201
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Peters L, Ansari D. Are specific learning disorders truly specific, and are they disorders? Trends Neurosci Educ 2019; 17:100115. [PMID: 31685130 DOI: 10.1016/j.tine.2019.100115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Specific learning disorders, such as dyslexia and dyscalculia, are frequently studied to inform our understanding of cognitive development, genetic mechanisms and brain function. In this Opinion Paper, we discuss limitations of this research approach, including the use of arbitrary criteria to select groups of children, heterogeneity within groups and overlap between domains of learning. By drawing on evidence from cognitive science, neuroscience and genetics, we propose an alternative, dimensional framework. We argue that we need to overcome the problems associated with a categorical approach by taking into account interacting factors at multiple levels of analysis that are associated with overlapping rather than entirely distinct domains of learning. We conclude that this research strategy will allow for a richer understanding of learning and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lien Peters
- Numerical Cognition Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education & Brain and Mind Institute, University of Western Ontario, Western Interdisciplinary Research Building, 1151 Richmond Street North, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada.
| | - Daniel Ansari
- Numerical Cognition Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education & Brain and Mind Institute, University of Western Ontario, Western Interdisciplinary Research Building, 1151 Richmond Street North, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
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202
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Sanchis-Segura C, Ibañez-Gual MV, Adrián-Ventura J, Aguirre N, Gómez-Cruz ÁJ, Avila C, Forn C. Sex differences in gray matter volume: how many and how large are they really? Biol Sex Differ 2019; 10:32. [PMID: 31262342 PMCID: PMC6604149 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-019-0245-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Studies assessing volumetric sex differences have provided contradictory results. Total intracranial volume (TIV) is a major confounding factor when estimating local volumes of interest (VOIs). We investigated how the number, size, and direction of sex differences in gray matter volume (GMv) vary depending on how TIV variation is statistically handled. Methods Sex differences in the GMv of 116 VOIs were assessed in 356 participants (171 females) without correcting for TIV variation or after adjusting the data with 5 different methods (VBM8 non-linear-only modulation, proportions, power-corrected-proportions, covariation, and the residuals method). The outcomes obtained with these procedures were compared to each other and to those obtained in three criterial subsamples, one comparing female-male pairs matched on their TIV and two others comparing groups of either females or males with large/small TIVs. Linear regression was used to quantify TIV effects on raw GMv and the efficacy of each method in controlling for them. Results Males had larger raw GMv than females in all brain areas, but these differences were driven by direct TIV-VOIs relationships and more closely resembled the differences observed between individuals with large/small TIVs of sex-specific subsamples than the sex differences observed in the TIV-matched subsample. All TIV-adjustment methods reduced the number of sex differences but their results were very different. The VBM8- and the proportions-adjustment methods inverted TIV-VOIs relationships and resulted in larger adjusted volumes in females, promoting sex differences largely attributable to TIV variation and very distinct from those observed in the TIV-matched subsample. The other three methods provided results unrelated to TIV and very similar to those of the TIV-matched subsample. In these datasets, sex differences were bidirectional and achieved satisfactory replication rates in 19 VOIs, but they were “small” (d < ∣0.38∣) and most of them faded away after correcting for multiple comparisons. Conclusions There is not just one answer to the question of how many and how large the sex differences in GMv are, but not all the possible answers are equally valid. When TIV effects are ruled out using appropriate adjustment methods, few sex differences (if any) remain statistically significant, and their size is quite reduced. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13293-019-0245-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Sanchis-Segura
- Departament de Psicologia bàsica, clínica i psicobiologia, Universitat Jaume I, Castelló, Spain.
| | | | - Jesús Adrián-Ventura
- Departament de Psicologia bàsica, clínica i psicobiologia, Universitat Jaume I, Castelló, Spain
| | - Naiara Aguirre
- Departament de Psicologia bàsica, clínica i psicobiologia, Universitat Jaume I, Castelló, Spain
| | | | - César Avila
- Departament de Psicologia bàsica, clínica i psicobiologia, Universitat Jaume I, Castelló, Spain
| | - Cristina Forn
- Departament de Psicologia bàsica, clínica i psicobiologia, Universitat Jaume I, Castelló, Spain
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203
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Seretny M, Murray SR, Whitaker L, Murnane J, Whalley H, Pernet C, Horne AW. The use of brain functional magnetic resonance imaging to determine the mechanism of action of gabapentin in managing chronic pelvic pain in women: a pilot study. BMJ Open 2019; 9:e026152. [PMID: 31248918 PMCID: PMC6597644 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-026152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To inform feasibility and design of a future randomised controlled trial (RCT) using brain functional MRI (fMRI) to determine the mechanism of action of gabapentin in managing chronic pelvic pain (CPP) in women. DESIGN Mechanistic study embedded in pilot RCT. SETTING University Hospital. PARTICIPANTS Twelve women (18-50 years) with CPP and no pelvic pathology (follow-up completed March 2014). INTERVENTION Oral gabapentin (300-2700 mg) or matched placebo. OUTCOME MEASURES After 12 weeks of treatment, participants underwent fMRI of the brain (Verio Siemens 3T MRI) during which noxious heat and punctate stimuli were delivered to the pelvis and arm. Outcome measures included pain (visual analogue scale), blood oxygen level dependent signal change and a semi-structured acceptability questionnaire at study completion prior to unblinding. RESULTS Full datasets were obtained for 11 participants. Following noxious heat to the abdomen, the gabapentin group (GG) had lower pain scores (Mean: 3.8 [SD 2.2]) than the placebo group (PG) (Mean: 5.8 [SD 0.9]). This was also the case for noxious heat to the arm with the GG having lower pain scores (Mean: 2.6 [SD 2.5]) than the PG (Mean: 6.2 [SD 1.1]). Seven out of 12 participants completed the acceptability questionnaire. 71% (five out of seven) described their participation in the fMRI study as positive; the remaining two rated it as a negative experience. CONCLUSIONS Incorporating brain fMRI in a future RCT to determine the mechanism of action of gabapentin in managing CPP in women was feasible and acceptable to most women. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ISRCTN70960777.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Seretny
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Sarah Rose Murray
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Lucy Whitaker
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jonathan Murnane
- Queens Medical Research Institute and Edinburgh Imaging Facility (QMRI), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Heather Whalley
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Cyril Pernet
- Queens Medical Research Institute and Edinburgh Imaging Facility (QMRI), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Andrew W Horne
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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204
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Matheson GJ. We need to talk about reliability: making better use of test-retest studies for study design and interpretation. PeerJ 2019; 7:e6918. [PMID: 31179173 PMCID: PMC6536112 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroimaging, in addition to many other fields of clinical research, is both time-consuming and expensive, and recruitable patients can be scarce. These constraints limit the possibility of large-sample experimental designs, and often lead to statistically underpowered studies. This problem is exacerbated by the use of outcome measures whose accuracy is sometimes insufficient to answer the scientific questions posed. Reliability is usually assessed in validation studies using healthy participants, however these results are often not easily applicable to clinical studies examining different populations. I present a new method and tools for using summary statistics from previously published test-retest studies to approximate the reliability of outcomes in new samples. In this way, the feasibility of a new study can be assessed during planning stages, and before collecting any new data. An R package called relfeas also accompanies this article for performing these calculations. In summary, these methods and tools will allow researchers to avoid performing costly studies which are, by virtue of their design, unlikely to yield informative conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Granville J. Matheson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
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205
