatholysis in normal dogs, suggesting sympatholysis in canine muscle also involves NO-independent mechanism(s). Our study established a foundation for using the dog model to test therapies aimed at restoring nNOS homeostasis in DMD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kasun Kodippili
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Chady H Hakim
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.,National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Hsiao T Yang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.,Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Xiufang Pan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - N Nora Yang
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Maurice H Laughlin
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Ronald L Terjung
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Dongsheng Duan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.,Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.,Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| |
Collapse
|
241
|
Iannotti FA, Pagano E, Moriello AS, Alvino FG, Sorrentino NC, D'Orsi L, Gazzerro E, Capasso R, De Leonibus E, De Petrocellis L, Di Marzo V. Effects of non-euphoric plant cannabinoids on muscle quality and performance of dystrophic mdx mice. Br J Pharmacol 2018; 176:1568-1584. [PMID: 30074247 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Revised: 07/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), caused by dystrophin deficiency, results in chronic inflammation and irreversible skeletal muscle degeneration. Moreover, the associated impairment of autophagy greatly contributes to the aggravation of muscle damage. We explored the possibility of using non-euphoric compounds present in Cannabis sativa, cannabidiol (CBD), cannabidivarin (CBDV) and tetrahydrocannabidivarin (THCV), to reduce inflammation, restore functional autophagy and positively enhance muscle function in vivo. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Using quantitative PCR, western blots and [Ca2+ ]i measurements, we explored the effects of CBD and CBDV on the differentiation of both murine and human skeletal muscle cells as well as their potential interaction with TRP channels. Male dystrophic mdx mice were injected i.p. with CBD or CBDV at different stages of the disease. After treatment, locomotor tests and biochemical analyses were used to evaluate their effects on inflammation and autophagy. KEY RESULTS CBD and CBDV promoted the differentiation of murine C2C12 myoblast cells into myotubes by increasing [Ca2+ ]i mostly via TRPV1 activation, an effect that undergoes rapid desensitization. In primary satellite cells and myoblasts isolated from healthy and/or DMD donors, not only CBD and CBDV but also THCV promoted myotube formation, in this case, mostly via TRPA1 activation. In mdx mice, CBD (60 mg·kg-1 ) and CBDV (60 mg·kg-1 ) prevented the loss of locomotor activity, reduced inflammation and restored autophagy. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS We provide new insights into plant cannabinoid interactions with TRP channels in skeletal muscle, highlighting a potential opportunity for novel co-adjuvant therapies to prevent muscle degeneration in DMD patients. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on 8th European Workshop on Cannabinoid Research. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v176.10/issuetoc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Arturo Iannotti
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry (ICB), National Research Council (CNR), Pozzuoli (NA), Italy
| | - Ester Pagano
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Aniello Schiano Moriello
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry (ICB), National Research Council (CNR), Pozzuoli (NA), Italy
| | | | | | - Luca D'Orsi
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Pozzuoli, Italy
| | | | - Raffaele Capasso
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Elvira De Leonibus
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Pozzuoli, Italy.,Institute of Genetics and Biophysics (IGB), National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Luciano De Petrocellis
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry (ICB), National Research Council (CNR), Pozzuoli (NA), Italy
| | - Vincenzo Di Marzo
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry (ICB), National Research Council (CNR), Pozzuoli (NA), Italy
| |
Collapse
|
242
|
Feder D, Ierardi M, Covre AL, Petri G, Carvalho AADS, Fonseca FLA, Bertassoli BM. Evaluation of the gastrointestinal tract in mdx mice: an experimental model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. APMIS 2018; 126:693-699. [PMID: 30168625 DOI: 10.1111/apm.12864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This study describes the functional and morphological alterations in the intestines of mdx mice (n = 4) compared with the intestinal features of C57BL/10 mice (n = 7) at 2 months of age. The whole gut transit time (carmine red) and the upper gut transit time (activated charcoal) were measured, and light microscopy was utilized to view stained sections (H&E and picrosirius red) for histological analysis. No significant difference in mean evacuation time for the whole gut was observed between the two groups, but a significant delay in activated charcoal passage was observed in the mdx mice. Visually, a higher concentration of collagen fibers in the submucosal region was apparent in the mdx mice. The concentration of collagen fibers in the stomach and small intestine suggests a direct relationship with the decrease in motility of the upper gastrointestinal tract in the mdx mice. Further experimental studies should be conducted to develop therapeutic alternatives to collagen inhibition to control these manifestations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Feder
