201
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Szepesi Z, Manouchehrian O, Bachiller S, Deierborg T. Bidirectional Microglia-Neuron Communication in Health and Disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:323. [PMID: 30319362 PMCID: PMC6170615 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are ramified cells that exhibit highly motile processes, which continuously survey the brain parenchyma and react to any insult to the CNS homeostasis. Although microglia have long been recognized as a crucial player in generating and maintaining inflammatory responses in the CNS, now it has become clear, that their function are much more diverse, particularly in the healthy brain. The innate immune response and phagocytosis represent only a little segment of microglia functional repertoire that also includes maintenance of biochemical homeostasis, neuronal circuit maturation during development and experience-dependent remodeling of neuronal circuits in the adult brain. Being equipped by numerous receptors and cell surface molecules microglia can perform bidirectional interactions with other cell types in the CNS. There is accumulating evidence showing that neurons inform microglia about their status and thus are capable of controlling microglial activation and motility while microglia also modulate neuronal activities. This review addresses the topic: how microglia communicate with other cell types in the brain, including fractalkine signaling, secreted soluble factors and extracellular vesicles. We summarize the current state of knowledge of physiological role and function of microglia during brain development and in the mature brain and further highlight microglial contribution to brain pathologies such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease, brain ischemia, traumatic brain injury, brain tumor as well as neuropsychiatric diseases (depression, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsuzsanna Szepesi
- Experimental Neuroinflammation Laboratory, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Oscar Manouchehrian
- Experimental Neuroinflammation Laboratory, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Sara Bachiller
- Experimental Neuroinflammation Laboratory, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Tomas Deierborg
- Experimental Neuroinflammation Laboratory, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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202
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D'Alessandro G, Limatola C, Catalano M. Functional Roles of the Ca2+-activated K+ Channel, KCa3.1, in Brain Tumors. Curr Neuropharmacol 2018; 16:636-643. [PMID: 28707595 PMCID: PMC5997864 DOI: 10.2174/0929867324666170713103621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioblastoma is the most aggressive and deadly brain tumor, with low disease-free period even after surgery and combined radio and chemotherapies. Among the factors contributing to the devastating effect of this tumor in the brain are the elevated proliferation and invasion rate, and the ability to induce a local immunosuppressive environment. The intermediateconductance Ca2+-activated K+ channel KCa3.1 is expressed in glioblastoma cells and in tumorinfiltrating cells. METHODS We first describe the researches related to the role of KCa3.1 channels in the invasion of brain tumor cells and the regulation of cell cycle. In the second part we review the involvement of KCa3.1 channel in tumor-associated microglia cell behaviour. RESULTS In tumor cells, the functional expression of KCa3.1 channels is important to substain cell invasion and proliferation. In tumor infiltrating cells, KCa3.1 channel activity is required to regulate their activation state. Interfering with KCa3.1 activity can be an adjuvant therapeutic approach in addition to classic chemotherapy and radiotherapy, to counteract tumor growth and prolong patient's survival. CONCLUSION In this mini-review we discuss the evidence of the functional roles of KCa3.1 channels in glioblastoma biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina D'Alessandro
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Cristina Limatola
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Myriam Catalano
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
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203
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Matias D, Balça-Silva J, da Graça GC, Wanjiru CM, Macharia LW, Nascimento CP, Roque NR, Coelho-Aguiar JM, Pereira CM, Dos Santos MF, Pessoa LS, Lima FRS, Schanaider A, Ferrer VP, Moura-Neto V. Microglia/Astrocytes-Glioblastoma Crosstalk: Crucial Molecular Mechanisms and Microenvironmental Factors. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:235. [PMID: 30123112 PMCID: PMC6086063 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the functions of glial cells, namely, astrocytes and microglia, have gained prominence in several diseases of the central nervous system, especially in glioblastoma (GB), the most malignant primary brain tumor that leads to poor clinical outcomes. Studies showed that microglial cells or astrocytes play a critical role in promoting GB growth. Based on the recent findings, the complex network of the interaction between microglial/astrocytes cells and GB may constitute a potential therapeutic target to overcome tumor malignancy. In the present review, we summarize the most important mechanisms and functions of the molecular factors involved in the microglia or astrocytes-GB interactions, which is particularly the alterations that occur in the cell's extracellular matrix and the cytoskeleton. We overview the cytokines, chemokines, neurotrophic, morphogenic, metabolic factors, and non-coding RNAs actions crucial to these interactions. We have also discussed the most recent studies regarding the mechanisms of transportation and communication between microglial/astrocytes - GB cells, namely through the ABC transporters or by extracellular vesicles. Lastly, we highlight the therapeutic challenges and improvements regarding the crosstalk between these glial cells and GB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Matias