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Owens MM, Hyatt CS, Gray JC, Carter NT, MacKillop J, Miller JD, Sweet LH. Cortical morphometry of the five-factor model of personality: findings from the Human Connectome Project full sample. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2019; 14:381-395. [PMID: 30848280 PMCID: PMC6523439 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsz017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 02/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This study is a replication of an existing large study (N = 507) on the surface-based morphometric correlates of five-factor model (FFM) personality traits. The same methods were used as the original study in another large sample drawn from the same population (N = 597) with results then being aggregated from both samples (N = 1104), providing the largest investigation into the neuroanatomical correlates of FFM personality traits to date. Clusters of association between brain morphometry and each FFM trait are reported. For neuroticism, agreeableness, openness and conscientiousness clusters of association were found in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex for at least one morphometric index. Morphometry in various other regions was also associated with each personality trait. While some regions found in the original study were confirmed in the replication and full samples, others were not, highlighting the importance of replicating even high-quality, well-powered studies. Effect sizes were very similar in the replication and whole samples as those found in the original study. As a whole, the current results provide the strongest evidence to date on the neuroanatomical correlates of personality and highlights challenges in using this approach to understanding the neural correlates of personality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max M Owens
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | | | - Joshua C Gray
- Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nathan T Carter
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - James MacKillop
- Peter Boris Centre for Addiction Research, St. Joseph’s Healthcare Hamilton/McMaster University, West 5th Street, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Joshua D Miller
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Lawrence H Sweet
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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206
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Gentili C, Messerotti Benvenuti S, Lettieri G, Costa C, Cecchetti L. ROI and phobias: The effect of ROI approach on an ALE meta-analysis of specific phobias. Hum Brain Mapp 2019; 40:1814-1828. [PMID: 30548734 PMCID: PMC6865604 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
About 90% of fMRI findings on specific phobias (SP) include analysis of region of interest (ROI). This approach characterized by higher sensitivity may produce inflated results, particularly when findings are aggregated in meta-analytic maps. Here, we conducted a systematic review and activation likelihood estimation (ALE) meta-analysis on SP, testing the impact of the inclusion of ROI-based studies. ALE meta-analyses were carried out either including ROI-based results or focusing on whole-brain voxelwise studies exclusively. To assess the risk of bias in the neuroimaging field, we modified the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) and measured the reliability of fMRI findings. Of the 31 selected investigations (564 patients and 485 controls) one-third did not motivate ROI selection: five studies did not report an explicit rationale, whereas four did not cite any specific reference in this regard. Analyses including ROI-based studies revealed differences between phobics and healthy subjects in several regions of the limbic circuit. However, when focusing on whole-brain analysis, only the anterior midcingulate cortex differentiated SP from controls. Notably, 13 studies were labeled with low risk of bias according to the adapted NOS. The inclusion of ROI-based results artificially inflates group differences in fMRI meta-analyses. Moreover, a priori, well-motivated selection of ROIs is desirable to improve quality and reproducibility in SP neuroimaging studies. Lastly, the use of modified NOS may represent a valuable way to assess and evaluate biases in fMRI studies: "low risk" of bias was reported for less than half of the included studies, indicating the need for better practices in fMRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Gentili
- Department of General PsychologyUniversity of PadovaPadovaItaly
| | | | | | - Cristiano Costa
- Department of General PsychologyUniversity of PadovaPadovaItaly
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207
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Hong YW, Yoo Y, Han J, Wager TD, Woo CW. False-positive neuroimaging: Undisclosed flexibility in testing spatial hypotheses allows presenting anything as a replicated finding. Neuroimage 2019; 195:384-395. [PMID: 30946952 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.03.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypothesis testing in neuroimaging studies relies heavily on treating named anatomical regions (e.g., "the amygdala") as unitary entities. Though data collection and analyses are conducted at the voxel level, inferences are often based on anatomical regions. The discrepancy between the unit of analysis and the unit of inference leads to ambiguity and flexibility in analyses that can create a false sense of reproducibility. For example, hypothesizing effects on "amygdala activity" does not provide a falsifiable and reproducible definition of precisely which voxels or which patterns of activation should be observed. Rather, it comprises a large number of unspecified sub-hypotheses, leaving room for flexible interpretation of findings, which we refer to as "model degrees of freedom." From a survey of 135 functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging studies in which researchers claimed replications of previous findings, we found that 42.2% of the studies did not report any quantitative evidence for replication such as activation peaks. Only 14.1% of the papers used exact coordinate-based or a priori pattern-based models. Of the studies that reported peak information, 42.9% of the 'replicated' findings had peak coordinates more than 15 mm away from the 'original' findings, suggesting that different brain locations were activated, even when studies claimed to replicate prior results. To reduce the flexible and qualitative region-level tests in neuroimaging studies, we recommend adopting quantitative spatial models and tests to assess the spatial reproducibility of findings. Techniques reviewed here include permutation tests on peak distance, Bayesian MANOVA, and a priori multivariate pattern-based models. These practices will help researchers to establish precise and falsifiable spatial hypotheses, promoting a cumulative science of neuroimaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Wook Hong
- Center for Neuroscience Imaging Research, Institute for Basic Science, South Korea; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, South Korea
| | - Yejong Yoo
- Center for Neuroscience Imaging Research, Institute for Basic Science, South Korea; Department of Biology, Taylor University, United States
| | - Jihoon Han
- Center for Neuroscience Imaging Research, Institute for Basic Science, South Korea; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, South Korea
| | - Tor D Wager
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, United States; Institute for Cognitive Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, United States
| | - Choong-Wan Woo
- Center for Neuroscience Imaging Research, Institute for Basic Science, South Korea; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, South Korea.
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208
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Wall MB. Reliability starts with the experimental tools employed. Cortex 2019; 113:352-354. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2018.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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209
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Inzlicht M. Transcending humanness or: Doing the right thing for science. Cortex 2019; 113:360-362. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2018.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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210
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Elliott ML, Knodt AR, Cooke M, Kim MJ, Melzer TR, Keenan R, Ireland D, Ramrakha S, Poulton R, Caspi A, Moffitt TE, Hariri AR. General functional connectivity: Shared features of resting-state and task fMRI drive reliable and heritable individual differences in functional brain networks. Neuroimage 2019; 189:516-532. [PMID: 30708106 PMCID: PMC6462481 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.01.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Intrinsic connectivity, measured using resting-state fMRI, has emerged as a fundamental tool in the study of the human brain. However, due to practical limitations, many studies do not collect enough resting-state data to generate reliable measures of intrinsic connectivity necessary for studying individual differences. Here we present general functional connectivity (GFC) as a method for leveraging shared features across resting-state and task fMRI and demonstrate in the Human Connectome Project and the Dunedin Study that GFC offers better test-retest reliability than intrinsic connectivity estimated from the same amount of resting-state data alone. Furthermore, at equivalent scan lengths, GFC displayed higher estimates of heritability than resting-state functional connectivity. We also found that predictions of cognitive ability from GFC generalized across datasets, performing as well or better than resting-state or task data alone. Collectively, our work suggests that GFC can improve the reliability of intrinsic connectivity estimates in existing datasets and, subsequently, the opportunity to identify meaningful correlates of individual differences in behavior. Given that task and resting-state data are often collected together, many researchers can immediately derive more reliable measures of intrinsic connectivity through the adoption of GFC rather than solely using resting-state data. Moreover, by better capturing heritable variation in intrinsic connectivity, GFC represents a novel endophenotype with broad applications in clinical neuroscience and biomarker discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxwell L Elliott
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Duke University, Box 104410, Durham, NC, 27708, USA.
