201
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Geva S, Schneider LM, Roberts S, Green DW, Price CJ. The Effect of Focal Damage to the Right Medial Posterior Cerebellum on Word and Sentence Comprehension and Production. Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 15:664650. [PMID: 34093152 PMCID: PMC8172582 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.664650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional imaging studies of neurologically intact adults have demonstrated that the right posterior cerebellum is activated during verb generation, semantic processing, sentence processing, and verbal fluency. Studies of patients with cerebellar damage converge to show that the cerebellum supports sentence processing and verbal fluency. However, to date there are no patient studies that investigated the specific importance of the right posterior cerebellum in language processing, because: (i) case studies presented patients with lesions affecting the anterior cerebellum (with or without damage to the posterior cerebellum), and (ii) group studies combined patients with lesions to different cerebellar regions, without specifically reporting the effects of right posterior cerebellar damage. Here we investigated whether damage to the right posterior cerebellum is critical for sentence processing and verbal fluency in four patients with focal stroke damage to different parts of the right posterior cerebellum (all involving Crus II, and lobules VII and VIII). We examined detailed lesion location by going beyond common anatomical definitions of cerebellar anatomy (i.e., according to lobules or vascular territory), and employed a recently proposed functional parcellation of the cerebellum. All four patients experienced language difficulties that persisted for at least a month after stroke but three performed in the normal range within a year. In contrast, one patient with more damage to lobule IX than the other patients had profound long-lasting impairments in the comprehension and repetition of sentences, and the production of spoken sentences during picture description. Spoken and written word comprehension and visual recognition memory were also impaired, however, verbal fluency was within the normal range, together with object naming, visual perception and verbal short-term memory. This is the first study to show that focal damage to the right posterior cerebellum leads to language difficulties after stroke; and that processing impairments persisted in the case with most damage to lobule IX. We discuss these results in relation to current theories of cerebellar contribution to language processing. Overall, our study highlights the need for longitudinal studies of language function in patients with focal damage to different cerebellar regions, with functional imaging to understand the mechanisms that support recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Geva
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Letitia M Schneider
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Cognition, Emotion and Methods in Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sophie Roberts
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - David W Green
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Cathy J Price
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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202
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Basal ganglia and cerebellum contributions to vocal emotion processing as revealed by high-resolution fMRI. Sci Rep 2021; 11:10645. [PMID: 34017050 PMCID: PMC8138027 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90222-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Until recently, brain networks underlying emotional voice prosody decoding and processing were focused on modulations in primary and secondary auditory, ventral frontal and prefrontal cortices, and the amygdala. Growing interest for a specific role of the basal ganglia and cerebellum was recently brought into the spotlight. In the present study, we aimed at characterizing the role of such subcortical brain regions in vocal emotion processing, at the level of both brain activation and functional and effective connectivity, using high resolution functional magnetic resonance imaging. Variance explained by low-level acoustic parameters (fundamental frequency, voice energy) was also modelled. Wholebrain data revealed expected contributions of the temporal and frontal cortices, basal ganglia and cerebellum to vocal emotion processing, while functional connectivity analyses highlighted correlations between basal ganglia and cerebellum, especially for angry voices. Seed-to-seed and seed-to-voxel effective connectivity revealed direct connections within the basal ganglia—especially between the putamen and external globus pallidus—and between the subthalamic nucleus and the cerebellum. Our results speak in favour of crucial contributions of the basal ganglia, especially the putamen, external globus pallidus and subthalamic nucleus, and several cerebellar lobules and nuclei for an efficient decoding of and response to vocal emotions.
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203
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Pagen LHG, van de Ven VG, Gronenschild EHBM, Priovoulos N, Verhey FRJ, Jacobs HIL. Contributions of Cerebro-Cerebellar Default Mode Connectivity Patterns to Memory Performance in Mild Cognitive Impairment. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 75:633-647. [PMID: 32310164 PMCID: PMC7458511 DOI: 10.3233/jad-191127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cerebral default mode network (DMN) can be mapped onto specific regions in the cerebellum, which are specifically vulnerable to atrophy in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. OBJECTIVE We set out to determine whether there are specific differences in the interaction between the cerebral and cerebellar DMN in amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) patients compared to healthy controls using resting-state functional MRI and whether these differences are relevant for memory performance. METHODS Eighteen patients with aMCI were age and education-matched to eighteen older adults and underwent 3T MR-imaging. We performed seed-based functional connectivity analysis between the cerebellar DMN seeds and the cerebral DMN. RESULTS Our results showed that compared to healthy older adults, aMCI patients showed lower anti-correlation between the cerebellar DMN and several cerebral DMN regions. Additionally, we showed that degradation of the anti-correlation between the cerebellar DMN and the medial frontal cortex is correlated with worse memory performance in aMCI patients. CONCLUSION These findings provide evidence that the cerebellar DMN and cerebral DMN are negatively correlated during rest in older individuals, and suggest that the reduced anti-correlated impacts the modulatory role of the cerebellum on cognitive functioning, in particular on the executive component of memory functions in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda H G Pagen
- Faculty of Health, Medicine, and Life Sciences, Alzheimer Centre Limburg, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Vincent G van de Ven
- Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Ed H B M Gronenschild
- Faculty of Health, Medicine, and Life Sciences, Alzheimer Centre Limburg, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Nikos Priovoulos
- Faculty of Health, Medicine, and Life Sciences, Alzheimer Centre Limburg, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Frans R J Verhey
- Faculty of Health, Medicine, and Life Sciences, Alzheimer Centre Limburg, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Heidi I L Jacobs
- Faculty of Health, Medicine, and Life Sciences, Alzheimer Centre Limburg, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.,Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.,Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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204
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Schienle A, Gremsl A, Wabnegger A. Placebo Effects in the Context of Religious Beliefs and Practices: A Resting-State Functional Connectivity Study. Front Behav Neurosci 2021; 15:653359. [PMID: 34025370 PMCID: PMC8134677 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2021.653359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Placebos (inert substances or procedures) can positively influence a person’s psychological and physical well-being, which is accompanied by specific changes in brain activity. There are many different types of placebos with different effects on health-related variables. This study investigated placebo effects in the context of religious beliefs and practices. The participants received an inert substance (tap water) along with the verbal suggestion that the water would come from the sanctuary in Lourdes (a major Catholic pilgrimage site with reports of miracle cures). We investigated changes in resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) in three brain networks (default-mode, salience, cognitive control) associated with the drinking of the placebo water. Methods: A total of 37 females with the belief that water from the sanctuary in Lourdes has positive effects on their spiritual, emotional, and physical well-being participated in this placebo study with two sessions. The participants drank tap water that was labeled “Lourdes water” (placebo) before a 15-min resting-state scan in one session. In the other (control) session, they received tap water labeled as tap water. The participants rated their affective state (valence, arousal) during the session and were interviewed concerning specific thoughts, feelings, and bodily sensations directly after each of the two sessions. Results: The placebo reduced rsFC in the frontoparietal cognitive control network and increased rsFC in the salience network (insular-cerebellar connectivity). During the session, the participants rated their affective state as very pleasant and calm. The ratings did not differ between the two conditions. Immediately after the session, the participants reported increased intensity of pleasant bodily sensations (e.g., feelings of warmth, tingling) and feelings (e.g., gratefulness) for the “Lourdes water” condition. Conclusions: The present findings provide the first evidence that placebos in the context of religious beliefs and practices can change the experience of emotional salience and cognitive control which is accompanied by connectivity changes in the associated brain networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Schienle
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Graz, BioTechMed, Graz, Austria
| | - Andreas Gremsl
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Graz, BioTechMed, Graz, Austria
| | - Albert Wabnegger
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Graz, BioTechMed, Graz, Austria
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205
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Gao J, Tang X, Wang C, Yu M, Sha W, Wang X, Zhang H, Zhang X, Zhang X. Aberrant cerebellar neural activity and cerebro-cerebellar functional connectivity involving executive dysfunction in schizophrenia with primary negative symptoms. Brain Imaging Behav 2021; 14:869-880. [PMID: 30612342 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-018-0032-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Deficit schizophrenia (DS) is a distinct subtype of schizophrenia characterized by primary and enduring negative symptoms. More severe executive dysfunctions were observed in DS patients, however, the associated neuroimaging characteristics, especially cerebellar functional anomalies in DS, remain largely unknown. We employed resting-state functional and structural MRI data of 106 male participants, including data from 29 DS patients, 39 non-deficit schizophrenia (NDS) patients and 38 healthy controls (HCs). Z-standardized fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (zfALFF) values were calculated in order to examine spontaneous regional brain activity. Cerebro-cerebellar functional connectivity and changes in the volume of gray matter in the cerebellum were also examined. Relative to the HCs, both DS and NDS patients exhibited decreased zfALFF in the bilateral cerebellar lobules VIII and IX. The zfALFF in the left Crus II was lower in DS patients compared to NDS patients. No significant difference was observed in the volume of cerebellar gray matter among the three groups. Compared with NDS patients, cerebro-cerebellar functional connectivity analysis revealed increased connectivity in the left orbital medial frontal cortex and right putamen regions in DS patients. Reduced zfALFF in the left Crus II in the DS group was significantly positively correlated with Stroop Color and Word scores, while negatively correlated with Trail-Making Test part B scores. The increased functional connectivity in the right putamen in DS patients was significantly positively correlated with Animal Naming Test and semantic Verbal Fluency Test scores. These results highlight cerebellar functional abnormality in DS patients and provide insight into the pathophysiological mechanism of executive dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Gao
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Nanjing Brain Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China.,Department I of Geriatric Psychiatry, Shanghai Changning Mental Health Center, Shanghai, 200335, China
| | - Xiaowei Tang
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Nanjing Brain Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Psychiatry, Wutaishan Hospital of Yangzhou, Yangzhou, 225003, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Congjie Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Huai'an No. 3 People's Hospital, Huai'an, 223001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Miao Yu
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Nanjing Brain Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Weiwei Sha
- Department of Psychiatry, Wutaishan Hospital of Yangzhou, Yangzhou, 225003, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiang Wang
- Medical Psychological Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Hongying Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Subei People's Hospital of Jiangsu province, Yangzhou, 225001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiangrong Zhang
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Nanjing Brain Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Xiaobin Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, Wutaishan Hospital of Yangzhou, Yangzhou, 225003, Jiangsu Province, China.
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206
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Abstract
Wilson's disease patients with neurological symptoms have motor symptoms and cognitive deficits, including frontal executive, visuospatial processing, and memory impairments. Although the brain structural abnormalities associated with Wilson's disease have been documented, it remains largely unknown how Wilson's disease affects large-scale functional brain networks. In this study, we investigated functional brain networks in Wilson's disease. Particularly, we analyzed resting state functional magnetic resonance images of 30 Wilson's disease patients and 26 healthy controls. First, functional brain networks for each participant were extracted using an independent component analysis method. Then, a computationally efficient pattern classification method was developed to identify discriminative brain functional networks associated with Wilson's disease. Experimental results indicated that Wilson's disease patients, compared with healthy controls, had altered large-scale functional brain networks, including the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex and basal ganglia network, the middle frontal gyrus, the dorsal striatum, the inferior parietal lobule, the precuneus, the temporal pole, and the posterior lobe of cerebellum. Classification models built upon these networks distinguished between neurological WD patients and HCs with accuracy up to 86.9% (specificity: 86.7%, sensitivity: 89.7%). The classification scores were correlated with the United Wilson's Disease Rating Scale measures and durations of disease of the patients. These results suggest that Wilson's disease patients have multiple aberrant brain functional networks, and classification scores derived from these networks are associated with severity of clinical symptoms.
