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The norepinephrine transporter (NET) radioligand (S,S)-[18F]FMeNER-D2 shows significant decreases in NET density in the human brain in Alzheimer's disease: A post-mortem autoradiographic study. Neurochem Int 2010; 56:789-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2010.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2010] [Accepted: 03/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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202
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Locus ceruleus controls Alzheimer's disease pathology by modulating microglial functions through norepinephrine. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:6058-63. [PMID: 20231476 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0909586107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 352] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Locus ceruleus (LC)-supplied norepinephrine (NE) suppresses neuroinflammation in the brain. To elucidate the effect of LC degeneration and subsequent NE deficiency on Alzheimer's disease pathology, we evaluated NE effects on microglial key functions. NE stimulation of mouse microglia suppressed Abeta-induced cytokine and chemokine production and increased microglial migration and phagocytosis of Abeta. Induced degeneration of the locus ceruleus increased expression of inflammatory mediators in APP-transgenic mice and resulted in elevated Abeta deposition. In vivo laser microscopy confirmed a reduced recruitment of microglia to Abeta plaque sites and impaired microglial Abeta phagocytosis in NE-depleted APP-transgenic mice. Supplying the mice the norepinephrine precursor L-threo-DOPS restored microglial functions in NE-depleted mice. This indicates that decrease of NE in locus ceruleus projection areas facilitates the inflammatory reaction of microglial cells in AD and impairs microglial migration and phagocytosis, thereby contributing to reduced Abeta clearance. Consequently, therapies targeting microglial phagocytosis should be tested under NE depletion.
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203
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Taylor TN, Greene JG, Miller GW. Behavioral phenotyping of mouse models of Parkinson's disease. Behav Brain Res 2010; 211:1-10. [PMID: 20211655 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2010.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2010] [Accepted: 03/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative movement disorder afflicting millions of people in the United States. The advent of transgenic technologies has contributed to the development of several new mouse models, many of which recapitulate some aspects of the disease; however, no model has been demonstrated to faithfully reproduce the full constellation of symptoms seen in human PD. This may be due in part to the narrow focus on the dopamine-mediated motor deficits. As current research continues to unmask PD as a multi-system disorder, animal models should similarly evolve to include the non-motor features of the disease. This requires that typically cited behavioral test batteries be expanded. The major non-motor symptoms observed in PD patients include hyposmia, sleep disturbances, gastrointestinal dysfunction, autonomic dysfunction, anxiety, depression, and cognitive decline. Mouse behavioral tests exist for all of these symptoms and while some models have begun to be reassessed for the prevalence of this broader behavioral phenotype, the majority has not. Moreover, all behavioral paradigms should be tested for their responsiveness to L-DOPA so these data can be compared to patient response and help elucidate which symptoms are likely not dopamine-mediated. Here, we suggest an extensive, yet feasible, battery of behavioral tests for mouse models of PD aimed to better assess both non-motor and motor deficits associated with the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tonya N Taylor
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
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204
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Jardanhazi-Kurutz D, Kummer MP, Terwel D, Vogel K, Dyrks T, Thiele A, Heneka MT. Induced LC degeneration in APP/PS1 transgenic mice accelerates early cerebral amyloidosis and cognitive deficits. Neurochem Int 2010; 57:375-82. [PMID: 20144675 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2010.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2009] [Revised: 12/16/2009] [Accepted: 02/01/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Degeneration of locus ceruleus neurons and subsequent reduction of norepinephrine concentration in locus ceruleus projection areas represent an early pathological indicator of Alzheimer's disease. In order to model the pathology of the human disease and to study the effects of norepinephrine-depletion on amyloid precursor protein processing, behaviour, and neuroinflammation, locus ceruleus degeneration was induced in mice coexpressing the swedish mutant of the amyloid precursor protein and the presenilin 1 DeltaExon 9 mutant (APP/PS1) using the neurotoxin N-(2-chloroethyl)-N-ethyl-bromo-benzylamine (dsp4) starting treatment at 3 months of age. Norepinephrine transporter immunolabelling demonstrated severe loss of locus ceruleus neurons and loss of cortical norepinephrine transporter starting as early as 4.5 months of age and aggravating over time. Of note, dsp4-treated transgenic mice showed elevated amyloid beta levels and impaired spatial memory performance at 6.5 months of age compared to control-treated APP/PS1 transgenic mice, indicating an accelerating effect on cerebral amyloidosis and cognitive deficits. Likewise, norepinephrine-depletion increased neuroinflammation compared to transgenic controls as verified by macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha and -1beta gene expression analysis. Exploratory activity and memory retention was compromised by age in APP/PS1 transgenic mice and further aggravated by induced noradrenergic deficiency. In contrast, novel object recognition was not influenced by norepinephrine deficiency, but by the APP/PS1 transgene at 12 months. Overall, our data indicate that early loss of noradrenergic innervation promotes amyloid deposition and modulates the activation state of inflammatory cells. This in turn could have had impact on the acceleration of cognitive deficits observed over time.
