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Yu T, Cai LY, Torrisi S, Vu AT, Morgan VL, Goodale SE, Ramadass K, Meisler SL, Lv J, Warren AEL, Englot DJ, Cutting L, Chang C, Gore JC, Landman BA, Schilling KG. Distortion correction of functional MRI without reverse phase encoding scans or field maps. Magn Reson Imaging 2023; 103:18-27. [PMID: 37400042 PMCID: PMC10528451 DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2023.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Functional magnetic resonance images (fMRI) acquired using echo planar sequences typically suffer from spatial distortions due to susceptibility induced off-resonance fields, which may cause geometric mismatch with structural images and affect subsequent quantification and localization of brain function. State-of-the art distortion correction methods (for example, using FSL's topup or AFNI's 3dQwarp algorithms) require the collection of additional scans - either field maps or images with reverse phase encoding directions (i.e., blip-up/blip-down acquisitions) - to estimate and correct distortions. However, not all imaging protocols acquire these additional data and thus cannot take advantage of these post-acquisition corrections. In this study, we aim to enable state-of-the art processing of historical or limited datasets that do not include specific sequences for distortion correction by using only the acquired functional data and a single commonly acquired structural image. To achieve this, we synthesize an undistorted image with contrast similar to the fMRI data and use the non-distorted synthetic image as an anatomical target for distortion correction. We evaluate the efficacy of this approach, named SynBOLD-DisCo (Synthetic BOLD contrast for Distortion Correction), and show that this distortion correction process yields fMRI data that are geometrically similar to non-distorted structural images, with distortion correction virtually equivalent to acquisitions that do contain both blip-up/blip-down images. Our method is available as a Singularity container, source code, and an executable trained model to facilitate evaluation and integration into existing fMRI preprocessing pipelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Yu
- Department of Computer Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Leon Y Cai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Salvatore Torrisi
- San Francisco VA Health Care System, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - An Thanh Vu
- San Francisco VA Health Care System, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Victoria L Morgan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Sarah E Goodale
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Karthik Ramadass
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Steven L Meisler
- Program in Speech and Hearing Bioscience and Technology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jinglei Lv
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Aaron E L Warren
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dario J Englot
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Laurie Cutting
- Department of Computer Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Special Education, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Catie Chang
- Department of Computer Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - John C Gore
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Bennett A Landman
- Department of Computer Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Kurt G Schilling
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
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D'Agostino LM, Tiraboschi L, Torrisi S. European patent opposition outcomes in biotechnology. World Patent Information 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.wpi.2023.102185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
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Gorka AX, Philips RT, Torrisi S, Manbeck A, Goodwin M, Ernst M, Grillon C. Periaqueductal gray matter and medial prefrontal cortex reflect negative prediction errors during differential conditioning. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2023:7159193. [PMID: 37162323 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsad025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Computational models of associative learning posit that negative prediction errors arising from the omission of aversive outcomes weaken aversive Pavlovian associations during differential conditioning and extinction. It is possible that negative prediction errors may underlie exaggerated conditioned responses to the CS- during differential conditioning and to the CS+ during extinction in patients with clinical anxiety disorders. Although previous research has demonstrated that manipulations of the periaqueductal gray matter (PAG) interfere with extinction learning in animals, the role of the PAG in processing negative prediction errors within the human brain is presently unclear. We set out to investigate how PAG BOLD responses and connectivity are impacted by negative prediction errors using ultra-high field (7T) functional MRI and hierarchical Bayesian analysis. During differential conditioning, negative prediction errors were associated with larger BOLD responses within the lateral and dorsolateral PAG and increased connectivity between the dorsolateral PAG and medial areas of Brodmann area 9. The relationship between negative prediction errors and BOLD responses during extinction was not significant. Collectively, these results shed light on the association between activity within the PAG and medial prefrontal cortex and the omission of aversive outcomes during Pavlovian learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam X Gorka
- Section on the Neurobiology of Fear & Anxiety, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Ryan T Philips
- Section on the Neurobiology of Fear & Anxiety, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Salvatore Torrisi
- Northern California Institute for Research & Education, SFVA Medical Center, San Francisco, CA 94121
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Francisco. San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Adrienne Manbeck
- Psychology Department, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Madeline Goodwin
- Psychology Department, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
| | - Monique Ernst
- Section on the Neurobiology of Fear & Anxiety, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Christian Grillon
- Section on the Neurobiology of Fear & Anxiety, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
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Gorka AX, Philips RT, Torrisi S, Claudino L, Foray K, Grillon C, Ernst M. The Posterior Cingulate Cortex Reflects the Impact of Anxiety on Drift Rates During Cognitive Processing. Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging 2023; 8:445-451. [PMID: 35381405 PMCID: PMC9526763 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2022.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Generally, anxiety is thought to impair ongoing cognitive operations. Surprisingly, however, anxiety has been shown to improve performance during the Go/NoGo task. Understanding how anxiety can facilitate task performance may shed light on avenues to address the cognitive deficits commonly associated with anxiety. METHODS A total of 39 participants (mean age ± SD = 27.5 ± 7.22 years; 18 women) performed a Go/NoGo task during periods of safety and periods of experimental anxiety, induced using the unpredictable delivery of aversive stimuli. Computational analysis and ultrahigh field (7T) functional magnetic resonance imaging were used to determine how induced anxiety affected computational processes and blood oxygen level-dependent responses during the task. RESULTS Induced anxiety improved accuracy during the Go/NoGo task. Induced anxiety was associated with an amplified drift rate process, which is thought to reflect increased informational uptake. In addition, changes in drift rate during the anxiety condition were associated with enhanced blood oxygen level-dependent responses within the posterior cingulate cortex during Go trials. CONCLUSIONS These results may reflect the impact of induced anxiety on the activity of neurons within the posterior cingulate cortex, whose activity patterns mimic the buildup of evidence accumulation. Collectively, these results shed light on the mechanisms underlying facilitated task performance and suggest that anxiety can improve cognitive processing by enhancing information uptake and increasing activity within the posterior cingulate cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam X Gorka
- Section on the Neurobiology of Fear and Anxiety, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland.