- Instituto Estadual do Cérebro Paulo Niemeyer - Secretaria de Estado de Saúde, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Joana Balça-Silva
- Instituto Estadual do Cérebro Paulo Niemeyer - Secretaria de Estado de Saúde, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology and Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences Consortium, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Grazielle C da Graça
- Instituto Estadual do Cérebro Paulo Niemeyer - Secretaria de Estado de Saúde, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Caroline M Wanjiru
- Instituto Estadual do Cérebro Paulo Niemeyer - Secretaria de Estado de Saúde, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lucy W Macharia
- Instituto Estadual do Cérebro Paulo Niemeyer - Secretaria de Estado de Saúde, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Anatomia Patológica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carla Pires Nascimento
- Instituto Estadual do Cérebro Paulo Niemeyer - Secretaria de Estado de Saúde, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Anatomia Patológica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Natalia R Roque
- Instituto Estadual do Cérebro Paulo Niemeyer - Secretaria de Estado de Saúde, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Juliana M Coelho-Aguiar
- Instituto Estadual do Cérebro Paulo Niemeyer - Secretaria de Estado de Saúde, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Marcos F Dos Santos
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luciana S Pessoa
- Instituto Estadual do Cérebro Paulo Niemeyer - Secretaria de Estado de Saúde, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Flavia R S Lima
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alberto Schanaider
- Centro de Cirurgia Experimental do Departamento de Cirurgia da Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Valéria P Ferrer
- Instituto Estadual do Cérebro Paulo Niemeyer - Secretaria de Estado de Saúde, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Vivaldo Moura-Neto
- Instituto Estadual do Cérebro Paulo Niemeyer - Secretaria de Estado de Saúde, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Universidade do Grande Rio (Unigranrio), Duque de Caxias, Brazil
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204
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Gao H, Zhang IY, Zhang L, Song Y, Liu S, Ren H, Liu H, Zhou H, Su Y, Yang Y, Badie B. S100B suppression alters polarization of infiltrating myeloid-derived cells in gliomas and inhibits tumor growth. Cancer Lett 2018; 439:91-100. [PMID: 30076898 PMCID: PMC7048242 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
S100B, a member of the multigene family of Ca2+-binding proteins, is overexpressed by most malignant gliomas but its biological role in gliomagenesis is unclear. Recently, we demonstrated that low concentrations of S100B attenuated microglia activation through the induction of STAT3. Furthermore, S100B downregulation in a murine glioma model inhibited macrophage trafficking and tumor growth. Based on these observations, we hypothesized that S100B inhibitors may have antiglioma properties through modulation of tumor microenvironment. To discover novel S100B inhibitors, we developed a high-throughput screening cell-based S100B promoter-driven luciferase reporter assay. Initial screening of 768 compounds in the NIH library identified 36 hits with >85% S100B inhibitory activity. Duloxetine (Dul, an SNRI) was selected for the initial proof-of-concept studies. At low concentrations (1–5 μM) Dul inhibited S100B and CCL2 production in mouse GL261 glioma cells, but had minimal cytotoxic activity in vitro. In vivo, however, Dul (30 mg/kg/14 days) inhibited S100B production, altered the polarization and trafficking of tumor-associated myeloid-derived cells, and inhibited the growth of intracranial GL261 gliomas. Dul therapeutic efficacy, however, was not observed in the K-Luc glioma model that expresses low levels of S100B. These findings affirm the role of S100B in gliomagenesis and justify the development of more potent S100B inhibitors for glioma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Gao
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, No.1 Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, PR China.
| | - Ian Y Zhang
- Division of Neurosurgery, City of Hope Beckman Research Institute, USA.
| | - Leying Zhang
- Division of Neurosurgery, City of Hope Beckman Research Institute, USA.
| | - Yanyan Song
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, PR China.
| | - Shunan Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, The Pharmacy School of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, PR China.
| | - Hui Ren
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, PR China.
| | - Huili Liu
- Division of Neurosurgery, City of Hope Beckman Research Institute, USA.
| | - Hui Zhou
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, PR China.
| | - Yanping Su
- College of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, PR China.
| | - Yihang Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, PR China.
| | - Behnam Badie
- Department of Cancer Immunotherapeutics & Tumor Immunology, City of Hope Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA 91010, USA.