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207
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Wei Q, Ji Y, Bai T, Zu M, Guo Y, Mo Y, Ji G, Wang K, Tian Y. Enhanced cerebro-cerebellar functional connectivity reverses cognitive impairment following electroconvulsive therapy in major depressive disorder. Brain Imaging Behav 2021; 15:798-806. [PMID: 32361944 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-020-00290-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), a rapidly acting and effective treatment for major depressive disorder (MDD), is frequently accompanied by cognitive impairment. Recent studies have documented that ECT reorganizes dysregulated inter/intra- connected cerebral networks, including the affective network, the cognitive control network(CCN) and default mode network (DMN).Moreover, cerebellum is thought to play an important role in emotion regulation and cognitive processing. However, little is known about the relationship between cerebro-cerebellar connectivity alterations following ECT and antidepressant effects or cognitive impairment. We performed seed-based resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) analyses in 28 MDD patients receiving ECT and 20 healthy controls to identify cerebro-cerebellar connectivity differences related to MDD and changes induced by ECT. Six seed regions (three per hemisphere) in the cerebrum were selected for RSFC, corresponding to the affective network, CCN and DMN, to establish cerebro-cerebellar functional connectivity with cerebellum. MDD patients showed increased RSFC between left sgACC and left cerebellar lobule VI after ECT. Ggranger causality analyses (GCA) identified the causal interaction is from left cerebellar lobule VI to left sgACC. Furthermore, increased effective connectivity from left cerebellar lobule VI to left sgACC exhibited positively correlated with the change in verbal fluency test (VFT) score following ECT (r = 0.433, p = 0.039). Our findings indicate that the enhanced cerebro-cerebellar functional connectivity from left lobule VI to left sgACC may ameliorate cognitive impairment induced by ECT. This study identifies a potential neural pathway for mitigation of cognitive impairment following ECT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Wei
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 230022, Hefei, Anhui Province, China.,Collaborative Innovation Centre of Neuropsychiatric Disorders and Mental Health, Hefei, China
| | - Yang Ji
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 230022, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Tongjian Bai
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 230022, Hefei, Anhui Province, China.,Collaborative Innovation Centre of Neuropsychiatric Disorders and Mental Health, Hefei, China
| | - Meidan Zu
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 230022, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Yuanyuan Guo
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 230022, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Yuting Mo
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 230022, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Gongjun Ji
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Neuropsychiatric Disorders and Mental Health, Hefei, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 230022, Hefei, Anhui Province, China. .,Collaborative Innovation Centre of Neuropsychiatric Disorders and Mental Health, Hefei, China. .,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Cognition and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, 230022, Hefei, China. .,Department of Medical Psychology, Anhui Medical University, 230022, Hefei, China.
| | - Yanghua Tian
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 230022, Hefei, Anhui Province, China. .,Collaborative Innovation Centre of Neuropsychiatric Disorders and Mental Health, Hefei, China.
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208
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Effect of blast-related mTBI on the working memory system: a resting state fMRI study. Brain Imaging Behav 2021; 14:949-960. [PMID: 30519997 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-018-9987-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Reduced working memory is frequently reported by Veterans with a history of blast-related mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), but can be difficult to quantify on neuropsychological measures. This study aimed to improve our understanding of the impact of blast-related mTBI on the working memory system by using resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to explore differences in functional connectivity between OEF/OIF/OND Veterans with and without a history of mTBI. Participants were twenty-four Veterans with a history of blast-related mTBI and 17 Veterans who were deployed but had no lifetime history of TBI. Working memory ability was evaluated with the Auditory Consonants Trigrams (ACT) task. Resting state fMRI was used to evaluate intrinsic functional connectivity from frontal seed regions that are known components of the working memory network. No significant group differences were found on the ACT, but the imaging analyses revealed widespread hyper-connectivity from the frontal seed regions in the Veterans with a history of mTBI relative to the deployed control group. Further, within the mTBI group, but not the control group, better performance on the ACT was associated with increased functional connectivity to multiple brain regions, including cerebellar components of the working memory network. These results were present after controlling for age, PTSD symptoms, and estimated premorbid IQ, and suggest that long-term alterations in the functional connectivity of the working memory network following blast-related mTBI may reflect a compensatory change that contributes to intact performance on an objective measure of working memory.
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209
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Chen J, Shu H, Wang Z, Zhan Y, Liu D, Liu Y, Zhang Z. Intrinsic connectivity identifies the sensory-motor network as a main cross-network between remitted late-life depression- and amnestic mild cognitive impairment-targeted networks. Brain Imaging Behav 2021; 14:1130-1142. [PMID: 31011952 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-019-00098-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Remitted late-life depression (rLLD) and amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) are both associated with a high risk of developing Alzheimer's disease (AD). Neurodegeneration is considered to spread within pre-existing networks. To investigate whether, in the healthy brain, there was a pre-existing cross-network between the intrinsic networks that are vulnerable to rLLD and aMCI. We performed functional connectivity analyses based on brain areas with the greatest brain neuronal activity differences in 55 rLLD, 87 aMCI, and 114 healthy controls. Intrinsic networks that were differentially vulnerable to rLLD and aMCI converged onto the sensory-motor network (SMN) in the healthy brain. These regions in the SMN within the aMCI- and rLLD-vulnerable networks played different roles in the cognitive functions. This study identifies the SMN as a cross-network between rLLD- and aMCI-vulnerable networks. The common susceptibility of these diseases to AD is likely due to the breakdown of the cross-network. The results further suggest that interventions targeting the amelioration of sensory-motor deficits in the early course of disease in individuals with AD risk may enhance patient function as AD pathology progresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiu Chen
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China.,Institute of neuropsychiatry, the Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hao Shu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zan Wang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yafeng Zhan
- Brainnetome Center, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Duan Liu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Brainnetome Center, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China. .,National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China. .,CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China. .,School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Zhijun Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China. .,Department of Psychology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China.
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210
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Macro- and micro-structural cerebellar and cortical characteristics of cognitive empathy towards fictional characters in healthy individuals. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8804. [PMID: 33888760 PMCID: PMC8062506 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87861-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Few investigations have analyzed the neuroanatomical substrate of empathic capacities in healthy subjects, and most of them have neglected the potential involvement of cerebellar structures. The main aim of the present study was to investigate the associations between bilateral cerebellar macro- and micro-structural measures and levels of cognitive and affective trait empathy (measured by Interpersonal Reactivity Index, IRI) in a sample of 70 healthy subjects of both sexes. We also estimated morphometric variations of cerebral Gray Matter structures, to ascertain whether the potential empathy-related peculiarities in cerebellar areas were accompanied by structural differences in other cerebral regions. At macro-structural level, the volumetric differences were analyzed by Voxel-Based Morphometry (VBM)- and Region of Interest (ROI)-based approaches, and at a micro-structural level, we analyzed Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) data, focusing in particular on Mean Diffusivity and Fractional Anisotropy. Fantasy IRI-subscale was found to be positively associated with volumes in right cerebellar Crus 2 and pars triangularis of inferior frontal gyrus. The here described morphological variations of cerebellar Crus 2 and pars triangularis allow to extend the traditional cortico-centric view of cognitive empathy to the cerebellar regions and indicate that in empathizing with fictional characters the cerebellar and frontal areas are co-recruited.
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211
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Ionescu TM, Amend M, Hafiz R, Biswal BB, Wehrl HF, Herfert K, Pichler BJ. Elucidating the complementarity of resting-state networks derived from dynamic [ 18F]FDG and hemodynamic fluctuations using simultaneous small-animal PET/MRI. Neuroimage 2021; 236:118045. [PMID: 33848625 PMCID: PMC8339191 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional connectivity (FC) and resting-state network (RSN) analyses using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) have evolved into a growing field of research and have provided useful biomarkers for the assessment of brain function in neurological disorders. However, the underlying mechanisms of the blood oxygen level-dependant (BOLD) signal are not fully resolved due to its inherent complexity. In contrast, [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography ([18F]FDG-PET) has been shown to provide a more direct measure of local synaptic activity and may have additional value for the readout and interpretation of brain connectivity. We performed an RSN analysis from simultaneously acquired PET/fMRI data on a single-subject level to directly compare fMRI and [18F]FDG-PET-derived networks during the resting state. Simultaneous [18F]FDG-PET/fMRI scans were performed in 30 rats. Pairwise correlation analysis, as well as independent component analysis (ICA), were used to compare the readouts of both methods. We identified three RSNs with a high degree of similarity between PET and fMRI-derived readouts: the default-mode-like network (DMN), the basal ganglia network and the cerebellar-midbrain network. Overall, [18F]FDG connectivity indicated increased integration between different, often distant, brain areas compared to the results indicated by the more segregated fMRI-derived FC. Additionally, several networks exclusive to either modality were observed using ICA. These networks included mainly bilateral cortical networks of a limited spatial extent for fMRI and more spatially widespread networks for [18F]FDG-PET, often involving several subcortical areas. This is the first study using simultaneous PET/fMRI to report RSNs subject-wise from dynamic [18F]FDG tracer delivery and BOLD fluctuations with both independent component analysis (ICA) and pairwise correlation analysis in small animals. Our findings support previous studies, which show a close link between local synaptic glucose consumption and BOLD-fMRI-derived FC. However, several brain regions were exclusively attributed to either [18F]FDG or BOLD-derived networks underlining the complementarity of this hybrid imaging approach, which may contribute to the understanding of brain functional organization and could be of interest for future clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tudor M Ionescu
- Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Mario Amend
- Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Rakibul Hafiz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, University Heights, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Bharat B Biswal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, University Heights, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Hans F Wehrl
- Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Kristina Herfert
- Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Bernd J Pichler
- Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.
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212
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Ritchay MM, Huggins AA, Wallace AL, Larson CL, Lisdahl KM. Resting state functional connectivity in the default mode network: Relationships between cannabis use, gender, and cognition in adolescents and young adults. Neuroimage Clin 2021; 30:102664. [PMID: 33872994 PMCID: PMC8080071 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2021.102664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cannabis is the most commonly used illicit substance in the United States, and nearly 1 in 4 young adults are current cannabis users. Chronic cannabis use is associated with changes in resting state functional connectivity (RSFC) in the default mode network (DMN) in adolescents and young adults; results are somewhat inconsistent across studies, potentially due to methodological differences. The aims of the present study were to examine potential differences in DMN RSFC between cannabis users and controls, and to examine, as an exploratory analysis, if gender moderated any findings. We further examined whether differences in RSFC related to differences in performance on selected neuropsychological measures. MATERIALS AND METHODS Seventy-seven 16-26-year-old participants underwent an MRI scan (including resting state scan), neuropsychological battery, toxicology screening, and drug use interview. Differences in DMN connectivity were examined between groups (cannabis vs. control) and with an exploratory group by gender interaction, using a left posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) seed-based analysis conducted in AFNI. RESULTS Cannabis users demonstrated weaker connectivity than controls between the left PCC and various DMN nodes, and the right Rolandic operculum/Heschl's gyrus. Cannabis users demonstrated stronger connectivity between the left PCC and the cerebellum and left supramarginal gyrus. The group by gender interaction was not significantly associated with connectivity differences. Stronger left PCC-cerebellum connectivity was associated with poorer performance on cognitive measures in cannabis users. In controls, intra-DMN connectivity was positively correlated with performance on a speeded selective/sustained attention measure. DISCUSSION Consistent with our hypotheses and other studies, cannabis users demonstrated weaker connectivity between the left PCC and DMN nodes. Chronic THC exposure may alter GABA and glutamate concentrations, which may alter brain communication. Future studies should be conducted with a larger sample size and examine gender differences and the mechanism by which these differences may arise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan M Ritchay
- University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Department of Psychology, 2441 E. Hartford Ave Garland 224, Milwaukee, 53211 WI, USA
| | - Ashley A Huggins
- University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Department of Psychology, 2441 E. Hartford Ave Garland 224, Milwaukee, 53211 WI, USA
| | - Alexander L Wallace
- University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Department of Psychology, 2441 E. Hartford Ave Garland 224, Milwaukee, 53211 WI, USA
| | - Christine L Larson
- University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Department of Psychology, 2441 E. Hartford Ave Garland 224, Milwaukee, 53211 WI, USA
| | - Krista M Lisdahl
- University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Department of Psychology, 2441 E. Hartford Ave Garland 224, Milwaukee, 53211 WI, USA.