- Pharmacology Department, Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, Santo André, SP, Brazil
| | - Mariana Ierardi
- Pharmacology Department, Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, Santo André, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Laura Covre
- Pharmacology Department, Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, Santo André, SP, Brazil
| | - Giuliana Petri
- Pharmacology Department, Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, Santo André, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
243
|
Shahnoor N, Siebers EM, Brown KJ, Lawlor MW. Pathological Issues in Dystrophinopathy in the Age of Genetic Therapies. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY-MECHANISMS OF DISEASE 2018; 14:105-126. [PMID: 30148687 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathmechdis-012418-012945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Dystrophinopathy is a class of genetic skeletal muscle disease characterized by myofiber degeneration and regeneration due to insufficient levels or functioning of dystrophin. Pathological evaluation for dystrophinopathy includes the identification of dystrophic skeletal muscle pathology and the immunohistochemical evaluation of dystrophin epitopes, but biopsies have become rare in recent years. However, the evaluation of dystrophin expression in the research setting has become critically important due to recent advances in genetic therapies, including exon skipping and gene therapy. Given the number of these therapies under evaluation in patients, it is likely that the traditional methods of evaluating dystrophinopathy will need to evolve in the near future. This review discusses current muscle biopsy diagnostic practices in dystrophinopathy and further focuses on how these practices have evolved in the context of therapeutic interventions for dystrophinopathy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nazima Shahnoor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, and Neuroscience Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, USA; , ,
| | - Emily M Siebers
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, and Neuroscience Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, USA; , ,
| | - Kristy J Brown
- Solid Biosciences, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA;
| | - Michael W Lawlor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, and Neuroscience Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, USA; , ,
| |
Collapse
|
244
|
Maleiner B, Tomasch J, Heher P, Spadiut O, Rünzler D, Fuchs C. The Importance of Biophysical and Biochemical Stimuli in Dynamic Skeletal Muscle Models. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1130. [PMID: 30246791 PMCID: PMC6113794 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Classical approaches to engineer skeletal muscle tissue based on current regenerative and surgical procedures still do not meet the desired outcome for patient applications. Besides the evident need to create functional skeletal muscle tissue for the repair of volumetric muscle defects, there is also growing demand for platforms to study muscle-related diseases, such as muscular dystrophies or sarcopenia. Currently, numerous studies exist that have employed a variety of biomaterials, cell types and strategies for maturation of skeletal muscle tissue in 2D and 3D environments. However, researchers are just at the beginning of understanding the impact of different culture settings and their biochemical (growth factors and chemical changes) and biophysical cues (mechanical properties) on myogenesis. With this review we intend to emphasize the need for new in vitro skeletal muscle (disease) models to better recapitulate important structural and functional aspects of muscle development. We highlight the importance of choosing appropriate system components, e.g., cell and biomaterial type, structural and mechanical matrix properties or culture format, and how understanding their interplay will enable researchers to create optimized platforms to investigate myogenesis in healthy and diseased tissue. Thus, we aim to deliver guidelines for experimental designs to allow estimation of the potential influence of the selected skeletal muscle tissue engineering setup on the myogenic outcome prior to their implementation. Moreover, we offer a workflow to facilitate identifying and selecting different analytical tools to demonstrate the successful creation of functional skeletal muscle tissue. Ultimately, a refinement of existing strategies will lead to further progression in understanding important aspects of muscle diseases, muscle aging and muscle regeneration to improve quality of life of patients and enable the establishment of new treatment options.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Babette Maleiner
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Technikum Wien, Vienna, Austria.,The Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Janine Tomasch
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Technikum Wien, Vienna, Austria.,The Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Philipp Heher
- The Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria.,Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology/AUVA Research Center, Vienna, Austria.,Trauma Care Consult GmbH, Vienna, Austria
| | - Oliver Spadiut
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dominik Rünzler