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205
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Laureys G, Clinckers R, Gerlo S, Spooren A, Wilczak N, Kooijman R, Smolders I, Michotte Y, De Keyser J. Astrocytic beta(2)-adrenergic receptors: from physiology to pathology. Prog Neurobiol 2010; 91:189-99. [PMID: 20138112 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2010.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2009] [Revised: 12/07/2009] [Accepted: 01/27/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Evidence accumulates for a key role of the beta(2)-adrenergic receptors in the many homeostatic and neuroprotective functions of astrocytes, including glycogen metabolism, regulation of immune responses, release of neurotrophic factors, and the astrogliosis that occurs in response to neuronal injury. A dysregulation of the astrocytic beta(2)-adrenergic-pathway is suspected to contribute to the physiopathology of a number of prevalent and devastating neurological conditions such as multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, human immunodeficiency virus encephalitis, stroke and hepatic encephalopathy. In this review we focus on the physiological functions of astrocytic beta(2)-adrenergic receptors, and their possible impact in disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy Laureys
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Drug Analysis, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium
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206
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Counts SE, Mufson EJ. Noradrenaline activation of neurotrophic pathways protects against neuronal amyloid toxicity. J Neurochem 2010; 113:649-60. [PMID: 20132474 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2010.06622.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Degeneration of locus coeruleus (LC) noradrenergic forebrain projection neurons is an early feature of Alzheimer's disease. The physiological consequences of this phenomenon are unclear, but observations correlating LC neuron loss with increased Alzheimer's disease pathology in LC projection sites suggest that noradrenaline (NA) is neuroprotective. To investigate this hypothesis, we determined that NA protected both hNT human neuronal cultures and rat primary hippocampal neurons from amyloid-beta (Abeta(1-42) and Abeta(25-35)) toxicity. The noradrenergic co-transmitter galanin was also effective at preventing Abeta-induced cell death. NA inhibited Abeta(25-35)-mediated increases in intracellular reactive oxygen species, mitochondrial membrane depolarization, and caspase activation in hNT neurons. NA exerted its neuroprotective effects in these cells by stimulating canonical beta(1) and beta(2) adrenergic receptor signaling pathways involving the activation of cAMP response element binding protein and the induction of endogenous nerve growth factor (NGF) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Treatment with functional blocking antibodies for either NGF or BDNF blocked NA's protective actions against Abeta(1-42) and Abeta(25-35) toxicity in primary hippocampal and hNT neurons, respectively. Taken together, these data suggest that the neuroprotective effects of noradrenergic LC afferents result from stimulating neurotrophic NGF and BDNF autocrine or paracrine loops via beta adrenoceptor activation of the cAMP response element binding protein pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott E Counts
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
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207
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Madrigal JLM, Garcia-Bueno B, Hinojosa AE, Polak P, Feinstein DL, Leza JC. Regulation of MCP-1 production in brain by stress and noradrenaline-modulating drugs. J Neurochem 2010; 113:543-51. [PMID: 20132473 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2010.06623.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
While it is accepted that noradrenaline (NA) reduction in brain contributes to the progression of certain neurodegenerative diseases, the mechanisms through which NA exerts its protective actions are not well known. We previously reported that NA induced production of monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP-1/CCL2) in cultured astrocytes mediated some of the neuroprotective actions of NA. We have now examined the regulation of MCP-1 production in vivo. Treatment of mice with the NA precursor l-threo-3,4-dihydroxyphenylserine induced the production of MCP-1 in astrocytes. In contrast, exposure to stress (a process known to elevate brain NA levels) produced only a moderate increase of MCP-1 because of the inhibitory activity of glucocorticoids released during the stress response. Similarly, corticosterone treatment of astrocytes caused a reduction of constitutive as well as the NA-induced MCP-1 production. When stressed rats had the production of glucocorticoids blocked by the selective inhibitor metyrapone, a large increase of MCP-1 concentration was observed in cortex, whereas propranolol (a beta adrenergic receptor blocker) avoided modifications of MCP-1 after stress. Desipramine (an inhibitor of NA reuptake) also caused an increase of MCP-1 in cortex. These data suggest that some phenomena caused by the alteration of NA or glucocorticoids could be mediated by MCP-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose L M Madrigal
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Spain.
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208
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Szot P, Miguelez C, White SS, Franklin A, Sikkema C, Wilkinson CW, Ugedo L, Raskind MA. A comprehensive analysis of the effect of DSP4 on the locus coeruleus noradrenergic system in the rat. Neuroscience 2010; 166:279-91. [PMID: 20045445 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2009] [Revised: 11/30/2009] [Accepted: 12/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Degeneration of the noradrenergic neurons in the locus coeruleus (LC) is a major component of Alzheimer's (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD), but the consequence of noradrenergic neuronal loss has different effects on the surviving neurons in the two disorders. Therefore, understanding the consequence of noradrenergic neuronal loss is important in determining the role of this neurotransmitter in these neurodegenerative disorders. The goal of the study was to determine if the neurotoxin N-(2-chloroethyl)-N-ethyl-2-bromobenzylamine (DSP4) could be used as a model for either (or both) AD or PD. Rats were administered DSP4 and sacrificed 3 days 2 weeks and 3 months later. DSP4-treatment resulted in a rapid, though transient reduction in norepinephrine (NE) and NE transporter (NET) in many brain regions receiving variable innervation from the LC. Alpha(1)-adrenoreceptors binding site concentrations were unchanged in all brain regions at all three time points. However, an increase in alpha(2)-AR was observed in many different brain regions 2 weeks and 3 months after DSP4. These changes observed in forebrain regions occurred without a loss in LC noradrenergic neurons. Expression of synthesizing enzymes or NET did not change in amount of expression/neuron despite the reduction in NE tissue content and NET binding site concentrations at early time points, suggesting no compensatory response. In addition, DSP4 did not affect basal activity of LC at any time point in anesthetized animals, but 2 weeks after DSP4 there is a significant increase in irregular firing of noradrenergic neurons. These data indicate that DSP4 is not a selective LC noradrenergic neurotoxin, but does affect noradrenergic neuron terminals locally, as evident by the changes in transmitter and markers at terminal regions. However, since DSP4 did not result in a loss of noradrenergic neurons, it is not considered an adequate model for noradrenergic neuronal loss observed in AD and PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Szot
- Northwest Network for Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Veterans Administration Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA.