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213
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Habas C. Functional Connectivity of the Cognitive Cerebellum. Front Syst Neurosci 2021; 15:642225. [PMID: 33897382 PMCID: PMC8060696 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2021.642225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Anatomical tracing, human clinical data, and stimulation functional imaging have firmly established the major role of the (neo-)cerebellum in cognition and emotion. Telencephalization characterized by the great expansion of associative cortices, especially the prefrontal one, has been associated with parallel expansion of the neocerebellar cortex, especially the lobule VII, and by an increased number of interconnections between these two cortical structures. These anatomical modifications underlie the implication of the neocerebellum in cognitive control of complex motor and non-motor tasks. In humans, resting state functional connectivity has been used to determine a thorough anatomo-functional parcellation of the neocerebellum. This technique has identified central networks involving the neocerebellum and subserving its cognitive function. Neocerebellum participates in all intrinsic connected networks such as central executive, default mode, salience, dorsal and ventral attentional, and language-dedicated networks. The central executive network constitutes the main circuit represented within the neocerebellar cortex. Cerebellar zones devoted to these intrinsic networks appear multiple, interdigitated, and spatially ordered in three gradients. Such complex neocerebellar organization enables the neocerebellum to monitor and synchronize the main networks involved in cognition and emotion, likely by computing internal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Habas
- Service de NeuroImagerie, Centre Hospitalier National d'Ophtalmologie des 15-20, Paris, France
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214
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Gong J, Jiang S, Li Z, Pei H, Li Q, Yao D, Luo C. Distinct effects of the basal ganglia and cerebellum on the thalamocortical pathway in idiopathic generalized epilepsy. Hum Brain Mapp 2021; 42:3440-3449. [PMID: 33830581 PMCID: PMC8249897 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The aberrant thalamocortical pathways of epilepsy have been detected recently, while its underlying effects on epilepsy are still not well understood. Exploring pathoglytic changes in two important thalamocortical pathways, that is, the basal ganglia (BG)-thalamocortical and the cerebellum-thalamocortical pathways, in people with idiopathic generalized epilepsy (IGE), could deepen our understanding on the pathological mechanism of this disease. These two pathways were reconstructed and investigated in this study by combining diffusion and functional MRI. Both pathways showed connectivity changes with the perception and cognition systems in patients. Consistent functional connectivity (FC) changes were observed mainly in perception regions, revealing the aberrant integration of sensorimotor and visual information in IGE. The pathway-specific FC alterations in high-order regions give neuroimaging evidence of the neural mechanisms of cognitive impairment and epileptic activities in IGE. Abnormal functional and structural integration of cerebellum, basal ganglia and thalamus could result in an imbalance of inhibition and excitability in brain systems of IGE. This study located the regulated cortical regions of BG and cerebellum which been affected in IGE, established possible links between the neuroimaging findings and epileptic symptoms, and enriched the understanding of the regulatory effects of BG and cerebellum on epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinnan Gong
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, School of life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.,School of Computer Science, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu, China
| | - Sisi Jiang
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, School of life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhiliang Li
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, School of life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Haonan Pei
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, School of life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Qifu Li
- Department of Neurology, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Dezhong Yao
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, School of life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.,Department of Neurology, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China.,Research Unit of NeuroInformation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences 2019RU035, Chengdu, China
| | - Cheng Luo
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, School of life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.,Department of Neurology, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China.,Research Unit of NeuroInformation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences 2019RU035, Chengdu, China
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215
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Xiao Y, Lin Y, Ma J, Qian J, Ke Z, Li L, Yi Y, Zhang J, Dai Z. Predicting visual working memory with multimodal magnetic resonance imaging. Hum Brain Mapp 2021; 42:1446-1462. [PMID: 33277955 PMCID: PMC7927291 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The indispensability of visual working memory (VWM) in human daily life suggests its importance in higher cognitive functions and neurological diseases. However, despite the extensive research efforts, most findings on the neural basis of VWM are limited to a unimodal context (either structure or function) and have low generalization. To address the above issues, this study proposed the usage of multimodal neuroimaging in combination with machine learning to reveal the neural mechanism of VWM across a large cohort (N = 547). Specifically, multimodal magnetic resonance imaging features extracted from voxel-wise amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations, gray matter volume, and fractional anisotropy were used to build an individual VWM capacity prediction model through a machine learning pipeline, including the steps of feature selection, relevance vector regression, cross-validation, and model fusion. The resulting model exhibited promising predictive performance on VWM (r = .402, p < .001), and identified features within the subcortical-cerebellum network, default mode network, motor network, corpus callosum, anterior corona radiata, and external capsule as significant predictors. The main results were then compared with those obtained on emotional regulation and fluid intelligence using the same pipeline, confirming the specificity of our findings. Moreover, the main results maintained well under different cross-validation regimes and preprocess strategies. These findings, while providing richer evidence for the importance of multimodality in understanding cognitive functions, offer a solid and general foundation for comprehensively understanding the VWM process from the top down.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Xiao
- Department of PsychologySun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Ying Lin
- Department of PsychologySun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Junji Ma
- Department of PsychologySun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Jiehui Qian
- Department of PsychologySun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Zijun Ke
- Department of PsychologySun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Liangfang Li
- Department of PsychologySun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Yangyang Yi
- Department of PsychologySun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Jinbo Zhang
- Department of PsychologySun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Cam‐CAN
- Cambridge Centre for Ageing and Neuroscience (Cam‐CAN)University of Cambridge and MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences UnitCambridgeUK
| | - Zhengjia Dai
- Department of PsychologySun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
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216
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Zhang ZH, Liu X, Jing B, Hu BM, Ai Z, Xing BK, Jiang T, Peng P. Cerebellar involvement in olfaction: An fMRI Study. J Neuroimaging 2021; 31:517-523. [PMID: 33783911 DOI: 10.1111/jon.12843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The role of the cerebellum in olfactory function is not fully understood. In this study, we tried to combine resting state and task functional MRI (fMRI) to improve the understanding of the cerebellum during olfactory processing. METHODS A resting state and a block paradigm of olfactory stimulation fMRI were scanned in 50 subjects. The olfactory stimuli, including phenylethyl alcohol and isovaleric acid, were alternately delivered to the subject using a custom-built olfactometer through air flow. The cerebellar activations elicited by isovaleric acid were subsequently used in the seed-based resting-state functional connectivity study. RESULTS Phenylethyl alcohol did not induce any cerebellum activation, while isovaleric acid with a more unpleasant smell elicited significant cerebellum activations, primarily in the bilateral posterior lateral hemispheres (bilateral lobule crus I and right lobule VI). Seed-based functional connectivity analysis revealed significant within-cerebellum and corticocerebellar connections. CONCLUSIONS The results imply that the cerebellum is probably involved in olfactory-related responses caused by unpleasant odor but does not directly participate in olfactory perception. Our results may further improve the understanding of the cerebellum in olfactory function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Hao Zhang
- Beijing Chao-yang Hospital, Radiology Department, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Xiao Liu
- Beijing Chao-yang Hospital, Radiology Department, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Bin Jing
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Bao-Min Hu
- Beijing Chao-yang Hospital, Radiology Department, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Zheng Ai
- Beijing Chao-yang Hospital, Radiology Department, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Bo-Kai Xing
- Beijing Chao-yang Hospital, Radiology Department, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Beijing Chao-yang Hospital, Radiology Department, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Peng Peng
- Beijing Chao-yang Hospital, Radiology Department, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P. R. China
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217
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Barry RL, Babu S, Anteraper SA, Triantafyllou C, Keil B, Rowe OE, Rangaprakash D, Paganoni S, Lawson R, Dheel C, Cernasov PM, Rosen BR, Ratai EM, Atassi N. Ultra-high field (7T) functional magnetic resonance imaging in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a pilot study. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2021; 30:102648. [PMID: 33872993 PMCID: PMC8060594 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2021.102648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Participants with ALS exhibited impaired function between the cortex and cerebellum. The cerebellum is associated with complex motor and cognitive processing tasks. These findings add to the growing number of ALS reports implicating the cerebellum.
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system that results in a progressive loss of motor function and ultimately death. It is critical, yet also challenging, to develop non-invasive biomarkers to identify, localize, measure and/or track biological mechanisms implicated in ALS. Such biomarkers may also provide clues to identify potential molecular targets for future therapeutic trials. Herein we report on a pilot study involving twelve participants with ALS and nine age-matched healthy controls who underwent high-resolution resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging at an ultra-high field of 7 Tesla. A group-level whole-brain analysis revealed a disruption in long-range functional connectivity between the superior sensorimotor cortex (in the precentral gyrus) and bilateral cerebellar lobule VI. Post hoc analyses using atlas-derived left and right cerebellar lobule VI revealed decreased functional connectivity in ALS participants that predominantly mapped to bilateral postcentral and precentral gyri. Cerebellar lobule VI is a transition zone between anterior motor networks and posterior non-motor networks in the cerebellum, and is associated with a wide range of key functions including complex motor and cognitive processing tasks. Our observation of the involvement of cerebellar lobule VI adds to the growing number of studies implicating the cerebellum in ALS. Future avenues of scientific investigation should consider how high-resolution imaging at 7T may be leveraged to visualize differences in functional connectivity disturbances in various genotypes and phenotypes of ALS along the ALS-frontotemporal dementia spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Barry
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA; Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard-Massachusetts Institute of Technology Health Sciences & Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Suma Babu
- Sean M. Healey & AMG Center for ALS at Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Neurology, Neurological Clinical Research Institute, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Sheeba Arnold Anteraper
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Christina Triantafyllou
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA; Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Siemens Healthineers, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Boris Keil
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA; Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Mittelhessen University of Applied Sciences, Department of Life Science Engineering, Institute of Medical Physics and Radiation Protection, Giessen, Germany
| | - Olivia E Rowe
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - D Rangaprakash
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA; Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sabrina Paganoni
- Sean M. Healey & AMG Center for ALS at Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Neurology, Neurological Clinical Research Institute, Boston, MA, USA; Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Robert Lawson
- Sean M. Healey & AMG Center for ALS at Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Neurology, Neurological Clinical Research Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christina Dheel
- Sean M. Healey & AMG Center for ALS at Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Neurology, Neurological Clinical Research Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Paul M Cernasov
- Sean M. Healey & AMG Center for ALS at Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Neurology, Neurological Clinical Research Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bruce R Rosen
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA; Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard-Massachusetts Institute of Technology Health Sciences & Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Eva-Maria Ratai
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA; Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Division of Neuroradiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nazem Atassi
- Sean M. Healey & AMG Center for ALS at Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Neurology, Neurological Clinical Research Institute, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Sanofi Genzyme, Cambridge, MA, USA
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218
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Lupo M, Olivito G, Gragnani A, Saettoni M, Siciliano L, Pancheri C, Panfili M, Bozzali M, Delle Chiaie R, Leggio M. Comparison of Cerebellar Grey Matter Alterations in Bipolar and Cerebellar Patients: Evidence from Voxel-Based Analysis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073511. [PMID: 33805296 PMCID: PMC8036397 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the patterns of cerebellar alterations associated with bipolar disease with those induced by the presence of cerebellar neurodegenerative pathologies to clarify the potential cerebellar contribution to bipolar affective disturbance. Twenty-nine patients affected by bipolar disorder, 32 subjects affected by cerebellar neurodegenerative pathologies, and 37 age-matched healthy subjects underwent a 3T MRI protocol. A voxel-based morphometry analysis was used to show similarities and differences in cerebellar grey matter (GM) loss between the groups. We found a pattern of GM cerebellar alterations in both bipolar and cerebellar groups that involved the anterior and posterior cerebellar regions (p = 0.05). The direct comparison between bipolar and cerebellar patients demonstrated a significant difference in GM loss in cerebellar neurodegenerative patients in the bilateral anterior and posterior motor cerebellar regions, such as lobules I-IV, V, VI, VIIIa, VIIIb, IX, VIIb and vermis VI, while a pattern of overlapping GM loss was evident in right lobule V, right crus I and bilateral crus II. Our findings showed, for the first time, common and different alteration patterns of specific cerebellar lobules in bipolar and neurodegenerative cerebellar patients, which allowed us to hypothesize a cerebellar role in the cognitive and mood dysregulation symptoms that characterize bipolar disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Lupo
- Ataxia Laboratory, Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS, 00179 Rome, Italy; (G.O.); (M.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-065-150-1115
| | - Giusy Olivito
- Ataxia Laboratory, Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS, 00179 Rome, Italy; (G.O.); (M.L.)
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Gragnani
- Scuola di Psicoterapia Cognitiva SPC, 58100 Grosseto, Italy; (A.G.); (M.S.)
- Associazione Psicologia Cognitiva (APC)/Scuola di Psicoterapia Cognitiva (SPC), 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Saettoni
- Scuola di Psicoterapia Cognitiva SPC, 58100 Grosseto, Italy; (A.G.); (M.S.)
- Unità Funzionale Salute Mentale Adulti ASL Toscana Nord-Ovest Valle del Serchio, 56121 Pisa, Italy
| | - Libera Siciliano
- PhD Program in Behavioral Neuroscience, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Corinna Pancheri
- Departement of Neuroscience and Mental Health–Policlinico Umberto I Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (C.P.); (M.P.); (R.D.C.)
| | - Matteo Panfili
- Departement of Neuroscience and Mental Health–Policlinico Umberto I Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (C.P.); (M.P.); (R.D.C.)
| | - Marco Bozzali
- Clinical Imaging Science Center, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton BN1 9RR, UK;
| | - Roberto Delle Chiaie
- Departement of Neuroscience and Mental Health–Policlinico Umberto I Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (C.P.); (M.P.); (R.D.C.)
| | - Maria Leggio
- Ataxia Laboratory, Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS, 00179 Rome, Italy; (G.O.); (M.L.)