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205
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Nissen JC, Thompson KK, West BL, Tsirka SE. Csf1R inhibition attenuates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and promotes recovery. Exp Neurol 2018; 307:24-36. [PMID: 29803827 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2018.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) characterized by progressive neuronal demyelination and degeneration. Much of this damage can be attributed to microglia, the resident innate immune cells of the CNS, as well as monocyte-derived macrophages, which breach the blood-brain barrier in this inflammatory state. Upon activation, both microglia and macrophages release a variety of factors that greatly contribute to disease progression, and thus therapeutic approaches in MS focus on diminishing their activity. We use the CSF1R inhibitor PLX5622, administered in mouse chow, to ablate microglia and macrophages during the course of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of MS. Here, we show that ablation of these cells significantly improves animal mobility and weight gain in EAE. Further, we show that this treatment addresses the pathological hallmarks of MS, as it reduces demyelination and immune activation. White matter lesion areas in microglia/macrophage-depleted animals show substantial preservation of mature, myelinating oligodendrocytes in comparison to control animals. Taken together, these findings suggest that ablation of microglia/macrophages during the symptomatic phase of EAE reduces CNS inflammation and may also promote a more permissive environment for remyelination and recovery. This microglia and macrophage-targeted therapy could be a promising avenue for treatment of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian C Nissen
- Programe in Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, NY 11794-8651, United States; Department of Biological Sciences, State University of New York, College at Old Westbury, Old Westbury, NY 11568, United States
| | - Kaitlyn K Thompson
- Programe in Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, NY 11794-8651, United States
| | - Brian L West
- Plexxikon Inc, Berkeley, CA 94710, United States
| | - Stella E Tsirka
- Programe in Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, NY 11794-8651, United States.
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206
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW More effective therapies for glioblastoma are urgently needed. Immunotherapeutic strategies appear particularly promising and are therefore intensively studied. This article reviews the current understanding of the immunosuppressive glioblastoma microenvironment, discusses the rationale behind various immunotherapies, and outlines the findings of several recently published clinical studies. RECENT FINDINGS The results of CheckMate-143 indicated that nivolumab is not superior to bevacizumab in patients with recurrent glioblastoma. A first-in man exploratory study evaluating EGFRvIII-specific CAR T cells for patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma demonstrated overall safety of CAR T cell therapy and effective target recognition. A pilot study evaluating treatment with adoptively transferred CMV-specific T cells combined with a CMV-specific DC vaccine was found to be safe and resulted in increased polyclonality of CMV-specific T cells in vivo. Despite the success of immunotherapies in many cancers, clinical evidence supporting their efficacy for patients with glioblastoma is still lacking. Nevertheless, the recently published studies provide important proof-of-concept in several areas of immunotherapy research. The careful and critical interpretation of these results will enhance our understanding of the opportunities and challenges of immunotherapies for high-grade gliomas and improve the immunotherapeutic strategies investigated in future clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia C Kurz
- Perlmutter Cancer Institute, Brain Tumor Program, NYU Langone Medical Center, 240 E. 38th Street, 19th floor, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Patrick Y Wen
- Center for Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
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207
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Boussiotis VA, Charest A. Immunotherapies for malignant glioma. Oncogene 2018; 37:1121-1141. [PMID: 29242608 PMCID: PMC5828703 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-017-0024-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a highly malignant primary brain cancer with a dreadful overall survival and for which treatment options are limited. Recent breakthroughs in novel immune-related treatment strategies for cancer have spurred interests in usurping the power of the patient's immune system to recognize and eliminate GBM. Here, we discuss the unique properties of GBM's tumor microenvironment, the effects of GBM standard on care therapy on tumor-associated immune cells, and review several approaches aimed at therapeutically targeting the immune system for GBM treatment. We believe that a comprehensive understanding of the intricate micro-environmental landscape of GBM will abound into the development of novel immunotherapy strategies for GBM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vassiliki A Boussiotis
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Beth Israel Deaconess Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alain Charest
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Beth Israel Deaconess Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Division of Genetics, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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208