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209
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Oikawa N, Ogino K, Masumoto T, Yamaguchi H, Yanagisawa K. Gender effect on the accumulation of hyperphosphorylated tau in the brain of locus-ceruleus-injured APP-transgenic mouse. Neurosci Lett 2009; 468:243-7. [PMID: 19900506 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2009.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2009] [Revised: 11/02/2009] [Accepted: 11/02/2009] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Locus ceruleus (LC) neurons are preferentially and initially affected in Alzheimer disease (AD); however, the impact of the loss of LC neurons on the pathological sequence of AD, including amyloid beta-protein (Abeta) deposition and neurofibrillary tangle formation, has not been elucidated. In this study, we chemically injured LC neurons of the brains of familial AD-related amyloid precursor protein (APP)-transgenic mice using the LC-noradrenergic neuron-selective neurotoxin, N-(2-chloroethyl)-N-ethyl-bromo-benzylamine (DSP4). The levels of noradrenaline significantly decreased in the cerebral cortices of DSP4-treated mice. The deposition of amyloid fibrils was biochemically observed in the APP-transgenic mouse brains; however, those levels were not significantly altered following DSP4 treatment. In contrast, the levels of accumulated hyperphosphorylated tau markedly increased in the cerebral cortices of DSP4-treated female but not male APP-transgenic mice. Our results suggest that innervation from LC neurons and testosterone secretion are potent and mutually independent suppressors of amyloid-related accumulation of hyperphosphorylated tau in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoto Oikawa
- Department of Alzheimer's Disease Research, National Institute for Longevity Sciences, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 36-3, Gengo, Morioka, Obu 474-8522, Japan
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210
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Szot P, Van Dam D, White SS, Franklin A, Staufenbiel M, De Deyn PP. Age-dependent changes in noradrenergic locus coeruleus system in wild-type and APP23 transgenic mice. Neurosci Lett 2009; 463:93-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2009.07.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2009] [Revised: 07/17/2009] [Accepted: 07/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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211
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Heneka MT. Noradrenergic denervation facilitates the release of acetylcholine and serotonin in the hippocampus: Towards a mechanism underlying upregulations described in MCI patients. Exp Neurol 2009; 217:237-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2009.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2009] [Accepted: 03/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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212
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Maheswaran S, Barjat H, Rueckert D, Bate ST, Howlett DR, Tilling L, Smart SC, Pohlmann A, Richardson JC, Hartkens T, Hill DLG, Upton N, Hajnal JV, James MF. Longitudinal regional brain volume changes quantified in normal aging and Alzheimer's APP x PS1 mice using MRI. Brain Res 2009; 1270:19-32. [PMID: 19272356 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.02.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2008] [Revised: 12/28/2008] [Accepted: 02/22/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In humans, mutations of amyloid precursor protein (APP) and presenilins (PS) 1 and 2 are associated with amyloid deposition, brain structural change and cognitive decline, like in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Mice expressing these proteins have illuminated neurodegenerative disease processes but, unlike in humans, quantitative imaging has been little used to systematically determine their effects, or those of normal aging, on brain structure in vivo. Accordingly, we investigated wildtype (WT) and TASTPM mice (expressing human APP(695(K595N, M596L)) x PS1(M146V)) longitudinally using MRI. Automated global and local image registration, allied to a standard digital atlas, provided pairwise segmentation of 13 brain regions. We found the mature mouse brain, unlike in humans, enlarges significantly from 6-14 months old (WT 3.8+/-1.7%, mean+/-SD, P<0.0001). Significant changes were also seen in other WT brain regions, providing an anatomical benchmark for comparing other mouse strains and models of brain disorder. In TASTPM, progressive amyloidosis and astrogliosis, detected immunohistochemically, reflected even larger whole brain changes (5.1+/-1.4%, P<0.0001, transgenexage interaction P=0.0311). Normalising regional volumes to whole brain measurements revealed significant, prolonged, WT-TASTPM volume differences, suggesting transgene effects establish at <6 months old of age in most regions. As in humans, gray matter-rich regions decline with age (e.g. thalamus, cerebral cortex and caudoputamen); ventricles and white matter (corpus callosum, corticospinal tract, fornix system) increase; in TASTPMs such trends often varied significantly from WT (especially hippocampus). The pervasive, age-related structural changes between WT and AD transgenic mice (and mouse and human) suggest subtle but fundamental species differences and AD transgene effects.
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213
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Amyloid pathology is associated with progressive monoaminergic neurodegeneration in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. J Neurosci 2009; 28:13805-14. [PMID: 19091971 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4218-08.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
beta-Amyloid (Abeta) pathology is an essential pathogenic component in Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the significance of Abeta pathology, including Abeta deposits/oligomers and glial reactions, to neurodegeneration is unclear. In particular, despite the Abeta neurotoxicity indicated by in vitro studies, mouse models with significant Abeta deposition lack robust and progressive loss of forebrain neurons. Such results have fueled the view that Abeta pathology is insufficient for neurodegeneration in vivo. In this study, because monoaminergic (MAergic) neurons show degenerative changes at early stages of AD, we examined whether the APPswe/PS1DeltaE9 mouse model recapitulates progressive MAergic neurodegeneration occurring in AD cases. We show that the progression forebrain Abeta deposition in the APPswe/PS1DeltaE9 model is associated with progressive losses of the forebrain MAergic afferents. Significantly, axonal degeneration is associated with significant atrophy of cell bodies and eventually leads to robust loss (approximately 50%) of subcortical MAergic neurons. Degeneration of these neurons occurs without obvious local Abeta or tau pathology at the subcortical sites and precedes the onset of anxiety-associated behavior in the mice. Our results show that a transgenic mouse model of Abeta pathology develops progressive MAergic neurodegeneration occurring in AD cases.
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214
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Guérin D, Peace ST, Didier A, Linster C, Cleland TA. Noradrenergic neuromodulation in the olfactory bulb modulates odor habituation and spontaneous discrimination. Behav Neurosci 2008; 122:816-26. [PMID: 18729635 DOI: 10.1037/a0012522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Noradrenergic projections from the locus coeruleus (LC) project to the olfactory bulb (OB), a cortical structure implicated in odor learning and perceptual differentiation among similar odorants. The authors tested the role of OB noradrenaline (NA) in short-term olfactory memory using an animal model of LC degeneration coupled with intrabulbar infusions of NA. Specifically, the authors lesioned cortical noradrenergic fibers in mice with the noradrenergic neurotoxin N-Ethyl-N-(2-chloroethyl)-2-bromobenzylamine hydrochloride (DSP4) and measured the effects on an olfactory habituation/spontaneous discrimination task. DSP4-treated mice failed to habituate to repeated odor presentations, indicating that they could not remember odors over the 5-min intertrial interval. The authors then infused NA bilaterally into the OBs of both DSP4-treated and nonlesioned control animals at two concentrations (10(-3)M and 10(-5)M, 2 microl/side). In DSP4-treated animals, NA administration at either concentration restored normal habituation and spontaneous discrimination performance, indicating that noradrenergic neuromodulation mediates these aspects of perceptual learning and that its efficacy does not require activity-dependent local regulation of NA release. Functional OB learning mechanisms may be necessary for normal odor recognition and differentiation among physically similar odorants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Guérin