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
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219
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Du Y, Li H, Xiao H, Wang M, Zhang W, Gong Q, Qiu C, Huang X. Illness Severity Moderated Association Between Trait Anxiety and Amygdala-Based Functional Connectivity in Generalized Anxiety Disorder. Front Behav Neurosci 2021; 15:637426. [PMID: 33867949 PMCID: PMC8044966 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2021.637426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Trait anxiety is considered a vulnerability factor for the development of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). The amygdala is related to both trait anxiety and GAD. Thus, we investigated amygdala-based functional connectivity (FC) in drug-naive non-comorbid GAD patients and explored its associations with personality, symptoms, and illness severity. FC analyses using the bilateral amygdala as seeds were performed with resting-state functional MRI data from 38 GAD patients and 20 matched healthy controls (HCs). Clinical characteristics were correlated with FC Z-scores from regions showing significant group differences. Furthermore, moderation analyses were used to explore the conditional effect of illness severity measured by the Clinical Global Impression-Severity (CGI-S) scale on the relationship between FC and trait anxiety. Relative to HCs, GAD patients showed hypoconnectivity between the amygdala and the rostral anterior cingulate cortex (rACC), inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), parahippocampal gyrus, and cerebellum and hyperconnectivity between the amygdala and the superior temporal gyrus (STG), insula, and postcentral gyrus. In GAD patients, amygdala-rACC connectivity was negatively associated with symptom severity and trait anxiety, and amygdala-IFG connectivity was positively associated with symptom severity. Moreover, CGI-S scores moderated the negative correlation between trait anxiety and amygdala-rACC FC. We demonstrate that there is extensive amygdala-based network dysfunction in patients with GAD. More importantly, amygdala-rACC connectivity plays a key role in the neural pathology of trait anxiety. Finally, the more severe the illness, the stronger the negative association between trait anxiety and amygdala-rACC FC. Our results emphasize the importance of personalized intervention in GAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Du
- Mental Health Center and Psychiatric Laboratory, The State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hailong Li
- Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Radiology, Huaxi MR Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Psychoradiology Research Unit of the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2018RU011), West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongqi Xiao
- Mental Health Center and Psychiatric Laboratory, The State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mei Wang
- Mental Health Center and Psychiatric Laboratory, The State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Mental Health Center and Psychiatric Laboratory, The State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiyong Gong
- Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Radiology, Huaxi MR Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Psychoradiology Research Unit of the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2018RU011), West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Changjian Qiu
- Mental Health Center and Psychiatric Laboratory, The State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoqi Huang
- Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Radiology, Huaxi MR Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Psychoradiology Research Unit of the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2018RU011), West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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220
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Vanes LD, Dolan RJ. Transdiagnostic neuroimaging markers of psychiatric risk: A narrative review. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2021; 30:102634. [PMID: 33780864 PMCID: PMC8022867 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2021.102634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We review the literature on neural correlates of a general psychopathology factor General psychopathology relates to structural and functional neurodevelopment Disrupted network connectivity maturation may underlie psychiatric vulnerability
Several decades of neuroimaging research in psychiatry have shed light on structural and functional neural abnormalities associated with individual psychiatric disorders. However, there is increasing evidence for substantial overlap in the patterns of neural dysfunction seen across disorders, suggesting that risk for psychiatric illness may be shared across diagnostic boundaries. Gaining insights on the existence of shared neural mechanisms which may transdiagnostically underlie psychopathology is important for psychiatric research in order to tease apart the unique and common aspects of different disorders, but also clinically, so as to help identify individuals early on who may be biologically vulnerable to psychiatric disorder in general. In this narrative review, we first evaluate recent studies investigating the functional and structural neural correlates of a general psychopathology factor, which is thought to reflect the shared variance across common mental health symptoms and therefore index psychiatric vulnerability. We then link insights from this research to existing meta-analytic evidence for shared patterns of neural dysfunction across categorical psychiatric disorders. We conclude by providing an integrative account of vulnerability to mental illness, whereby delayed or disrupted maturation of large-scale networks (particularly default-mode, executive, and sensorimotor networks), and more generally between-network connectivity, results in a compromised ability to integrate and switch between internally and externally focused tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy D Vanes
- Centre for the Developing Brain, Department of Perinatal Imaging and Health, King's College London, United Kingdom.
| | - Raymond J Dolan
- Max Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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221
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Cha YH, Ding L, Yuan H. Neuroimaging Markers of Mal de Débarquement Syndrome. Front Neurol 2021; 12:636224. [PMID: 33746890 PMCID: PMC7970001 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.636224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Mal de débarquement syndrome (MdDS) is a motion-induced disorder of oscillating vertigo that persists after the motion has ceased. The neuroimaging characteristics of the MdDS brain state have been investigated with studies on brain metabolism, structure, functional connectivity, and measurements of synchronicity. Baseline metabolism and resting-state functional connectivity studies indicate that a limbic focus in the left entorhinal cortex and amygdala may be important in the pathology of MdDS, as these structures are hypermetabolic in MdDS and exhibit increased functional connectivity to posterior sensory processing areas and reduced connectivity to the frontal and temporal cortices. Both structures are tunable with periodic stimulation, with neurons in the entorhinal cortex required for spatial navigation, acting as a critical efferent pathway to the hippocampus, and sending and receiving projections from much of the neocortex. Voxel-based morphometry measurements have revealed volume differences between MdDS and healthy controls in hubs of multiple resting-state networks including the default mode, salience, and executive control networks. In particular, volume in the bilateral anterior cingulate cortices decreases and volume in the bilateral inferior frontal gyri/anterior insulas increases with longer duration of illness. Paired with noninvasive neuromodulation interventions, functional neuroimaging with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), electroencephalography (EEG), and simultaneous fMRI-EEG have shown changes in resting-state functional connectivity that correlate with symptom modulation, particularly in the posterior default mode network. Reduced parieto-occipital connectivity with the entorhinal cortex and reduced long-range fronto-parieto-occipital connectivity correlate with symptom improvement. Though there is a general theme of desynchronization correlating with reduced MdDS symptoms, the prediction of optimal stimulation parameters for noninvasive brain stimulation in individuals with MdDS remains a challenge due to the large parameter space. However, the pairing of functional neuroimaging and noninvasive brain stimulation can serve as a probe into the biological underpinnings of MdDS and iteratively lead to optimal parameter space identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Hee Cha
- Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Lei Ding
- Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, United States.,Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science, and Technology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, United States
| | - Han Yuan
- Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, United States.,Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science, and Technology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, United States
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222
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Grami F, de Marco G, Bodranghien F, Manto M, Habas C. Cerebellar transcranial direct current stimulation reconfigurates static and dynamic functional connectivity of the resting-state networks. CEREBELLUM & ATAXIAS 2021; 8:7. [PMID: 33627197 PMCID: PMC7905591 DOI: 10.1186/s40673-021-00132-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Background Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) of the cerebellum dynamically modulates cerebello-thalamo-cortical excitability in a polarity-specific manner during motor, visuo- motor and cognitive tasks. It remains to be established whether tDCS of the cerebellum impact also on resting-state intrinsically connected networks (ICNs). Such impact would open novel research and therapeutical doors for the neuromodulation of ICNs in human. Method We combined tDCS applied over the right cerebellum and fMRI to investigate tDCS- induced resting-state intrinsic functional reconfiguration, using a randomized, sham-controlled design. fMRI data were recorded both before and after real anodal stimulation (2 mA, 20 min) or sham tDCS in 12 right-handed healthy volunteers. We resorted to a region-of-interest static correlational analysis and to a sliding window analysis to assess temporal variations in resting state FC between the cerebellar lobule VII and nodes of the main ICNs. Results After real tDCS and compared with sham tDCS, functional changes were observed between the cerebellum and ICNs. Static FC showed enhanced or decreased correlation between cerebellum and brain areas belonging to visual, default-mode (DMN), sensorimotor and salience networks (SN) (p-corrected < 0.05). The temporal variability (TV) of BOLD signal was significantly modified after tDCS displaying in particular a lesser TV between the whole lobule VII and DMN and central executive network and a greater TV between crus 2 and SN. Static and dynamic FC was also modified between cerebellar lobuli. Conclusion These results demonstrate short- and long-range static and majorly dynamic effects of tDCS stimulation of the cerebellum affecting distinct resting-state ICNs, as well as intracerebellar functional connectivity, so that tDCS of the cerebellum appears as a non-invasive tool reconfigurating the dynamics of ICNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Grami
- Laboratoire LINP2 « Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire de Neurosciences, Physiologie et Psychologie : Activité physique, Santé et Apprentissages», UPL, Université Paris Nanterre, Nanterre, France
| | - G de Marco
- Laboratoire LINP2 « Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire de Neurosciences, Physiologie et Psychologie : Activité physique, Santé et Apprentissages», UPL, Université Paris Nanterre, Nanterre, France
| | - F Bodranghien
- Unité d'Etude du Mouvement GRIM, FNRS, ULB-Erasme, Route de Lennik, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - M Manto
- Services de Neurosciences, UMons, 7000, Mons, Belgium.,Unité des Ataxies Cérébelleuses, Service de Neurologie, CHU-Charleroi, 6000, Charleroi, Belgium
| | - C Habas
- Service de Neuroimagerie, Centre Hospitalier National d'Ophtalmologie des 15-20, Quinze-Vingt, 28, rue de Charenton, 75012, Paris, France.
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223
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Patil AU, Madathil D, Huang CM. Healthy Aging Alters the Functional Connectivity of Creative Cognition in the Default Mode Network and Cerebellar Network. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:607988. [PMID: 33679372 PMCID: PMC7929978 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.607988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Creativity is a higher-order neurocognitive process that produces unusual and unique thoughts. Behavioral and neuroimaging studies of younger adults have revealed that creative performance is the product of dynamic and spontaneous processes involving multiple cognitive functions and interactions between large-scale brain networks, including the default mode network (DMN), fronto-parietal executive control network (ECN), and salience network (SN). In this resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) study, group independent component analysis (group-ICA) and resting state functional connectivity (RSFC) measures were applied to examine whether and how various functional connected networks of the creative brain, particularly the default-executive and cerebro-cerebellar networks, are altered with advancing age. The group-ICA approach identified 11 major brain networks across age groups that reflected age-invariant resting-state networks. Compared with older adults, younger adults exhibited more specific and widespread dorsal network and sensorimotor network connectivity within and between the DMN, fronto-parietal ECN, and visual, auditory, and cerebellar networks associated with creativity. This outcome suggests age-specific changes in the functional connected network, particularly in the default-executive and cerebro-cerebellar networks. Our connectivity data further elucidate the critical roles of the cerebellum and cerebro-cerebellar connectivity in creativity in older adults. Furthermore, our findings provide evidence supporting the default-executive coupling hypothesis of aging and novel insights into the interactions of cerebro-cerebellar networks with creative cognition in older adults, which suggest alterations in the cognitive processes of the creative aging brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Uday Patil
- Department of Sensor and Biomedical Technology, School of Electronics Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India.,Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Deepa Madathil
- Department of Sensor and Biomedical Technology, School of Electronics Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
| | - Chih-Mao Huang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.,Center for Intelligent Drug Systems and Smart Bio-Devices (IDS2B), National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.,Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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224
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Morita T, Asada M, Naito E. Examination of the development and aging of brain deactivation using a unimanual motor task. Adv Robot 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/01691864.2021.1886168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyo Morita
- Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
- Center for Information and Neural Networks (CiNet), National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT), Osaka, Japan
| | - Minoru Asada
- Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
- Center for Information and Neural Networks (CiNet), National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT), Osaka, Japan
| | - Eiichi Naito
- Center for Information and Neural Networks (CiNet), National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT), Osaka, Japan
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
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225
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The neurobiological underpinning of the social cognition impairments in patients with spinocerebellar ataxia type 2. Cortex 2021; 138:101-112. [PMID: 33677324 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2020.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Clinical studies described emotional and social behaviour alterations in patients with cerebellar diseases, proposing a role of specific cerebello-cerebral circuits in social cognition. However, for a long time these difficulties were underestimated, and no studies have addressed the correlation between social cognition deficits and topography of the cerebellar damage. The present study aims to investigate the social cognition impairment and the neuroanatomical alterations in patients with spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 (SCA2) and to analyze their relationship. To this purpose a social cognition battery composed by three tests, and a MRI protocol were administered to 13 SCA2 patients and 26 healthy subjects. The pattern of gray matter (GM) atrophy was analyzed by voxel-based morphometry, and the GM volumes of each altered area were correlated with the behavioral scores to investigate anatomo-functional relationships. In addition, we investigated the relationship between social deficits and damage to the cerebellar peduncles using DTI diffusivity indices. Our patients showed impairment of the immediate perceptual component of the mental state recognition (i.e., to recognize feelings and thoughts from the eyes expression), and difficulties in anger attribution, and in the understanding of false or mistaken beliefs. They showed a pattern of GM reduction in cerebellar regions, including lobules IX and VIIIb and Crus II, all of which are involved in specific components of the mentalizing process. Interestingly, the behavioral performance, in which SCA2 patients showed impairments compared to controls, correlated with the degree of cerebellar GM reduction and with the presence of microstructural abnormalities in the cerebellar peduncles. The present study provides the first characterization of the social cognition deficits in a homogenous cohort SCA2 patients and demonstrates that alterations in specific cerebellar regions should represent the neurobiological underpinning of their social behavior difficulties. Our results offer a new point of view in considering these aspects in the clinical practice.