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Technikum Wien, Vienna, Austria.,The Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christiane Fuchs
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Technikum Wien, Vienna, Austria.,The Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
245
|
Vellecco V, Armogida C, Bucci M. Hydrogen sulfide pathway and skeletal muscle: an introductory review. Br J Pharmacol 2018; 175:3090-3099. [PMID: 29767441 PMCID: PMC6031874 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of the H2 S pathway in skeletal muscle (SKM) has recently been established. SKM expresses the three constitutive H2 S-generating enzymes in animals and humans, and it actively produces H2 S. The main, recognized molecular targets of H2 S, that is, potassium channels and PDEs, have been evaluated in SKM physiology in order to hypothesize a role for H2 S signalling. SKM dysfunctions, including muscular dystrophy and malignant hyperthermia, have also been evaluated as conditions in which the H2 S and transsulfuration pathways have been suggested to be involved. The intrinsic complexity of the molecular mechanisms involved in excitation-contraction (E-C) coupling together with the scarcity of preclinical models of SKM-related disorders have hampered any advances in the knowledge of SKM function. Here, we have addressed the role of the H2 S pathway in E-C coupling and the relative importance of cystathionine β-synthase, cistathionine γ-lyase and 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase in SKM diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Vellecco
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Naples 'Federico II', Naples, 80131, Italy
| | - Chiara Armogida
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Naples 'Federico II', Naples, 80131, Italy
| | - Mariarosaria Bucci
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Naples 'Federico II', Naples, 80131, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
246
|
Khodabukus A, Prabhu N, Wang J, Bursac N. In Vitro Tissue-Engineered Skeletal Muscle Models for Studying Muscle Physiology and Disease. Adv Healthc Mater 2018; 7:e1701498. [PMID: 29696831 PMCID: PMC6105407 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201701498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2017] [Revised: 02/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Healthy skeletal muscle possesses the extraordinary ability to regenerate in response to small-scale injuries; however, this self-repair capacity becomes overwhelmed with aging, genetic myopathies, and large muscle loss. The failure of small animal models to accurately replicate human muscle disease, injury and to predict clinically-relevant drug responses has driven the development of high fidelity in vitro skeletal muscle models. Herein, the progress made and challenges ahead in engineering biomimetic human skeletal muscle tissues that can recapitulate muscle development, genetic diseases, regeneration, and drug response is discussed. Bioengineering approaches used to improve engineered muscle structure and function as well as the functionality of satellite cells to allow modeling muscle regeneration in vitro are also highlighted. Next, a historical overview on the generation of skeletal muscle cells and tissues from human pluripotent stem cells, and a discussion on the potential of these approaches to model and treat genetic diseases such as Duchenne muscular dystrophy, is provided. Finally, the need to integrate multiorgan microphysiological systems to generate improved drug discovery technologies with the potential to complement or supersede current preclinical animal models of muscle disease is described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alastair Khodabukus
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Duke University 101 Science Drive, FCIEMAS 1427, Durham, NC 27708-90281, USA
| | - Neel Prabhu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Duke University 101 Science Drive, FCIEMAS 1427, Durham, NC 27708-90281, USA
| | - Jason Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Duke University 101 Science Drive, FCIEMAS 1427, Durham, NC 27708-90281, USA
| | - Nenad Bursac
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Duke University 101 Science Drive, FCIEMAS 1427, Durham, NC 27708-90281, USA
| |
Collapse
|
247
|
Duan D. Systemic AAV Micro-dystrophin Gene Therapy for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy. Mol Ther 2018; 26:2337-2356. [PMID: 30093306 PMCID: PMC6171037 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2018.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 280] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a lethal muscle disease caused by dystrophin gene mutation. Conceptually, replacing the mutated gene with a normal one would cure the disease. However, this task has encountered significant challenges due to the enormous size of the gene and the distribution of muscle throughout the body. The former creates a hurdle for viral vector packaging and the latter begs for whole-body therapy. To address these obstacles, investigators have invented the highly abbreviated micro-dystrophin gene and developed body-wide systemic gene transfer with adeno-associated virus (AAV). Numerous microgene configurations and various AAV serotypes have been explored in animal models in many laboratories. Preclinical data suggests that intravascular AAV micro-dystrophin delivery can significantly ameliorate muscle pathology, enhance muscle force, and attenuate dystrophic cardiomyopathy in animals. Against this backdrop, several clinical trials have been initiated to test the safety and tolerability of this promising therapy in DMD patients. While these trials are not powered to reach a conclusion on clinical efficacy, findings will inform the field on the prospects of body-wide DMD therapy with a synthetic micro-dystrophin AAV vector. This review discusses the history, current status, and future directions of systemic AAV micro-dystrophin therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dongsheng Duan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