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Sensorielles, Comportement, Cognition, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
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215
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Jackisch R, Gansser S, Cassel JC. Noradrenergic denervation facilitates the release of acetylcholine and serotonin in the hippocampus: Towards a mechanism underlying upregulations described in MCI patients? Exp Neurol 2008; 213:345-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2008.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2008] [Revised: 06/12/2008] [Accepted: 06/14/2008] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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216
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Takano A, Varrone A, Gulyás B, Karlsson P, Tauscher J, Halldin C. Mapping of the norepinephrine transporter in the human brain using PET with (S,S)-[18F]FMeNER-D2. Neuroimage 2008; 42:474-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2008] [Revised: 05/12/2008] [Accepted: 05/15/2008] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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217
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Insua D, Suárez ML, Santamarina G, Sarasa M, Pesini P. Dogs with canine counterpart of Alzheimer's disease lose noradrenergic neurons. Neurobiol Aging 2008; 31:625-35. [PMID: 18573571 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2008.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2007] [Revised: 03/25/2008] [Accepted: 05/18/2008] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Degeneration of noradrenergic neurons in the locus ceruleus is a well-described feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In spite of extensive utilization of the dog as a model for human degenerative diseases, there is no data on the response to aging of the noradrenergic system in dogs. We have used modern unbiased stereology to estimate the total number of A6-A7 noradrenergic neurons in normal, aged dogs and dogs with the canine counterpart of AD. In small-breed dogs with no cognitive impairments, the total mean number of tyrosine hydroxylase immunolabeled A6-A7 neurons was 17,228+/-1655, with no differences between young and aged dogs. In contrast, aged dogs with cognitive impairments exhibited a significant reduction in the total number of A6-A7 neurons (13,487+/-1374; P=0.001). Additionally, we found a negative correlation between the number of A6-A7 neurons and the extent of beta-amyloid deposits in the prefrontal cortex. These results suggest that the canine model could be useful in exploring the potential benefits of noradrenergic drugs for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Insua
- Departamento de Ciencias Clínicas Veterinarias, Facultad de Veterinaria de Lugo, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
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218
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Cassel JC, Mathis C, Majchrzak M, Moreau PH, Dalrymple-Alford JC. Coexisting cholinergic and parahippocampal degeneration: a key to memory loss in dementia and a challenge for transgenic models? NEURODEGENER DIS 2008; 5:304-17. [PMID: 18520165 DOI: 10.1159/000135615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2007] [Accepted: 10/31/2007] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
One century after Alzheimer's initial report, a variety of animal models of Alzheimer's disease (AD) are being used to mimic one or more pathological signs viewed as critical for the evolution of cognitive decline in dementia. Among the most common are, (a) traditional lesion models aimed at reproducing the degeneration of one of two key brain regions affected in AD, namely the cholinergic basal forebrain (CBF) and the transentorhinal region, and (b) transgenic mouse models aimed at reproducing AD histopathological hallmarks, namely amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. These models have provided valuable insights into the development and consequences of the pathology, but they have not consistently reproduced the severity of memory deficits exhibited in AD. The reasons for this lack of correspondence with the severity of expected deficits may include the limited replication of multiple neuropathology in potentially key brain regions. A recent lesion model in the rat found that severe memory impairment was obtained only when the two traditional lesions were combined together (i.e. conjoint CBF and entorhinal cortex lesions), indicative of a dramatic impact on cognitive function when there is coexisting, rather than isolated, damage in these two brain regions. It is proposed that combining AD transgenic mouse models with additional experimental damage to both the CBF and entorhinal regions might provide a unique opportunity to further understand the evolution of the disease and improve treatments of severe cognitive dysfunction in neurodegenerative dementias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Christophe Cassel
- LINC UMR 7191, Université Louis Pasteur, CNRS, Institut Fédératif de Recherche IFR 37, GDR CNRS 2905, Strasbourg, France.
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219
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Winkeler A, Waerzeggers Y, Klose A, Monfared P, Thomas AV, Schubert M, Heneka MT, Jacobs AH. Imaging noradrenergic influence on amyloid pathology in mouse models of Alzheimer's disease. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2008; 35 Suppl 1:S107-13. [PMID: 18219484 PMCID: PMC2755760 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-007-0710-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Molecular imaging aims towards the non-invasive characterization of disease-specific molecular alterations in the living organism in vivo. In that, molecular imaging opens a new dimension in our understanding of disease pathogenesis, as it allows the non-invasive determination of the dynamics of changes on the molecular level. IMAGING OF AD CHARACTERISTIC CHANGES BY microPET: The imaging technology being employed includes magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and nuclear imaging as well as optical-based imaging technologies. These imaging modalities are employed together or alone for disease phenotyping, development of imaging-guided therapeutic strategies and in basic and translational research. In this study, we review recent investigations employing positron emission tomography and MRI for phenotyping mouse models of Alzheimer's disease by imaging. We demonstrate that imaging has an important role in the characterization of mouse models of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Winkeler
- Laboratory for Gene Therapy and Molecular Imaging, Max Planck Institute for Neurological Research, and the Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Gleuelerstrasse 50, Cologne, Germany
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220
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Sabayan B, Foroughinia F, Mowla A, Borhanihaghighi A. Role of insulin metabolism disturbances in the development of Alzheimer disease: mini review. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen 2008; 23:192-9. [PMID: 18198237 PMCID: PMC10846104 DOI: 10.1177/1533317507312623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia. Different pathogenic processes have been studied that underlie characteristic changes of AD, including A beta protein aggregation, tau phosphorylation, neurovascular dysfunction, and inflammatory processes. Insulin exerts pleiotropic effects in neurons, such as the regulation of neural proliferation, apoptosis, and synaptic transmission. In this setting, any disturbance in the metabolism of insulin in the central nervous system (CNS) may put unfavorable effects on CNS function. It seems that disturbances in insulin metabolism, especially insulin resistance, play a role in most pathogenic processes that promote the development of AD. In this article, the relationships of disturbances in the metabolism of insulin in CNS with A beta peptides aggregation, tau protein phosphorylation, inflammatory markers, neuron apoptosis, neurovascular dysfunction, and neurotransmitter modulation are discussed, and future research directions are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behnam Sabayan