| | - Annchen R Knodt
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Duke University, Box 104410, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Megan Cooke
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Duke University, Box 104410, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - M Justin Kim
- Department of Psychology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA
| | - Tracy R Melzer
- New Zealand Brain Research Institute, Christchurch, New Zealand; Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Ross Keenan
- New Zealand Brain Research Institute, Christchurch, New Zealand; Christchurch Radiology Group, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - David Ireland
- Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Research Unit, Department of Psychology, University of Otago, 163 Union St E, Dunedin, 9016, New Zealand
| | - Sandhya Ramrakha
- Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Research Unit, Department of Psychology, University of Otago, 163 Union St E, Dunedin, 9016, New Zealand
| | - Richie Poulton
- Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Research Unit, Department of Psychology, University of Otago, 163 Union St E, Dunedin, 9016, New Zealand
| | - Avshalom Caspi
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Duke University, Box 104410, Durham, NC, 27708, USA; Social, Genetic, & Developmental Psychiatry Research Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, & Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AF, UK; Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27708, USA; Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University, Box 90338, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Terrie E Moffitt
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Duke University, Box 104410, Durham, NC, 27708, USA; Social, Genetic, & Developmental Psychiatry Research Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, & Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AF, UK; Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27708, USA; Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University, Box 90338, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Ahmad R Hariri
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Duke University, Box 104410, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
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211
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Kharabian Masouleh S, Eickhoff SB, Hoffstaedter F, Genon S. Empirical examination of the replicability of associations between brain structure and psychological variables. eLife 2019; 8:e43464. [PMID: 30864950 PMCID: PMC6483597 DOI: 10.7554/elife.43464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Linking interindividual differences in psychological phenotype to variations in brain structure is an old dream for psychology and a crucial question for cognitive neurosciences. Yet, replicability of the previously-reported 'structural brain behavior' (SBB)-associations has been questioned, recently. Here, we conducted an empirical investigation, assessing replicability of SBB among heathy adults. For a wide range of psychological measures, the replicability of associations with gray matter volume was assessed. Our results revealed that among healthy individuals 1) finding an association between performance at standard psychological tests and brain morphology is relatively unlikely 2) significant associations, found using an exploratory approach, have overestimated effect sizes and 3) can hardly be replicated in an independent sample. After considering factors such as sample size and comparing our findings with more replicable SBB-associations in a clinical cohort and replicable associations between brain structure and non-psychological phenotype, we discuss the potential causes and consequences of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahrzad Kharabian Masouleh
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-7: Brain and Behaviour)Research Centre JülichJülichGermany
- Institute of Systems NeuroscienceHeinrich Heine University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Simon B Eickhoff
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-7: Brain and Behaviour)Research Centre JülichJülichGermany
- Institute of Systems NeuroscienceHeinrich Heine University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Felix Hoffstaedter
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-7: Brain and Behaviour)Research Centre JülichJülichGermany
- Institute of Systems NeuroscienceHeinrich Heine University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Sarah Genon
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-7: Brain and Behaviour)Research Centre JülichJülichGermany
| | - Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-7: Brain and Behaviour)Research Centre JülichJülichGermany
- Institute of Systems NeuroscienceHeinrich Heine University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
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212
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Ten simple rules for predictive modeling of individual differences in neuroimaging. Neuroimage 2019; 193:35-45. [PMID: 30831310 PMCID: PMC6521850 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.02.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Establishing brain-behavior associations that map brain organization to phenotypic measures and generalize to novel individuals remains a challenge in neuroimaging. Predictive modeling approaches that define and validate models with independent datasets offer a solution to this problem. While these methods can detect novel and generalizable brain-behavior associations, they can be daunting, which has limited their use by the wider connectivity community. Here, we offer practical advice and examples based on functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) functional connectivity data for implementing these approaches. We hope these ten rules will increase the use of predictive models with neuroimaging data.
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213
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Smeets PAM, Dagher A, Hare TA, Kullmann S, van der Laan LN, Poldrack RA, Preissl H, Small D, Stice E, Veldhuizen MG. Good practice in food-related neuroimaging. Am J Clin Nutr 2019; 109:491-503. [PMID: 30834431 PMCID: PMC7945961 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqy344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of neuroimaging tools, especially functional magnetic resonance imaging, in nutritional research has increased substantially over the past 2 decades. Neuroimaging is a research tool with great potential impact on the field of nutrition, but to achieve that potential, appropriate use of techniques and interpretation of neuroimaging results is necessary. In this article, we present guidelines for good methodological practice in functional magnetic resonance imaging studies and flag specific limitations in the hope of helping researchers to make the most of neuroimaging tools and avoid potential pitfalls. We highlight specific considerations for food-related studies, such as how to adjust statistically for common confounders, like, for example, hunger state, menstrual phase, and BMI, as well as how to optimally match different types of food stimuli. Finally, we summarize current research needs and future directions, such as the use of prospective designs and more realistic paradigms for studying eating behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A M Smeets
- UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, NL,Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands,Address correspondence to PAMS (e-mail: )
| | - Alain Dagher
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Todd A Hare
- Zurich Center for Neuroeconomics, Department of Economics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stephanie Kullmann
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, German Center for Diabetes Research, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Laura N van der Laan
- Amsterdam School of Communication Research, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Hubert Preissl
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, German Center for Diabetes Research, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Dana Small
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
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214
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The authors sought to identify a brain-based predictor of cocaine abstinence by using connectome-based predictive modeling (CPM), a recently developed machine learning approach. CPM is a predictive tool and a method of identifying networks that underlie specific behaviors ("neural fingerprints"). METHODS Fifty-three individuals participated in neuroimaging protocols at the start of treatment for cocaine use disorder, and again at the end of 12 weeks of treatment. CPM with leave-one-out cross-validation was conducted to identify pretreatment networks that predicted abstinence (percent cocaine-negative urine samples during treatment). Networks were applied to posttreatment functional MRI data to assess changes over time and ability to predict abstinence during follow-up. The predictive ability of identified networks was then tested in a separate, heterogeneous sample of individuals who underwent scanning before treatment for cocaine use disorder (N=45). RESULTS CPM predicted abstinence during treatment, as indicated by a significant correspondence between predicted and actual abstinence values (r=0.42, df=52). Identified networks included connections within and between canonical networks implicated in cognitive/executive control (frontoparietal, medial frontal) and in reward responsiveness (subcortical, salience, motor/sensory). Connectivity strength did not change with treatment, and strength at posttreatment assessment also significantly predicted abstinence during follow-up (r=0.34, df=39). Network strength in the independent sample predicted treatment response with 64% accuracy by itself and 71% accuracy when combined with baseline cocaine use. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that individual differences in large-scale neural networks contribute to variability in treatment outcomes for cocaine use disorder, and they identify specific abstinence networks that may be targeted in novel interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah W. Yip
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510,Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510,Location of work and address for correspondence: Sarah W. Yip, 1 Church Street, Suite 731, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA; Tel: (203) 704-7588;
| | - Dustin Scheinost
- Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510,Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510
| | - Marc N. Potenza
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510,Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510,Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510,Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT, 06519
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215