| | - Ryan T Philips
- Section on the Neurobiology of Fear and Anxiety, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Salvatore Torrisi
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California; Advanced MRI Technologies LLC, Sebastopol, California
| | - Leonardo Claudino
- Section on the Neurobiology of Fear and Anxiety, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Katherine Foray
- Section on the Neurobiology of Fear and Anxiety, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Christian Grillon
- Section on the Neurobiology of Fear and Anxiety, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Monique Ernst
- Section on the Neurobiology of Fear and Anxiety, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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Isola G, Santonocito S, Di Tommasi S, Torrisi S, Iorio-Siciliano V, Caltabiano R, Ramaglia L, Torrisi P. Use of Autogenous Tooth-Derived Mineralized Dentin Matrix in the Alveolar Ridge Preservation Technique: Clinical and Histologic Evaluation. INT J PERIODONT REST 2022; 42:497-504. [PMID: 35830314 DOI: 10.11607/prd.6170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
This study clinically and histologically evaluated the new bone formation and soft tissue changes when an autogenous tooth-derived mineralized dentin matrix (DDM) graft covered with a free gingival graft (FGG) was used for alveolar ridge preservation, as compared to spontaneous healing. Using a split-mouth protocol, 14 consecutive patients who required two extractions of a single-rooted tooth in the maxillary arch were enrolled. In each patient, one extraction site was treated with DDM and FGG (test group), while the other extraction site was covered with FGG and healed spontaneously (control group). In both test and control sites, implant placement was performed after a 16-week healing period. Compared to baseline (immediately after tooth extraction), both treatments yielded statistically significant differences in some clinical parameters and in the bone micro-architecture within the augmented sites. However, the use of DDM with the FGG created greater new vital bone formation, more newly formed bone, and fewer dimensional tissue changes than spontaneous healing with FGG.
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Cosentino F, Moscatt V, Marino A, Pampaloni A, Scuderi D, Ceccarelli M, Benanti F, Gussio M, Larocca L, Boscia V, Vinci G, Zagami A, Onorante A, Lupo G, Torrisi S, Grasso S, Bruno R, Iacobello C, Bonfante S, Guarneri L, Cascio A, Franco A, Del Vecchio R, Di Rosolini M, Pulvirenti A, Larnè D, Nunnari G, Celesia B, Cacopardo B. Clinical characteristics and predictors of death among hospitalized patients infected with SARS‑CoV‑2 in Sicily, Italy: A retrospective observational study. Biomed Rep 2022; 16:34. [PMID: 35386106 PMCID: PMC8972844 DOI: 10.3892/br.2022.1517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Federica Cosentino
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, ARNAS Garibaldi Nesima Hospital, University of Catania, I-95122 Catania, Italy
| | - Vittoria Moscatt
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, ARNAS Garibaldi Nesima Hospital, University of Catania, I-95122 Catania, Italy
| | - Andrea Marino
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, ARNAS Garibaldi Nesima Hospital, University of Catania, I-95122 Catania, Italy
| | - Alessio Pampaloni
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, ARNAS Garibaldi Nesima Hospital, University of Catania, I-95122 Catania, Italy
| | - Daniele Scuderi
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, ARNAS Garibaldi Nesima Hospital, University of Catania, I-95122 Catania, Italy
| | - Manuela Ceccarelli
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, ARNAS Garibaldi Nesima Hospital, University of Catania, I-95122 Catania, Italy
| | - Francesco Benanti
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, ARNAS Garibaldi Nesima Hospital, University of Catania, I-95122 Catania, Italy
| | - Maria Gussio
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, ARNAS Garibaldi Nesima Hospital, University of Catania, I-95122 Catania, Italy
| | - Licia Larocca
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, ARNAS Garibaldi Nesima Hospital, University of Catania, I-95122 Catania, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Boscia
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, ARNAS Garibaldi Nesima Hospital, University of Catania, I-95122 Catania, Italy
| | - Giovanni Vinci
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, ARNAS Garibaldi Nesima Hospital, University of Catania, I-95122 Catania, Italy
| | - Aldo Zagami
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, ARNAS Garibaldi Nesima Hospital, University of Catania, I-95122 Catania, Italy
| | - Anna Onorante
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, ARNAS Garibaldi Nesima Hospital, University of Catania, I-95122 Catania, Italy
| | - Gaetano Lupo
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, ARNAS Garibaldi Nesima Hospital, University of Catania, I-95122 Catania, Italy
| | - Salvatore Torrisi
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, ARNAS Garibaldi Nesima Hospital, University of Catania, I-95122 Catania, Italy
| | - Silvana Grasso
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, ARNAS Garibaldi Nesima Hospital, University of Catania, I-95122 Catania, Italy
| | - Roberto Bruno
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, ARNAS Garibaldi Nesima Hospital, University of Catania, I-95122 Catania, Italy
| | - Carmelo Iacobello
- Infectious Disease Unit, Cannizzaro Hospital, I-95126 Catania, Italy
| | - Salvatore Bonfante
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Gravina Hospital, I-95041 Caltagirone, Catania, Italy
| | - Luigi Guarneri
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Enna Hospital, I-94100 Enna, Italy
| | - Antonio Cascio
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit, Department of Health Promotion Sciences Maternal and Infantile Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (PROMISE), University of Palermo, I-90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonella Franco
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Siracusa Hospital, I-96100 Siracusa, Italy
| | | | - Maria Di Rosolini
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit, Modica Hospital, I-97015 Ragusa, Italy
| | - Alfredo Pulvirenti
- Bioinformatics Section, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, I-95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Damiano Larnè
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, I-98124 Messina, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Nunnari
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, I-98124 Messina, Italy
| | - Benedetto Celesia
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, ARNAS Garibaldi Nesima Hospital, University of Catania, I-95122 Catania, Italy
| | - Bruno Cacopardo
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, ARNAS Garibaldi Nesima Hospital, University of Catania, I-95122 Catania, Italy
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Fichera G, Santonocito S, Ronsivalle V, Polizzi A, Torrisi S, Deodato L, Palazzo G, Isola G. Prevalence of Early Childhood Caries in Southern Italy: An Epidemiological Study. Int J Dent 2021; 2021:5106473. [PMID: 34122549 PMCID: PMC8169260 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5106473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence of Early Childhood Caries (ECC) and oral habits among preschool children from a southern Italian cohort. The survey population consisted of 300 subjects randomly selected among children attending two kindergartens in Catania, Italy. The prevalence of ECC and oral habits were clinically evaluated. During the clinical evaluation, the oral hygiene of children was also assessed. Parents were also interviewed using a brief and simple online questionnaire aimed at investigating eating and oral hygiene habits. The selected sample age ranged between 3 and 5 years. The prevalence of ECC was 9.34%, and the most affected teeth were primary molars. Moreover, the prevalence of oral habits was 44.66%. Only two-thirds of the sample brush their teeth at least once per day. The prevalence of ECC among Sicilian children (9.33%) seems suitable with the rest of the country. The results of the present study evidenced that oral habits showed a high prevalence among preschool children. The level of oral hygiene among preschool children is still not sufficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazia Fichera
- 1Department of General Surgery and Surgical-Medical Specialties, School of Dentistry, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 78, Catania 95124, Italy
- 2Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, Section of Orthodontics, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria 1, Messina 98123, Italy
