201
|
Zhang F, Liu X, Zhou L, Yu Y, Wang L, Lu J, Wang W, Krafft T. Spatiotemporal patterns of particulate matter (PM) and associations between PM and mortality in Shenzhen, China. BMC Public Health 2016; 16:215. [PMID: 26935584 PMCID: PMC4776388 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-016-2725-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Most studies on air pollution exposure and its associations with human health in China have focused on the heavily polluted industrial areas and/or mega-cities, and studies on cities with comparatively low air pollutant concentrations are still rare. Only a few studies have attempted to analyse particulate matter (PM) for the vibrant economic centre Shenzhen in the Pearl River Delta. So far no systematic investigation of PM spatiotemporal patterns in Shenzhen has been undertaken and the understanding of pollution exposure in urban agglomerations with comparatively low pollution is still limited. Methods We analyze daily and hourly particulate matter concentrations and all-cause mortality during 2013 in Shenzhen, China. Temporal patterns of PM (PM2.5 and PM10) with aerodynamic diameters of 2.5 (10) μm or less (or less (including particles with a diameter that equals to 2.5 (10) μm) are studied, along with the ratio of PM2.5 to PM10. Spatial distributions of PM10 and PM2.5 are addressed and associations of PM10 or PM2.5 and all-cause mortality are analyzed. Results Annual average PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations were 61.3 and 39.6 μg/m3 in 2013. PM2.5 failed to meet the Class 2 annual limit of the National Ambient Air Quality Standard. PM2.5 was the primary air pollutant, with 8.8 % of days having heavy PM2.5 pollution. The daily PM2.5/PM10 ratios were high. Hourly PM2.5 concentrations in the tourist area were lower than downtown throughout the day. PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations were higher in western parts of Shenzhen than in eastern parts. Excess risks in the number of all-cause mortality with a 10 μg/m3 increase of PM were 0.61 % (95 % confidence interval [CI]: 0.50–0.72) for PM10, and 0.69 % (95 % CI: 0.55–0.83) for PM2.5, respectively. The greatest ERs of PM10 and PM2.5 were in 2-day cumulative measures for the all-cause mortality, 2-day lag for females and the young (0–65 years), and L02 for males and the elder (>65 years). PM2.5 had higher risks on all-cause mortality than PM10. Effects of high PM pollution on mortality were stronger in the elder and male. Conclusions Our findings provide additional relevant information on air quality monitoring and associations of PM and human health, valuable data for further scientific research in Shenzhen and for the on-going discourse on improving environmental policies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fengying Zhang
- China National Environmental Monitoring Centre, Beijing, 100012, China. .,CAPHRI School of Public Health and Primary Care, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands. .,Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, P. R. China.
| | - Xiaojian Liu
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Lei Zhou
- China National Environmental Monitoring Centre, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Yong Yu
- China National Environmental Monitoring Centre, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Li Wang
- CAPHRI School of Public Health and Primary Care, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jinmei Lu
- Department of Engineering and Safety, University of Tromsø, N-9037, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Wuyi Wang
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, P. R. China.
| | - Thomas Krafft
- CAPHRI School of Public Health and Primary Care, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Institute of Environment Education and Research, Bharati Vidyapeeth University, Pune, 411043, India
| |
Collapse
|
202
|
Lin H, Tao J, Du Y, Liu T, Qian Z, Tian L, Di Q, Zeng W, Xiao J, Guo L, Li X, Xu Y, Ma W. Differentiating the effects of characteristics of PM pollution on mortality from ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2016; 219:204-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2015.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2015] [Revised: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
203
|
Li YR, Feng LT, Chen BY, Kim H, Yi SM, Guo YL, Wu CF. Association of urban particle numbers and sources with lung function among children with asthma or allergies. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 542:841-844. [PMID: 26556748 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.10.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Revised: 10/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have reported sources of particle number pollution in urban air, but have not evaluated relationships between respiratory health and these sources. We compared, among children with asthma or allergies, the associations of spirometric lung functions with increased exposure to source-specific versus size-segregated particle number concentrations (PNC). Hourly measurements of PNC were acquired from the aerosol Supersite in New Taipei, Taiwan. Spirometry (FVC, FEV1, and FEF) was recorded monthly for 59 children with asthma or allergies at five schools during 2007-2008. After co-pollutant adjustment for ozone, we found a 0.21 and 0.17 L decrease in FVC [95% confidence interval (CI): -0.35, -0.06 L] and FEV1 (95% CI: -0.32, -0.03 L), respectively, with an interquartile range increase (1879.7#/cm(3)) in secondary aerosol contribution observed on the previous day. In addition, we found no significant associations of FVC with accumulation mode (0.1 μm<aerodynamic diameter<2.5 μm) PNC. Our findings suggest that PNC of secondary origin is most responsible for pollution-related respiratory effects among children living in urban Taipei. Studies that rely on exposure to size-segregated PNC may underestimate PM health impacts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ru Li
- Institute of Occupational Medicine and Industrial Hygiene, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, 17 Xu-Zhou Road, Taipei 10055, Taiwan
| | - Li-Ting Feng
- Institute of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Bing-Yu Chen
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ho Kim
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Muk Yi
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yue Leon Guo
- Institute of Occupational Medicine and Industrial Hygiene, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, 17 Xu-Zhou Road, Taipei 10055, Taiwan; Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Chang-Fu Wu
- Institute of Occupational Medicine and Industrial Hygiene, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, 17 Xu-Zhou Road, Taipei 10055, Taiwan; Institute of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Public Health, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
204
|
Wu S, Wang B, Yang D, Wei H, Li H, Pan L, Huang J, Wang X, Qin Y, Zheng C, Shima M, Deng F, Guo X. Ambient particulate air pollution and circulating antioxidant enzymes: A repeated-measure study in healthy adults in Beijing, China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 208:16-24. [PMID: 26074023 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The association of systemic antioxidant activity with ambient air pollution has been unclear. A panel of 40 healthy college students underwent repeated blood collection for 12 occasions under three exposure scenarios before and after relocating from a suburban area to an urban area in Beijing, China in 2010-2011. We measured various air pollutants including fine particles (PM2.5) and determined circulating levels of antioxidant enzymes extracellular superoxide dismutase (EC-SOD) and glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPX1) in the laboratory. An interquartile range increase of 63.4 μg/m(3) at 3-d PM2.5 moving average was associated with a 6.3% (95% CI: 0.6, 12.4) increase in EC-SOD and a 5.5% (95% CI: 1.3, 9.8) increase in GPX1. Several PM2.5 chemical constituents, including negative ions (nitrate and chloride) and metals (e.g., iron and strontium), were consistently associated with increases in EC-SOD and GPX1. Our results support activation of circulating antioxidant enzymes following exposure to particulate air pollution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaowei Wu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Institute of Reproductive & Child Health, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing, China
| | - Di Yang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing, China
| | - Hongying Wei
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing, China
| | - Hongyu Li
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Pan
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Huang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Qin
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing, China
| | - Chanjuan Zheng
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing, China
| | - Masayuki Shima
- Department of Public Health, Hyogo College of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Furong Deng
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing, China.