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226
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Abstract
The sensation that develops as a long breath hold continues is what this article is about. We term this sensation of an urge to breathe "air hunger." Air hunger, a primal sensation, alerts us to a failure to meet an urgent homeostatic need maintaining gas exchange. Anxiety, frustration, and fear evoked by air hunger motivate behavioral actions to address the failure. The unpleasantness and emotional consequences of air hunger make it the most debilitating component of clinical dyspnea, a symptom associated with respiratory, cardiovascular, and metabolic diseases. In most clinical populations studied, air hunger is the predominant form of dyspnea (colloquially, shortness of breath). Most experimental subjects can reliably quantify air hunger using rating scales, that is, there is a consistent relationship between stimulus and rating. Stimuli that increase air hunger include hypercapnia, hypoxia, exercise, and acidosis; tidal expansion of the lungs reduces air hunger. Thus, the defining experimental paradigm to evoke air hunger is to elevate the drive to breathe while mechanically restricting ventilation. Functional brain imaging studies have shown that air hunger activates the insular cortex (an integration center for perceptions related to homeostasis, including pain, food hunger, and thirst), as well as limbic structures involved with anxiety and fear. Although much has been learned about air hunger in the past few decades, much remains to be discovered, such as an accepted method to quantify air hunger in nonhuman animals, fundamental questions about neural mechanisms, and adequate and safe methods to mitigate air hunger in clinical situations. © 2021 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 11:1449-1483, 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert B Banzett
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Robert W Lansing
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Andrew P Binks
- Department of Basic Science Education, Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, Virginia, USA
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227
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De Marco M, Mazzoni G, Manca R, Venneri A. Functional Neural Architecture Supporting Highly Superior Autobiographical Memory. Brain Connect 2021; 11:297-307. [PMID: 33403914 DOI: 10.1089/brain.2020.0858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The neural mechanisms of highly superior autobiographical memory (HSAM) are poorly understood. To shed light on the functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)-informed neurobiology of this condition, in this study we characterize for the first time the neurofunctional architecture of a 20-year-old individual (B.B.) with HSAM and no concurrent neurological/psychiatric or other clinical conditions. Materials and Methods: Relying on t-test inferential models comparing a single observation with a control group, we processed B.B.'s resting-state fMRI signal and compared it with the neurofunctional architecture of 16 young adults with normal autobiographical memory. Specifically, we analyzed large-scale brain networks, region-to-region functional connectivity, and connectivity indices informed by graph theory. Results: B.B. showed higher expression of large-scale and region-to-region connectivity, larger segregation of the pallidum and enhanced centrality of the temporal pole, orbitofrontal cortex and cerebellar lobule IX. Conclusion: These findings indicate that HSAM is associated with increased expression of neural pathways that support memory encoding, retrieval, and elaboration, but also with reduced expression of patterns typically involved in information control and metacognition, the use of which would be minimized thanks to automatic and accurate memory processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo De Marco
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Giuliana Mazzoni
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, University La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Riccardo Manca
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Annalena Venneri
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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228
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Skagenholt M, Skagerlund K, Träff U. Neurodevelopmental differences in child and adult number processing: An fMRI-based validation of the triple code model. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2021; 48:100933. [PMID: 33582487 PMCID: PMC7890357 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2021.100933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The triple code model of numerical cognition (TCM) details the neurocognitive mechanisms associated with perceiving and manipulating numerical information in exact symbolic (Arabic digits and number words) and approximate nonsymbolic numerical magnitude (e.g., dot arrays) representation codes. The current study provides a first empirical fMRI-based investigation into neurodevelopmental differences in 30 healthy children's and 44 healthy adults' recruitment of neural correlates associated with the Arabic digit, number word, and nonsymbolic magnitude codes. Differences between the two groups were found in cingulate regions commonly associated with domain-general aspects of cognitive control, as opposed to neural correlates of number processing per se. A primary developmental difference was identified in verbal number discrimination, where only adults recruited left-lateralized perisylvian language areas in accordance with the TCM. We therefore call for a revision of the verbal code and a formulation of separate child and adult-specific neurocognitive mechanisms associated with the discrimination of number words. Although further research is necessary, results indicate that numerical discrimination abilities in middle-school-aged children operate close to adult-level maturity. Neurodevelopmental differences may be more apparent in younger children, or on the level of functional network dynamics as opposed to a shift in recruited neural substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikael Skagenholt
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Learning, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden; Department of Management and Engineering, JEDI-Lab, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
| | - Kenny Skagerlund
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Learning, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden; Department of Management and Engineering, JEDI-Lab, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden; Center for Social and Affective Neuroscience (CSAN), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Ulf Träff
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Learning, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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229
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Styliadis C, Leung R, Özcan S, Moulton EA, Pang E, Taylor MJ, Papadelis C. Atypical spatiotemporal activation of cerebellar lobules during emotional face processing in adolescents with autism. Hum Brain Mapp 2021; 42:2099-2114. [PMID: 33528852 PMCID: PMC8046060 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is characterized by social deficits and atypical facial processing of emotional expressions. The underlying neuropathology of these abnormalities is still unclear. Recent studies implicate cerebellum in emotional processing; other studies show cerebellar abnormalities in ASD. Here, we elucidate the spatiotemporal activation of cerebellar lobules in ASD during emotional processing of happy and angry faces in adolescents with ASD and typically developing (TD) controls. Using magnetoencephalography, we calculated dynamic statistical parametric maps across a period of 500 ms after emotional stimuli onset and determined differences between group activity to happy and angry emotions. Following happy face presentation, adolescents with ASD exhibited only left‐hemispheric cerebellar activation in a cluster extending from lobule VI to lobule V (compared to TD controls). Following angry face presentation, adolescents with ASD exhibited only midline cerebellar activation (posterior IX vermis). Our findings indicate an early (125–175 ms) overactivation in cerebellar activity only for happy faces and a later overactivation for both happy (250–450 ms) and angry (250–350 ms) faces in adolescents with ASD. The prioritized hemispheric activity (happy faces) could reflect the promotion of a more flexible and adaptive social behavior, while the latter midline activity (angry faces) may guide conforming behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charis Styliadis
- Laboratory of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Selin Özcan
- Laboratory of Children's Brain Dynamics, Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Eric A Moulton
- Center for Pain and the Brain, Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Elizabeth Pang
- University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Division of Neurology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Neurosciences and Mental Health Program, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Margot J Taylor
- University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Neurosciences and Mental Health Program, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.,Diagnostic Imaging, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.,Autism Research Unit, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Christos Papadelis
- Jane and John Justin Neurosciences Center, Cook Children's Health Care System, Fort Worth, Texas, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, TCU and UNTHSC School of Medicine, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
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230
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Palmer WC, Cholerton BA, Zabetian CP, Montine TJ, Grabowski TJ, Rane S. Resting-State Cerebello-Cortical Dysfunction in Parkinson's Disease. Front Neurol 2021; 11:594213. [PMID: 33584497 PMCID: PMC7876057 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.594213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Recently, the cerebellum's role in Parkinson's disease (PD) has been highlighted. Therefore, this study sought to test the hypothesis that functional connectivity (FC) between cerebellar and cortical nodes of the resting-state networks differentiates PD patients from controls by scanning participants at rest using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and investigating connectivity of the cerebellar nodes of the resting-state networks. Materials and Methods: Sixty-two PD participants off medication for at least 12 h and 33 normal controls (NCs) were scanned at rest using blood oxygenation level-dependent fMRI scans. Motor and cognitive functions were assessed with the Movement Disorder Society's Revision of the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale III and Montreal Cognitive Assessment, respectively. Connectivity was investigated with cerebellar seeds defined by Buckner's 7-network atlas. Results: PD participants had significant differences in FC when compared to NC participants. Most notably, PD patients had higher FC between cerebellar nodes of the somatomotor network (SMN) and the corresponding cortical nodes. Cognitive functioning was differentially associated with connectivity of the cerebellar SMN and dorsal attention network. Further, cerebellar connectivity of frontoparietal and default mode networks correlated with the severity of motor function. Conclusion: Our study demonstrates altered cerebello-cortical FC in PD, as well as an association of this FC with PD-related motor and cognitive disruptions, thus providing additional evidence for the cerebellum's role in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- William C Palmer
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Brenna A Cholerton
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Cyrus P Zabetian
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Thomas J Montine
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Thomas J Grabowski
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Swati Rane
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, WA, United States
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231
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Cai XL, Wang YM, Wang Y, Zhou HY, Huang J, Wang Y, Lui SSY, Møller A, Hung KSY, Mak HKF, Sham PC, Cheung EFC, Chan RCK. Neurological Soft Signs Are Associated With Altered Cerebellar-Cerebral Functional Connectivity in Schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 2021; 47:1452-1462. [PMID: 33479738 PMCID: PMC8379549 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbaa200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Cerebellar dysfunction is associated with neurological soft signs (NSS), which is a promising endophenotype for schizophrenia spectrum disorders. However, the relationship between cerebellar-cerebral resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) and NSS is largely unexplored. Moreover, both NSS and cerebellar-cerebral rsFC have been found to be correlated with negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Here, we investigated the correlations between NSS and cerebellar-cerebral rsFC, explored their relationship with negative symptoms in a main dataset, and validated the significant findings in a replication dataset. Both datasets comprised schizophrenia patients and healthy controls. In schizophrenia patients, we found positive correlations between NSS and rsFC of the cerebellum with the inferior frontal gyrus and the precuneus, and negative correlations between NSS and rsFC of the cerebellum with the inferior temporal gyrus. In healthy controls, NSS scores were positively correlated with rsFC of the cerebellum with the superior frontal gyrus and negatively correlated with rsFC between the cerebellum and the middle occipital gyrus. Cerebellar-prefrontal rsFC was also positively correlated with negative symptoms in schizophrenia patients. These findings were validated in the replication dataset. Our results suggest that the uncoupling of rsFC between the cerebellum and the cerebral cortex may underlie the expression of NSS in schizophrenia. NSS-related cerebellar-prefrontal rsFC may be a potential neural pathway for possible neural modulation to alleviate negative symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Lu Cai
- Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China
- Sino-Danish College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Sino-Danish Centre for Education and Research, Beijing, China
| | - Yong-Ming Wang
- Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China
- Sino-Danish College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Sino-Danish Centre for Education and Research, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Han-Yu Zhou
- Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jia Huang
- Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ya Wang
- Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Simon S Y Lui
- Castle Peak Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Arne Møller
- Sino-Danish College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Sino-Danish Centre for Education and Research, Beijing, China
- Centre of Functionally Integrative Neuroscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Centre, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Karen S Y Hung
- Castle Peak Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Henry K F Mak
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Pak C Sham
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- Center for PanorOmic Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Eric F C Cheung
- Castle Peak Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Raymond C K Chan
- Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China
- Sino-Danish College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Sino-Danish Centre for Education and Research, Beijing, China
- To whom correspondence should be addressed; 16 Lincui Road, Beijing 100101, China; tel: +86(0)10-64836274, fax: 86(0)10-64836274, e-mail:
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232
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Li Z, Li Y, Li X, Zou F, Wang Y, Wu X, Luo Y, Zhang M. The spontaneous brain activity of disgust: Perspective from resting state fMRI and resting state EEG. Behav Brain Res 2021; 403:113135. [PMID: 33476686 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, more and more studies on disgust have shown the association between disgust and various psychopathologies. Revealing the spontaneous brain activity patterns associated with disgust sensitivity from the perspective of individual differences will give us an insight into the neurologic nature of disgust and its psychopathological vulnerability. Here, we used two modal brain imaging techniques (resting fMRI and resting EEG) to reveal spontaneous brain activity patterns closely related to disgust sensitivity. The amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation results showed that disgust sensitivity is negatively correlated with the spontaneous activity of the right cerebellum crus II and positively correlated with the spontaneous activity of the right superior frontal cortex, which are inhibition-related brain regions. Furthermore, the microstate results of rest EEG indicated that the corrected duration, occurrence rate, and contribution of Class C, which is related to the anterior default mode network and is considered to be related to subjective representation of one' own body by combining interoceptive information with affective salience, were significantly positively correlated with the disgust sensitivity level. This data-driven approach provides the first evidence on the intrinsic brain features of disgust sensitivity based on two resting-state brain modalities. The results represent an initial effort to uncover the neurological basis of disgust sensitivity and its connection to psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoxian Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Henan Mental Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453002, China; Department of Psychology, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan, 453003, China.
| | - Yuwen Li
- Department of Psychology, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan, 453003, China
| | - Xianrui Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Henan Mental Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453002, China; Department of Psychology, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan, 453003, China; Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Feng Zou
- Department of Psychology, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan, 453003, China
| | - Yufeng Wang
- Department of Psychology, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan, 453003, China
| | - Xin Wu
- Department of Psychology, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan, 453003, China
| | - Yanyan Luo
- School of Nursing, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan, 453003, China.
| | - Meng Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, Henan Mental Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453002, China; Department of Psychology, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan, 453003, China.