- Student Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Islamic Republic of Iran
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221
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Waerzeggers Y, Klein M, Miletic H, Himmelreich U, Li H, Monfared P, Herrlinger U, Hoehn M, Coenen HH, Weller M, Winkeler A, Jacobs AH. Multimodal Imaging of Neural Progenitor Cell Fate in Rodents. Mol Imaging 2008. [DOI: 10.2310/7290.2008.0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yannic Waerzeggers
- From the Laboratory for Gene Therapy and Molecular Imaging and In Vivo NMR Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Neurological Research with Klaus-Joachim-Zülch-Laboratories of the Max Planck Society and the Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Centre for Molecular Medicine Cologne Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Klinikum Fulda, Fulda, Germany; Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Department of Neurooncology, University
| | - Markus Klein
- From the Laboratory for Gene Therapy and Molecular Imaging and In Vivo NMR Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Neurological Research with Klaus-Joachim-Zülch-Laboratories of the Max Planck Society and the Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Centre for Molecular Medicine Cologne Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Klinikum Fulda, Fulda, Germany; Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Department of Neurooncology, University
| | - Hrvoje Miletic
- From the Laboratory for Gene Therapy and Molecular Imaging and In Vivo NMR Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Neurological Research with Klaus-Joachim-Zülch-Laboratories of the Max Planck Society and the Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Centre for Molecular Medicine Cologne Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Klinikum Fulda, Fulda, Germany; Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Department of Neurooncology, University
| | - Uwe Himmelreich
- From the Laboratory for Gene Therapy and Molecular Imaging and In Vivo NMR Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Neurological Research with Klaus-Joachim-Zülch-Laboratories of the Max Planck Society and the Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Centre for Molecular Medicine Cologne Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Klinikum Fulda, Fulda, Germany; Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Department of Neurooncology, University
| | - Hongfeng Li
- From the Laboratory for Gene Therapy and Molecular Imaging and In Vivo NMR Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Neurological Research with Klaus-Joachim-Zülch-Laboratories of the Max Planck Society and the Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Centre for Molecular Medicine Cologne Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Klinikum Fulda, Fulda, Germany; Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Department of Neurooncology, University
| | - Parisa Monfared
- From the Laboratory for Gene Therapy and Molecular Imaging and In Vivo NMR Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Neurological Research with Klaus-Joachim-Zülch-Laboratories of the Max Planck Society and the Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Centre for Molecular Medicine Cologne Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Klinikum Fulda, Fulda, Germany; Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Department of Neurooncology, University
| | - Ulrich Herrlinger
- From the Laboratory for Gene Therapy and Molecular Imaging and In Vivo NMR Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Neurological Research with Klaus-Joachim-Zülch-Laboratories of the Max Planck Society and the Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Centre for Molecular Medicine Cologne Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Klinikum Fulda, Fulda, Germany; Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Department of Neurooncology, University
| | - Mathias Hoehn
- From the Laboratory for Gene Therapy and Molecular Imaging and In Vivo NMR Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Neurological Research with Klaus-Joachim-Zülch-Laboratories of the Max Planck Society and the Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Centre for Molecular Medicine Cologne Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Klinikum Fulda, Fulda, Germany; Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Department of Neurooncology, University
| | - Heinrich Hubert Coenen
- From the Laboratory for Gene Therapy and Molecular Imaging and In Vivo NMR Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Neurological Research with Klaus-Joachim-Zülch-Laboratories of the Max Planck Society and the Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Centre for Molecular Medicine Cologne Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Klinikum Fulda, Fulda, Germany; Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Department of Neurooncology, University
| | - Michael Weller
- From the Laboratory for Gene Therapy and Molecular Imaging and In Vivo NMR Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Neurological Research with Klaus-Joachim-Zülch-Laboratories of the Max Planck Society and the Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Centre for Molecular Medicine Cologne Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Klinikum Fulda, Fulda, Germany; Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Department of Neurooncology, University
| | - Alexandra Winkeler
- From the Laboratory for Gene Therapy and Molecular Imaging and In Vivo NMR Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Neurological Research with Klaus-Joachim-Zülch-Laboratories of the Max Planck Society and the Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Centre for Molecular Medicine Cologne Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Klinikum Fulda, Fulda, Germany; Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Department of Neurooncology, University
| | - Andreas Hans Jacobs
- From the Laboratory for Gene Therapy and Molecular Imaging and In Vivo NMR Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Neurological Research with Klaus-Joachim-Zülch-Laboratories of the Max Planck Society and the Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Centre for Molecular Medicine Cologne Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Klinikum Fulda, Fulda, Germany; Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Department of Neurooncology, University
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Gonzalez de Aguilar JL, Loeffler JP, Boutillier AL. Lesions and Genes: On the Edge of Improved Isomorphic Models for Alzheimer’s Disease? NEURODEGENER DIS 2008; 5:318-20. [DOI: 10.1159/000135616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
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223
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HERHOLZ K, CARTER SF, JONES M. Positron emission tomography imaging in dementia. Br J Radiol 2007; 80 Spec No 2:S160-7. [DOI: 10.1259/bjr/97295129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Madrigal JLM, Kalinin S, Richardson JC, Feinstein DL. Neuroprotective actions of noradrenaline: effects on glutathione synthesis and activation of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor delta. J Neurochem 2007; 103:2092-101. [PMID: 17854349 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.04888.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The endogenous neurotransmitter noradrenaline (NA) can protect neurons from the toxic consequences of various inflammatory stimuli, however the exact mechanisms of neuroprotection are not well known. In the current study, we examined neuroprotective effects of NA in primary cultures of rat cortical neurons. Exposure to oligomeric amyloid beta (Abeta) 1-42 peptide induced neuronal damage revealed by increased staining with fluorojade, and toxicity assessed by LDH release. Abeta-dependent neuronal death did not involve neuronal expression of the inducible nitric oxide synthase 2 (NOS2), since Abeta did not induce nitrite production from neurons, LDH release was not reduced by co-incubation with NOS2 inhibitors, and neurotoxicity was similar in wildtype and NOS2 deficient neurons. Co-incubation with NA partially reduced Abeta-induced neuronal LDH release, and completely abrogated the increase in fluorojade staining. Treatment of neurons with NA increased expression of gamma-glutamylcysteine ligase, reduced levels of GSH peroxidase, and increased neuronal GSH levels. The neuroprotective effects of NA were partially blocked by co-treatment with an antagonist of peroxisome proliferator activated receptors (PPARs), and replicated by incubation with a selective PPARdelta (PPARdelta) agonist. NA also increased expression and activation of PPARdelta. Together these data demonstrate that NA can protect neurons from Abeta-induced damage, and suggest that its actions may involve activation of PPARdelta and increases in GSH production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose L M Madrigal