| | - Xinbiao Guo
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
205
|
Lin H, Tao J, Du Y, Liu T, Qian Z, Tian L, Di Q, Rutherford S, Guo L, Zeng W, Xiao J, Li X, He Z, Xu Y, Ma W. Particle size and chemical constituents of ambient particulate pollution associated with cardiovascular mortality in Guangzhou, China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 208:758-66. [PMID: 26561449 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.10.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Though significant associations between particulate matter (PM) air pollution and cardiovascular diseases have been widely reported, it remains unclear what characteristics, such as particle size and chemical constituents, may be responsible for the effects. A time-series model was applied to examine the cardiovascular effects of particle size (for the period of 2009-2011) and chemical constituents (2007-2010) in Guangzhou, we controlled for potential confounders in the model, such as time trends, day of the week, public holidays, meteorological factors and influenza epidemic. We found significant associations of cardiovascular mortality with PM10, PM2.5 and PM1; the excess risk (ER) was 6.10% (95% CI: 1.76%, 10.64%), 6.11% (95% CI: 1.76%, 10.64%) and 6.48% (95% CI: 2.10%, 11.06%) for per IQR increase in PM10, PM2.5 and PM1 at moving averages for the current day and the previous 3 days (lag03), respectively. We did not find significant effects of PM2.5-10 and PM1-2.5. For PM2.5 constituents, we found that organic carbon, elemental carbon, sulfate, nitrate and ammonium were significantly associated with cardiovascular mortality, the corresponding ER for an IQR concentration increase at lag03 was 1.13% (95% CI: 0.10%, 2.17%), 2.77% (95% CI: 0.72%, 4.86%), 2.21% (95% CI: 1.05%, 3.38%), 1.98% (95% CI: 0.54%, 3.44%), and 3.38% (95% CI: 1.56%, 5.23%), respectively. These results were robust to adjustment of other air pollutants and they remained consistent in various sensitivity analyses by changing model parameters. Our study suggests that PM1 and constituents from combustion and secondary aerosols might be important characteristics of PM pollution associated with cardiovascular mortality in Guangzhou.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hualiang Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jun Tao
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yaodong Du
- Guangdong Provincial Weather Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Tao Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhengmin Qian
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Linwei Tian
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Qian Di
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shannon Rutherford
- Center for Environment and Population Health, School of Environment, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Lingchuan Guo
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Weilin Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jianpeng Xiao
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xing Li
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhihui He
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yanjun Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenjun Ma
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
206
|
Ueda K, Yamagami M, Ikemori F, Hisatsune K, Nitta H. Associations Between Fine Particulate Matter Components and Daily Mortality in Nagoya, Japan. J Epidemiol 2015; 26:249-57. [PMID: 26686882 PMCID: PMC4848323 DOI: 10.2188/jea.je20150039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Seasonal variation and regional heterogeneity have been observed in the estimated effect of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) mass on mortality. Differences in the chemical compositions of PM2.5 may cause this variation. We investigated the association of the daily concentration of PM2.5 components with mortality in Nagoya, Japan. METHODS We combined daily mortality counts for all residents aged 65 years and older with concentration data for PM2.5 mass and components in Nagoya from April 2003 to December 2007. A time-stratified case-crossover design was used to examine the association of daily mortality with PM2.5 mass and each component (chloride, nitrate, sulfate, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, ammonium, elemental carbon [EC], and organic carbon [OC]). RESULTS We found a stronger association between mortality and PM2.5 mass in transitional seasons. In analysis for each PM2.5 component, sulfate, nitrate, chloride, ammonium, potassium, EC, and OC were significantly associated with mortality in a single-pollutant model. In a multi-pollutant model, an interquartile range increase in the concentration of sulfate was marginally associated with an increase in all-cause mortality of 2.1% (95% confidence interval, -0.1 to 4.4). CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that some specific PM components have a more hazardous effect than others and contribute to seasonal variation in the health effects of PM2.5.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kayo Ueda
- Department of Engineering, Graduate School of Kyoto University
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
207
|
Hu J, Ying Q, Wang Y, Zhang H. Characterizing multi-pollutant air pollution in China: Comparison of three air quality indices. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2015. [PMID: 26197060 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2015.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Multi-pollutant air pollution (i.e., several pollutants reaching very high concentrations simultaneously) frequently occurs in many regions across China. Air quality index (AQI) is used worldwide to inform the public about levels of air pollution and associated health risks. The current AQI approach used in China is based on the maximum value of individual pollutants, and does not consider the combined health effects of exposure to multiple pollutants. In this study, two novel alternative indices--aggregate air quality index (AAQI) and health-risk based air quality index (HAQI)--were calculated based on data collected in six megacities of China (Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Shjiazhuang, Xi'an, and Wuhan) during 2013 to 2014. Both AAQI and HAQI take into account the combined health effects of various pollutants, and the HAQI considers the exposure (or concentration)-response relationships of pollutants. AAQI and HAQI were compared to AQI to examine the effectiveness of the current AQI in characterizing multi-pollutant air pollution in China. The AAQI and HAQI values are higher than the AQI on days when two or more pollutants simultaneously exceed the Chinese Ambient Air Quality Standards (CAAQS) 24-hour Grade II standards. The results of the comparison of the classification of risk categories based on the three indices indicate that the current AQI approach underestimates the severity of health risk associated with exposure to multi-pollutant air pollution. For the AQI-based risk category of 'unhealthy', 96% and 80% of the days would be 'very unhealthy' or 'hazardous' if based on AAQI and HAQI, respectively; and for the AQI-based risk category of 'very unhealthy', 67% and 75% of the days would be 'hazardous' if based on AAQI and HAQI, respectively. The results suggest that the general public, especially sensitive population groups such as children and the elderly, should take more stringent actions than those currently suggested based on the AQI approach during high air pollution events. Sensitivity studies were conducted to examine the assumptions used in the AAQI and HAQI approaches. Results show that AAQI is sensitive to the choice of pollutant irrelevant constant. HAQI is sensitive to the choice of both threshold values and pollutants included in total risk calculation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianlin Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Cleaning Materials, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Qi Ying
- Zachry Department of Civil Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Yungang Wang
- Environmental Resources Management (ERM), Walnut Creek, CA 94597, USA
| | - Hongliang Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
208
|
Chen R, Qiao L, Li H, Zhao Y, Zhang Y, Xu W, Wang C, Wang H, Zhao Z, Xu X, Hu H, Kan H. Fine Particulate Matter Constituents, Nitric Oxide Synthase DNA Methylation and Exhaled Nitric Oxide. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:11859-65. [PMID: 26372312 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b02527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
It remains unknown how fine particulate matter (PM2.5) constituents affect differently the fractional concentration of exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO, a biomarker of airway inflammation) and the DNA methylation of its encoding gene (NOS2A). We aimed to investigate the short-term effects of PM2.5 constituents on NOS2A methylation and FeNO. We designed a longitudinal study among chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients with six repeated health measurements in Shanghai, China. We applied linear mixed-effect models to evaluate the associations. We observed that the inverse association between PM2.5 and methylation at position 1 was limited within 24 h, and the positive association between PM2.5 and FeNO was the strongest at lag 1 day. Organic carbon, element carbon, NO3(-) and NH4(+) were robustly and significantly associated with decreased methylation and elevated FeNO. An interquartile range increase in total PM2.5 and the four constituents was associated with decreases of 1.19, 1.63, 1.62, 1.17, and 1.14 in percent methylation of NOS2A, respectively, and increases of 13.30%,16.93%, 8.97%, 18.26%, and 11.42% in FeNO, respectively. Our results indicated that organic carbon, element carbon, NO3(-) and NH4(+) might be mainly responsible for the effects of PM2.5 on the decreased NOS2A DNA methylation and elevated FeNO in COPD patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Renjie Chen
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, & Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment of the Ministry of Health, Fudan University , Shanghai 200032, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Fudan University , Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Liping Qiao
- State Environmental Protection Key Lab of the Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences , Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Huichu Li
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, & Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment of the Ministry of Health, Fudan University , Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, & Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment of the Ministry of Health, Fudan University , Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yunhui Zhang
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, & Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment of the Ministry of Health, Fudan University , Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Wenxi Xu
- Huangpu District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200023, China
| | - Cuicui Wang
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, & Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment of the Ministry of Health, Fudan University , Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Hongli Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Lab of the Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences , Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Zhuohui Zhao
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, & Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment of the Ministry of Health, Fudan University , Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiaohui Xu
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Texas A&M School of Public Health , College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Hui Hu
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professionals, College of Medicine, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Haidong Kan
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, & Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment of the Ministry of Health, Fudan University , Shanghai 200032, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Fudan University , Shanghai 200032, China
| |
Collapse
|
209
|
Spatial distribution, seasonal variation and regionalization of PM2.5 concentrations in China. Sci China Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-015-5468-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
210
|
A Case Study of Chemical Characteristics of Daytime and Nighttime Ambient Particles in Shanghai, China. ATMOSPHERE 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos6081141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
211
|
Ambient air pollution and lung disease in China: health effects, study design approaches and future research. Front Med 2015; 9:392-400. [DOI: 10.1007/s11684-015-0397-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
212
|
Pirani M, Best N, Blangiardo M, Liverani S, Atkinson RW, Fuller GW. Analysing the health effects of simultaneous exposure to physical and chemical properties of airborne particles. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2015; 79:56-64. [PMID: 25795926 PMCID: PMC4396698 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2015.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Revised: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Airborne particles are a complex mix of organic and inorganic compounds, with a range of physical and chemical properties. Estimation of how simultaneous exposure to air particles affects the risk of adverse health response represents a challenge for scientific research and air quality management. In this paper, we present a Bayesian approach that can tackle this problem within the framework of time series analysis. METHODS We used Dirichlet process mixture models to cluster time points with similar multipollutant and response profiles, while adjusting for seasonal cycles, trends and temporal components. Inference was carried out via Markov Chain Monte Carlo methods. We illustrated our approach using daily data of a range of particle metrics and respiratory mortality for London (UK) 2002-2005. To better quantify the average health impact of these particles, we measured the same set of metrics in 2012, and we computed and compared the posterior predictive distributions of mortality under the exposure scenario in 2012 vs 2005. RESULTS The model resulted in a partition of the days into three clusters. We found a relative risk of 1.02 (95% credible intervals (CI): 1.00, 1.04) for respiratory mortality associated with days characterised by high posterior estimates of non-primary particles, especially nitrate and sulphate. We found a consistent reduction in the airborne particles in 2012 vs 2005 and the analysis of the posterior predictive distributions of respiratory mortality suggested an average annual decrease of -3.5% (95% CI: -0.12%, -5.74%). CONCLUSIONS We proposed an effective approach that enabled the better understanding of hidden structures in multipollutant health effects within time series analysis. It allowed the identification of exposure metrics associated with respiratory mortality and provided a tool to assess the changes in health effects from various policies to control the ambient particle matter mixtures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monica Pirani
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, King's College London, Division of Analytical and Environmental Science, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, SE1 9NH, London, UK.