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Tackett JL, Brandes CM, King KM, Markon KE. Psychology's Replication Crisis and Clinical Psychological Science. Annu Rev Clin Psychol 2019; 15:579-604. [PMID: 30673512 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050718-095710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Despite psychological scientists' increasing interest in replicability, open science, research transparency, and the improvement of methods and practices, the clinical psychology community has been slow to engage. This has been shifting more recently, and with this review, we hope to facilitate this emerging dialogue. We begin by examining some potential areas of weakness in clinical psychology in terms of methods, practices, and evidentiary base. We then discuss a select overview of solutions, tools, and current concerns of the reform movement from a clinical psychological science perspective. We examine areas of clinical science expertise (e.g., implementation science) that should be leveraged to inform open science and reform efforts. Finally, we reiterate the call to clinical psychologists to increase their efforts toward reform that can further improve the credibility of clinical psychological science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Tackett
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA;
| | - Cassandra M Brandes
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA;
| | - Kevin M King
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Kristian E Markon
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
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216
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Imaging stress: an overview of stress induction methods in the MR scanner. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2019; 126:1187-1202. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-018-01965-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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217
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Zillekens IC, Brandi ML, Lahnakoski JM, Koul A, Manera V, Becchio C, Schilbach L. Increased functional coupling of the left amygdala and medial prefrontal cortex during the perception of communicative point-light stimuli. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2019; 14:97-107. [PMID: 30481356 PMCID: PMC6318468 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsy105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Interpersonal predictive coding (IPPC) describes the behavioral phenomenon whereby seeing a communicative rather than an individual action helps to discern a masked second agent. As little is known, yet, about the neural correlates of IPPC, we conducted a functional magnetic resonance imaging study in a group of 27 healthy participants using point-light displays of moving agents embedded in distractors. We discovered that seeing communicative compared to individual actions was associated with higher activation of right superior frontal gyrus, whereas the reversed contrast elicited increased neural activation in an action observation network that was activated during all trials. Our findings, therefore, potentially indicate the formation of action predictions and a reduced demand for executive control in response to communicative actions. Further, in a regression analysis, we revealed that increased perceptual sensitivity was associated with a deactivation of the left amygdala during the perceptual task. A consecutive psychophysiological interaction analysis showed increased connectivity of the amygdala with medial prefrontal cortex in the context of communicative compared to individual actions. Thus, whereas increased amygdala signaling might interfere with task-relevant processes, increased co-activation of the amygdala and the medial prefrontal cortex in a communicative context might represent the integration of mentalizing computations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imme C Zillekens
- Independent Max Planck Research Group for Social Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany.,International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Marie-Luise Brandi
- Independent Max Planck Research Group for Social Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Juha M Lahnakoski
- Independent Max Planck Research Group for Social Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Atesh Koul
- Cognition, Motion and Neuroscience Unit, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Cristina Becchio
- Cognition, Motion and Neuroscience Unit, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy.,Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Leonhard Schilbach
- Independent Max Planck Research Group for Social Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany.,International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry, Munich, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
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218
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A comparative fMRI meta-analysis of altruistic and strategic decisions to give. Neuroimage 2019; 184:227-241. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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219
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Chase HW, Graur S, Fournier JC, Bertocci M, Greenberg T, Aslam H, Stiffler R, Lockovich J, Bebko G, Iyengar S, Phillips ML. WITHDRAWN: Relationship between functional connectivity between the ventral striatum and right ventrolateral prefrontal cortex and individual differences in goal-engagement dimensions of impulsive sensation seeking. Cortex 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2018.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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220
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Stice E, Yokum S. Relation of neural response to palatable food tastes and images to future weight gain: Using bootstrap sampling to examine replicability of neuroimaging findings. Neuroimage 2018; 183:522-531. [PMID: 30144570 PMCID: PMC6197913 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Because understanding neural vulnerability factors that predict future weight gain may guide the design of more effective obesity prevention programs and treatments, we tested whether neural response to palatable food tastes and images predicted future weight gain. We recruited 135 initially healthy weight adolescents, to reduce the possibility that a history of overeating affected neural responsivity, had them complete fMRI paradigms examining neural response to tastes of milkshakes that varied in fat and sugar content and images of palatable foods, and assessed BMI annually over a 3-year follow-up. We used a novel bootstrapping analytic approach to investigate the replicability of the fMRI findings. Whole-brain analyses indicated that lower response in the pre-supplemental motor area to high-fat/low-sugar milkshake taste predicted future BMI gain in the full sample and in 5 out of the 10 bootstrap samples. Elevated response in the precentral gyrus/Rolandic operculum to images of appetizing foods predicted future BMI gain in the full sample and in 4 out of the 10 bootstrap samples. Other peaks that emerged in the full sample did not replicate in most of the bootstrap samples, suggesting they were not reliable. Region of interest analyses did not replicate the predictive effects of peaks reported in past papers that used similar paradigms, including the evidence that TaqIA polymorphism moderated the relation of striatal response to palatable food tastes to future weight gain. Results suggest that lower responsivity of a region implicated in motor processing in response to palatable taste was associated with greater BMI gain over time, and further that bootstrap sampling may be useful for estimating the replicability of findings that emerge from whole brain analyses or regions of interest analyses with the full sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Stice
- Oregon Research Institute, 1776 Millrace Drive, Eugene, OR, 97403, USA.
| | - S Yokum
- Oregon Research Institute, 1776 Millrace Drive, Eugene, OR, 97403, USA
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221
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Rennig J, Beauchamp MS. Free viewing of talking faces reveals mouth and eye preferring regions of the human superior temporal sulcus. Neuroimage 2018; 183:25-36. [PMID: 30092347 PMCID: PMC6214361 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
During face-to-face communication, the mouth of the talker is informative about speech content, while the eyes of the talker convey other information, such as gaze location. Viewers most often fixate either the mouth or the eyes of the talker's face, presumably allowing them to sample these different sources of information. To study the neural correlates of this process, healthy humans freely viewed talking faces while brain activity was measured with BOLD fMRI and eye movements were recorded with a video-based eye tracker. Post hoc trial sorting was used to divide the data into trials in which participants fixated the mouth of the talker and trials in which they fixated the eyes. Although the audiovisual stimulus was identical, the two trials types evoked differing responses in subregions of the posterior superior temporal sulcus (pSTS). The anterior pSTS preferred trials in which participants fixated the mouth of the talker while the posterior pSTS preferred fixations on the eye of the talker. A second fMRI experiment demonstrated that anterior pSTS responded more strongly to auditory and audiovisual speech than posterior pSTS eye-preferring regions. These results provide evidence for functional specialization within the pSTS under more realistic viewing and stimulus conditions than in previous neuroimaging studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Rennig
- Department of Neurosurgery and Core for Advanced MRI, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Michael S Beauchamp
- Department of Neurosurgery and Core for Advanced MRI, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
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222
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Li GF, Ban S, Wang M, Zhang J, Lu H, Shi YH, He XW, Wu YL, Peng P, Liu YS, Zhuang MT, Zhao R, Shen XL, Li Q, Liu JR, Du X. Brain functional changes in patients with botulism after illegal cosmetic injections of botulinum toxin: A resting-state fMRI study. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0207448. [PMID: 30485326 PMCID: PMC6261580 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Botulinum toxin type A (BoNT-A) is generally considered safe and is widely used to treat a variety of clinical conditions involving muscle hyperactivity and for cosmetic purposes. However, the effects of BoNT-A poisoning (botulism) on brain function are poorly understood. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Herein, we investigated brain functions in 9 patients who received illegal cosmetic injections of botulinum and 18 matched controls by combining the analysis methods of regional homogeneity (ReHo) and amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (ALFF) based on resting-state fMRI. Compared with the controls, the patients with botulism exhibited significantly reduced ReHo values in the left posterior lobe of the cerebellum extending to the right anterior lobe of the cerebellum, as well as in the right anterior lobe of the cerebellum extending to the parahippocampal gyrus and right posterior lobe of the cerebellum. The patients with botulism also showed weakened ALFF values in the right anterior lobe of the cerebellum extending to the left anterior lobe of the cerebellum and right posterior lobe of the cerebellum, as well as in the right anterior lobe of the cerebellum. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The results indicate that BoNT-A may modulate cerebral activation in specific areas, which may play roles in both the adverse effects of botulism and the mechanism underlying clinical treatment with BoNT-A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge-Fei Li