248
|
Pietraszek-Gremplewicz K, Kozakowska M, Bronisz-Budzynska I, Ciesla M, Mucha O, Podkalicka P, Madej M, Glowniak U, Szade K, Stepniewski J, Jez M, Andrysiak K, Bukowska-Strakova K, Kaminska A, Kostera-Pruszczyk A, Jozkowicz A, Loboda A, Dulak J. Heme Oxygenase-1 Influences Satellite Cells and Progression of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy in Mice. Antioxid Redox Signal 2018; 29:128-148. [PMID: 29669436 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Muscle damage in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) caused by the lack of dystrophin is strongly linked to inflammation. Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1; Hmox1) is an anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective enzyme affecting myoblast differentiation by inhibiting myomiRs. The role of HO-1 has not been so far well addressed in DMD. RESULTS In dystrophin-deficient mdx mice, expression of Hmox1 in limb skeletal muscles and diaphragm is higher than in wild-type animals, being consistently elevated from 8 up to 52 weeks, both in myofibers and inflammatory leukocytes. Accordingly, HO-1 expression is induced in muscles of DMD patients. Pharmacological inhibition of HO-1 activity or genetic ablation of Hmox1 aggravates muscle damage and inflammation in mdx mice. Double knockout animals (Hmox1-/-mdx) demonstrate impaired exercise capacity in comparison with mdx mice. Interestingly, in contrast to the effect observed in muscle fibers, in dystrophin-deficient muscle satellite cells (SCs) expression of Hmox1 is decreased, while MyoD, myogenin, and miR-206 are upregulated compared with wild-type counterparts. Mdx SCs demonstrate disturbed and enhanced differentiation, which is further intensified by Hmox1 deficiency. RNA sequencing revealed downregulation of Atf3, MafK, Foxo1, and Klf2 transcription factors, known to activate Hmox1 expression, as well as attenuation of nitric oxide-mediated cGMP-dependent signaling in mdx SCs. Accordingly, treatment with NO-donor induces Hmox1 expression and inhibits differentiation. Finally, differentiation of mdx SCs was normalized by CO, a product of HO-1 activity. Innovation and Conclusions: HO-1 is induced in DMD, and HO-1 inhibition aggravates DMD pathology. Therefore, HO-1 can be considered a therapeutic target to alleviate this disease. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 00, 000-000.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Pietraszek-Gremplewicz
- 1 Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Department of Medical Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University , Krakow, Poland
| | - Magdalena Kozakowska
- 1 Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Department of Medical Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University , Krakow, Poland
| | - Iwona Bronisz-Budzynska
- 1 Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Department of Medical Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University , Krakow, Poland
| | - Maciej Ciesla
- 1 Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Department of Medical Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University , Krakow, Poland
| | - Olga Mucha
- 1 Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Department of Medical Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University , Krakow, Poland
| | - Paulina Podkalicka
- 1 Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Department of Medical Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University , Krakow, Poland
| | - Magdalena Madej
- 1 Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Department of Medical Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University , Krakow, Poland
| | - Urszula Glowniak
- 1 Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Department of Medical Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University , Krakow, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Szade
- 1 Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Department of Medical Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University , Krakow, Poland
| | - Jacek Stepniewski
- 1 Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Department of Medical Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University , Krakow, Poland
| | - Mateusz Jez
- 1 Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Department of Medical Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University , Krakow, Poland
| | - Kalina Andrysiak
- 1 Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Department of Medical Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University , Krakow, Poland
| | - Karolina Bukowska-Strakova
- 1 Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Department of Medical Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University , Krakow, Poland .,2 Department of Clinical Immunology and Transplantology, Institute of Paediatrics, Medical College, Jagiellonian University , Krakow, Poland
| | - Anna Kaminska
- 3 Department of Neurology, Medical University of Warsaw , Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Alicja Jozkowicz
- 1 Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Department of Medical Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University , Krakow, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Loboda