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233
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Weigard A, Wilson SJ, Shapiro Z, Galloway-Long H, Huang-Pollock C. Neural correlates of working memory's suppression of aversive olfactory distraction effects. Brain Imaging Behav 2021; 15:2254-2268. [PMID: 33405095 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-020-00419-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Human cognitive performance is often disrupted by distractions related to aversive stimuli and affective states, but, paradoxically, there is also evidence to suggest that high working memory demands reduce the impact of aversive distraction. Previous empirical work suggests this latter effect occurs because working memory demands reduce attention to off-task processes, but the brain regions that mediate this effect remain uncertain. The current study utilizes a novel distraction manipulation involving unpleasant odorants to identify neural structures that buffer performance from aversive distraction under high working memory demands, and to clarify their connectivity in this context. Twenty-one healthy young adults (12 women) completed a verbal n-back task under two levels of load and were concurrently exposed to either room air or aversive odorants. Three brain regions displayed increases in neural responses to olfactory distractors under high load only; the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, the left ventrolateral prefrontal cortex and right cerebellar Crus I. Of these regions, only the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex also displayed context-specific connectivity with a region thought to be involved in off-task processes: the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex. Overall, results suggest that, under high working memory demands, areas of the prefrontal cortex and cerebellum shield cognition from aversive distraction, potentially through interactions with brain structures involved in off-task processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Weigard
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Rachel Upjohn Building, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
| | - Stephen J Wilson
- Department of Psychology, Pennsylvania State University, Moore Building, State College, PA, USA
| | - Zvi Shapiro
- Department of Psychology, Pennsylvania State University, Moore Building, State College, PA, USA
| | - Hilary Galloway-Long
- Department of Psychology, Pennsylvania State University, Moore Building, State College, PA, USA
| | - Cynthia Huang-Pollock
- Department of Psychology, Pennsylvania State University, Moore Building, State College, PA, USA
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234
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Schmahmann JD. Emotional disorders and the cerebellum: Neurobiological substrates, neuropsychiatry, and therapeutic implications. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2021; 183:109-154. [PMID: 34389114 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-822290-4.00016-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The notion that the cerebellum is devoted exclusively to motor control has been replaced by a more sophisticated understanding of its role in neurological function, one that includes cognition and emotion. Early clinical reports, as well as physiological and behavioral studies in animal models, raised the possibility of a nonmotor role for the cerebellum. Anatomical studies demonstrate cerebellar connectivity with the distributed neural circuits linked with autonomic, sensorimotor, vestibular, associative, and limbic/paralimbic brain areas. Identification of the cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome in adults and children underscored the clinical relevance of the role of the cerebellum in cognition and emotion. It opened new avenues of investigation into higher-order deficits that accompany the ataxias and other cerebellar diseases, as well as the contribution of cerebellar dysfunction to neuropsychiatric and neurocognitive disorders. Brain imaging studies have demonstrated the complexity of cerebellar functional topography, revealing a double representation of the sensorimotor cerebellum in the anterior lobe and lobule VIII and a triple cognitive representation in the cerebellar posterior lobe, as well as representation in the cerebellum of the intrinsic connectivity networks identified in the cerebral hemispheres. This paradigm shift in thinking about the cerebellum has been advanced by the theories of dysmetria of thought and the universal cerebellar transform, harmonizing the dual anatomic realities of homogeneously repeating cerebellar cortical microcircuitry set against the heterogeneous and topographically arranged cerebellar connections with extracerebellar structures. This new appreciation of cerebellar incorporation into circuits that subserve cognition and emotion mandates a deeper understanding of the cerebellum by practitioners in behavioral neurology and neuropsychiatry because it impacts the understanding and diagnosis of disorders of emotion and intellect and has potential for novel cerebellar-based approaches to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy D Schmahmann
- Ataxia Center, Cognitive Behavioral Neurology Unit, Laboratory for Neuroanatomy and Cerebellar Neurobiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.
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235
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Murayama K, Tomiyama H, Tsuruta S, Ohono A, Kang M, Hasuzawa S, Mizobe T, Kato K, Togao O, Hiwatashi A, Nakao T. Aberrant Resting-State Cerebellar-Cerebral Functional Connectivity in Unmedicated Patients With Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:659616. [PMID: 33967861 PMCID: PMC8102723 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.659616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Although abnormality of cerebellar-cerebral functional connectivity at rest in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) has been hypothesized, only a few studies have investigated the neural mechanism. To verify the findings of previous studies, a large sample of patients with OCD was studied because OCD shows possible heterogeneity. Methods: Forty-seven medication-free patients with OCD and 62 healthy controls (HCs) underwent resting-state functional magnetic imaging scans. Seed-based connectivity was examined to investigate differences in cerebellar-cerebral functional connectivity in OCD patients compared with HCs. Correlations between functional connectivity and the severity of obsessive-compulsive symptoms were analyzed. Results: In OCD, we found significantly increased functional connectivity between the right lobule VI and the left precuneus, which is a component of the default mode network (DMN), compared to HCs. However, there was no correlation between the connectivity of the right lobule VI-left precuneus and obsessive-compulsive severity. Conclusions: These findings suggest that altered functional connectivity between the cerebellum and DMN might cause changes in intrinsic large-scale brain networks related to the traits of OCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keitaro Murayama
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Tomiyama
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Sae Tsuruta
- Graduate School of Human-Environment Studies, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Karatsu Red Cross Hospital, Karatsu, Japan
| | - Aikana Ohono
- Graduate School of Human-Environment Studies, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Mingi Kang
- Graduate School of Human-Environment Studies, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Suguru Hasuzawa
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Taro Mizobe
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kenta Kato
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Osamu Togao
- Department of Clinical Radiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Akio Hiwatashi
- Department of Clinical Radiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Nakao
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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236
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Muller AM, Pennington DL, Meyerhoff DJ. Substance-Specific and Shared Gray Matter Signatures in Alcohol, Opioid, and Polysubstance Use Disorder. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:795299. [PMID: 35115969 PMCID: PMC8803650 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.795299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Substance use disorders (SUD) have been shown to be associated with gray matter (GM) loss, particularly in the frontal cortex. However, unclear is to what degree these regional GM alterations are substance-specific or shared across different substances, and if these regional GM alterations are independent of each other or the result of system-level processes at the intrinsic connectivity network level. The T1 weighted MRI data of 65 treated patients with alcohol use disorder (AUD), 27 patients with opioid use disorder (OUD) on maintenance therapy, 21 treated patients with stimulant use disorder comorbid with alcohol use disorder (polysubstance use disorder patients, PSU), and 21 healthy controls were examined via data-driven vertex-wise and voxel-wise GM analyses. Then, structural covariance analyses and open-access fMRI database analyses were used to map the cortical thinning patterns found in the three SUD groups onto intrinsic functional systems. Among AUD and OUD, we identified both common cortical thinning in right anterior brain regions as well as SUD-specific regional GM alterations that were not present in the PSU group. Furthermore, AUD patients had not only the most extended regional thinning but also significantly smaller subcortical structures and cerebellum relative to controls, OUD and PSU individuals. The system-level analyses revealed that AUD and OUD showed cortical thinning in several functional systems. In the AUD group the default mode network was clearly most affected, followed by the salience and executive control networks, whereas the salience and somatomotor network were highlighted as critical for understanding OUD. Structural brain alterations in groups with different SUDs are largely unique in their spatial extent and functional network correlates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela M Muller
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.,VA Advanced Imaging Research Center (VAARC), San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - David L Pennington
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.,San Francisco Veterans Affairs Health Care System (SFVAHCS), San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Dieter J Meyerhoff
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.,VA Advanced Imaging Research Center (VAARC), San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, United States
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237
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Tse NY, Chen Y, Irish M, Cordato NJ, Landin-Romero R, Hodges JR, Piguet O, Ahmed RM. Cerebellar contributions to cognition in corticobasal syndrome and progressive supranuclear palsy. Brain Commun 2021; 2:fcaa194. [PMID: 33381758 PMCID: PMC7753056 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcaa194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Mounting evidence suggests an association between cerebellar atrophy and cognitive impairment in the main frontotemporal dementia syndromes. In contrast, whether cerebellar atrophy is present in the motor syndromes associated with frontotemporal lobar degeneration (corticobasal syndrome and progressive supranuclear palsy) and the extent of its contribution to their cognitive profile remain poorly understood. The current study aimed to comprehensively chart profiles of cognitive impairment in relation to cerebellar atrophy in 49 dementia patients (corticobasal syndrome = 33; progressive supranuclear palsy = 16) compared to 33 age-, sex- and education-matched healthy controls. Relative to controls, corticobasal syndrome and progressive supranuclear palsy patients demonstrated characteristic cognitive impairment, spanning the majority of cognitive domains including attention and processing speed, language, working memory, and executive function with relative preservation of verbal and nonverbal memory. Voxel-based morphometry analysis revealed largely overlapping patterns of cerebellar atrophy in corticobasal syndrome and progressive supranuclear palsy relative to controls, primarily involving bilateral Crus II extending into adjacent lobules VIIb and VIIIa. After controlling for overall cerebral atrophy and disease duration, exploratory voxel-wise general linear model analysis revealed distinct cerebellar subregions differentially implicated across cognitive domains in each patient group. In corticobasal syndrome, reduction in grey matter intensity in the left Crus I was significantly correlated with executive dysfunction. In progressive supranuclear palsy, integrity of the vermis and adjacent right lobules I-IV was significantly associated with language performance. These results are consistent with the well-established role of Crus I in executive functions and provide further supporting evidence for vermal involvement in cognitive processing. The current study presents the first detailed exploration of the role of cerebellar atrophy in cognitive deficits in corticobasal syndrome and progressive supranuclear palsy, offering insights into the cerebellum's contribution to cognitive processing even in neurodegenerative syndromes characterized by motor impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nga Yan Tse
- Central Sydney Medical School and Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Yu Chen
- School of Psychology and Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Muireann Irish
- School of Psychology and Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Nicholas J Cordato
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,The Department of Aged Care, St George Hospital, Kogarah, Australia.,Calvary Health Care Sydney, Kogarah, Australia
| | - Ramon Landin-Romero
- School of Psychology and Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - John R Hodges
- Central Sydney Medical School and Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Olivier Piguet
- School of Psychology and Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Rebekah M Ahmed
- Central Sydney Medical School and Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Memory and Cognition Clinic, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia
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238
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Romero JE, Coupe P, Lanuza E, Catheline G, Manjón JV. Toward a unified analysis of cerebellum maturation and aging across the entire lifespan: A MRI analysis. Hum Brain Mapp 2021; 42:1287-1303. [PMID: 33385303 PMCID: PMC7927303 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous literature about the structural characterization of the human cerebellum is related to the context of a specific pathology or focused in a restricted age range. In fact, studies about the cerebellum maturation across the lifespan are scarce and most of them considered the cerebellum as a whole without investigating each lobule. This lack of study can be explained by the lack of both accurate segmentation methods and data availability. Fortunately, during the last years, several cerebellum segmentation methods have been developed and many databases comprising subjects of different ages have been made publically available. This fact opens an opportunity window to obtain a more extensive analysis of the cerebellum maturation and aging. In this study, we have used a recent state‐of‐the‐art cerebellum segmentation method called CERES and a large data set (N = 2,831 images) from healthy controls covering the entire lifespan to provide a model for 12 cerebellum structures (i.e., lobules I‐II, III, IV, VI, Crus I, Crus II, VIIB, VIIIA, VIIIB, IX, and X). We found that lobules have generally an evolution that follows a trajectory composed by a fast growth and a slow degeneration having sometimes a plateau for absolute volumes, and a decreasing tendency (faster in early ages) for normalized volumes. Special consideration is dedicated to Crus II, where slow degeneration appears to stabilize in elder ages for absolute volumes, and to lobule X, which does not present any fast growth during childhood in absolute volumes and shows a slow growth for normalized volumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- José E Romero
- Instituto de Aplicaciones de las Tecnologías de la Información y de las Comunicaciones Avanzadas (ITACA), Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Pierrick Coupe
- CNRS, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP, LABRI, UMR5800, Talence, France.,CNRS, EPHE PSL Research University of, INCIA, UMR 5283, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Enrique Lanuza
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Gwenaelle Catheline
- CNRS, EPHE PSL Research University of, INCIA, UMR 5283, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - José V Manjón
- Instituto de Aplicaciones de las Tecnologías de la Información y de las Comunicaciones Avanzadas (ITACA), Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
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239