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Clinical Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shiyu Ban
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Department of Physics, School of Physics and Materials Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengxing Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Department of Physics, School of Physics and Materials Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jilei Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Department of Physics, School of Physics and Materials Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haifeng Lu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Department of Physics, School of Physics and Materials Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan-Hui Shi
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Clinical Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin-Wei He
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Clinical Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi-Lan Wu
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Clinical Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Peng Peng
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi-Sheng Liu
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Mei-Ting Zhuang
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Rong Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Clinical Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Lei Shen
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (XD); (QL); (JRL)
| | - Jian-Ren Liu
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Clinical Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (XD); (QL); (JRL)
| | - Xiaoxia Du
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Department of Physics, School of Physics and Materials Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (XD); (QL); (JRL)
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223
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Chung MH, Martins B, Privratsky A, James GA, Kilts CD, Bush KA. Individual differences in rate of acquiring stable neural representations of tasks in fMRI. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0207352. [PMID: 30475812 PMCID: PMC6261022 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Task-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a widely-used tool for studying the neural processing correlates of human behavior in both healthy and clinical populations. There is growing interest in mapping individual differences in fMRI task behavior and neural responses. By utilizing neuroadaptive task designs accounting for such individual differences, task durations can be personalized to potentially optimize neuroimaging study outcomes (e.g., classification of task-related brain states). To test this hypothesis, we first retrospectively tracked the volume-by-volume changes of beta weights generated from general linear models (GLM) for 67 adult subjects performing a stop-signal task (SST). We then modeled the convergence of the volume-by-volume changes of beta weights according to their exponential decay (ED) in units of half-life. Our results showed significant differences in beta weight convergence estimates of optimal stopping times (OSTs) between go following successful stop trials and failed stop trials for both cocaine dependent (CD) and control group (Con), and between go following successful stop trials and go following failed stop trials for Con group. Further, we implemented support vector machine (SVM) classification for 67 CD/Con labeled subjects and compared the classification accuracies of fMRI-based features derived from (1) the full fMRI task versus (2) the fMRI task truncated to multiples of the unit of half-life. Among the computed binary classification accuracies, two types of task durations based on 2 half-lives significantly outperformed the accuracies using fully acquired trials, supporting this length as the OST for the SST. In conclusion, we demonstrate the potential of a neuroadaptive task design that can be widely applied to personalizing other task-based fMRI experiments in either dynamic real-time fMRI applications or within fMRI preprocessing pipelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Hua Chung
- Brain Imaging Research Center, Psychiatric Research Institute, Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Bradford Martins
- Brain Imaging Research Center, Psychiatric Research Institute, Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Anthony Privratsky
- Brain Imaging Research Center, Psychiatric Research Institute, Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - G. Andrew James
- Brain Imaging Research Center, Psychiatric Research Institute, Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Clint D. Kilts
- Brain Imaging Research Center, Psychiatric Research Institute, Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Keith A. Bush
- Brain Imaging Research Center, Psychiatric Research Institute, Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States of America
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224
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Lombardo MV, Pramparo T, Gazestani V, Warrier V, Bethlehem RAI, Carter Barnes C, Lopez L, Lewis NE, Eyler L, Pierce K, Courchesne E. Large-scale associations between the leukocyte transcriptome and BOLD responses to speech differ in autism early language outcome subtypes. Nat Neurosci 2018; 21:1680-1688. [PMID: 30482947 PMCID: PMC6445349 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-018-0281-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Heterogeneity in early language development in autism spectrum disorders (ASD) is clinically important and may reflect neurobiologically distinct subtypes. Here we identify a large-scale association between multiple coordinated blood leukocyte gene co-expression modules and multivariate functional neuroimaging (fMRI) response to speech. Gene co-expression modules associated with multivariate fMRI response to speech are different for all pairwise comparisons between typically developing toddlers and toddlers with ASD and either poor versus good early language outcome. Associated co-expression modules are enriched in genes that are broadly expressed in the brain and many other tissues. These co-expression modules are also enriched for ASD, prenatal, human-specific and language-relevant genes. This work highlights distinctive neurobiology in ASD subtypes with different early language outcomes that is present well before such outcomes are known. Associations between neuroimaging measures and gene expression levels in blood leukocytes may offer a unique in-vivo window into identifying brain-relevant molecular mechanisms in ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael V Lombardo
- Department of Psychology, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus. .,Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Tiziano Pramparo
- Department of Neuroscience, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Vahid Gazestani
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Varun Warrier
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Richard A I Bethlehem
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Linda Lopez
- Department of Neuroscience, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Nathan E Lewis
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability at the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Lisa Eyler
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Karen Pierce
- Department of Neuroscience, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Eric Courchesne
- Department of Neuroscience, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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225
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Müller RA, Fishman I. Brain Connectivity and Neuroimaging of Social Networks in Autism. Trends Cogn Sci 2018; 22:1103-1116. [PMID: 30391214 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2018.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Impairments in social communication (SC) predominate among the core diagnostic features of autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). Neuroimaging has revealed numerous findings of atypical activity and connectivity of 'social brain' networks, yet no consensus view on crucial developmental causes of SC deficits has emerged. Aside from methodological challenges, the deeper problem concerns the clinical label of ASD. While genetic studies have not comprehensively explained the causes of nonsyndromic ASDs, they highlight that the clinical label encompasses many etiologically different disorders. The question of how potential causes and etiologies converge onto a comparatively narrow set of SC deficits remains. Only neuroimaging designs searching for subtypes within ASD cohorts (rather than conventional group level designs) can provide translationally informative answers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph-Axel Müller
- Brain Development Imaging Laboratories, SDSU Center for Autism and Developmental Disorders, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA.
| | - Inna Fishman
- Brain Development Imaging Laboratories, SDSU Center for Autism and Developmental Disorders, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
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226
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Bloomfield MAP, Hindocha C, Green SF, Wall MB, Lees R, Petrilli K, Costello H, Ogunbiyi MO, Bossong MG, Freeman TP. The neuropsychopharmacology of cannabis: A review of human imaging studies. Pharmacol Ther 2018; 195:132-161. [PMID: 30347211 PMCID: PMC6416743 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The laws governing cannabis are evolving worldwide and associated with changing patterns of use. The main psychoactive drug in cannabis is Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), a partial agonist at the endocannabinoid CB1 receptor. Acutely, cannabis and THC produce a range of effects on several neurocognitive and pharmacological systems. These include effects on executive, emotional, reward and memory processing via direct interactions with the endocannabinoid system and indirect effects on the glutamatergic, GABAergic and dopaminergic systems. Cannabidiol, a non-intoxicating cannabinoid found in some forms of cannabis, may offset some of these acute effects. Heavy repeated cannabis use, particularly during adolescence, has been associated with adverse effects on these systems, which increase the risk of mental illnesses including addiction and psychosis. Here, we provide a comprehensive state of the art review on the acute and chronic neuropsychopharmacology of cannabis by synthesizing the available neuroimaging research in humans. We describe the effects of drug exposure during development, implications for understanding psychosis and cannabis use disorder, and methodological considerations. Greater understanding of the precise mechanisms underlying the effects of cannabis may also give rise to new treatment targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A P Bloomfield
- Translational Psychiatry Research Group, Research Department of Mental Health Neuroscience, Division of Psychiatry, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, United Kingdom; Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, United Kingdom; Psychiatric Imaging Group, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom; NIHR University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, University College Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Institute of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, United Kingdom.