| | - Simona Santonocito
- 1Department of General Surgery and Surgical-Medical Specialties, School of Dentistry, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 78, Catania 95124, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Ronsivalle
- 1Department of General Surgery and Surgical-Medical Specialties, School of Dentistry, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 78, Catania 95124, Italy
- 2Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, Section of Orthodontics, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria 1, Messina 98123, Italy
| | - Alessandro Polizzi
- 1Department of General Surgery and Surgical-Medical Specialties, School of Dentistry, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 78, Catania 95124, Italy
| | - Salvatore Torrisi
- 1Department of General Surgery and Surgical-Medical Specialties, School of Dentistry, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 78, Catania 95124, Italy
| | - Ludovica Deodato
- 1Department of General Surgery and Surgical-Medical Specialties, School of Dentistry, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 78, Catania 95124, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Palazzo
- 1Department of General Surgery and Surgical-Medical Specialties, School of Dentistry, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 78, Catania 95124, Italy
| | - Gaetano Isola
- 1Department of General Surgery and Surgical-Medical Specialties, School of Dentistry, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 78, Catania 95124, Italy
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Park S, Torrisi S, Townsend JD, Beckett A, Feinberg DA. Highly accelerated submillimeter resolution 3D GRASE with controlled T 2 blurring in T 2 -weighted functional MRI at 7 Tesla: A feasibility study. Magn Reson Med 2020; 85:2490-2506. [PMID: 33231890 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.28589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To achieve highly accelerated submillimeter resolution T 2 -weighted functional MRI at 7T by developing a three-dimensional gradient and spin echo imaging (GRASE) with inner-volume selection and variable flip angles (VFA). METHODS GRASE imaging has disadvantages in that (a) k-space modulation causes T 2 blurring by limiting the number of slices and (b) a VFA scheme results in partial success with substantial SNR loss. In this work, accelerated GRASE with controlled T 2 blurring is developed to improve a point spread function (PSF) and temporal signal-to-noise ratio (tSNR) with a large number of slices. To this end, the VFA scheme is designed by minimizing a trade-off between SNR and blurring for functional sensitivity, and a new GRASE-optimized random encoding, which takes into account the complex signal decays of T 2 and T 2 ∗ weightings, is proposed by achieving incoherent aliasing for constrained reconstruction. Numerical and experimental studies were performed to validate the effectiveness of the proposed method over regular and VFA GRASE (R- and V-GRASE). RESULTS The proposed method, while achieving 0.8 mm isotropic resolution, functional MRI compared to R- and V-GRASE improves the spatial extent of the excited volume up to 36 slices with 52%-68% full width at half maximum (FWHM) reduction in PSF but approximately 2- to 3-fold mean tSNR improvement, thus resulting in higher BOLD activations. CONCLUSIONS We successfully demonstrated the feasibility of the proposed method in T 2 -weighted functional MRI. The proposed method is especially promising for cortical layer-specific functional MRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhyung Park
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Department of Computer Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Salvatore Torrisi
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Advanced MRI Technologies, Sebastopol, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer D Townsend
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Advanced MRI Technologies, Sebastopol, CA, USA
| | - Alexander Beckett
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Advanced MRI Technologies, Sebastopol, CA, USA
| | - David A Feinberg
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Advanced MRI Technologies, Sebastopol, CA, USA
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Santangelo S, Torrisi S, Torrisi P. Trattamento non chirurgico di una perimplantite indotta da cemento. Caso clinico con follow-up a 3 anni. Dental Cadmos 2020. [DOI: 10.19256/d.cadmos.09.2020.07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Gaillard C, Guillod M, Ernst M, Torrisi S, Federspiel A, Schoebi D, Recabarren RE, Ouyang X, Mueller-Pfeiffer C, Horsch A, Homan P, Wiest R, Hasler G, Martin-Soelch C. Striatal responsiveness to reward under threat-of-shock and working memory load: A preliminary study. Brain Behav 2019; 9:e01397. [PMID: 31557426 PMCID: PMC6790302 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Reward and stress are important determinants of motivated behaviors. Striatal regions play a crucial role in both motivation and hedonic processes. So far, little is known on how cognitive effort interacts with stress to modulate reward processes. This study examines how cognitive effort (load) interacts with an unpredictable acute stressor (threat-of-shock) to modulate motivational and hedonic processes in healthy adults. MATERIALS AND METHODS A reward task, involving stress with unpredictable mild electric shocks, was conducted in 23 healthy adults aged 20-37 (mean age: 24.7 ± 0.9; 14 females) during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Manipulation included the use of (a) monetary reward for reinforcement, (b) threat-of-shock as the stressor, and (c) a spatial working memory task with two levels of difficulty (low and high load) for cognitive load. Reward-related activation was investigated in a priori three regions of interest, the nucleus accumbens (NAcc), caudate nucleus, and putamen. RESULTS During anticipation, threat-of-shock or cognitive load did not affect striatal responsiveness to reward. Anticipated reward increased activation in the ventral and dorsal striatum. During feedback delivery, both threat-of-shock and cognitive effort modulated striatal activation. Higher working memory load blunted NAcc responsiveness to reward delivery, while stress strengthened caudate nucleus reactivity regardless reinforcement or load. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide initial evidence that both stress and cognitive load modulate striatal responsiveness during feedback delivery but not during anticipation in healthy adults. Of clinical importance, sustained stress exposure might go along with dysregulated arousal, increasing therefore the risk for the development of maladaptive incentive-triggered motivation. This study brings new insight that might help to build a framework to understand common stress-related disorders, given that these psychiatric disorders involve disturbances of the reward system, cognitive deficits, and abnormal stress reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudie Gaillard
- IReach Lab, Unit of Clinical and Health Psychology, Department of Psychology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Guillod
- IReach Lab, Unit of Clinical and Health Psychology, Department of Psychology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Monique Ernst
- Section on Neurobiology of Fear and Anxiety, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Salvatore Torrisi
- Section on Neurobiology of Fear and Anxiety, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Andrea Federspiel
- Psychiatric Neuroimaging Unit, Translational Research Center, University Hospital of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Dominik Schoebi
- Unit of Clinical Family Psychology, Department of Psychology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Romina E Recabarren
- IReach Lab, Unit of Clinical and Health Psychology, Department of Psychology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Xinyi Ouyang
- iBM Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Mueller-Pfeiffer
- Department of Consultation-Liaison-Psychiatry and Psychosomatic Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Antje Horsch
- Department Woman-Mother-Child, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Institute of Higher Education and Research in Healthcare, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Homan
- Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, New York, NY
| | - Roland Wiest
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, University Hospital of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Gregor Hasler
- Unit of Psychiatry Research, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Chantal Martin-Soelch