| | - Nicky Best
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, 526 Norfolk Place, W2 1PG London, UK.
| | - Marta Blangiardo
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, 526 Norfolk Place, W2 1PG London, UK.
| | - Silvia Liverani
- Brunel University, Department of Mathematics, UB8 3PH Uxbridge, London, UK; MRC Biostatistics Unit, Institute of Public Health, Forvie site, Robinson Way, CB2 0SR Cambridge, UK; Imperial College London, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, 526 Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG London, UK.
| | - Richard W Atkinson
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, St. George's University of London, Population Health Research Institute, Cranmer Terrace, SW17 0RE London, UK.
| | - Gary W Fuller
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, King's College London, Division of Analytical and Environmental Science, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, SE1 9NH, London, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
213
|
Personal exposure to PM2.5, genetic variants and DNA damage: A multi-center population-based study in Chinese. Toxicol Lett 2015; 235:172-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2015.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Revised: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
|
214
|
Assessing the role of chemical components in cellular responses to atmospheric particle matter (PM) through chemical fractionation of PM extracts. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:5953-63. [PMID: 25957846 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8749-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Revised: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
In order to further our understanding of the influence of chemical components and ultimately specific sources of atmospheric particulate matter (PM) on pro-inflammatory and other adverse cellular responses, we promulgate and apply a suite of chemical fractionation tools to aqueous aerosol extracts of PM samples for analysis in toxicity assays. We illustrate the approach with a study that used water extracts of quasi-ultrafine PM (PM0.25) collected in the Los Angeles Basin. Filtered PM extracts were fractionated using Chelex, a weak anion exchanger diethylaminoethyl (DEAE), a strong anion exchanger (SAX), and a hydrophobic C18 resin, as well as by desferrioxamine (DFO) complexation that binds iron. The fractionated extracts were then analyzed using high-resolution sector field inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (SF-ICPMS) to determine elemental composition. Cellular responses to the fractionated extracts were probed in an in vitro rat alveolar macrophages model with measurement of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and the cytokine tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). The DFO treatment that chelates iron was very effective at reducing the cellular ROS activity but had only a small impact on the TNF-α production. In contrast, the hydrophobic C18 resin treatment had a small impact on the cellular ROS activity but significantly reduced the TNF-α production. The use of statistical methods to integrate the results across all treatments led to the conclusion that sufficient iron must be present to participate in the chemistry needed for ROS activity, but the amount of ROS activity is not proportional to the iron solution concentration. ROS activity was found to be most related to cationic mono- and divalent metals (i.e., Mn and Ni) and oxyanions (i.e., Mo and V). Although the TNF-α production was not significantly affected by the chelexation of iron, it was greatly impacted by the removal of organics with the C18 resin and all other metal removal methods, suggesting that iron is not a critical pathway leading to TNF-α production, but a wide range of soluble metals and organic compounds in particulate matter play a role. Although the results are specific to the Los Angeles Basin, where the samples used in the study were collected, the method employed in the study can be widely employed to study the role of components of particulate matter in in vitro or in vivo assays.
Collapse
|
215
|
Chung Y, Dominici F, Wang Y, Coull BA, Bell ML. Associations between long-term exposure to chemical constituents of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and mortality in Medicare enrollees in the eastern United States. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2015; 123:467-74. [PMID: 25565179 PMCID: PMC4421760 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1307549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several epidemiological studies have reported that long-term exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is associated with higher mortality. Evidence regarding contributions of PM2.5 constituents is inconclusive. OBJECTIVES We assembled a data set of 12.5 million Medicare enrollees (≥ 65 years of age) to determine which PM2.5 constituents are a) associated with mortality controlling for previous-year PM2.5 total mass (main effect); and b) elevated in locations exhibiting stronger associations between previous-year PM2.5 and mortality (effect modification). METHODS For 518 PM2.5 monitoring locations (eastern United States, 2000-2006), we calculated monthly mortality rates, monthly long-term (previous 1-year average) PM2.5, and 7-year averages (2000-2006) of major PM2.5 constituents [elemental carbon (EC), organic carbon matter (OCM), sulfate (SO42-), silicon (Si), nitrate (NO3-), and sodium (Na)] and community-level variables. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate location-specific mortality rates associated with previous-year PM2.5 (model level 1) and identify constituents that contributed to the spatial variability of mortality, and constituents that modified associations between previous-year PM2.5 and mortality (model level 2), controlling for community-level confounders. RESULTS One-standard deviation (SD) increases in 7-year average EC, Si, and NO3- concentrations were associated with 1.3% [95% posterior interval (PI): 0.3, 2.2], 1.4% (95% PI: 0.6, 2.4), and 1.2% (95% PI: 0.4, 2.1) increases in monthly mortality, controlling for previous-year PM2.5. Associations between previous-year PM2.5 and mortality were stronger in combination with 1-SD increases in SO42- and Na. CONCLUSIONS Long-term exposures to PM2.5 and several constituents were associated with mortality in the elderly population of the eastern United States. Moreover, some constituents increased the association between long-term exposure to PM2.5 and mortality. These results provide new evidence that chemical composition can partly explain the differential toxicity of PM2.5.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yeonseung Chung
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
216
|
Ji W, Zhao B. Estimating mortality derived from indoor exposure to particles of outdoor origin. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124238. [PMID: 25860147 PMCID: PMC4393180 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Following an extensive review of the literature, we further analyze the published data to examine the health effects of indoor exposure to particulate matter (PM) of outdoor origin. We obtained data on all-cause, cardiovascular, and respiratory mortality per 10 μg/m3 increase in outdoor PM10 or PM2.5; the infiltration factors for buildings; and estimated time spent outdoors by individuals in the United States, Europe, China, and globally. These data were combined log-linear exposure–response model to estimate the all-cause, cardiovascular, and respiratory mortality of exposure to indoor PM pollution of outdoor origin. Indoor PM pollution of outdoor origin is a cause of considerable mortality, accounting for 81% to 89% of the total increase in mortality associated with exposure to outdoor PM pollution for the studied regions. The findings suggest that enhancing the capacity of buildings to protect occupants against exposure to outdoor PM pollution has significant potential to improve public health outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Ji
- Department of Building Science, School of Architecture, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Bin Zhao
- Department of Building Science, School of Architecture, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
217
|
Characteristics of Organic and Elemental Carbon in PM2.5 and PM0.25 in Indoor and Outdoor Environments of a Middle School: Secondary Formation of Organic Carbon and Sources Identification. ATMOSPHERE 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos6030361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
218
|
Winquist A, Schauer JJ, Turner JR, Klein M, Sarnat SE. Impact of ambient fine particulate matter carbon measurement methods on observed associations with acute cardiorespiratory morbidity. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2015; 25:215-221. [PMID: 25138293 DOI: 10.1038/jes.2014.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Revised: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Elemental carbon (EC) and organic carbon (OC) represent a substantial portion of particulate matter <2.5 μm in diameter (PM2.5), and have been associated with adverse health effects. EC and OC are commonly measured using the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) method or the Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments (IMPROVE) method. Measurement method differences could have an impact on observed epidemiologic associations. Daily speciated PM2.5 data were obtained from the St Louis-Midwest Supersite, and St Louis emergency department (ED) visit data were obtained from the Missouri Hospital Association for the period June 2001 to April 2003. We assessed acute associations between cardiorespiratory ED visits and EC and OC from NIOSH and IMPROVE methods using Poisson generalized linear models controlling for temporal trends and meteorology. Associations were generally similar for EC and OC from the different measurement methods. The most notable difference between methods was observed for congestive heart failure and EC (for example, warm season rate ratios (95% confidence intervals) per interquartile range change in EC concentration were: NIOSH=1.06 (0.99-1.13), IMPROVE=1.01 (0.96-1.07)). Overall, carbon measurement method had little impact on acute associations between EC, OC, and ED visits. Some specific differences were observed, however, which may be related to particle composition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Winquist
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jamie J Schauer
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Jay R Turner
- Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Mitch Klein
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Stefanie Ebelt Sarnat
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| |
Collapse
|
219
|
Rodríguez-Cotto RI, Ortiz-Martínez MG, Jiménez-Vélez BD. Organic extracts from African dust storms stimulate oxidative stress and induce inflammatory responses in human lung cells through Nrf2 but not NF-κB. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2015; 39:845-56. [PMID: 25769104 PMCID: PMC4447117 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2015.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Revised: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The health impact of the global African dust event (ADE) phenomenon in the Caribbean has been vaguely investigated. Heavy metals in ADE and non-ADE extracts were evaluated for the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidant capacity by cells using, deferoxamine mesylate (DF) and N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC). Results show that ADE particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5) induces ROS and stimulates oxidative stress. Pre-treatment with DF reduces ROS in ADE and Non-ADE extracts and in lung cells demonstrating that heavy metals are of utmost importance. Glutathione-S-transferase and Heme Oxygenase 1 mRNA levels are induced with ADE PM and reduced by DF and NAC. ADE extracts induced Nrf2 activity and IL-8 mRNA levels significantly more than Non-ADE. NF-κB activity was not detected in any sample. Trace elements and organic constituents in ADE PM2.5 enrich the local environment load, inducing ROS formation and activating antioxidant-signaling pathways increasing pro-inflammatory mediator expressions in lung cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosa I Rodríguez-Cotto
- University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, Department of Biochemistry, Puerto Rico; Center for Environmental and Toxicological Research, San Juan 00936, Puerto Rico.