| | - Chandni Hindocha
- Translational Psychiatry Research Group, Research Department of Mental Health Neuroscience, Division of Psychiatry, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, United Kingdom; Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, United Kingdom; NIHR University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, University College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sebastian F Green
- Translational Psychiatry Research Group, Research Department of Mental Health Neuroscience, Division of Psychiatry, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew B Wall
- Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, United Kingdom; Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology, Division of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Invicro UK, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Lees
- Translational Psychiatry Research Group, Research Department of Mental Health Neuroscience, Division of Psychiatry, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, United Kingdom; Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, United Kingdom; Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, United Kingdom
| | - Katherine Petrilli
- Translational Psychiatry Research Group, Research Department of Mental Health Neuroscience, Division of Psychiatry, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, United Kingdom; Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, United Kingdom; Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, United Kingdom
| | - Harry Costello
- Translational Psychiatry Research Group, Research Department of Mental Health Neuroscience, Division of Psychiatry, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, United Kingdom
| | - M Olabisi Ogunbiyi
- Translational Psychiatry Research Group, Research Department of Mental Health Neuroscience, Division of Psychiatry, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, United Kingdom
| | - Matthijs G Bossong
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Tom P Freeman
- Translational Psychiatry Research Group, Research Department of Mental Health Neuroscience, Division of Psychiatry, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, United Kingdom; Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, United Kingdom; Department of Psychology, University of Bath, United Kingdom; National Addiction Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, United Kingdom
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227
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Gray JC, Owens MM, Hyatt CS, Miller JD. No evidence for morphometric associations of the amygdala and hippocampus with the five-factor model personality traits in relatively healthy young adults. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0204011. [PMID: 30235257 PMCID: PMC6147458 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the important functional role of the amygdala and hippocampus in socioemotional functioning, there have been limited adequately powered studies testing how the structure of these regions relates to putatively relevant personality traits such as neuroticism. Additionally, recent advances in MRI analysis methods provide unprecedented accuracy in measuring these structures and enable segmentation into their substructures. Using the new FreeSurfer amygdala and hippocampus segmentation pipelines with the full Human Connectome Project sample (N = 1105), the current study investigated whether the morphometry of these structures is associated with the five-factor model (FFM) personality traits in a sample of relatively healthy young adults. Drawing from prior findings, the following hypotheses were tested: 1) amygdala and hippocampus gray matter volume would be associated with neuroticism, 2) CA2/3 and dentate gyrus would account for the relationship of the hippocampus with neuroticism, and 3) amygdala gray matter volume would be inversely associated with extraversion. Exploratory analyses were conducted investigating potential associations between all of the FFM traits and the structure of the hippocampus and amygdala and their subregions. Despite some previous positive findings of whole amygdala and hippocampus with personality traits and related psychopathology (e.g., depression), the current results indicated no relationships between the any of the brain regions and the FFM personality traits. Given the large sample and utilization of sophisticated analytic methodology, the current study suggests no association of amygdala and hippocampus morphometry with major domains of personality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua C. Gray
- Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Max M. Owens
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Courtland S. Hyatt
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Joshua D. Miller
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
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228
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Network Neuroscience and Personality. PERSONALITY NEUROSCIENCE 2018; 1:e14. [PMID: 32435733 PMCID: PMC7219685 DOI: 10.1017/pen.2018.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Personality and individual differences originate from the brain. Despite major advances in the affective and cognitive neurosciences, however, it is still not well understood how personality and single personality traits are represented within the brain. Most research on brain-personality correlates has focused either on morphological aspects of the brain such as increases or decreases in local gray matter volume, or has investigated how personality traits can account for individual differences in activation differences in various tasks. Here, we propose that personality neuroscience can be advanced by adding a network perspective on brain structure and function, an endeavor that we label personality network neuroscience. With the rise of resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), the establishment of connectomics as a theoretical framework for structural and functional connectivity modeling, and recent advancements in the application of mathematical graph theory to brain connectivity data, several new tools and techniques are readily available to be applied in personality neuroscience. The present contribution introduces these concepts, reviews recent progress in their application to the study of individual differences, and explores their potential to advance our understanding of the neural implementation of personality. Trait theorists have long argued that personality traits are biophysical entities that are not mere abstractions of and metaphors for human behavior. Traits are thought to actually exist in the brain, presumably in the form of conceptual nervous systems. A conceptual nervous system refers to the attempt to describe parts of the central nervous system in functional terms with relevance to psychology and behavior. We contend that personality network neuroscience can characterize these conceptual nervous systems on a functional and anatomical level and has the potential do link dispositional neural correlates to actual behavior.
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229
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Kraynak TE, Marsland AL, Wager TD, Gianaros PJ. Functional neuroanatomy of peripheral inflammatory physiology: A meta-analysis of human neuroimaging studies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018; 94:76-92. [PMID: 30067939 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Communication between the brain and peripheral mediators of systemic inflammation is implicated in numerous psychological, behavioral, and physiological processes. Functional neuroimaging studies have identified brain regions that associate with peripheral inflammation in humans, yet there are open questions about the consistency, specificity, and network characteristics of these findings. The present systematic review provides a meta-analysis to address these questions. Multilevel kernel density analysis of 24 studies (37 statistical maps; 264 coordinates; 457 participants) revealed consistent effects in the amygdala, hippocampus, hypothalamus, striatum, insula, midbrain, and brainstem, as well as prefrontal and temporal cortices. Effects in some regions were specific to particular study designs and tasks. Spatial pattern analysis revealed significant overlap of reported effects with limbic, default mode, ventral attention, and corticostriatal networks, and co-activation analyses revealed functional ensembles encompassing the prefrontal cortex, insula, and midbrain/brainstem. Together, these results characterize brain regions and networks associated with peripheral inflammation in humans, and they provide a functional neuroanatomical reference point for future neuroimaging studies on brain-body interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E Kraynak
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA; Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA.
| | - Anna L Marsland
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - Tor D Wager
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA; Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Peter J Gianaros
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA; Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
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230
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Borghi JA, Van Gulick AE. Data management and sharing in neuroimaging: Practices and perceptions of MRI researchers. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200562. [PMID: 30011302 PMCID: PMC6047789 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroimaging methods such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) involve complex data collection and analysis protocols, which necessitate the establishment of good research data management (RDM). Despite efforts within the field to address issues related to rigor and reproducibility, information about the RDM-related practices and perceptions of neuroimaging researchers remains largely anecdotal. To inform such efforts, we conducted an online survey of active MRI researchers that covered a range of RDM-related topics. Survey questions addressed the type(s) of data collected, tools used for data storage, organization, and analysis, and the degree to which practices are defined and standardized within a research group. Our results demonstrate that neuroimaging data is acquired in multifarious forms, transformed and analyzed using a wide variety of software tools, and that RDM practices and perceptions vary considerably both within and between research groups, with trainees reporting less consistency than faculty. Ratings of the maturity of RDM practices from ad-hoc to refined were relatively high during the data collection and analysis phases of a project and significantly lower during the data sharing phase. Perceptions of emerging practices including open access publishing and preregistration were largely positive, but demonstrated little adoption into current practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A. Borghi
- UC Curation Center, California Digital Library, Oakland California, United States of America
| | - Ana E. Van Gulick
- University Libraries, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Psychology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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231
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Lorca-Puls DL, Gajardo-Vidal A, White J, Seghier ML, Leff AP, Green DW, Crinion JT, Ludersdorfer P, Hope TMH, Bowman H, Price CJ. The impact of sample size on the reproducibility of voxel-based lesion-deficit mappings. Neuropsychologia 2018; 115:101-111. [PMID: 29550526 PMCID: PMC6018568 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2018.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated how sample size affects the reproducibility of findings from univariate voxel-based lesion-deficit analyses (e.g., voxel-based lesion-symptom mapping and voxel-based morphometry). Our effect of interest was the strength of the mapping between brain damage and speech articulation difficulties, as measured in terms of the proportion of variance explained. First, we identified a region of interest by searching on a voxel-by-voxel basis for brain areas where greater lesion load was associated with poorer speech articulation using a large sample of 360 right-handed English-speaking stroke survivors. We then randomly drew thousands of bootstrap samples from this data set that included either 30, 60, 90, 120, 180, or 360 patients. For each resample, we recorded effect size estimates and p values after conducting exactly the same lesion-deficit analysis within the previously identified region of interest and holding all procedures constant. The results show (1) how often small effect sizes in a heterogeneous population fail to be detected; (2) how effect size and its statistical significance varies with sample size; (3) how low-powered studies (due to small sample sizes) can greatly over-estimate as well as under-estimate effect sizes; and (4) how large sample sizes (N ≥ 90) can yield highly significant p values even when effect sizes are so small that they become trivial in practical terms. The implications of these findings for interpreting the results from univariate voxel-based lesion-deficit analyses are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego L Lorca-Puls
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom; Department of Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Concepcion, PO Box 160-C, Concepcion, Chile.