- IReach Lab, Unit of Clinical and Health Psychology, Department of Psychology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
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Torrisi S, Alvarez GM, Gorka AX, Fuchs B, Geraci M, Grillon C, Ernst M. Resting-state connectivity of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and the central nucleus of the amygdala in clinical anxiety. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2019; 44:313-323. [PMID: 30964612 PMCID: PMC6710087 DOI: 10.1503/jpn.180150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The central nucleus of the amygdala and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis are involved primarily in phasic and sustained aversive states. Although both structures have been implicated in pathological anxiety, few studies with a clinical population have specifically focused on them, partly because of their small size. Previous work in our group used high-resolution imaging to map the restingstate functional connectivity of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and the central nucleus of the amygdala in healthy subjects at 7 T, confirming and extending structural findings in humans and animals, while providing additional insight into cortical connectivity that is potentially unique to humans. Methods In the current follow-up study, we contrasted resting-state functional connectivity in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and central nucleus of the amygdala at 7 T between healthy volunteers (n = 30) and patients with generalized and/or social anxiety disorder (n = 30). Results Results revealed significant voxel-level group differences. Compared with healthy volunteers, patients showed stronger resting-state functional connectivity between the central nucleus of the amygdala and the lateral orbitofrontal cortex and superior temporal sulcus. They also showed weaker resting-state functional connectivity between the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and occipital cortex. Limitations These findings depart from a previous report of resting-state functional connectivity in the central nucleus of the amygdala and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis under sustained threat of shock in healthy volunteers. Conclusion This study provides functional MRI proxies of the functional dissociation of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and central nucleus of the amygdala, and suggests that resting-state functional connectivity of key structures in the processing of defensive responses do not recapitulate changes related to induced state anxiety. Future work needs to replicate and further probe the clinical significance of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Torrisi
- From the Section on the Neurobiology of Fear and Anxiety, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA (Torrisi, Alvarez, Gorka, Fuchs, Geraci, Grillon, Ernst)
| | - Gabriella M. Alvarez
- From the Section on the Neurobiology of Fear and Anxiety, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA (Torrisi, Alvarez, Gorka, Fuchs, Geraci, Grillon, Ernst)
| | - Adam X. Gorka
- From the Section on the Neurobiology of Fear and Anxiety, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA (Torrisi, Alvarez, Gorka, Fuchs, Geraci, Grillon, Ernst)
| | - Bari Fuchs
- From the Section on the Neurobiology of Fear and Anxiety, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA (Torrisi, Alvarez, Gorka, Fuchs, Geraci, Grillon, Ernst)
| | - Marilla Geraci
- From the Section on the Neurobiology of Fear and Anxiety, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA (Torrisi, Alvarez, Gorka, Fuchs, Geraci, Grillon, Ernst)
| | - Christian Grillon
- From the Section on the Neurobiology of Fear and Anxiety, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA (Torrisi, Alvarez, Gorka, Fuchs, Geraci, Grillon, Ernst)
| | - Monique Ernst
- From the Section on the Neurobiology of Fear and Anxiety, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA (Torrisi, Alvarez, Gorka, Fuchs, Geraci, Grillon, Ernst)
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12
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13
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Torrisi S, Chen G, Glen D, Bandettini PA, Baker CI, Reynolds R, Yen-Ting Liu J, Leshin J, Balderston N, Grillon C, Ernst M. Statistical power comparisons at 3T and 7T with a GO / NOGO task. Neuroimage 2018; 175:100-110. [PMID: 29621615 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.03.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The field of cognitive neuroscience is weighing evidence about whether to move from standard field strength to ultra-high field (UHF). The present study contributes to the evidence by comparing a cognitive neuroscience paradigm at 3 Tesla (3T) and 7 Tesla (7T). The goal was to test and demonstrate the practical effects of field strength on a standard GO/NOGO task using accessible preprocessing and analysis tools. Two independent matched healthy samples (N = 31 each) were analyzed at 3T and 7T. Results show gains at 7T in statistical strength, the detection of smaller effects and group-level power. With an increased availability of UHF scanners, these gains may be exploited by cognitive neuroscientists and other neuroimaging researchers to develop more efficient or comprehensive experimental designs and, given the same sample size, achieve greater statistical power at 7T.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Torrisi
- Section on Neurobiology of Fear and Anxiety, NIMH, Bethesda MD, United States.
| | - Gang Chen
- Scientific and Statistical Computing Core, NIMH, Bethesda MD, United States
| | - Daniel Glen
- Scientific and Statistical Computing Core, NIMH, Bethesda MD, United States
| | | | - Chris I Baker
- Section on Learning and Plasticity, NIMH, Bethesda MD, United States
| | - Richard Reynolds
- Scientific and Statistical Computing Core, NIMH, Bethesda MD, United States
| | | | - Joseph Leshin
- Section on Neurobiology of Fear and Anxiety, NIMH, Bethesda MD, United States
| | - Nicholas Balderston
- Section on Neurobiology of Fear and Anxiety, NIMH, Bethesda MD, United States
| | - Christian Grillon
- Section on Neurobiology of Fear and Anxiety, NIMH, Bethesda MD, United States
| | - Monique Ernst
- Section on Neurobiology of Fear and Anxiety, NIMH, Bethesda MD, United States
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Gorka AX, Torrisi S, Shackman AJ, Grillon C, Ernst M. Intrinsic functional connectivity of the central nucleus of the amygdala and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. Neuroimage 2018; 168:392-402. [PMID: 28392491 PMCID: PMC5630489 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST), two nuclei within the central extended amygdala, function as critical relays within the distributed neural networks that coordinate sensory, emotional, and cognitive responses to threat. These structures have overlapping anatomical projections to downstream targets that initiate defensive responses. Despite these commonalities, researchers have also proposed a functional dissociation between the CeA and BNST, with the CeA promoting responses to discrete stimuli and the BNST promoting responses to diffuse threat. Intrinsic functional connectivity (iFC) provides a means to investigate the functional architecture of the brain, unbiased by task demands. Using ultra-high field neuroimaging (7-Tesla fMRI), which provides increased spatial resolution, this study compared the iFC networks of the CeA and BNST in 27 healthy individuals. Both structures were coupled with areas of the medial prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, thalamus, and periaqueductal gray matter. Compared to the BNST, the bilateral CeA was more strongly coupled with the insula and regions that support sensory processing, including thalamus and fusiform gyrus. In contrast, the bilateral BNST was more strongly coupled with regions involved in cognitive and motivational processes, including the dorsal paracingulate gyrus, posterior cingulate cortex, and striatum. Collectively, these findings suggest that responses to sensory stimulation are preferentially coordinated by the CeA and cognitive and motivational responses are preferentially coordinated by the BNST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam X Gorka
- Section on the Neurobiology of Fear & Anxiety, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
| | - Salvatore Torrisi
- Section on the Neurobiology of Fear & Anxiety, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Alexander J Shackman
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience and Cognitive Science Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
| | - Christian Grillon
- Section on the Neurobiology of Fear & Anxiety, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Monique Ernst
- Section on the Neurobiology of Fear & Anxiety, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