- 1 Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Department of Medical Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University , Krakow, Poland
| | - Jozef Dulak
- 1 Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Department of Medical Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University , Krakow, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
249
|
Defective Flux of Thrombospondin-4 through the Secretory Pathway Impairs Cardiomyocyte Membrane Stability and Causes Cardiomyopathy. Mol Cell Biol 2018; 38:MCB.00114-18. [PMID: 29712757 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00114-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Thrombospondins are stress-inducible secreted glycoproteins with critical functions in tissue injury and healing. Thrombospondin-4 (Thbs4) is protective in cardiac and skeletal muscle, where it activates an adaptive endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response, induces expansion of the ER, and enhances sarcolemmal stability. However, it is unclear if Thbs4 has these protective functions from within the cell, from the extracellular matrix, or from the secretion process itself. In this study, we generated transgenic mice with cardiac cell-specific overexpression of a secretion-defective mutant of Thbs4 to evaluate its exclusive intracellular and secretion-dependent functions. Like wild-type Thbs4, the secretion-defective mutant upregulates the adaptive ER stress response and expands the ER and intracellular vesicles in cardiomyocytes. However, only the secretion-defective Thbs4 mutant produces cardiomyopathy with sarcolemmal weakness and rupture that is associated with reduced adhesion-forming glycoproteins in the membrane. Similarly, deletion of Thbs4 in the mdx mouse model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy enhances cardiomyocyte membrane instability and cardiomyopathy. Finally, overexpression of the secretion-defective Thbs4 mutant in Drosophila, but not wild-type Thbs4, impaired muscle function and sarcomere alignment. These results suggest that transit through the secretory pathway is required for Thbs4 to augment sarcolemmal stability, while ER stress induction and vesicular expansion mediated by Thbs4 are exclusively intracellular processes.
Collapse
|
250
|
Rancourt A, Dufresne SS, St-Pierre G, Lévesque JC, Nakamura H, Kikuchi Y, Satoh MS, Frenette J, Sato S. Galectin-3 and N-acetylglucosamine promote myogenesis and improve skeletal muscle function in the mdx model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. FASEB J 2018; 32:fj201701151RRR. [PMID: 29894670 PMCID: PMC6219824 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201701151rrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The muscle membrane, sarcolemma, must be firmly attached to the basal lamina. The failure of proper attachment results in muscle injury, which is the underlying cause of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), in which mutations in the dystrophin gene disrupts the firm adhesion. In patients with DMD, even moderate contraction causes damage, leading to progressive muscle degeneration. The damaged muscles are repaired through myogenesis. Consequently, myogenesis is highly active in patients with DMD, and the repeated activation of myogenesis leads to the exhaustion of the myogenic stem cells. Therefore, approaches to reducing the risk of the exhaustion are to develop a treatment that strengthens the interaction between the sarcolemma and the basal lamina and increases the efficiency of the myogenesis. Galectin-3 is an oligosaccharide-binding protein and is known to be involved in cell-cell interactions and cell-matrix interactions. Galectin-3 is expressed in myoblasts and skeletal muscle, although its function in muscle remains elusive. In this study, we found evidence that galectin-3 and the monosaccharide N-acetylglucosamine, which increases the synthesis of binding partners (oligosaccharides) of galectin-3, promote myogenesis in vitro. Moreover, in the mdx mouse model of DMD, treatment with N-acetylglucosamine increased muscle-force production. The results suggest that treatment with N-acetylglucosamine might mitigate the burden of DMD.-Rancourt, A., Dufresne, S. S., St-Pierre, G., Lévesque, J.-C., Nakamura, H., Kikuchi, Y., Satoh, M. S., Frenette, J., Sato, S. Galectin-3 and N-acetylglucosamine promote myogenesis and improve skeletal muscle function in the mdx model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ann Rancourt
- Glycobiology and Bioimaging Laboratory, Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- Laboratory of DNA Damage Responses and Bioimaging, Research Centre Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sébastien S. Dufresne
- Department of Rehabilitation, Research Centre of Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Guillaume St-Pierre
- Glycobiology and Bioimaging Laboratory, Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Haruka Nakamura
- Glycobiology and Bioimaging Laboratory, Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Yodai Kikuchi
- Glycobiology and Bioimaging Laboratory, Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Masahiko S. Satoh
- Laboratory of DNA Damage Responses and Bioimaging, Research Centre Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jérôme Frenette
- Department of Rehabilitation, Research Centre of Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sachiko Sato
- Glycobiology and Bioimaging Laboratory, Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- Bioimaging Platform, Research Centre of CHU de Québec, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|