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Guo C, Kang J, Johnson TD. A spatial Bayesian latent factor model for image-on-image regression. Biometrics 2020; 78:72-84. [PMID: 33368210 DOI: 10.1111/biom.13420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Image-on-image regression analysis, using images to predict images, is a challenging task, due to (1) the high dimensionality and (2) the complex spatial dependence structures in image predictors and image outcomes. In this work, we propose a novel image-on-image regression model, by extending a spatial Bayesian latent factor model to image data, where low-dimensional latent factors are adopted to make connections between high-dimensional image outcomes and image predictors. We assign Gaussian process priors to the spatially varying regression coefficients in the model, which can well capture the complex spatial dependence among image outcomes as well as that among the image predictors. We perform simulation studies to evaluate the out-of-sample prediction performance of our method compared with linear regression and voxel-wise regression methods for different scenarios. The proposed method achieves better prediction accuracy by effectively accounting for the spatial dependence and efficiently reduces image dimensions with latent factors. We apply the proposed method to analysis of multimodal image data in the Human Connectome Project where we predict task-related contrast maps using subcortical volumetric seed maps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui Guo
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Jian Kang
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Timothy D Johnson
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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240
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Pizzarotti B, Palesi F, Vitali P, Castellazzi G, Anzalone N, Alvisi E, Martinelli D, Bernini S, Cotta Ramusino M, Ceroni M, Micieli G, Sinforiani E, D'Angelo E, Costa A, Gandini Wheeler-Kingshott CAM. Frontal and Cerebellar Atrophy Supports FTSD-ALS Clinical Continuum. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:593526. [PMID: 33324193 PMCID: PMC7726473 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.593526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Frontotemporal Spectrum Disorder (FTSD) and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) are neurodegenerative diseases often considered as a continuum from clinical, epidemiologic, and genetic perspectives. We used localized brain volume alterations to evaluate common and specific features of FTSD, FTSD-ALS, and ALS patients to further understand this clinical continuum. Methods We used voxel-based morphometry on structural magnetic resonance images to localize volume alterations in group comparisons: patients (20 FTSD, seven FTSD-ALS, and 18 ALS) versus healthy controls (39 CTR), and patient groups between themselves. We used mean whole-brain cortical thickness ( C T ¯ ) to assess whether its correlations with local brain volume could propose mechanistic explanations of the heterogeneous clinical presentations. We also assessed whether volume reduction can explain cognitive impairment, measured with frontal assessment battery, verbal fluency, and semantic fluency. Results Common (mainly frontal) and specific areas with reduced volume were detected between FTSD, FTSD-ALS, and ALS patients, confirming suggestions of a clinical continuum, while at the same time defining morphological specificities for each clinical group (e.g., a difference of cerebral and cerebellar involvement between FTSD and ALS). C T ¯ values suggested extensive network disruption in the pathological process, with indications of a correlation between cerebral and cerebellar volumes and C T ¯ in ALS. The analysis of the neuropsychological scores indeed pointed toward an important role for the cerebellum, along with fronto-temporal areas, in explaining impairment of executive, and linguistic functions. Conclusion We identified common elements that explain the FTSD-ALS clinical continuum, while also identifying specificities of each group, partially explained by different cerebral and cerebellar involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Pizzarotti
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.,Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Fulvia Palesi
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.,Brain Connectivity Center, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Paolo Vitali
- Radiology Unit, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy.,Department of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Milan, Italy
| | - Gloria Castellazzi
- NMR Research Unit, Department of Neuroinflammation, Queen Square MS Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Electrical, Computer and Biomedical Engineering, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.,IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Anzalone
- Neuroradiology Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Alvisi
- Department of Neurology and Laboratory Neuroscience, IRCCS Italian Auxological Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniele Martinelli
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.,Headache Science and Neurorehabilitation, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Sara Bernini
- Laboratory of Neuropsychology, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Matteo Cotta Ramusino
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.,Unit of Behavioral Neurology, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Mauro Ceroni
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.,Department of Neurology, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Micieli
- Department of Emergency Neurology, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Elena Sinforiani
- Laboratory of Neuropsychology, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Egidio D'Angelo
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.,Brain Connectivity Center, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Alfredo Costa
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.,Unit of Behavioral Neurology, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Claudia A M Gandini Wheeler-Kingshott
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.,Brain Connectivity Center, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy.,NMR Research Unit, Department of Neuroinflammation, Queen Square MS Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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241
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Hu R, Gao L, Chen P, Wu B, Wu X, Xu H. How Do You Feel Now? The Salience Network Functional Connectivity in End-Stage Renal Disease. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:533910. [PMID: 33304233 PMCID: PMC7693456 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.533910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The network connectivity basis of cognitive declines in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) remains unclear. A triple-network model of the salience (SN), executive control, and default mode networks has been suggested to be critical for efficient cognition. Here, we aimed to test the hypothesis that SN may play a role in cognitive impairment in patients with ESRD. Materials and Methods We investigated functional connectivity (FC) alterations within the SN between 43 ESRD patients (19 females/24 males, 46 ± 10 years) and 43 healthy controls (HC) (19 females/24 males, 47 ± 10 years), and performed linear support vector machine (LSVM) analysis on significant FC pairs within the SN to discriminate the two groups, and tested the accuracy of the classifier. Association and mediation analyses were conducted among the significant FC pairs within the SN nodes, clinical indicators, and neuropsychological tests scores. Results We identified significant between-group FC pairs within the SN and fairly good classification efficiency with significant accuracy (72.09%, p < 0.001). We found that FC between the right supramarginal gyrus and right anterior insula (AISL) was positively correlated with MoCA (r = 0.4010, p = 0.008); FC between the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) and left AISL was positively correlated with the level of hemoglobin (r = 0.4979, p < 0.001). Mediation analysis found that the indirect effect of hemoglobin on forward digit span test scores via the FC between the dACC and right AISL (p < 0.05). Conclusion Disrupted SN connectivity may help explain cognitive declines in ESRD patients and act as a potential early biomarker. Moreover, the SN connectivity may interact with anemia to promote cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runyue Hu
- Department of Radiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lei Gao
- Department of Radiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Peina Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Nephrology, Shantou Central Hospital, Affiliated Shantou Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shantou, China
| | - Baolin Wu
- Department of Radiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoyan Wu
- Department of Nephrology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Haibo Xu
- Department of Radiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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242
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Lawn T, Ffytche D. Cerebellar correlates of visual hallucinations in Parkinson's disease and Charles Bonnet Syndrome. Cortex 2020; 135:311-325. [PMID: 33390262 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2020.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Hallucinations, percepts in the absence of external stimuli, are a shared feature of eye-disease (Charles Bonnet Syndrome, CBS) and Parkinson's disease (PD) thought to arise through pathophysiologically distinct mechanisms: deafferentation and attentional network dysfunction respectively. Recent studies have found an association between visual hallucinations and structural changes in the cerebellum without obvious link to either mechanism. Here, we employed Voxel Based Morphometry (VBM), optimised for the cerebellum using the Spatially Unbiased Infratentorial Template (SUIT), to characterise similarities and differences in cerebellar structure associated with visual hallucinations in PD and CBS. Grey and white matter volume (GMV & WMV) from patients with eye-disease (n = 12 hallucinators; n = 9 non-hallucinators) and PD (n = 7 hallucinators; n = 9 non-hallucinators) was examined in a 2-way ANOVA controlling for age, sex, and intracranial volume. Comparing hallucinators to controls across both groups, lower GMV was found bilaterally within cerebellar lobule VIII extending to IX/VII. GMV reductions were also found in Crus 1, greater in PD than eye-disease. Predominantly within PD, hallucination-related lower WMV was found in the medulla. No regions of increased GMV or WMV were found. A correlation was observed between brainstem WMV and lobule VIIIb GMV suggesting a functional association. Lobule VIII comprises a functional node within the Dorsal Attention Network (DAN), linking these findings to current attentional theories of hallucinations, while Crus 1 is linked to cortical visual processing. These findings provide preliminary evidence of a cerebellar contribution to hallucinations that transcends clinical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Lawn
- Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
| | - Dominic Ffytche
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
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243
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Gatti D, Vecchi T, Mazzoni G. Cerebellum and semantic memory: A TMS study using the DRM paradigm. Cortex 2020; 135:78-91. [PMID: 33360762 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2020.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Traditionally, the cerebellum has been linked to motor functions, but recent evidence suggest that it is also involved in a wide range of cognitive processes. Given the uniformity of cerebellar cortex microstructure, it has been proposed that the same computational process might underlie cerebellar involvement in both motor and cognitive functions. Within motor functions, the cerebellum it is involved in procedural memory and associative learning. Here, we hypothesized that the cerebellum may participate to semantic memory as well. To test whether the cerebellum is causally involved in semantic memory, we carried out two experiments in which participants performed the Deese-Roediger-McDermott paradigm (DRM) while online transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) was administered over the right cerebellum or over a control site. In Experiment 1, cerebellar TMS selectively affected participants' discriminability for critical lures without affecting participants' discriminability for unrelated words and in Experiment 2 we found that the higher was the semantic association between new and studied words, the higher was the memory impairment caused by the TMS. These results indicate that the right cerebellum is causally involved in semantic memory and provide evidence consistent with theories that proposed the existence of a unified cerebellar function within motor and cognitive domains, as well with recent perspectives about cerebellar involvement in semantic memory and predictive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Gatti
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
| | - Tomaso Vecchi
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Cognitive Psychology Unit, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Giuliana Mazzoni
- Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University La Sapienza, Rome, Italy; School of Life Sciences, University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom
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244
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Xue A, Kong R, Yang Q, Eldaief MC, Angeli PA, DiNicola LM, Braga RM, Buckner RL, Yeo BTT. The detailed organization of the human cerebellum estimated by intrinsic functional connectivity within the individual. J Neurophysiol 2020; 125:358-384. [PMID: 33427596 PMCID: PMC7948146 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00561.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Distinct regions of the cerebellum connect to separate regions of the cerebral cortex forming a complex topography. Although cerebellar organization has been examined in group-averaged data, study of individuals provides an opportunity to discover features that emerge at a higher spatial resolution. Here, functional connectivity MRI was used to examine the cerebellum of two intensively sampled individuals (each scanned 31 times). Connectivity to somatomotor cortex showed the expected crossed laterality and topography of the body maps. A surprising discovery was connectivity to the primary visual cortex along the vermis with evidence for representation of the central field. Within the hemispheres, each individual displayed a hierarchical progression from the inverted anterior lobe somatomotor map through to higher-order association zones. The hierarchy ended at Crus I/II and then progressed in reverse order through to the upright somatomotor map in the posterior lobe. Evidence for a third set of networks was found in the most posterior extent of the cerebellum. Detailed analysis of the higher-order association networks revealed robust representations of two distinct networks linked to the default network, multiple networks linked to cognitive control, as well as a separate representation of a language network. Although idiosyncratic spatial details emerged between subjects, each network could be detected in both individuals, and seed regions placed within the cerebellum recapitulated the full extent of the spatially specific cerebral networks. The observation of multiple networks in juxtaposed regions at the Crus I/II apex confirms the importance of this zone to higher-order cognitive function and reveals new organizational details.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Stable, within-individual maps of cerebellar organization reveal orderly macroscale representations of the cerebral cortex with local juxtaposed zones representing distinct networks. In addition, individuals reveal idiosyncratic organizational features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aihuiping Xue
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Centre for Sleep & Cognition & Centre for Translational Magnetic Resonance Research, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Singapore, Singapore.,N.1 Institute for Health & Institute for Digital Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ru Kong
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Centre for Sleep & Cognition & Centre for Translational Magnetic Resonance Research, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Singapore, Singapore.,N.1 Institute for Health & Institute for Digital Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Qing Yang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Centre for Sleep & Cognition & Centre for Translational Magnetic Resonance Research, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Singapore, Singapore.,N.1 Institute for Health & Institute for Digital Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mark C Eldaief
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Peter A Angeli