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15
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Tillman RM, Stockbridge MD, Nacewicz BM, Torrisi S, Fox AS, Smith JF, Shackman AJ. Intrinsic functional connectivity of the central extended amygdala. Hum Brain Mapp 2018; 39:1291-1312. [PMID: 29235190 PMCID: PMC5807241 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 12/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The central extended amygdala (EAc)-including the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BST) and central nucleus of the amygdala (Ce)-plays a critical role in triggering fear and anxiety and is implicated in the development of a range of debilitating neuropsychiatric disorders. Although it is widely believed that these disorders reflect the coordinated activity of distributed neural circuits, the functional architecture of the EAc network and the degree to which the BST and the Ce show distinct patterns of functional connectivity is unclear. Here, we used a novel combination of imaging approaches to trace the connectivity of the BST and the Ce in 130 healthy, racially diverse, community-dwelling adults. Multiband imaging, high-precision registration techniques, and spatially unsmoothed data maximized anatomical specificity. Using newly developed seed regions, whole-brain regression analyses revealed robust functional connectivity between the BST and Ce via the sublenticular extended amygdala, the ribbon of subcortical gray matter encompassing the ventral amygdalofugal pathway. Both regions displayed coupling with the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), midcingulate cortex (MCC), insula, and anterior hippocampus. The BST showed stronger connectivity with the thalamus, striatum, periaqueductal gray, and several prefrontal territories. The only regions showing stronger functional connectivity with the Ce were neighboring regions of the dorsal amygdala, amygdalohippocampal area, and anterior hippocampus. These observations provide a baseline against which to compare a range of special populations, inform our understanding of the role of the EAc in normal and pathological fear and anxiety, and showcase image registration techniques that are likely to be useful for researchers working with "deidentified" neuroimaging data.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Melissa D. Stockbridge
- Department of Hearing and Speech SciencesUniversity of MarylandCollege ParkMaryland20742
| | - Brendon M. Nacewicz
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of Wisconsin—Madison, 6001 Research Park BoulevardMadisonWisconsin53719
| | - Salvatore Torrisi
- Section on the Neurobiology of Fear and AnxietyNational Institute of Mental HealthBethesdaMaryland20892
| | - Andrew S. Fox
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCalifornia95616
- California National Primate Research CenterUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCalifornia95616
| | - Jason F. Smith
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of MarylandCollege ParkMaryland20742
| | - Alexander J. Shackman
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of MarylandCollege ParkMaryland20742
- Neuroscience and Cognitive Science ProgramUniversity of MarylandCollege ParkMaryland20742
- Maryland Neuroimaging CenterUniversity of MarylandCollege ParkMaryland20742
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16
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Giachetti C, Torrisi S. Following or Running Away from the Market Leader? The Influences of Environmental Uncertainty and Market Leadership. European Management Review 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/emre.12130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Balderston NL, Hale E, Hsiung A, Torrisi S, Holroyd T, Carver FW, Coppola R, Ernst M, Grillon C. Threat of shock increases excitability and connectivity of the intraparietal sulcus. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28555565 PMCID: PMC5478270 DOI: 10.7554/elife.23608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Anxiety disorders affect approximately 1 in 5 (18%) Americans within a given 1 year period, placing a substantial burden on the national health care system. Therefore, there is a critical need to understand the neural mechanisms mediating anxiety symptoms. We used unbiased, multimodal, data-driven, whole-brain measures of neural activity (magnetoencephalography) and connectivity (fMRI) to identify the regions of the brain that contribute most prominently to sustained anxiety. We report that a single brain region, the intraparietal sulcus (IPS), shows both elevated neural activity and global brain connectivity during threat. The IPS plays a key role in attention orienting and may contribute to the hypervigilance that is a common symptom of pathological anxiety. Hyperactivation of this region during elevated state anxiety may account for the paradoxical facilitation of performance on tasks that require an external focus of attention, and impairment of performance on tasks that require an internal focus of attention. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.23608.001 Anxiety disorders affect around one in five Americans, and in many cases people experience anxiety so intensely that they have difficulties performing day-to-day activities. To help these people, it is important to understand how anxiety works. Current research suggests that anxiety disorders are caused when the connections in the brain that control our response to threat are either excessively or inappropriately activated. However, it was not clear what causes the anxiety to last for long periods. To better understand this phenomenon, Balderston et al. studied the brains of over 30 volunteers using two types of measurements called magnetoencephalography and fMRI. In the each experiment, participants experienced periods of threat, where they could receive unpredictable electric shocks. In the first experiment, Balderston et al. measured the brain activity by recording the magnetic fields generated in the brain. In the second experiment, they used fMRI to record changes in the blood flow throughout the brain to measure how the different regions in the brain communicate. The recordings identified a single part of the brain that increased its activity and changed its communication pattern with the other regions in the brain, when people are anxious. This region in a part of the brain called parietal lobe, is also important for processing attention, which suggests that anxiety might make people also more aware of their surroundings. However, this extra awareness might also make it more difficult for people to concentrate. Future studies may be able to stimulate this area of the brain through the scalp to potentially reduce anxiety, as the affected area is close to the skull. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.23608.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas L Balderston
- Section on Neurobiology of Fear and Anxiety, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Elizabeth Hale
- Section on Neurobiology of Fear and Anxiety, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Abigail Hsiung
- Section on Neurobiology of Fear and Anxiety, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Salvatore Torrisi
- Section on Neurobiology of Fear and Anxiety, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Tom Holroyd
- MEG Core Facility, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Frederick W Carver
- MEG Core Facility, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Richard Coppola
- MEG Core Facility, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Monique Ernst
- Section on Neurobiology of Fear and Anxiety, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Christian Grillon
- Section on Neurobiology of Fear and Anxiety, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
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18
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Torrisi S, Nord CL, Balderston NL, Roiser JP, Grillon C, Ernst M. Resting state connectivity of the human habenula at ultra-high field. Neuroimage 2017; 147:872-879. [PMID: 27780778 PMCID: PMC5303669 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Revised: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The habenula, a portion of the epithalamus, is implicated in the pathophysiology of depression, anxiety and addiction disorders. Its small size and connection to other small regions prevent standard human imaging from delineating its structure and connectivity with confidence. Resting state functional connectivity is an established method for mapping connections across the brain from a seed region of interest. The present study takes advantage of 7T fMRI to map, for the first time, the habenula resting state network with very high spatial resolution in 32 healthy human participants. Results show novel functional connections in humans, including functional connectivity with the septum and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST). Results also show many habenula connections previously described only in animal research, such as with the nucleus basalis of Meynert, dorsal raphe, ventral tegmental area (VTA), and periaqueductal grey (PAG). Connectivity with caudate, thalamus and cortical regions such as the anterior cingulate, retrosplenial cortex and auditory cortex are also reported. This work, which demonstrates the power of ultra-high field for mapping human functional connections, is a valuable step toward elucidating subcortical and cortical regions of the habenula network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Torrisi