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Illinois & Jesse Brown Veteran's Affairs Hospital, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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225
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Zhu Y, Fenik P, Zhan G, Mazza E, Kelz M, Aston-Jones G, Veasey SC. Selective loss of catecholaminergic wake active neurons in a murine sleep apnea model. J Neurosci 2007; 27:10060-71. [PMID: 17855620 PMCID: PMC6672651 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0857-07.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of refractory wake impairments in many individuals with severe sleep apnea led us to hypothesize that the hypoxia/reoxygenation events in sleep apnea permanently damage wake-active neurons. We now confirm that long-term exposure to hypoxia/reoxygenation in adult mice results in irreversible wake impairments. Functionality and injury were next assessed in major wake-active neural groups. Hypoxia/reoxygenation exposure for 8 weeks resulted in vacuolization in the perikarya and dendrites and markedly impaired c-fos activation response to enforced wakefulness in both noradrenergic locus ceruleus and dopaminergic ventral periaqueductal gray wake neurons. In contrast, cholinergic, histaminergic, orexinergic, and serotonergic wake neurons appeared unperturbed. Six month exposure to hypoxia/reoxygenation resulted in a 40% loss of catecholaminergic wake neurons. Having previously identified NADPH oxidase as a major contributor to wake impairments in hypoxia/reoxygenation, the role of NADPH oxidase in catecholaminergic vulnerability was next addressed. NADPH oxidase catalytic and cytosolic subunits were evident in catecholaminergic wake neurons, where hypoxia/reoxygenation resulted in translocation of p67(phox) to mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and membranes. Treatment with a NADPH oxidase inhibitor, apocynin, throughout hypoxia/reoxygenation exposures conferred protection of catecholaminergic neurons. Collectively, these data show that select wake neurons, specifically the two catecholaminergic groups, can be rendered persistently impaired after long-term exposure to hypoxia/reoxygenation, modeling sleep apnea; wake impairments are irreversible; catecholaminergic neurons are lost; and neuronal NADPH oxidase contributes to this injury. It is anticipated that severe obstructive sleep apnea in humans destroys catecholaminergic wake neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhu
- Center for Sleep and Neurobiology and Department of Medicine
| | - Polina Fenik
- Center for Sleep and Neurobiology and Department of Medicine
| | - Guanxia Zhan
- Center for Sleep and Neurobiology and Department of Medicine
| | - Emilio Mazza
- Center for Sleep and Neurobiology and Department of Medicine
| | - Max Kelz
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Gary Aston-Jones
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Sigrid C. Veasey
- Center for Sleep and Neurobiology and Department of Medicine
- Department of Anesthesia, and
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226
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Guérin D, Sacquet J, Mandairon N, Jourdan F, Didier A. Early locus coeruleus degeneration and olfactory dysfunctions in Tg2576 mice. Neurobiol Aging 2007; 30:272-83. [PMID: 17618708 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2007.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2007] [Revised: 05/21/2007] [Accepted: 05/24/2007] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Olfactory deficiency has been reported in the early stages of Alzheimer's disease (AD) in humans but is very poorly understood due to the lack of investigations in animal models of AD. Recent studies point to the noradrenergic system as an important target of the AD pathological process. In addition, noradrenalin has been shown to influence adult neurogenesis which is implicated in cognitive functions. We have therefore investigated the olfactory neurogenesis and cognitive performances in young transgenic Tg2576 mice in relation with the status of the noradrenergic and the cholinergic systems. Tg2576 showed a deficit in neurogenesis in the olfactory bulb evidenced by an increased death of newborn cells and a reduced expression of PSA-NCAM. The locus coeruleus degenerated in Tg2576 between the age of 6.5 and 8 months. These changes were associated with olfactory memory impairments. Our findings indicate that a noradrenergic deficiency could play a role in the early stages of the pathological process in this transgenic model and induce olfactory cognitive impairments through an alteration of olfactory neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Guérin
- Laboratoire de Neuroscience et Systèmes Sensoriels, Université de Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, France
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227
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O’Neil JN, Mouton PR, Tizabi Y, Ottinger MA, Lei DL, Ingram DK, Manaye KF. Catecholaminergic neuronal loss in locus coeruleus of aged female dtg APP/PS1 mice. J Chem Neuroanat 2007; 34:102-7. [PMID: 17658239 PMCID: PMC5483173 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2007.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2006] [Revised: 05/18/2007] [Accepted: 05/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common type of dementia afflicting the elderly. In addition to the presence of cortical senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, AD is characterized at autopsy by extensive degeneration of brainstem locus coeruleus (LC) neurons that provide noradrenergic innervation to cortical neuropil, together with relative stability of dopaminergic neuron number in substantia nigra (SN) and ventral tegmental area (VTA). The present study used design-based stereological methods to assess catecholaminergic neuronal loss in brains of double transgenic female mice that co-express two human mutations associated with familial AD, amyloid precursor protein (APP(swe)) and presenilin-1 (PS1(DeltaE9)). Mice were analyzed at two age groups, 3-6 months and 16-23 months, when deposition of AD-type beta-amyloid (Abeta) plaques occurs in cortical brain regions. Blocks of brain tissue containing the noradrenergic LC nucleus and two nuclei of dopaminergic neurons, the SN and VTA, were sectioned and sampled in a systematic-random manner and immunostained for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), a specific marker for catecholaminergic neurons. Using the optical fractionator method we found a 24% reduction in the total number of TH-positive neurons in LC with no changes in SN-VTA of aged dtg APP/PS1 mice compared with non-transgenic controls. No significant differences were observed in numbers of TH-positive neurons in LC or SN-VTA in brains of young female dtg APP/PS1 mice compared to their age-matched controls. The findings of selective neurodegeneration of LC neurons in the brains of aged female dtg APP/PS1 mice mimic the neuropathology in the brains of AD patients at autopsy. These findings support the use of murine models of Abeta deposition to develop novel strategies for the therapeutic management of patients afflicted with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jahn N. O’Neil
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Howard University, Washington, DC
| | - Peter R. Mouton
- Laboratory of Experimental Gerontology, NIA, NIH, Baltimore, MD