- Department of Psychology, Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Lauren M DiNicola
- Department of Psychology, Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Rodrigo M Braga
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Randy L Buckner
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts.,Department of Psychology, Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts.,Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - B T Thomas Yeo
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Centre for Sleep & Cognition & Centre for Translational Magnetic Resonance Research, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Singapore, Singapore.,N.1 Institute for Health & Institute for Digital Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts.,NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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245
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Nechifor RE, Popita C, Bala C, Vonica C, Ciobanu D, Roman G, Mocan A, Sima D, Inceu G, Craciun A, Pop RM, Craciun C, Rusu A. Regional homogeneity and degree of centrality in social jetlag and sleep deprivation and their correlations with appetite: a resting-state fMRI study. BIOL RHYTHM RES 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/09291016.2020.1854991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruben Emanuel Nechifor
- International Institute for the Advanced Studies of Psychotherapy and Applied Mental Health, Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Institute of Research, Development and Innovation in Applied Natural Science, Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Cristian Popita
- Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, The Oncology Institute “Prof. Dr. Ion Chiricuţă”, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Cornelia Bala
- Department of Diabetes and Nutrition Diseases, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Camelia Vonica
- Department of Diabetes and Nutrition Diseases, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Dana Ciobanu
- Department of Diabetes and Nutrition Diseases, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Gabriela Roman
- Department of Diabetes and Nutrition Diseases, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Andreia Mocan
- Clinical Center of Diabetes, Emergency Clinical County Hospital Cluj, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Diana Sima
- Department of Diabetes and Nutrition Diseases, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Georgeta Inceu
- Department of Diabetes and Nutrition Diseases, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Anca Craciun
- Department of Diabetes and Nutrition Diseases, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Raluca Maria Pop
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Cristian Craciun
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Adriana Rusu
- Department of Diabetes and Nutrition Diseases, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Van Overwalle F, Manto M, Cattaneo Z, Clausi S, Ferrari C, Gabrieli JDE, Guell X, Heleven E, Lupo M, Ma Q, Michelutti M, Olivito G, Pu M, Rice LC, Schmahmann JD, Siciliano L, Sokolov AA, Stoodley CJ, van Dun K, Vandervert L, Leggio M. Consensus Paper: Cerebellum and Social Cognition. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2020; 19:833-868. [PMID: 32632709 PMCID: PMC7588399 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-020-01155-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The traditional view on the cerebellum is that it controls motor behavior. Although recent work has revealed that the cerebellum supports also nonmotor functions such as cognition and affect, only during the last 5 years it has become evident that the cerebellum also plays an important social role. This role is evident in social cognition based on interpreting goal-directed actions through the movements of individuals (social "mirroring") which is very close to its original role in motor learning, as well as in social understanding of other individuals' mental state, such as their intentions, beliefs, past behaviors, future aspirations, and personality traits (social "mentalizing"). Most of this mentalizing role is supported by the posterior cerebellum (e.g., Crus I and II). The most dominant hypothesis is that the cerebellum assists in learning and understanding social action sequences, and so facilitates social cognition by supporting optimal predictions about imminent or future social interaction and cooperation. This consensus paper brings together experts from different fields to discuss recent efforts in understanding the role of the cerebellum in social cognition, and the understanding of social behaviors and mental states by others, its effect on clinical impairments such as cerebellar ataxia and autism spectrum disorder, and how the cerebellum can become a potential target for noninvasive brain stimulation as a therapeutic intervention. We report on the most recent empirical findings and techniques for understanding and manipulating cerebellar circuits in humans. Cerebellar circuitry appears now as a key structure to elucidate social interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Van Overwalle
- Department of Psychology and Center for Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mario Manto
- Mediathèque Jean Jacquy, Service de Neurologie, CHU-Charleroi, Charleroi, Belgium
- Service des Neurosciences, Université de Mons, Mons, Belgium
| | - Zaira Cattaneo
- University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy
- IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Silvia Clausi
- Ataxia Laboratory, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00179 Rome, Italy
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - John D. E. Gabrieli
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, USA
| | - Xavier Guell
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, USA
- Ataxia Unit, Cognitive Behavioral Neurology Unit, Laboratory for Neuroanatomy and Cerebellar Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Elien Heleven
- Department of Psychology and Center for Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Michela Lupo
- Ataxia Laboratory, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00179 Rome, Italy
| | - Qianying Ma
- Department of Psychology and Center for Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marco Michelutti
- Service de Neurologie & Neuroscape@NeuroTech Platform, Département des Neurosciences Cliniques, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Service de Neurologie Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Giusy Olivito
- Ataxia Laboratory, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00179 Rome, Italy
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Min Pu
- Department of Psychology and Center for Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Laura C. Rice
- Department of Psychology and Department of Neuroscience, American University, Washington, DC USA
| | - Jeremy D. Schmahmann
- Ataxia Unit, Cognitive Behavioral Neurology Unit, Laboratory for Neuroanatomy and Cerebellar Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Libera Siciliano
- Program in Behavioral Neuroscience, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Arseny A. Sokolov
- Service de Neurologie & Neuroscape@NeuroTech Platform, Département des Neurosciences Cliniques, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Service de Neurologie Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Neurology, University Neurorehabilitation, University Hospital Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London (UCL), London, UK
- Neuroscape Center, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Catherine J. Stoodley
- Department of Psychology and Department of Neuroscience, American University, Washington, DC USA
| | - Kim van Dun
- Neurologic Rehabilitation Research, Rehabilitation Research Institute (REVAL), Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Larry Vandervert
- American Nonlinear Systems, 1529 W. Courtland Avenue, Spokane, WA 99205-2608 USA
| | - Maria Leggio
- Ataxia Laboratory, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00179 Rome, Italy
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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247
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Increased cerebellar-default-mode network connectivity at rest in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2020; 270:1015-1024. [PMID: 31570980 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-019-01070-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Abnormalities of the cerebellum and default-mode network (DMN) in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) have been widely reported. However, alterations of reciprocal functional connections between the cerebellum and DMN at rest in OCD remain unclear. Forty patients with OCD and 38 gender-, age-, and education-matched healthy controls (HCs) underwent resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging scan. Seed-based functional connectivity (FC) and support vector machine (SVM) were applied to analyze the imaging data. Compared with HCs, patients with OCD exhibited increased FCs between the left Crus I-left superior medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) and between the right Crus I-left superior MPFC, left middle MPFC, and left middle temporal gyrus (MTG). A significantly negative correlation was observed between the right Crus I-left MTG connectivity and the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale compulsion subscale scores in the OCD group (r = - 0.476, p = 0.002, Bonferroni corrected). SVM classification analysis indicated that a combination of the left Crus I-left superior MPFC connectivity and the right Crus I-left middle MPFC connectivity can be used to discriminate patients with OCD from HCs with a sensitivity of 85.00%, specificity of 68.42%, and accuracy of 76.92%. Our study highlights the contribution of the cerebellar-DMN connectivity in OCD pathophysiology and provides new findings to OCD research.
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248
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Shao R, Liu HL, Huang CM, Chen YL, Gao M, Lee SH, Lin C, Lee TMC. Loneliness and depression dissociated on parietal-centered networks in cognitive and resting states. Psychol Med 2020; 50:2691-2701. [PMID: 31615593 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291719002782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Perceived loneliness, an increasingly prevalent social issue, is closely associated with major depressive disorder (MDD). However, the neural mechanisms previously implicated in key cognitive and affective processes in loneliness and MDD still remain unclear. Such understanding is critical for delineating the psychobiological basis of the relationship between loneliness and MDD. METHODS We isolated the unique and interactive cognitive and neural substrates of loneliness and MDD among 27 MDD patients (mean age = 51.85 years, 20 females), and 25 matched healthy controls (HCs; mean age = 48.72 years, 19 females). We assessed participants' behavioral performance and neural regional and network functions on a Stroop color-word task, and their resting-state neural connectivity. RESULTS Behaviorally, we found greater incongruence-related accuracy cost in MDD patients, but reduced incongruence effect on reaction time in lonelier individuals. When performing the Stroop task, loneliness positively predicted prefrontal-anterior cingulate-parietal connectivity across all participants, whereas MDD patients showed a decrease in connectivity compared to controls. Furthermore, loneliness negatively predicted parietal and cerebellar activities in MDD patients, but positively predicted the same activities in HCs. During resting state, MDD patients showed reduced parietal-anterior cingulate connectivity, which again positively correlated with loneliness in this group. CONCLUSIONS We speculate the distinct neurocognitive profile of loneliness might indicate increase in both bottom-up attention and top-down executive control functions. However, the upregulated cognitive control processes in lonely individuals may eventually become exhausted, which may in turn predispose to MDD onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
- Laboratory of Neuropsychology, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
| | - Ho-Ling Liu
- Department of Imaging Physics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Chih-Mao Huang
- College of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Liang Chen
- Department of Medical Imaging and Intervention, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Mengxia Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
- Laboratory of Neuropsychology, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
| | - Shwu-Hua Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Chemin Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung City, Taiwan
| | - Tatia M C Lee
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
- Laboratory of Neuropsychology, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Guangzhou, China
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249
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Cerebral Cortical Activity Following Non-invasive Cerebellar Stimulation-a Systematic Review of Combined TMS and EEG Studies. THE CEREBELLUM 2020; 19:309-335. [PMID: 31907864 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-019-01093-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The cerebellum sends dense projections to both motor and non-motor regions of the cerebral cortex via the cerebellarthalamocortical tract. The integrity of this tract is crucial for healthy motor and cognitive function. This systematic review examines research using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) to the cerebellum with combined cortical electroencephalography (EEG) to explore the temporal features of cerebellar-cortical connectivity. A detailed discussion of the outcomes and limitations of the studies meeting review criteria is presented. Databases were searched between 1 December 2017 and 6 December 2017, with Scopus alerts current as of 23 July 2019. Of the 407 studies initially identified, 10 met review criteria. Findings suggested that cerebellar-cortical assessment is suited to combined TMS and EEG, although work is required to ensure experimental procedures are optimal for eliciting a reliable cerebellar response from stimulation. A distinct variation in methodologies and outcome measures employed across studies, and small sample sizes limited the conclusions that could be drawn regarding the electrophysiological signatures of cerebellar-cortical communication. This review highlights the need for stringent protocols and methodologies for cerebellar-cortical assessments via combined TMS and EEG. With these in place, combined TMS and EEG will provide a valuable means for exploring cerebellar connectivity with a wide range of cortical sites. Assessments have the potential to aid in the understanding of motor and cognitive function in both healthy and clinical groups, and provide insights into long-range neural communication generally.
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250
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Functional Changes of Mentalizing Network in SCA2 Patients: Novel Insights into Understanding the Social Cerebellum. THE CEREBELLUM 2020; 19:235-242. [PMID: 31925668 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-019-01081-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, increasing evidence of the cerebellar role in social cognition has emerged. The cerebellum has been shown to modulate cortical activity of social brain regions serving as a regulator of function-specific mentalizing and mirroring processes. In particular, a mentalizing area in the posterior cerebellum, specifically Crus II, is preferentially recruited for more complex and abstract forms of social processing, together with mentalizing cerebral areas including the dorsal medial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC), the temporo-parietal junction (TPJ), and the precuneus. In the present study, the network-based statistics approach was used to assess functional connectivity (FC) differences within this mentalizing cerebello-cerebral network associated with a specific cerebellar damage. To this aim, patients affected by spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 (SCA2), a neurodegenerative disease specifically affecting regions of the cerebellar cortex, and age-matched healthy subjects have been enrolled. The dmPFC, left and right TPJ, the precuneus, and the cerebellar Crus II were used as regions of interest to construct the mentalizing network to be analyzed and evaluate pairwise functional relations between them. When compared with controls, SCA2 patients showed altered internodal connectivity between dmPFC, left (L-) and right (R-) TPJ, and right posterior cerebellar Crus II.The present results indicate that FC changes affect a function-specific mentalizing network in patients affected by cerebellar damage. In particular, they allow to better clarify functional alteration mechanisms driven by the cerebellar damage associated with SCA2 suggesting that selective cortico-cerebellar functional disconnections may underlie patients' social impairment in domain-specific complex and abstract forms of social functioning.
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