| | - Mario G Ortiz-Martínez
- University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, Department of Biochemistry, Puerto Rico; Center for Environmental and Toxicological Research, San Juan 00936, Puerto Rico.
| | - Braulio D Jiménez-Vélez
- University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, Department of Biochemistry, Puerto Rico; Center for Environmental and Toxicological Research, San Juan 00936, Puerto Rico.
| |
Collapse
|
220
|
Wendt CH, Ramachandran G, Lo C, Hertz M, Mandel JH. Increasing Fine Particulate Air Pollution in China and the Potential Use of Exposure and Biomarker Data in Disease Prevention. Chem Res Toxicol 2015; 28:319-24. [DOI: 10.1021/tx5004485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chris H. Wendt
- Veteran’s Administration Hospital, ‡University of Minnesota
School
of Public Health, §Mechanical Engineering Department, and ∥University of Minnesota Medical
School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Gurumurthy Ramachandran
- Veteran’s Administration Hospital, ‡University of Minnesota
School
of Public Health, §Mechanical Engineering Department, and ∥University of Minnesota Medical
School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Charles Lo
- Veteran’s Administration Hospital, ‡University of Minnesota
School
of Public Health, §Mechanical Engineering Department, and ∥University of Minnesota Medical
School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Marshall Hertz
- Veteran’s Administration Hospital, ‡University of Minnesota
School
of Public Health, §Mechanical Engineering Department, and ∥University of Minnesota Medical
School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Jeffrey H. Mandel
- Veteran’s Administration Hospital, ‡University of Minnesota
School
of Public Health, §Mechanical Engineering Department, and ∥University of Minnesota Medical
School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| |
Collapse
|
221
|
Characteristics of Black Carbon Aerosol during the Chinese Lunar Year and Weekdays in Xi’an, China. ATMOSPHERE 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos6020195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
222
|
|
223
|
Lu F, Xu D, Cheng Y, Dong S, Guo C, Jiang X, Zheng X. Systematic review and meta-analysis of the adverse health effects of ambient PM2.5 and PM10 pollution in the Chinese population. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2015; 136:196-204. [PMID: 25460637 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2014.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 365] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Revised: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION As the largest developing country, China has some of the worst air quality in the world. Heavy smog in January 2013 led to unprecedented public concern about the health impact of exposure to particulate matter. Conducting health impact assessments of particulate matter has thus become an urgent task for public health practitioners. Combined estimates of the health effects of exposure to particulate matter from quantitative reviews could provide vital information for epidemiology-based health impact assessments, but estimates for the Chinese population are limited. METHODS On December 31, 2013, we systematically searched the PubMed, Web of Science, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure databases using as keywords names of 127 major cities in Mainland China, Hong Kong, and Taiwan. From among the 1464 articles identified, 59 studies were manually screened. Random-effects or fixed-effects models were used to combine their risk estimates, the funnel plots with Egger test were performed to evaluate the publication bias and Meta regression were run to explore the association between exposure to particulate matter with aerodynamic diameters less than 10 and 2.5 µm (PM10 and PM2.5) and the resulting health effects by the Comprehensive Meta Analysis. RESULTS In terms of short-term effects, the combined excess risks of total non-accidental mortality, mortality due to cardiovascular disease, and mortality due to respiratory disease were 0.36% (95% confidence interval [95%CI]: 0.26%, 0.46%), 0.36% (95%CI: 0.24%, 0.49%), and 0.42% (95%CI: 0.28%, 0.55%), for each 10 μg/m(3) increase in PM10. A 10 μg/m(3) increase in PM2.5 was associated with a 0.40% (95%CI: 0.22%, 0.59%) increase in total non-accidental mortality, a 0.63% (95%CI: 0.35%, 0.91%) increase in mortality due to cardiovascular disease, and a 0.75% (95%CI: 01.39%, 1.11%) increase in mortality due to respiratory disease. For constituent-specific mortality, increases of 0.40-3.11% were associated with an increase of 10 ng/m(3) for nickel in PM. The summary estimate ranges of hospital utilization were 0.08% ~ 0.72% and -0.58% ~ 1.32% for a 10 μg/m(3) increase in PM10 and PM2.5. In terms of long-term effects, a 10 μg/m(3) increase of PM10 corresponded to 23-67% increase in the risk of mortality. CONCLUSION Short exposures to PM10 and PM2.5 are associated with increases in mortality, but evidence of constituent-associated health effects, long-term effects and morbidity in China is still inadequate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Lu
- Institute of Population Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Institute of Environmental Health and Related Product Safety, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Dongqun Xu
- Institute of Environmental Health and Related Product Safety, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yibin Cheng
- Institute of Environmental Health and Related Product Safety, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Shaoxia Dong
- Institute of Environmental Health and Related Product Safety, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Chao Guo
- Institute of Population Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xue Jiang
- Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xiaoying Zheng
- Institute of Population Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| |
Collapse
|
224
|
Chang X, Zhou L, Tang M, Wang B. Association of fine particles with respiratory disease mortality: a meta-analysis. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH 2015; 70:98-101. [PMID: 24965327 DOI: 10.1080/19338244.2013.807763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Short-time exposure to high levels of fine particles (particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter≤2.5 μm; PM2.5) may trigger respiratory disease, but this association has not been determined. The objective of this study was to evaluate and quantify the short-time exposure to fine particles on respiratory disease mortality. Published articles were obtained from electronic databases and a validity assessment was used. The meta-analysis was conducted with the incorporation of good-quality studies. After applying the inclusion criteria, 9 articles were included in the study. The methodological qualities of the published studies were good, and every study achieved a score of 3. Fine particles were significantly associated with an increase in respiratory mortality risk (for every 10 μg/m3 increment, rate difference [RD]=1.32%, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.95%-1.68%; p=.000). These findings indicate that short-time exposure to fine particles could increase the risk of respiratory disease mortality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuhong Chang
- a Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University , Nanjing , China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
225
|
Chemical characteristics of water-soluble ions in particulate matter in three metropolitan areas in the North China Plain. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113831. [PMID: 25437210 PMCID: PMC4249971 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PM2.5 and PM10 samples were collected simultaneously in each season in Beijing, Tianjin and Shijiazhuang to identify the characteristics of water-soluble ion compositions in the North China Plain. The water-soluble ions displayed significant seasonal variation. The dominant ions were NO3−, SO42−, NH4+ and Cl−, accounting for more than 90% and 86% to the mass of total water-soluble ions in PM2.5 and PM10, respectively. The anion/cation ratio indicated that the ion acidity of each city varied both between sites and seasonally. Over 50% of the ion species were enriched in small particles ≤1 µm in diameter. The [NO3−]/[SO42−] ratio indicated that vehicles accounted for the majority of the particulate pollution in Beijing. Shijiazhuang, a city highly reliant on coal combustion, had a higher SO42− concentration.