- Section on the Neurobiology of Fear and Anxiety, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Camilla L Nord
- Neuroscience and Cognitive Neuropsychiatry group, University of College, London, UK
| | - Nicholas L Balderston
- Section on the Neurobiology of Fear and Anxiety, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Jonathan P Roiser
- Neuroscience and Cognitive Neuropsychiatry group, University of College, London, UK
| | - Christian Grillon
- Section on the Neurobiology of Fear and Anxiety, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Monique Ernst
- Section on the Neurobiology of Fear and Anxiety, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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Balderston NL, Vytal KE, O’Connell K, Torrisi S, Letkiewicz A, Ernst M, Grillon C. Anxiety Patients Show Reduced Working Memory Related dlPFC Activation During Safety and Threat. Depress Anxiety 2017; 34:25-36. [PMID: 27110997 PMCID: PMC5079837 DOI: 10.1002/da.22518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anxiety patients exhibit deficits in cognitive tasks that require prefrontal control of attention, including those that tap working memory (WM). However, it is unclear whether these deficits reflect threat-related processes or symptoms of the disorder. Here, we distinguish between these hypotheses by determining the effect of shock threat versus safety on the neural substrates of WM performance in anxiety patients and healthy controls. METHODS Patients, diagnosed with generalized and/or social anxiety disorder, and controls performed blocks of an N-back WM task during periods of safety and threat of shock. We recorded blood-oxygen-level dependent (BOLD) activity during the task, and investigated the effect of clinical anxiety (patients vs. controls) and threat on WM load-related BOLD activation. RESULTS Behaviorally, patients showed an overall impairment in both accuracy and reaction time compared to controls, independent of threat. At the neural level, patients showed less WM load-related activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, a region critical for cognitive control. In addition, patients showed less WM load-related deactivation in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex and posterior cingulate cortex, which are regions of the default mode network. Most importantly, these effects were not modulated by threat. CONCLUSIONS This work suggests that the cognitive deficits seen in anxiety patients may represent a key component of clinical anxiety, rather than a consequence of threat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas L. Balderston
- Section on Neurobiology of Fear and Anxiety, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Katherine E. Vytal
- Section on Neurobiology of Fear and Anxiety, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Katherine O’Connell
- Section on Neurobiology of Fear and Anxiety, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Salvatore Torrisi
- Section on Neurobiology of Fear and Anxiety, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Allison Letkiewicz
- Section on Neurobiology of Fear and Anxiety, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Monique Ernst
- Section on Neurobiology of Fear and Anxiety, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Christian Grillon
- Section on Neurobiology of Fear and Anxiety, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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20
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Torrisi S, Gambardella A, Giuri P, Harhoff D, Hoisl K, Mariani M. Used, blocking and sleeping patents: Empirical evidence from a large-scale inventor survey. Research Policy 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.respol.2016.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Torrisi S, Robinson O, O'Connell K, Davis A, Balderston N, Ernst M, Grillon C. The neural basis of improved cognitive performance by threat of shock. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2016; 11:1677-1686. [PMID: 27369069 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsw088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Anxiety can have both detrimental and facilitatory cognitive effects. This study investigates the neural substrates of a replicated facilitatory effect of anxiety on sustained attention and response inhibition. This effect consisted of improved performance on the Sustained Attention to Response Task (a Go-NoGo task consisting of 91% Go and 9% NoGo trials) in threat (unpredictable electrical shock) vs safe (no shock) conditions. This study uses the same experimental design with fMRI and relies on an event-related analysis of BOLD signal changes. Findings reveal that threat-related cognitive facilitation (improved NoGo accuracy) is associated with greater activation of a right-lateralized frontoparietal group of regions previously implicated in sustained attention and response inhibition. Moreover, these same regions show decreased activation in the Go trials preceding NoGo errors. During NoGo trials, striatal activity is also greater in the threat vs safe condition, consistent with the notion of enhanced inhibitory processing under threat. These findings identify potential mechanisms by which threat of unpredictable shock can facilitate distinct cognitive functions. A greater understanding of the complex interaction of the anxious state and cognitive processes may have critical clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Torrisi
- Section on the Neurobiology of Fear and Anxiety, NIMH, Bethesda, MD, USA,
| | - Oliver Robinson
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Andrew Davis
- Section on the Neurobiology of Fear and Anxiety, NIMH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Monique Ernst
- Section on the Neurobiology of Fear and Anxiety, NIMH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Christian Grillon
- Section on the Neurobiology of Fear and Anxiety, NIMH, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Puglisi S, Torrisi S, Giuliano R, Vindigni V, Vancheri C. What We Know About the Pathogenesis of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2016; 37:358-67. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0036-1580693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Puglisi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Regional Centre for Interstitial and Rare Lung Diseases, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - S. Torrisi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Regional Centre for Interstitial and Rare Lung Diseases, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - R. Giuliano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Regional Centre for Interstitial and Rare Lung Diseases, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - V. Vindigni
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Regional Centre for Interstitial and Rare Lung Diseases, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - C. Vancheri
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Regional Centre for Interstitial and Rare Lung Diseases, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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Torrisi S, O'Connell K, Davis A, Reynolds R, Balderston N, Fudge JL, Grillon C, Ernst M. Resting state connectivity of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis at ultra-high field. Hum Brain Mapp 2015; 36:4076-88. [PMID: 26178381 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.22899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Revised: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST), a portion of the "extended amygdala," is implicated in the pathophysiology of anxiety and addiction disorders. Its small size and connection to other small regions prevents standard imaging techniques from easily capturing it and its connectivity with confidence. Seed-based resting state functional connectivity is an established method for mapping functional connections across the brain from a region of interest. We, therefore, mapped the BNST resting state network with high spatial resolution using 7 Tesla fMRI, demonstrating the in vivo reproduction of many human BNST connections previously described only in animal research. We identify strong BNST functional connectivity in amygdala, hippocampus and thalamic subregions, caudate, periaqueductal gray, hypothalamus, and cortical areas such as the medial PFC and precuneus. This work, which demonstrates the power of ultra-high field for mapping functional connections in the human, is an important step toward elucidating cortical and subcortical regions and subregions of the BNST network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Torrisi