- Stereology Resource Center (SRC), Baltimore, MD
| | - Yousef Tizabi
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Howard University, Washington, DC
| | | | - De-liang Lei
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Howard University, Washington, DC
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | | | - Kebreten F. Manaye
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Howard University, Washington, DC
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228
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Kummer C, Winkeler A, Dittmar C, Bauer B, Rueger MA, Rueckriem B, Heneka MT, Vollmar S, Wienhard K, Fraefel C, Heiss WD, Jacobs AH. Multitracer Positron Emission Tomographic Imaging of Exogenous Gene Expression Mediated by a Universal Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Amplicon Vector. Mol Imaging 2007. [DOI: 10.2310/7290.2007.00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Kummer
- From the Laboratory for Gene Therapy and Molecular Imaging, Max Planck-Institute for Neurological Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, and Department of Neurology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Alexandra Winkeler
- From the Laboratory for Gene Therapy and Molecular Imaging, Max Planck-Institute for Neurological Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, and Department of Neurology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Claus Dittmar
- From the Laboratory for Gene Therapy and Molecular Imaging, Max Planck-Institute for Neurological Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, and Department of Neurology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Bernd Bauer
- From the Laboratory for Gene Therapy and Molecular Imaging, Max Planck-Institute for Neurological Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, and Department of Neurology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Maria Adele Rueger
- From the Laboratory for Gene Therapy and Molecular Imaging, Max Planck-Institute for Neurological Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, and Department of Neurology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Benedikt Rueckriem
- From the Laboratory for Gene Therapy and Molecular Imaging, Max Planck-Institute for Neurological Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, and Department of Neurology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Michael T. Heneka
- From the Laboratory for Gene Therapy and Molecular Imaging, Max Planck-Institute for Neurological Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, and Department of Neurology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Stefan Vollmar
- From the Laboratory for Gene Therapy and Molecular Imaging, Max Planck-Institute for Neurological Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, and Department of Neurology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Klaus Wienhard
- From the Laboratory for Gene Therapy and Molecular Imaging, Max Planck-Institute for Neurological Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, and Department of Neurology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Cornel Fraefel
- From the Laboratory for Gene Therapy and Molecular Imaging, Max Planck-Institute for Neurological Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, and Department of Neurology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Wolf-Dieter Heiss
- From the Laboratory for Gene Therapy and Molecular Imaging, Max Planck-Institute for Neurological Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, and Department of Neurology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Andreas H. Jacobs
- From the Laboratory for Gene Therapy and Molecular Imaging, Max Planck-Institute for Neurological Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, and Department of Neurology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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229
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Strome EM, Doudet DJ. Animal Models of Neurodegenerative Disease: Insights from In vivo Imaging Studies. Mol Imaging Biol 2007; 9:186-95. [PMID: 17357857 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-007-0093-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Animal models have been used extensively to understand the etiology and pathophysiology of human neurodegenerative diseases, and are an essential component in the development of therapeutic interventions for these disorders. In recent years, technical advances in imaging modalities such as positron emission tomography (PET) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have allowed the use of these techniques for the evaluation of functional, neurochemical, and anatomical changes in the brains of animals. Combining animal models of neurodegenerative disorders with neuroimaging provides a powerful tool to follow the disease process, to examine compensatory mechanisms, and to investigate the effects of potential treatments preclinically to derive knowledge that will ultimately inform our clinical decisions. This article reviews the literature on the use of PET and MRI in animal models of Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and Alzheimer's disease, and evaluates the strengths and limitations of brain imaging in animal models of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elissa M Strome
- Pacific Parkinson's Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
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230
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Repeated administration of the noradrenergic neurotoxin N-(2-chloroethyl)-N-ethyl-2-bromobenzylamine (DSP-4) modulates neuroinflammation and amyloid plaque load in mice bearing amyloid precursor protein and presenilin-1 mutant transgenes. J Neuroinflammation 2007; 4:8. [PMID: 17324270 PMCID: PMC1810243 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-4-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2006] [Accepted: 02/26/2007] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Data indicates anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and pro-cognitive properties of noradrenaline and analyses of post-mortem brain of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients reveal major neuronal loss in the noradrenergic locus coeruleus (LC), the main source of CNS noradrenaline (NA). The LC has projections to brain regions vulnerable to amyloid deposition and lack of LC derived NA could play a role in the progression of neuroinflammation in AD. Previous studies reveal that intraperitoneal (IP) injection of the noradrenergic neurotoxin N-(2-chloroethyl)-N-ethyl-2-bromobenzylamine (DSP-4) can modulate neuroinflammation in amyloid over-expressing mice and in one study, DSP-4 exacerbated existing neurodegeneration. Methods TASTPM mice over-express human APP and beta amyloid protein and show age related cognitive decline and neuroinflammation. In the present studies, 5 month old C57/BL6 and TASTPM mice were injected once monthly for 6 months with a low dose of DSP-4 (5 mg kg-1) or vehicle. At 8 and 11 months of age, mice were tested for cognitive ability and brains were examined for amyloid load and neuroinflammation. Results At 8 months of age there was no difference in LC tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) across all groups and cortical NA levels of TASTPM/DSP-4, WT/Vehicle and WT/DSP-4 were similar. NA levels were lowest in TASTPM/Vehicle. Messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) for various inflammatory markers were significantly increased in TASTPM/Vehicle compared with WT/Vehicle and by 8 months of age DSP-4 treatment modified this by reducing the levels of some of these markers in TASTPM. TASTPM/Vehicle showed increased astrocytosis and a significantly larger area of cortical amyloid plaque compared with TASTPM/DSP-4. However, by 11 months, NA levels were lowest in TASTPM/DSP-4 and there was a significant reduction in LC TH of TASTPM/DSP-4 only. Both TASTPM groups had comparable levels of amyloid, microglial activation and astrocytosis and mRNA for inflammatory markers was similar except for interleukin-1 beta which was increased by DSP-4. TASTPM mice were cognitively impaired at 8 and 11 months but DSP-4 did not modify this. Conclusion These data reveal that a low dose of DSP-4 can have varied effects on the modulation of amyloid plaque deposition and neuroinflammation in TASTPM mice dependent on the duration of dosing.