Collapse
|
226
|
Philip S, Martin RV, van Donkelaar A, Lo JWH, Wang Y, Chen D, Zhang L, Kasibhatla P, Wang S, Zhang Q, Lu Z, Streets DG, Bittman S, Macdonald DJ. Global chemical composition of ambient fine particulate matter for exposure assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:13060-8. [PMID: 25343705 PMCID: PMC4238642 DOI: 10.1021/es502965b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiologic and health impact studies are inhibited by the paucity of global, long-term measurements of the chemical composition of fine particulate matter. We inferred PM2.5 chemical composition at 0.1° × 0.1° spatial resolution for 2004-2008 by combining aerosol optical depth retrieved from the MODIS and MISR satellite instruments, with coincident profile and composition information from the GEOS-Chem global chemical transport model. Evaluation of the satellite-model PM2.5 composition data set with North American in situ measurements indicated significant spatial agreement for secondary inorganic aerosol, particulate organic mass, black carbon, mineral dust, and sea salt. We found that global population-weighted PM2.5 concentrations were dominated by particulate organic mass (11.9 ± 7.3 μg/m(3)), secondary inorganic aerosol (11.1 ± 5.0 μg/m(3)), and mineral dust (11.1 ± 7.9 μg/m(3)). Secondary inorganic PM2.5 concentrations exceeded 30 μg/m(3) over East China. Sensitivity simulations suggested that population-weighted ambient PM2.5 from biofuel burning (11 μg/m(3)) could be almost as large as from fossil fuel combustion sources (17 μg/m(3)). These estimates offer information about global population exposure to the chemical components and sources of PM2.5.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sajeev Philip
- Department
of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie
University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
- Phone: 19024941820. Fax: 19024945191. E-mail:
| | - Randall V. Martin
- Department
of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie
University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
- Harvard-Smithsonian
Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Aaron van Donkelaar
- Department
of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie
University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Jason Wai-Ho Lo
- Department
of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie
University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Yuxuan Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory
for Earth System Modeling, Center
for Earth System Science, Institute for Global Change Studies, State Key Joint
Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School
of Environment, and Center for Earth System Science, Tsinghua
University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Dan Chen
- Department
of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University
of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department
of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Prasad
S. Kasibhatla
- Nicholas
School of the Environment and Earth Sciences, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Siwen Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory
for Earth System Modeling, Center
for Earth System Science, Institute for Global Change Studies, State Key Joint
Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School
of Environment, and Center for Earth System Science, Tsinghua
University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory
for Earth System Modeling, Center
for Earth System Science, Institute for Global Change Studies, State Key Joint
Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School
of Environment, and Center for Earth System Science, Tsinghua
University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zifeng Lu
- Decision
and Information Sciences Division, Argonne
National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - David G. Streets
- Decision
and Information Sciences Division, Argonne
National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Shabtai Bittman
- Agriculture and
Agri-Food Canada, Agassiz, British Columbia V0M 1A2, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
227
|
Qiao L, Cai J, Wang H, Wang W, Zhou M, Lou S, Chen R, Dai H, Chen C, Kan H. PM2.5 constituents and hospital emergency-room visits in Shanghai, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:10406-14. [PMID: 25119795 DOI: 10.1021/es501305k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Although ambient PM2.5 has been linked to adverse health effects, the chemical constituents that cause harm are largely unclear. Few prior studies in a developing country have reported the health impacts of PM2.5 constituents. In this study, we examined the short-term association between PM2.5 constituents and emergency room visits in Shanghai, China. We measured daily concentrations of PM2.5, organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), and eight water-soluble ions between January 1, 2011 and December 31, 2012. We analyzed the data using overdispersed generalized linear Poisson models. During our study period, the mean daily average concentration of PM2.5 in Shanghai was 55 μg/m(3). Major contributors to PM2.5 mass included OC, EC, sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium. For a 1-day lag, an interquartile range increment in PM2.5 mass (36.47 μg/m(3)) corresponded to 0.57% [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.13%, 1.01%] increase of emergency room visits. In all the three models used, we found significant positive associations of emergency room visits with OC and EC. Our findings suggest that PM2.5 constituents from the combustion of fossil fuel (e.g., OC and EC) may have an appreciable influence on the health impact attributable to PM2.5.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liping Qiao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of the Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences , Shanghai, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
228
|
Pun VC, Yu ITS, Qiu H, Ho KF, Sun Z, Louie PKK, Wong TW, Tian L. Short-term associations of cause-specific emergency hospitalizations and particulate matter chemical components in Hong Kong. Am J Epidemiol 2014; 179:1086-95. [PMID: 24644295 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwu026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite an increasing number of recent studies, the overall epidemiologic evidence associating specific particulate matter chemical components with health outcomes has been mixed. The links between components and hospitalizations have rarely been examined in Asia. We estimated associations between exposures to 18 chemical components of particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter less than 10 μm (PM10) and daily emergency cardiorespiratory hospitalizations in Hong Kong, China, between 2001 and 2007. Carbonaceous particulate matter, sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium accounted for two-thirds of the PM10 mass. After adjustment for time-varying confounders, a 3.4-μg/m(3) increment in 2-day moving average of same-day and previous-day nitrate concentrations was associated with the largest increase of 1.32% (95% confidence interval: 0.73, 1.92) in cardiovascular hospitalizations; elevation in manganese level (0.02 μg/m(3)) was linked to a 0.91% (95% confidence interval: 0.19, 1.64) increase in respiratory hospitalizations. Upon further adjustment for gaseous copollutants, nitrate, sodium ion, chloride ion, magnesium, and nickel remained significantly associated with cardiovascular hospitalizations, whereas sodium ion, aluminum, and magnesium, components abundantly found in coarser PM10, were associated with respiratory hospitalizations. Most positive links were seen during the cold season. These findings lend support to the growing body of literature concerning the health associations of particulate matter composition and provide important insight into the differential health risks of components found in fine and coarse modes of PM10.
Collapse
|
229
|
Wang M, Beelen R, Stafoggia M, Raaschou-Nielsen O, Andersen ZJ, Hoffmann B, Fischer P, Houthuijs D, Nieuwenhuijsen M, Weinmayr G, Vineis P, Xun WW, Dimakopoulou K, Samoli E, Laatikainen T, Lanki T, Turunen AW, Oftedal B, Schwarze P, Aamodt G, Penell J, De Faire U, Korek M, Leander K, Pershagen G, Pedersen NL, Östenson CG, Fratiglioni L, Eriksen KT, Sørensen M, Tjønneland A, Bueno-de-Mesquita B, Eeftens M, Bots ML, Meliefste K, Krämer U, Heinrich J, Sugiri D, Key T, de Hoogh K, Wolf K, Peters A, Cyrys J, Jaensch A, Concin H, Nagel G, Tsai MY, Phuleria H, Ineichen A, Künzli N, Probst-Hensch N, Schaffner E, Vilier A, Clavel-Chapelon F, Declerq C, Ricceri F, Sacerdote C, Marcon A, Galassi C, Migliore E, Ranzi A, Cesaroni G, Badaloni C, Forastiere F, Katsoulis M, Trichopoulou A, Keuken M, Jedynska A, Kooter IM, Kukkonen J, Sokhi RS, Brunekreef B, Katsouyanni K, Hoek G. Long-term exposure to elemental constituents of particulate matter and cardiovascular mortality in 19 European cohorts: results from the ESCAPE and TRANSPHORM projects. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2014; 66:97-106. [PMID: 24561271 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2014.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Revised: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Associations between long-term exposure to ambient particulate matter (PM) and cardiovascular (CVD) mortality have been widely recognized. However, health effects of long-term exposure to constituents of PM on total CVD mortality have been explored in a single study only. AIMS The aim of this study was to examine the association of PM composition with cardiovascular mortality. METHODS We used data from 19 European ongoing cohorts within the framework of the ESCAPE (European Study of Cohorts for Air Pollution Effects) and TRANSPHORM (Transport related Air Pollution and Health impacts--Integrated Methodologies for Assessing Particulate Matter) projects. Residential annual average exposure to elemental constituents within particle matter smaller than 2.5 and 10 μm (PM2.5 and PM10) was estimated using Land Use Regression models. Eight elements representing major sources were selected a priori (copper, iron, potassium, nickel, sulfur, silicon, vanadium and zinc). Cohort-specific analyses were conducted using Cox proportional hazards models with a standardized protocol. Random-effects meta-analysis was used to calculate combined effect estimates. RESULTS The total population consisted of 322,291 participants, with 9545 CVD deaths. We found no statistically significant associations between any of the elemental constituents in PM2.5 or PM10 and CVD mortality in the pooled analysis. Most of the hazard ratios (HRs) were close to unity, e.g. for PM10 Fe the combined HR was 0.96 (0.84-1.09). Elevated combined HRs were found for PM2.5 Si (1.17, 95% CI: 0.93-1.47), and S in PM2.5 (1.08, 95% CI: 0.95-1.22) and PM10 (1.09, 95% CI: 0.90-1.32). CONCLUSION In a joint analysis of 19 European cohorts, we found no statistically significant association between long-term exposure to 8 elemental constituents of particles and total cardiovascular mortality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meng Wang
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Rob Beelen
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Massimo Stafoggia
- Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Zorana Jovanovic Andersen
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark; Center for Epidemiology and Screening, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Barbara Hoffmann
- IUF, Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany; University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Paul Fischer
- National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Danny Houthuijs
- National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Mark Nieuwenhuijsen
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain; Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública - CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Gudrun Weinmayr
- University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Paolo Vineis
- MRC-HPA Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Wei W Xun
- MRC-HPA Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Konstantina Dimakopoulou
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Medical School, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Evangelia Samoli
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Medical School, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Tiina Laatikainen
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Kuopio, Finland; Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Timo Lanki
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Anu W Turunen
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Per Schwarze
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Geir Aamodt
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Johanna Penell
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ulf De Faire
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michal Korek
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karin Leander
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Göran Pershagen
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nancy L Pedersen
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Claes-Göran Östenson
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Laura Fratiglioni
- Aging Research Center, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Mette Sørensen
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Bas Bueno-de-Mesquita
- National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands; School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marloes Eeftens
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michiel L Bots
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Kees Meliefste
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ursula Krämer
- IUF, Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Joachim Heinrich
- Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center of Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Dorothea Sugiri
- IUF, Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Timothy Key
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Kees de Hoogh
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kathrin Wolf
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Annette Peters
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Josef Cyrys
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; University of Augsburg, Environmental Science Center, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Andrea Jaensch
- Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Hans Concin
- Agency for Preventive and Social Medicine, Bregenz, Austria
| | - Gabriele Nagel
- Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany; Agency for Preventive and Social Medicine, Bregenz, Austria
| | - Ming-Yi Tsai
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Harish Phuleria
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alex Ineichen
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nino Künzli
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nicole Probst-Hensch
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Emmanuel Schaffner
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alice Vilier
- Inserm, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Nutrition, Hormones and Women's Health Team, Villejuif, France; University Paris Sud, UMRS 1018, Villejuif, France; IGR, Villejuif, France
| | - Françoise Clavel-Chapelon
- Inserm, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Nutrition, Hormones and Women's Health Team, Villejuif, France; University Paris Sud, UMRS 1018, Villejuif, France; IGR, Villejuif, France
| | - Christophe Declerq
- French Institute for Public Health Surveillance (InVS) 12, Saint-Maurice, France
| | | | - Carlotta Sacerdote
- Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, AO Citta' della Salute e della Scienza, University of Turin and Center for Cancer Prevention, Turin, Italy
| | - Alessandro Marcon
- Unit of Epidemiology & Medical Statistics, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of Verona, Italy
| | - Claudia Galassi
- Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, AO Citta' della Salute e della Scienza, University of Turin and Center for Cancer Prevention, Turin, Italy
| | - Enrica Migliore
- Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, AO Citta' della Salute e della Scienza, University of Turin and Center for Cancer Prevention, Turin, Italy
| | - Andrea Ranzi
- Environmental Health Reference Centre, Regional Agency for Environmental Prevention of Emilia-Romagna, Modena, Italy
| | - Giulia Cesaroni
- Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Badaloni
- Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Menno Keuken
- TNO, Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Aleksandra Jedynska
- TNO, Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ingeborg M Kooter
- TNO, Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Ranjeet S Sokhi
- University of Hertfordshire College Lane, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Bert Brunekreef
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Klea Katsouyanni
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Medical School, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Gerard Hoek
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
230
|
|
231
|
Liu T, Zhang YH, Xu YJ, Lin HL, Xu XJ, Luo Y, Xiao J, Zeng WL, Zhang WF, Chu C, Keogh K, Rutherford S, Qian Z, Du YD, Hu M, Ma WJ. The effects of dust-haze on mortality are modified by seasons and individual characteristics in Guangzhou, China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2014; 187:116-23. [PMID: 24477104 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2013.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Revised: 12/28/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effects of dust-haze on mortality and to estimate the seasonal and individual-specific modification effects in Guangzhou, China. Mortality, air pollution and meteorological data were collected for 2006-2011. A dust-haze day was defined as daily visibility <10 km with relative humidity <90%. This definition was further divided into light (8-10 km), medium (5-8 km) and heavy dust-haze (<5 km). A distributed lag linear model (DLM) was employed. Light, medium and heavy dust-haze days were associated with increased mortality of 3.4%, 6.8% and 10.4% respectively, at a lag of 0-6 days. This effect was more pronounced during the cold season, for cardiovascular mortality (CVD), respiratory mortality (RESP), in males and people ≥60years. These effects became insignificant after adjustment for PM10. We concluded that dust-haze significantly increased mortality risk in Guangzhou, China, and this effect appears to be dominated by particulate mass and modified by season and individual-specific factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 160, Qunxian Road, Panyu District, Guangzhou 511430, China; Environment and Health, Guangdong Provincial Key Medical Discipline of Twelfth Five-Year Plan, Guangzhou 511430, China
| | - Yong Hui Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China
| | - Yan Jun Xu
- Institute of Chronic Noncommunicable Disease Prevention and Control, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China
| | - Hua Liang Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 160, Qunxian Road, Panyu District, Guangzhou 511430, China; Environment and Health, Guangdong Provincial Key Medical Discipline of Twelfth Five-Year Plan, Guangzhou 511430, China
| | - Xiao Jun Xu
- Institute of Chronic Noncommunicable Disease Prevention and Control, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China
| | - Yuan Luo
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 160, Qunxian Road, Panyu District, Guangzhou 511430, China; Environment and Health, Guangdong Provincial Key Medical Discipline of Twelfth Five-Year Plan, Guangzhou 511430, China
| | - Jianpeng Xiao
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 160, Qunxian Road, Panyu District, Guangzhou 511430, China; Environment and Health, Guangdong Provincial Key Medical Discipline of Twelfth Five-Year Plan, Guangzhou 511430, China
| | - Wei Lin Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 160, Qunxian Road, Panyu District, Guangzhou 511430, China; Environment and Health, Guangdong Provincial Key Medical Discipline of Twelfth Five-Year Plan, Guangzhou 511430, China
| | - Wan Fang Zhang
- Liwan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 510176, China
| | - Cordia Chu
- Griffith University, Brisbane 4111, Australia
| | | | | | - Zhengmin Qian
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Yao Dong Du
- Climate Center of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Mengjue Hu
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 160, Qunxian Road, Panyu District, Guangzhou 511430, China; School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Wen Jun Ma
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 160, Qunxian Road, Panyu District, Guangzhou 511430, China; Environment and Health, Guangdong Provincial Key Medical Discipline of Twelfth Five-Year Plan, Guangzhou 511430, China.
| |
Collapse
|
232
|
Wu S, Deng F, Wei H, Huang J, Wang X, Hao Y, Zheng C, Qin Y, Lv H, Shima M, Guo X. Association of cardiopulmonary health effects with source-appointed ambient fine particulate in Beijing, China: a combined analysis from the Healthy Volunteer Natural Relocation (HVNR) study. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:3438-3448. [PMID: 24521469 DOI: 10.1021/es404778w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have associated ambient particulate chemical constituents with adverse cardiopulmonary health effects. However, specific pollution sources behind the cardiopulmonary health effects of ambient particles are uncertain. We examined the cardiopulmonary health effects of fine particles (PM2.5) from different pollution sources in Beijing, China, among a panel of 40 healthy university students. Study subjects were repeatedly examined for a series of cardiopulmonary health indicators during three 2-month-long study periods (suburban period, urban period 1, and urban period 2) in 2010-2011 before and after relocating from a suburban campus to an urban campus with changing air pollution levels and contents. Daily ambient PM2.5 mass samples were collected over the study and measured for 29 chemical constituents in the laboratory. Source appointment for ambient PM2.5 was performed using Positive Matrix Factorization, and mixed-effects models were used to estimate the cardiopulmonary effects associated with source-specific PM2.5 concentrations. Seven PM2.5 sources were identified as traffic emissions (12.0%), coal combustion (22.0%), secondary sulfate/nitrate (30.2%), metallurgical emission (0.4%), dust/soil (12.4%), industry (6.9%), and secondary organic aerosol (9.9%). Ambient PM2.5 in the suburban campus had larger contributions from secondary sulfate/nitrate (41.8% vs. 22.9%-26.0%) and metallurgical emission (0.7% vs. 0.3%) as compared to that in the urban campus), whereas PM2.5 in the urban campus had larger contributions from traffic emissions (13.0%-16.3% vs. 5.1%), coal combustion (21.0%-30.7% vs. 10.7%), and secondary organic aerosol (9.7%-12.0% vs. 8.7%) as compared to that in the suburban campus. Potential key sources were identified for PM2.5 effects on inflammatory biomarkers (secondary sulfate/nitrate and dust/soil), blood pressure (coal combustion and metallurgical emission), and pulmonary function (dust/soil and industry). Analyses using another source appointment tool Unmix yielded a similar pattern of source contributions and associated health effects. In conclusion, ambient PM2.5 in Beijing suburban and urban areas has two distinct patterns of source contributions, and PM2.5 from different sources may play important roles on different aspects of PM2.5-related cardiopulmonary health effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaowei Wu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, Peking University School of Public Health , Beijing, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
233
|
Shen Z, Cao J, Zhang L, Liu L, Zhang Q, Li J, Han Y, Zhu C, Zhao Z, Liu S. Day-night differences and seasonal variations of chemical species in PM₁₀ over Xi'an, northwest China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:3697-3705. [PMID: 24277433 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-013-2352-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
To investigate day-night differences and seasonal variations of PM10 and its chemical composition in an urban environment in Xi'an, northwest China, day- and nighttime PM10 mass and its chemical components including water-soluble ions (Na(+), NH4 (+), K(+), Mg(2+), Ca(2+), F(-), Cl(-), NO3 (-), and SO4 (2-)), organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon, and water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) were measured on selected representative days from 20 December 2006 to 12 November 2007. Annual mean PM10 concentration in this city was five times of the China Ambient Air Quality Standard for annual average (70 μg m(-3)). Carbonaceous fractions and water-soluble ions accounted for nearly one third and 12.4 %, respectively, of the annual mean PM10 mass. No dramatic day-night differences were found in the loadings of PM10 or its chemical components. Spring samples were highlighted by abundance of Ca(2+), while the secondary aerosol species (SO4 (2-), NO3 (-), and NH4 (+)) and OC dominated in summer, autumn, and winter samples. Relatively low NO3 (-)/SO4 (2-) ratio suggested that stationary source emissions were more important than vehicle emissions in the source areas in this city. Strong relationships between WSOC and biomass markers (water-soluble K(+), OC1, and OP) were observed in winter and autumn, indicating that WSOC was derived mainly from biomass burning in these seasons. This was also supported by analysis results on the biomass burning events. In contrast, poor correlations between WSOC and biomass markers were demonstrated in summer and spring, implying that WSOC was mainly formed as secondary organic carbon through photochemical activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenxing Shen
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China,
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
234
|
Bandowe BAM, Meusel H, Huang RJ, Ho K, Cao J, Hoffmann T, Wilcke W. PM₂.₅-bound oxygenated PAHs, nitro-PAHs and parent-PAHs from the atmosphere of a Chinese megacity: seasonal variation, sources and cancer risk assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 473-474:77-87. [PMID: 24361780 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.11.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Revised: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) in air particulate matter contribute considerably to the health risk of air pollution. The objectives of this study were to assess the occurrence and variation in concentrations and sources of PM2.5-bound PACs [Oxygenated PAHs (OPAHs), nitro-PAHs and parent-PAHs] sampled from the atmosphere of a typical Chinese megacity (Xi'an), to study the influence of meteorological conditions on PACs and to estimate the lifetime excess cancer risk to the residents of Xi'an (from inhalation of PM2.5-bound PACs). To achieve these objectives, we sampled 24-h PM2.5 aerosols (once in every 6 days, from 5 July 2008 to 8 August 2009) from the atmosphere of Xi'an and measured the concentrations of PACs in them. The PM2.5-bound concentrations of Σcarbonyl-OPAHs, ∑hydroxyl+carboxyl-OPAHs, Σnitro-PAHs and Σalkyl+parent-PAHs ranged between 5-22, 0.2-13, 0.3-7, and 7-387 ng m(-3), respectively, being markedly higher than in most western cities. This represented a range of 0.01-0.4% and 0.002-0.06% of the mass of organic C in PM2.5 and the total mass of PM2.5, respectively. The sums of the concentrations of each compound group had winter-to-summer ratios ranging from 3 to 8 and most individual OPAHs and nitro-PAHs had higher concentrations in winter than in summer, suggesting a dominant influence of emissions from household heating and winter meteorological conditions. Ambient temperature, air pressure, and wind speed explained a large part of the temporal variation in PACs concentrations. The lifetime excess cancer risk from inhalation (attributable to selected PAHs and nitro-PAHs) was six fold higher in winter (averaging 1450 persons per million residents of Xi'an) than in summer. Our results call for the development of emission control measures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hannah Meusel
- Geographic Institute, University of Bern, Hallerstrasse 12, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany; Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Hahn-Meitner-Weg 1, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Ru-Jin Huang
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany; Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Kinfai Ho
- School of Public Health & Primary Care, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Key Laboratory of Aerosol Science & Technology, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 10 Fenghui South Road, High-Tech Zone, 710075 Xi'an, China.