- Section on the Neurobiology of Fear and Anxiety, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Katherine O'Connell
- Section on the Neurobiology of Fear and Anxiety, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Andrew Davis
- Section on the Neurobiology of Fear and Anxiety, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Richard Reynolds
- Scientific and Statistical Computing Core, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Nicholas Balderston
- Section on the Neurobiology of Fear and Anxiety, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Julie L Fudge
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Christian Grillon
- Section on the Neurobiology of Fear and Anxiety, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Monique Ernst
- Section on the Neurobiology of Fear and Anxiety, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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Abstract
The exponential rise in the number of functional brain connectivity studies, particularly those examining intrinsic functional connectivity (iFC) at rest, and the promises of this work for unraveling the ontogeny of functional neural systems motivate this review. Shortly before this explosion in functional connectivity research, developmental neuroscientists had proposed theories based on neural systems models to explain behavioral changes, particularly in adolescence. The current review presents recent advances in imaging in brain connectivity research, which provides a unique tool for the study of neural systems. Understanding the potential of neuroimaging for refining neurodevelopmental models of brain function requires a description of various functional connectivity approaches. In this review, we describe task-based and resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) analytic strategies, but we focus on iFC findings from resting-state data to describe general developmental trajectories of brain network organization. Finally, we use the example of drug addiction to frame a discussion of psychopathology that emerges in adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique Ernst
- National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Salvatore Torrisi
- National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Nicholas Balderston
- National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Christian Grillon
- National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Elizabeth A. Hale
- National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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Rubino AS, Torrisi S, Milazzo I, Fattouch K, Busà R, Mariani C, D’Aleo S, Giammona D, Sferrazzo C, Mignosa C. Designing a new scoring system (QualyP Score) correlating the management of cardiopulmonary bypass to postoperative outcomes. Perfusion 2014; 30:448-56. [DOI: 10.1177/0267659114557184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Aim: The aim of this study was to ascertain if a score, directly derived from CPB records, could correlate to major postoperative outcomes. Methods: An additive score (QualyP Score) was created from 10 parameters: peak lactate value during CPB, peak VCO2i, lowest DO2i/VCO2i, peak respiratory quotient, CPB time, cross-clamp time, lowest CPB temperature, circulatory arrest, ultrafiltration during CPB, number of packed red cells transfused intraoperatively. The PerfSCORE was calculated, as well. Multivariable logistic regression models were built to detect the independent predictors of: peak lactate >3 mmol/L during the first three postoperative days; the incidence of acute kidney injury network (AKIN) 1-2-3; respiratory insufficiency; mortality. Results: The mean score was 4.8±2.6 (0-10). A QualyP Score ≥1 was predictive of postoperative acidosis (OR=1.595). A score ≥2 was predictive of AKIN 2 (OR=1.268) and respiratory insufficiency (OR=1.526). A score ≥5 was predictive of AKIN 3 (OR=1.848) and mortality (OR=1.497). Conclusions: QualyP Score may help to provide a quality marker of perfusion, emphasizing the need for goal-directed perfusion strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- AS Rubino
- Cardiac Surgery Unit, A.O.U. “Policlinico-Vittorio Emanuele”, Ferrarotto Hospital, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - S Torrisi
- Perfusion Service, Cardiac Surgery Unit, Ferrarotto Hospital, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - I Milazzo
- Perfusion Service, Cardiac Surgery Unit, Ferrarotto Hospital, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - K Fattouch
- Cardiac Surgery Unit, GVM Care and Research, Maria Eleonora Hospital, Palermo, Italy
| | - R Busà
- Perfusion Service, Cardiac Surgery Unit, Ferrarotto Hospital, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - C Mariani
- Cardiac Surgery Unit, A.O.U. “Policlinico-Vittorio Emanuele”, Ferrarotto Hospital, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - S D’Aleo
- Cardiac Surgery Unit, A.O.U. “Policlinico-Vittorio Emanuele”, Ferrarotto Hospital, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - D Giammona
- Perfusion Service, Cardiac Surgery Unit, Ferrarotto Hospital, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - C Sferrazzo
- Perfusion Service, Cardiac Surgery Unit, Ferrarotto Hospital, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - C Mignosa
- Cardiac Surgery Unit, A.O.U. “Policlinico-Vittorio Emanuele”, Ferrarotto Hospital, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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Cross KA, Torrisi S, Reynolds Losin EA, Iacoboni M. Controlling automatic imitative tendencies: interactions between mirror neuron and cognitive control systems. Neuroimage 2013; 83:493-504. [PMID: 23811412 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.06.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Revised: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans have an automatic tendency to imitate others. Although several regions commonly observed in social tasks have been shown to be involved in imitation control, there is little work exploring how these regions interact with one another. We used fMRI and dynamic causal modeling to identify imitation-specific control mechanisms and examine functional interactions between regions. Participants performed a pre-specified action (lifting their index or middle finger) in response to videos depicting the same two actions (biological cues) or dots moving with similar trajectories (non-biological cues). On congruent trials, the stimulus and response were similar (e.g. index finger response to index finger or left side dot stimulus), while on incongruent trials the stimulus and response were dissimilar (e.g. index finger response to middle finger or right side dot stimulus). Reaction times were slower on incongruent compared to congruent trials for both biological and non-biological stimuli, replicating previous findings that suggest the automatic imitative or spatially compatible (congruent) response must be controlled on incongruent trials. Neural correlates of the congruency effects were different depending on the cue type. The medial prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate, inferior frontal gyrus pars opercularis (IFGpo) and the left anterior insula were involved specifically in controlling imitation. In addition, the IFGpo was also more active for biological compared to non-biological stimuli, suggesting that the region represents the frontal node of the human mirror neuron system (MNS). Effective connectivity analysis exploring the interactions between these regions, suggests a role for the mPFC and ACC in imitative conflict detection and the anterior insula in conflict resolution processes, which may occur through interactions with the frontal node of the MNS. We suggest an extension of the previous models of imitation control involving interactions between imitation-specific and general cognitive control mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katy A Cross
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, University of California, Los Angeles, USA; Ahmanson-Lovelace Brain Mapping Center, University of California, Los Angeles, USA.