| | - Andrea Gajardo-Vidal
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom; Department of Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad del Desarrollo, 4070001 Concepcion, Chile
| | - Jitrachote White
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom
| | - Mohamed L Seghier
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom; Cognitive Neuroimaging Unit, Emirates College for Advanced Education, PO Box 126662, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Alexander P Leff
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London, London WC1N 3AR, United Kingdom; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom
| | - David W Green
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London, London WC1H 0AP, United Kingdom
| | - Jenny T Crinion
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London, London WC1N 3AR, United Kingdom
| | - Philipp Ludersdorfer
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas M H Hope
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom
| | - Howard Bowman
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems and the School of Computing, University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7NF, United Kingdom; School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Cathy J Price
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom
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232
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Alkire D, Levitas D, Warnell KR, Redcay E. Social interaction recruits mentalizing and reward systems in middle childhood. Hum Brain Mapp 2018; 39:3928-3942. [PMID: 29885085 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Social cognition develops in the context of reciprocal social interaction. However, most neuroimaging studies of mentalizing have used noninteractive tasks that may fail to capture important aspects of real-world mentalizing. In adults, social-interactive context modulates activity in regions linked to social cognition and reward, but few interactive studies have been done with children. The current fMRI study examines children aged 8-12 using a novel paradigm in which children believed they were interacting online with a peer. We compared mental and non-mental state reasoning about a live partner (Peer) versus a story character (Character), testing the effects of mentalizing and social interaction in a 2 × 2 design. Mental versus Non-Mental reasoning engaged regions identified in prior mentalizing studies, including the temporoparietal junction, superior temporal sulcus, and dorsomedial prefrontal cortex. Moreover, peer interaction, even in conditions without explicit mentalizing demands, activated many of the same mentalizing regions. Peer interaction also activated areas outside the traditional mentalizing network, including the reward system. Our results demonstrate that social interaction engages multiple neural systems during middle childhood and contribute further evidence that social-interactive paradigms are needed to fully capture how the brain supports social processing in the real world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Alkire
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, 20742.,Neuroscience and Cognitive Science Program, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, 20742
| | - Daniel Levitas
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, 47405
| | | | - Elizabeth Redcay
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, 20742.,Neuroscience and Cognitive Science Program, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, 20742
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233
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Turner BO, Paul EJ, Miller MB, Barbey AK. Small sample sizes reduce the replicability of task-based fMRI studies. Commun Biol 2018; 1:62. [PMID: 30271944 PMCID: PMC6123695 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-018-0073-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite a growing body of research suggesting that task-based functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies often suffer from a lack of statistical power due to too-small samples, the proliferation of such underpowered studies continues unabated. Using large independent samples across eleven tasks, we demonstrate the impact of sample size on replicability, assessed at different levels of analysis relevant to fMRI researchers. We find that the degree of replicability for typical sample sizes is modest and that sample sizes much larger than typical (e.g., N = 100) produce results that fall well short of perfectly replicable. Thus, our results join the existing line of work advocating for larger sample sizes. Moreover, because we test sample sizes over a fairly large range and use intuitive metrics of replicability, our hope is that our results are more understandable and convincing to researchers who may have found previous results advocating for larger samples inaccessible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin O Turner
- Wee Kim Wee School of Communication and Information, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Erick J Paul
- Microsoft Corporation, 1 Microsoft Way, Redmond, WA, 98052, USA
| | - Michael B Miller
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Aron K Barbey
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
- Center for Brain Plasticity, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
- Carle R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
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234
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Shearrer GE, Stice E, Burger KS. Adolescents at high risk of obesity show greater striatal response to increased sugar content in milkshakes. Am J Clin Nutr 2018; 107:859-866. [PMID: 29771283 PMCID: PMC6037118 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqy050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Children of overweight or obese parents are at a high risk of developing obesity. Objective This study sought to examine the underlying neural factors related to parental obesity risk and the relative impact of sugar and fat when consuming a palatable food, as well as the impact of obesity risk status on brain response to appetizing food images. Design With the use of functional MRI, the responses of 108 healthy-weight adolescents [mean ± SD body mass index (kg/m2): 20.9 ± 1.9; n = 53 who were at high risk by virtue of parental obesity status, n = 55 who were low risk] to food stimuli were examined. Stimuli included 4 milkshakes, which systematically varied in sugar and fat content, a calorie-free tasteless solution, and images of appetizing foods and glasses of water. Results High-risk compared with low-risk adolescents showed greater blood oxygen-dependent response to milkshakes (all variants collapsed) compared with the tasteless solution in the primary gustatory and oral somatosensory cortices (P-family-wise error rate < 0.05), replicating a previous report. Notably, high-risk adolescents showed greater caudate, gustatory, and oral somatosensory responses to the high-sugar milkshake than to the tasteless solution; however, no effect of risk status was observed in the high-fat milkshake condition. Responses to food images were not related to obesity risk status. Conclusion Collectively, the data presented here suggest that parental weight status is associated with greater striatal, gustatory, and somatosensory responses to palatable foods-in particular, high-sugar foods-in their adolescent offspring, which theoretically contributes to an increased risk of future overeating. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01949636.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace E Shearrer
- Department of Nutritional Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | | | - Kyle S Burger
- Department of Nutritional Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC,Address correspondence to KSB (e-mail: )
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235
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Chase HW, Loriemi P, Wensing T, Eickhoff SB, Nickl-Jockschat T. Meta-analytic evidence for altered mesolimbic responses to reward in schizophrenia. Hum Brain Mapp 2018; 39:2917-2928. [PMID: 29573046 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysfunction of reward-related neural circuitry in schizophrenia (SCZ) has been widely reported, and may provide insight into the motivational and cognitive disturbances that characterize the disorder. Although previous meta-analyses of reward learning paradigms in SCZ have been performed, a meta-analysis of whole-brain coordinate maps in SCZ alone has not been conducted. In this study, we performed an activation likelihood estimate (ALE) meta-analysis, and performed a follow-up analysis of functional connectivity and functional decoding of identified regions. We report several salient findings that extend prior work in this area. First, an alteration in reward-related activation was observed in the right ventral striatum, but this was not solely driven by hypoactivation in the SCZ group compared to healthy controls. Second, the region was characterized by functional connectivity primarily with the lateral prefrontal cortex and pre-supplementary motor area (preSMA), as well as subcortical regions such as the thalamus which show structural deficits in SCZ. Finally, although the meta-analysis showed no regions outside the ventral striatum to be significantly altered, regions with higher functional connectivity with the ventral striatum showed a greater number of subthreshold foci. Together, these findings confirm the alteration of ventral striatal function in SCZ, but suggest that a network-based approach may assist future analysis of the functional underpinnings of the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry W Chase