| | - Junji Cao
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Science & Technology, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 10 Fenghui South Road, High-Tech Zone, 710075 Xi'an, China
| | - Thorsten Hoffmann
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wilcke
- Geographic Institute, University of Bern, Hallerstrasse 12, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
235
|
Lai HK, Tsang H, Thach TQ, Wong CM. Health impact assessment of exposure to fine particulate matter based on satellite and meteorological information. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2014; 16:239-46. [PMID: 24305699 PMCID: PMC4630861 DOI: 10.1039/c3em00357d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution in China, especially in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region, has drastically increased in recent years. We modelled annual mean ground-level PM2.5 concentrations based on worldwide satellite information and meteorological data from 40 cities outside the PRD. The model of PM2.5 concentration (R = 0.845) was best explained by aerosol optical thickness (43.8%). We validated the spatial-temporal dimensions of the model and estimated that the annual mean PM2.5 concentration in PRD ranged between 22 and 65 μg m(-3). Then we used meta-analysis to obtain the pooled excess risks of mortality in China and assessed the health impacts. We found an inverse association between short-term excess risks of mortality and annual mean PM2.5 concentrations. Based on the above models and analyses, the associated excess deaths for all-cause and cardiopulmonary diseases were 3386 and 2639 respectively. The corresponding risk-standardized excess death rates were 2006 and 1069 per million people.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hak-Kan Lai
- Department of Community Medicine, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
236
|
Krall JR, Anderson GB, Dominici F, Bell ML, Peng RD. Short-term exposure to particulate matter constituents and mortality in a national study of U.S. urban communities. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2013; 121:1148-53. [PMID: 23912641 PMCID: PMC3801200 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1206185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the association between PM2.5 mass and mortality has been extensively studied, few national-level analyses have estimated mortality effects of PM2.5 chemical constituents. Epidemiologic studies have reported that estimated effects of PM2.5 on mortality vary spatially and seasonally. We hypothesized that associations between PM2.5 constituents and mortality would not vary spatially or seasonally if variation in chemical composition contributes to variation in estimated PM2.5 mortality effects. OBJECTIVES We aimed to provide the first national, season-specific, and region-specific associations between mortality and PM2.5 constituents. METHODS We estimated short-term associations between nonaccidental mortality and PM2.5 constituents across 72 urban U.S. communities from 2000 to 2005. Using U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Chemical Speciation Network data, we analyzed seven constituents that together compose 79-85% of PM2.5 mass: organic carbon matter (OCM), elemental carbon (EC), silicon, sodium ion, nitrate, ammonium, and sulfate. We applied Poisson time-series regression models, controlling for time and weather, to estimate mortality effects. RESULTS Interquartile range increases in OCM, EC, silicon, and sodium ion were associated with estimated increases in mortality of 0.39% [95% posterior interval (PI): 0.08, 0.70%], 0.22% (95% PI: 0.00, 0.44), 0.17% (95% PI: 0.03, 0.30), and 0.16% (95% PI: 0.00, 0.32), respectively, based on single-pollutant models. We did not find evidence that associations between mortality and PM2.5 or PM2.5 constituents differed by season or region. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that some constituents of PM2.5 may be more toxic than others and, therefore, regulating PM total mass alone may not be sufficient to protect human health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jenna R Krall
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
237
|
Li P, Xin J, Wang Y, Wang S, Li G, Pan X, Liu Z, Wang L. The acute effects of fine particles on respiratory mortality and morbidity in Beijing, 2004-2009. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 20:6433-44. [PMID: 23589266 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-013-1688-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Recent epidemiological and toxicological studies have shown associations between particulate matter and human health. However, the estimates of adverse health effects are inconsistent across many countries and areas. The stratification and interaction models were employed within the context of the generalized additive Poisson regression equation to examine the acute effects of fine particles on respiratory health and to explore the possible joint modification of temperature, humidity, and season in Beijing, China, for the period 2004-2009. The results revealed that the respiratory health damage threshold of the PM2.5 concentration was mainly within the range of 20-60 μg/m(3), and the adverse effect of excessively high PM2.5 concentration maintained a stable level. In the most serious case, an increase of 10 μg/m(3) PM2.5 results in an elevation of 4.60 % (95 % CI 3.84-4.60 %) and 4.48 % (95 % CI 3.53-5.41 %) with a lag of 3 days, values far higher than the average level of 0.69 % (95 % CI 0.54-0.85 %) and 1.32 % (95 % CI 1.02-1.61 %) for respiratory mortality and morbidity, respectively. There were strong seasonal patterns of adverse effects with the seasonal variation of temperature and humidity. The growth rates of respiratory mortality and morbidity were highest in winter. And, they increased 1.4 and 1.8 times in winter, greater than in the full year as PM2.5 increased 10 μg/m(3).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pei Li
- Key Laboratory of Semi-arid Climate Change of Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China, 730000
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
238
|
Wang X, Chen R, Meng X, Geng F, Wang C, Kan H. Associations between fine particle, coarse particle, black carbon and hospital visits in a Chinese city. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2013; 458-460:1-6. [PMID: 23639905 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2012] [Revised: 03/17/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
China is one of the countries with the highest ambient particle levels in the world; however, there have been no epidemiologic studies examining the effects of fine particle (PM2.5), coarse particle (PM10-2.5) and black carbon (BC) simultaneously on morbidity outcomes. In this study, we conducted a time-series analysis to evaluate the acute effects of PM2.5, PM10-2.5, and BC on daily hospital visits in Shanghai, China. During our study period, the mean daily concentrations of PM2.5, PM10-2.5 and BC were 53.9 μg/m(3), 38.4 μg/m(3) and 3.9 μg/m(3), respectively. We found significant associations of PM2.5, PM 10-2.5, and BC with daily hospital visits. An inter-quartile range increase of the average concentrations of the current and previous days in PM2.5, PM10-2.5 and BC was associated with a 1.88% (95% CI: 0.69% to 3.06%), a 1.30% (95% CI: 0.25% to 2.34%) and a 1.33% (95% CI: 0.34% to 2.32%) increase in emergency-room visits, respectively. For outpatient visits, the corresponding estimated changes were -2.44% (95% CI: -6.62% to 1.74%), 1.09% (95% CI: -2.72% to 4.90%) and 3.34% (95% CI: 0.10% to 6.57%) respectively. The effects of BC were more robust than the effects of PM2.5 and PM10-2.5 in two-pollutant models. To our knowledge, this is the first study in China, or even in Asian developing countries, to report the effect of PM2.5, PM10-2.5, and BC simultaneously on morbidity. Our findings also suggest that BC could serve as a valuable air quality indicator that reflects the health risks of airborne particles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xi Wang
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
239
|
Correlation of ambient pollution levels and heavily-trafficked roadway proximity on the prevalence of smear-positive tuberculosis. Public Health 2013; 127:268-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2012.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Revised: 11/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
|
240
|
Geng F, Hua J, Mu Z, Peng L, Xu X, Chen R, Kan H. Differentiating the associations of black carbon and fine particle with daily mortality in a Chinese city. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2013; 120:27-32. [PMID: 22981950 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2012.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2012] [Revised: 08/09/2012] [Accepted: 08/25/2012] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