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Torrisi S, Moody TD, Vizueta N, Thomason ME, Monti MM, Townsend JD, Bookheimer SY, Altshuler LL. Differences in resting corticolimbic functional connectivity in bipolar I euthymia. Bipolar Disord 2013; 15:156-66. [PMID: 23347587 PMCID: PMC3582748 DOI: 10.1111/bdi.12047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We examined resting state functional connectivity in the brain between key emotion regulation regions in bipolar I disorder to delineate differences in coupling from healthy subjects. METHODS Euthymic subjects with bipolar I disorder (n = 20) and matched healthy subjects (n = 20) participated in a resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging scan. Low-frequency fluctuations in blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signal were correlated in the six connections between four anatomically defined nodes: left and right amygdala and left and right ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (vlPFC). Seed-to-voxel connectivity results were probed for commonly coupled regions. Following this, an identified region was included in a mediation analysis to determine the potential of mediation. RESULTS The bipolar I disorder group exhibited significant hyperconnectivity between right amygdala and right vlPFC relative to healthy subjects. The connectivity between these regions in the bipolar I disorder group was partially mediated by activity in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). CONCLUSIONS Greater coupling between right amygdala and right vlPFC and their partial mediation by the ACC were found in bipolar I disorder subjects in remission and in the absence of a psychological task. These findings have implications for a trait-related and clinically important imaging biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Torrisi
- Department of Psychiatry, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of California at Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Teena D Moody
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Nathalie Vizueta
- Department of Psychiatry, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Moriah E Thomason
- Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI
| | - Martin M Monti
- Department of Psychology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jennifer D Townsend
- Department of Psychiatry, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Susan Y Bookheimer
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Lori L Altshuler
- Department of Psychiatry, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
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Vizueta N, Rudie JD, Townsend JD, Torrisi S, Moody TD, Bookheimer SY, Altshuler LL. Regional fMRI hypoactivation and altered functional connectivity during emotion processing in nonmedicated depressed patients with bipolar II disorder. Am J Psychiatry 2012; 169:831-40. [PMID: 22773540 PMCID: PMC3740182 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2012.11030349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although the amygdala and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex have been implicated in the pathophysiology of bipolar I disorder, the neural mechanisms underlying bipolar II disorder remain unknown. The authors examined neural activity in response to negative emotional faces during an emotion perception task that reliably activates emotion regulatory regions. METHOD Twenty-one nonmedicated depressed bipolar II patients and 21 healthy comparison subjects underwent functional MRI (fMRI) while performing an emotional face-matching task. Within- and between-group whole-brain fMRI activation and seed-based connectivity analyses were conducted. RESULTS In depressed bipolar II patients, random-effects between-group fMRI analyses revealed a significant reduction in activation in several regions, including the left and right ventrolateral prefrontal cortices (Brodmann's area [BA] 47) and the right amygdala, a priori regions of interest. Additionally, bipolar patients exhibited significantly reduced negative functional connectivity between the right amygdala and the right orbitofrontal cortex (BA 10) as well as the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (BA 46) relative to healthy comparison subjects. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that bipolar II depression is characterized by reduced regional orbitofrontal and limbic activation and altered connectivity in a fronto-temporal circuit implicated in working memory and emotional learning. While the amygdala hypoactivation observed in bipolar II depression is opposite to the direction seen in bipolar I mania and may therefore be state dependent, the observed orbitofrontal cortex hypoactivation is consistent with findings in bipolar I depression, mania, and euthymia, suggesting a physiologic trait marker of the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Vizueta
- David Geffen School of Medicine , University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Teramitsu I, Poopatanapong A, Torrisi S, White SA. Striatal FoxP2 is actively regulated during songbird sensorimotor learning. PLoS One 2010; 5:e8548. [PMID: 20062527 PMCID: PMC2796720 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2009] [Accepted: 10/30/2009] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mutations in the FOXP2 transcription factor lead to language disorders with developmental onset. Accompanying structural abnormalities in cortico-striatal circuitry indicate that at least a portion of the behavioral phenotype is due to organizational deficits. We previously found parallel FoxP2 expression patterns in human and songbird cortico/pallio-striatal circuits important for learned vocalizations, suggesting that FoxP2's function in birdsong may generalize to speech. Methodology/Principal Findings We used zebra finches to address the question of whether FoxP2 is additionally important in the post-organizational function of these circuits. In both humans and songbirds, vocal learning depends on auditory guidance to achieve and maintain optimal vocal output. We tested whether deafening prior to or during the sensorimotor phase of song learning disrupted FoxP2 expression in song circuitry. As expected, the songs of deafened juveniles were abnormal, however basal FoxP2 levels were unaffected. In contrast, when hearing or deaf juveniles sang for two hours in the morning, FoxP2 was acutely down-regulated in the striatal song nucleus, area X. The extent of down-regulation was similar between hearing and deaf birds. Interestingly, levels of FoxP2 and singing were correlated only in hearing birds. Conclusions/Significance Hearing appears to link FoxP2 levels to the amount of vocal practice. As juvenile birds spent more time practicing than did adults, their FoxP2 levels are likely to be low more often. Behaviorally-driven reductions in the mRNA encoding this transcription factor could ultimately affect downstream molecules that function in vocal exploration, especially during sensorimotor learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikuko Teramitsu
- Interdepartmental Program in Molecular, Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Amy Poopatanapong
- Department of Physiological Science, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Salvatore Torrisi
- Interdepartmental Program in Neuroscience, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Stephanie A. White
- Interdepartmental Program in Molecular, Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Interdepartmental Program in Neuroscience, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Physiological Science, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Torrisi S, Messina S, Saggio A, Privitera G, Cinà C, Caragliano V, Di Guardo G. [Technic for repair of laparoceles by an extraperitoneal approach]. Chir Ital 1981; 33:467-73. [PMID: 7285253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The authors report their experience with a technique for reconstruction of the abdominal wall, without opening the peritoneal sac, in patients with ventral hernia. After detailing the basic principles and advantages of the technique, they conclude by stating that it constitutes an effective procedure for repair of ventral hernias of the median line without endoabdominal morbid associations.
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Torrisi S, Messina S, Caragliano V, Azzolina R, Di Guardo G. [Retroperitoneal tumors in children: clinical diagnostic problems (author's transl)]. Chir Ital 1979; 31:579-87. [PMID: 233351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Starting from two recent observations of retroperitoneal tumors in the pediatric age group (a nephroblastoma and a ganglioneuroma), the authors illustrate the main characteristics of these malignancies and emphasize the difficulties often encountered in differential diagnosis.
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