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Polina Loriemi
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.,Juelich Aachen Research Alliance - Translational Brain Medicine, Aachen, Germany
| | - Tobias Wensing
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.,Juelich Aachen Research Alliance - Translational Brain Medicine, Aachen, Germany
| | - Simon B Eickhoff
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Brain and Behaviour (INM-7), Research Center Jülich, Jülich, Germany.,Institute for Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Thomas Nickl-Jockschat
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.,Juelich Aachen Research Alliance - Translational Brain Medicine, Aachen, Germany.,Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
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236
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Tillman RM, Stockbridge MD, Nacewicz BM, Torrisi S, Fox AS, Smith JF, Shackman AJ. Intrinsic functional connectivity of the central extended amygdala. Hum Brain Mapp 2018; 39:1291-1312. [PMID: 29235190 PMCID: PMC5807241 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 12/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The central extended amygdala (EAc)-including the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BST) and central nucleus of the amygdala (Ce)-plays a critical role in triggering fear and anxiety and is implicated in the development of a range of debilitating neuropsychiatric disorders. Although it is widely believed that these disorders reflect the coordinated activity of distributed neural circuits, the functional architecture of the EAc network and the degree to which the BST and the Ce show distinct patterns of functional connectivity is unclear. Here, we used a novel combination of imaging approaches to trace the connectivity of the BST and the Ce in 130 healthy, racially diverse, community-dwelling adults. Multiband imaging, high-precision registration techniques, and spatially unsmoothed data maximized anatomical specificity. Using newly developed seed regions, whole-brain regression analyses revealed robust functional connectivity between the BST and Ce via the sublenticular extended amygdala, the ribbon of subcortical gray matter encompassing the ventral amygdalofugal pathway. Both regions displayed coupling with the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), midcingulate cortex (MCC), insula, and anterior hippocampus. The BST showed stronger connectivity with the thalamus, striatum, periaqueductal gray, and several prefrontal territories. The only regions showing stronger functional connectivity with the Ce were neighboring regions of the dorsal amygdala, amygdalohippocampal area, and anterior hippocampus. These observations provide a baseline against which to compare a range of special populations, inform our understanding of the role of the EAc in normal and pathological fear and anxiety, and showcase image registration techniques that are likely to be useful for researchers working with "deidentified" neuroimaging data.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Melissa D. Stockbridge
- Department of Hearing and Speech SciencesUniversity of MarylandCollege ParkMaryland20742
| | - Brendon M. Nacewicz
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of Wisconsin—Madison, 6001 Research Park BoulevardMadisonWisconsin53719
| | - Salvatore Torrisi
- Section on the Neurobiology of Fear and AnxietyNational Institute of Mental HealthBethesdaMaryland20892
| | - Andrew S. Fox
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCalifornia95616
- California National Primate Research CenterUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCalifornia95616
| | - Jason F. Smith
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of MarylandCollege ParkMaryland20742
| | - Alexander J. Shackman
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of MarylandCollege ParkMaryland20742
- Neuroscience and Cognitive Science ProgramUniversity of MarylandCollege ParkMaryland20742
- Maryland Neuroimaging CenterUniversity of MarylandCollege ParkMaryland20742
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237
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Schreuders E, Klapwijk ET, Will GJ, Güroğlu B. Friend versus foe: Neural correlates of prosocial decisions for liked and disliked peers. COGNITIVE, AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2018; 18:127-142. [PMID: 29318509 PMCID: PMC5823968 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-017-0557-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Although the majority of our social interactions are with people we know, few studies have investigated the neural correlates of sharing valuable resources with familiar others. Using an ecologically valid research paradigm, this functional magnetic resonance imaging study examined the neural correlates of prosocial and selfish behavior in interactions with real-life friends and disliked peers in young adults. Participants (N = 27) distributed coins between themselves and another person, where they could make selfish choices that maximized their own gains or prosocial choices that maximized outcomes of the other. Participants were more prosocial toward friends and more selfish toward disliked peers. Individual prosociality levels toward friends were associated negatively with supplementary motor area and anterior insula activity. Further preliminary analyses showed that prosocial decisions involving friends were associated with heightened activity in the bilateral posterior temporoparietal junction, and selfish decisions involving disliked peers were associated with heightened superior temporal sulcus activity, which are brain regions consistently shown to be involved in mentalizing and perspective taking in prior studies. Further, activation of the putamen was observed during prosocial choices involving friends and selfish choices involving disliked peers. These findings provide insights into the modulation of neural processes that underlie prosocial behavior as a function of a positive or negative relationship with the interaction partner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Schreuders
- Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.
- Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition (LIBC), Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Eduard T Klapwijk
- Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition (LIBC), Leiden, The Netherlands
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Curium-Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Geert-Jan Will
- Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition (LIBC), Leiden, The Netherlands
- Max Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, University College London, London, UK
| | - Berna Güroğlu
- Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition (LIBC), Leiden, The Netherlands
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238
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Yeung AWK. An Updated Survey on Statistical Thresholding and Sample Size of fMRI Studies. Front Hum Neurosci 2018; 12:16. [PMID: 29434545 PMCID: PMC5790797 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2018.00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Since the early 2010s, the neuroimaging field has paid more attention to the issue of false positives. Several journals have issued guidelines regarding statistical thresholds. Three papers have reported the statistical analysis of the thresholds used in fMRI literature, but they were published at least 3 years ago and surveyed papers published during 2007-2012. This study revisited this topic to evaluate the changes in this field. Methods: The PubMed database was searched to identify the task-based (not resting-state) fMRI papers published in 2017 and record their sample sizes, inferential methods (e.g., voxelwise or clusterwise), theoretical methods (e.g., parametric or non-parametric), significance level, cluster-defining primary threshold (CDT), volume of analysis (whole brain or region of interest) and software used. Results: The majority (95.6%) of the 388 analyzed articles reported statistics corrected for multiple comparisons. A large proportion (69.6%) of the 388 articles reported main results by clusterwise inference. The analyzed articles mostly used software Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM), Analysis of Functional NeuroImages (AFNI), or FMRIB Software Library (FSL) to conduct statistical analysis. There were 70.9%, 37.6%, and 23.1% of SPM, AFNI, and FSL studies, respectively, that used a CDT of p ≤ 0.001. The statistical sample size across the articles ranged between 7 and 1,299 with a median of 33. Sample size did not significantly correlate with the level of statistical threshold. Conclusion: There were still around 53% (142/270) studies using clusterwise inference that chose a more liberal CDT than p = 0.001 (n = 121) or did not report their CDT (n = 21), down from around 61% reported by Woo et al. (2014). For FSL studies, it seemed that the CDT practice had no improvement since the survey by Woo et al. (2014). A few studies chose unconventional CDT such as p = 0.0125 or 0.004. Such practice might create an impression that the threshold alterations were attempted to show "desired" clusters. The median sample size used in the analyzed articles was similar to those reported in previous surveys. In conclusion, there seemed to be no change in the statistical practice compared to the early 2010s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy W K Yeung
- Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Applied Oral Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
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