There is only limited monitoring data of black carbon for epidemiologic analyses. In the current study, we used the distributed lag models to evaluate the association between mortality outcomes (both total and cause-specific) and exposure to black carbon and fine particle (PM(2.5)) in Shanghai, China. During our research period, the mean daily concentrations of black carbon and PM(2.5) were 3.9 μg/m3 and 53.9 μg/m3, respectively. The regression results showed that black carbon was significantly associated with total and cardiovascular mortality, but not with respiratory mortality. An inter-quartile range increase (2.7 μg/m3) of black carbon corresponded to a 2.3% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.6-4.1), 3.2% (95% CI: 0.6-5.7), and 0.6% (95% CI: -4.5 to 5.7) increase in total, cardiovascular and respiratory mortality, respectively. When adjusted for PM(2.5), the effects of black carbon increased and remained statistically significant; in contrast, the associations of PM(2.5) with daily mortality decreased and became statistically insignificant after adjustment for black carbon. To our knowledge, this is the first study in China, or even in Asian developing countries, to report the acute effect of black carbon and PM(2.5) on daily mortality simultaneously. Our findings suggest that black carbon is a valuable additional air quality indicator to evaluate the health risks of ambient particles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fuhai Geng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Meteorology and Health, Shanghai Meteorological Bureau, Shanghai, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
241
|
Wu S, Deng F, Wei H, Huang J, Wang H, Shima M, Wang X, Qin Y, Zheng C, Hao Y, Guo X. Chemical constituents of ambient particulate air pollution and biomarkers of inflammation, coagulation and homocysteine in healthy adults: a prospective panel study. Part Fibre Toxicol 2012; 9:49. [PMID: 23231781 PMCID: PMC3585865 DOI: 10.1186/1743-8977-9-49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2012] [Accepted: 12/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ambient air pollution has been associated with activation of systemic inflammation and hypercoagulability and increased plasma homocysteine, but the chemical constituents behind the association are not well understood. We examined the relations of various chemical constituents of fine particles (PM2.5) and biomarkers of inflammation, coagulation and homocysteine in the context of traffic-related air pollution. Methods A panel of 40 healthy college students underwent biweekly blood collection for 12 times before and after their relocation from a suburban campus to an urban campus with changing air pollution contents in Beijing. Blood samples were measured for circulatory biomarkers of high-sensitivity C reactive protein (hs-CRP), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), fibrinogen, plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1), tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA), von Willebrand factor (vWF), soluble platelet selectin (sP-selectin), and total homocysteine (tHcy). Various air pollutants were measured in a central air-monitoring station in each campus and 32 PM2.5 chemical constituents were determined in the laboratory. We used three different mixed-effects models (single-constituent model, constituent-PM2.5 joint model and constituent residual model) controlling for potential confounders to estimate the effects of PM2.5 chemical constituents on circulatory biomarkers. Results We found consistent positive associations between the following biomarkers and PM2.5 chemical constituents across different models: TNF-α with secondary organic carbon, chloride, zinc, molybdenum and stannum; fibrinogen with magnesium, iron, titanium, cobalt and cadmium; PAI-1 with titanium, cobalt and manganese; t-PA with cadmium and selenium; vWF with aluminum. We also found consistent inverse associations of vWF with nitrate, chloride and sodium, and sP-selectin with manganese. Two positive associations of zinc with TNF-α and of cobalt with fibrinogen, and two inverse associations of nitrate with vWF, and of manganese with sP-selectin, were independent of the other constituents in two-constituent models using constituent residual data. We only found weak air pollution effects on hs-CRP and tHcy. Conclusions Our results provide clues for the potential roles that PM2.5 chemical constituents may play in the biological mechanisms through which air pollution may influence the cardiovascular system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaowei Wu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
242
|
Mutch NJ, Waters EK, Morrissey JH. Immobilized transition metal ions stimulate contact activation and drive factor XII-mediated coagulation. J Thromb Haemost 2012; 10:2108-15. [PMID: 22905925 PMCID: PMC3463646 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2012.04890.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Upon contact with an appropriate surface, factor XII (FXII) undergoes autoactivation or cleavage by kallikrein. Zn(2+) is known to facilitate binding of FXII and the cofactor, high molecular weight kininogen (HK), to anionic surfaces. OBJECTIVES To investigate whether transition metal ions immobilized on liposome surfaces can initiate coagulation via the contact pathway. METHODS AND RESULTS Liposomes containing a metal ion-chelating lipid, 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-{(N[5-amino-1-carboxypentyl]iminodiacetic acid)succinyl} ammonium salt (DOGS-NTA), were prepared by membrane extrusion (20% DOGS-NTA, 40% phosphatidylcholine, 10% phosphatidylserine, and 30% phosphatidylethanolamine). Ni(2+) immobilized on such liposomes accelerated clotting in normal plasma, but not factor XI (FXI)-deficient or FXII-deficient plasma. The results were similar to those obtained with a commercial activated partial thromboplastin time reagent. Charging such liposomes with other transition metal ions revealed differences in their procoagulant capacity, with Ni(2+) > Cu(2+) > Co(2+) and Zn(2+). Plasma could be depleted of FXI, FXII and HK by adsorption with Ni(2+) -containing beads, resulting in longer clot times. Consistent with this, FXI, FXII and HK bound to immobilized Ni(2+) or Cu(2+) with high affinity as determined by surface plasmon resonance. In the presence of Ni(2+) -bearing liposomes, K(m) and k(cat) values derived for autoactivation of FXII and prekallikrein, as well as for activation of FXII by kallikrein or prekallikrein by FXIIa, were similar to literature values obtained in the presence of dextran sulfate. CONCLUSIONS Immobilized Ni(2+) and Cu(2+) bind FXII, FXI and HK with high affinity and stimulate activation of the contact pathway, driving FXII-mediated coagulation. Activation of the contact system by immobilized transition metal ions may have implications during pathogenic infection or in individuals exposed to high levels of pollution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N J Mutch
- School of Medicine & Dentistry, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
243
|
Wang G, Kawamura K, Cheng C, Li J, Cao J, Zhang R, Zhang T, Liu S, Zhao Z. Molecular distribution and stable carbon isotopic composition of dicarboxylic acids, ketocarboxylic acids, and α-dicarbonyls in size-resolved atmospheric particles from Xi'an City, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:4783-4791. [PMID: 22475345 DOI: 10.1021/es204322c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Size-resolved airborne particles (9-stages) in urban Xi'an, China, during summer and winter were measured for molecular distributions and stable carbon isotopic compositions of dicarboxylic acids, ketocarboxylic acids, and α-dicarbonyls. To our best knowledge, we report for the first time the size-resolved differences in stable carbon isotopic compositions of diacids and related compounds in continental organic aerosols. High ambient concentrations of terephthalic (tPh, 379 ± 200 ng m(-3)) and glyoxylic acids (ωC(2), 235 ± 134 ng m(-3)) in Xi'an aerosols during winter compared to those in other Chinese cities suggest significant emissions from plastic waste burning and coal combustions. Most of the target compounds are enriched in the fine mode (<2.1 μm) in both seasons peaking at 0.7-2.1 μm. However, summertime concentrations of malonic (C(3)), succinic (C(4)), azelaic (C(9)), phthalic (Ph), pyruvic (Pyr), 4-oxobutanoic (ωC(4)), and 9-oxononanoic (ωC(9)) acids, and glyoxal (Gly) in the coarse mode (>2.1 μm) are comparable to and even higher than those in the fine mode (<2.1 μm). Stable carbon isotopic compositions of the major organics are higher in winter than in summer, except oxalic acid (C(2)), ωC(4), and Ph. δ(13)C of C(2) showed a clear difference in sizes during summer, with higher values in fine mode (ranging from -22.8‰ to -21.9‰) and lower values in coarse mode (-27.1‰ to -23.6‰). The lower δ(13)C of C(2) in coarse particles indicate that coarse mode of the compound originates from evaporation from fine mode and subsequent condensation/adsorption onto pre-existing coarse particles. Positive linear correlations of C(2), sulfate and ωC(2) and their δ(13)C values suggest that ωC(2) is a key intermediate, which is formed in aqueous-phase via photooxidation of precursors (e.g., Gly and Pyr), followed by a further oxidation to produce C(2).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gehui Wang
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0819, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|