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231
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Szot P, White SS, Greenup JL, Leverenz JB, Peskind ER, Raskind MA. Changes in adrenoreceptors in the prefrontal cortex of subjects with dementia: evidence of compensatory changes. Neuroscience 2007; 146:471-80. [PMID: 17324522 PMCID: PMC3399726 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2006] [Revised: 01/18/2007] [Accepted: 01/20/2007] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
In Alzheimer's disease (AD) there is a significant loss of locus coeruleus (LC) noradrenergic neurons. However, recent work has shown the surviving noradrenergic neurons to display many compensatory changes, including axonal sprouting to the hippocampus. The prefrontal cortex (PFC) is a forebrain region that is affected in dementia, and receives innervation from the LC noradrenergic neurons. Reduced PFC function can reduce cognition and disrupt behavior. Because the PFC is an important area in AD, we determined if noradrenergic innervation from the LC noradrenergic neurons is maintained and if adrenoreceptors are altered postsynaptically. Presynaptic PFC alpha2-adrenoreceptor (AR) binding site density, as determined by 3H-RX821002, suggests that axons from surviving noradrenergic neurons in the LC are sprouting to the PFC of subjects with dementia. Changes in postsynaptic alpha1-AR in the PFC of subjects with dementia indicate normal to elevated levels of binding sites. Expression of alpha1-AR subtypes (alpha1A- and alpha1D-AR) and alpha2C-AR subtype mRNA in the PFC of subjects with dementia is similar to what was observed in the hippocampus with one exception, the expression of alpha1A-AR mRNA. The expression of the alpha1A-AR mRNA subtype is significantly reduced in specific layers of the PFC in subjects with dementia. The loss of alpha1A-, alpha1D- and alpha2C-AR mRNA subtype expression in the PFC may be attributed to neuronal loss observed in dementia. These changes in postsynaptic AR would suggest a reduced function of the PFC. Consequence of this reduced function of the PFC in dementia is still unknown but it may affect memory and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Szot
- Northwest Network for Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Veterans Administration Puget Sound Health Care System, and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, University of Washington, Seattle 98195, USA.
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232
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Rommelfanger KS, Weinshenker D. Norepinephrine: The redheaded stepchild of Parkinson's disease. Biochem Pharmacol 2007; 74:177-90. [PMID: 17416354 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2007.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2006] [Revised: 01/27/2007] [Accepted: 01/29/2007] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) affects approximately 1% of the world's aging population. Despite its prevalence and rigorous research in both humans and animal models, the etiology remains unknown. PD is most often characterized by the degeneration of dopamine (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc), and models of PD generally attempt to mimic this deficit. However, PD is a true multisystem disorder marked by a profound but less appreciated loss of cells in the locus coeruleus (LC), which contains the major group of noradrenergic neurons in the brain. Historic and more recent experiments exploring the role of norepinephrine (NE) in PD will be analyzed in this review. First, we examine the evidence that NE is neuroprotective and that LC degeneration sensitizes DA neurons to damage. The second part of this review focuses on the potential contribution of NE loss to the behavioral symptoms associated with PD. We propose that LC loss represents a crucial turning point in PD progression and that pharmacotherapies aimed at restoring NE have important therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Rommelfanger
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
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233
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Zipp F, Aktas O. The brain as a target of inflammation: common pathways link inflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases. Trends Neurosci 2006; 29:518-27. [PMID: 16879881 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2006.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2006] [Revised: 05/23/2006] [Accepted: 07/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Classical knowledge distinguishes between inflammatory and non-inflammatory diseases of the brain. Either the immune system acts on the CNS and initiates a damage cascade, as in autoimmune (e.g. multiple sclerosis) and infectious conditions, or the primary insult is not inflammation but ischemia or degeneration, as in stroke and Alzheimer's disease, respectively. However, as we review here, recent advances have blurred this distinction. On the one hand, the classical inflammatory diseases of the brain also exhibit profound and early neurodegenerative features - remarkably, it has been known for more than a century that neuronal damage is a key feature of multiple sclerosis pathology, yet this was neglected until very recently. On the other hand, immune mechanisms might set the pace of progressive CNS damage in primary neurodegeneration. Despite differing initial events, increasing evidence indicates that even in clinically heterogeneous diseases, there might be common immunological pathways that result in neurotoxicity and reveal targets for more efficient therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frauke Zipp
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10098 Berlin, Germany.
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234
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Kalinin S, Gavrilyuk V, Polak PE, Vasser R, Zhao J, Heneka MT, Feinstein DL. Noradrenaline deficiency in brain increases beta-amyloid plaque burden in an animal model of Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2006; 28:1206-14. [PMID: 16837104 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2006.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2005] [Revised: 05/26/2006] [Accepted: 06/02/2006] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Loss of Locus coeruleus (LC) noradrenergic (NA) neurons occurs in several neurodegenerative conditions including Alzheimer's disease (AD). In vitro and in vivo studies have shown that NA influences several features of AD disease including inflammation, neurodegeneration, and cognitive function. In the current study we tested if LC loss influenced beta amyloid (Abeta) plaque deposition. LC neuronal degeneration was induced in transgenic mice expressing mutant V717F human amyloid precursor protein (APP) by treatment with the selective neurotoxin N-(2-chloroethyl)-N-ethyl-2-bromobenzylamine DSP4 (5mg/kg every 2 weeks beginning at age 3 months). At 9 months of age, when control mice show low amyloid load, DSP4-treated mice showed an approximately 5-fold increase in the average number of Abeta plaques. This was accompanied by an increase in the levels of APP C-terminal cleavage fragments. DSP4-treatment increased both microglial and astroglial activation. In vivo, DSP4-treatment decreased expression and activity of the Abeta degrading enzyme neprilysin, while in vitro NA increased phagocytosis of Abeta1-42 by microglia. These findings suggest that noradrenergic innervation from LC are needed to maintain adequate Abeta clearance, and therefore that LC degeneration could contribute to AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Kalinin
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Illinois, & Jesse Brown Veteran's Affairs Research Division, Chicago, IL 60612, United States
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235
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Gibbs ME, O'Dowd BS, Hertz E, Hertz L. Astrocytic energy metabolism consolidates memory in young chicks. Neuroscience 2006; 141:9-13. [PMID: 16750889 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2006] [Revised: 04/10/2006] [Accepted: 04/18/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In a single trial discrimination avoidance learning task, chicks learn to distinguish between beads of two colors, which are dipped in either a strong or weak tasting aversant (methyl anthranilate) to induce strongly-reinforced and weakly-reinforced learning, respectively. Consolidation of strongly-reinforced learning can be prevented by inhibitors of glycolysis, such as 2-deoxyglucose and iodoacetate and by inhibitors of oxidative metabolism and the consolidation of weakly-reinforced learning can be promoted by administration of glucose. In the present study we show that bilateral, intracerebral injection of 30 nmol acetate can act like glucose to consolidate labile memory and to restore memory impaired by 2-deoxyglucose administration. Acetate is a metabolic substrate that feeds into the tricarboxylic acid cycle, it is oxidized in astrocytes, but not in neurones. Our data suggest that effects of glucose administered 15-25 min post-training on memory consolidation are mediated via astrocytes not neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Gibbs
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.
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