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Pellegatta S, Savoldo B, Di Ianni N, Corbetta C, Chen Y, Patané M, Sun C, Pollo B, Ferrone S, DiMeco F, Finocchiaro G, Dotti G. Constitutive and TNFα-inducible expression of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4 in glioblastoma and neurospheres: Implications for CAR-T cell therapy. Sci Transl Med 2018; 10:eaao2731. [PMID: 29491184 PMCID: PMC8713441 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aao2731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The heterogeneous expression of tumor-associated antigens limits the efficacy of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-redirected T cells (CAR-Ts) for the treatment of glioblastoma (GBM). We have found that chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4 (CSPG4) is highly expressed in 67% of the GBM specimens with limited heterogeneity. CSPG4 is also expressed on primary GBM-derived cells, grown in vitro as neurospheres (GBM-NS), which recapitulate the histopathology and molecular characteristics of primary GBM. CSPG4.CAR-Ts efficiently controlled the growth of GBM-NS in vitro and in vivo upon intracranial tumor inoculation. Moreover, CSPG4.CAR-Ts were also effective against GBM-NS with moderate to low expression of CSPG4. This effect was mediated by the in vivo up-regulation of CSPG4 on tumor cells, induced by tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) released by the microglia surrounding the tumor. Overall, the constitutive and TNFα-inducible expression of CSPG4 in GBM may greatly reduce the risk of tumor cell escape observed when targeted antigens are heterogeneously expressed on tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Pellegatta
- Unit of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Neurologico C. Besta, Milan 20133, Italy
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Barbara Savoldo
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Natalia Di Ianni
- Unit of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Neurologico C. Besta, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Cristina Corbetta
- Unit of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Neurologico C. Besta, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Yuhui Chen
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Monica Patané
- Unit of Neuropathology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico C. Besta, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Chuang Sun
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Bianca Pollo
- Unit of Neuropathology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico C. Besta, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Soldano Ferrone
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Francesco DiMeco
- Department of Neuro-Surgery, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico C. Besta, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Gaetano Finocchiaro
- Unit of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Neurologico C. Besta, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Gianpietro Dotti
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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209
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Taggart D, Andreou T, Scott KJ, Williams J, Rippaus N, Brownlie RJ, Ilett EJ, Salmond RJ, Melcher A, Lorger M. Anti-PD-1/anti-CTLA-4 efficacy in melanoma brain metastases depends on extracranial disease and augmentation of CD8 + T cell trafficking. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E1540-E1549. [PMID: 29386395 PMCID: PMC5816160 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1714089115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of immune checkpoints programmed death 1 (PD-1) and cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) on T cells results in durable antitumor activity in melanoma patients. Despite high frequency of melanoma brain metastases (BrM) and associated poor prognosis, the activity and mechanisms of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) in metastatic tumors that develop within the "immune specialized" brain microenvironment, remain elusive. We established a melanoma tumor transplantation model with intracranial plus extracranial (subcutaneous) tumor, mimicking the clinically observed coexistence of metastases inside and outside the brain. Strikingly, intracranial ICI efficacy was observed only when extracranial tumor was present. Extracranial tumor was also required for ICI-induced increase in CD8+ T cells, macrophages, and microglia in brain tumors, and for up-regulation of immune-regulatory genes. Combined PD-1/CTLA-4 blockade had a superior intracranial efficacy over the two monotherapies. Cell depletion studies revealed that NK cells and CD8+ T cells were required for intracranial anti-PD-1/anti-CTLA-4 efficacy. Rather than enhancing CD8+ T cell activation and expansion within intracranial tumors, PD-1/CTLA-4 blockade dramatically (∼14-fold) increased the trafficking of CD8+ T cells to the brain. This was mainly through the peripheral expansion of homing-competent effector CD8+ T cells and potentially further enhanced through up-regulation of T cell entry receptors intercellular adhesion molecule 1 and vascular adhesion molecule 1 on tumor vasculature. Our study indicates that extracranial activation/release of CD8+ T cells from PD-1/CTLA-4 inhibition and potentiation of their recruitment to the brain are paramount to the intracranial anti-PD-1/anti-CTLA-4 activity, suggesting augmentation of these processes as an immune therapy-enhancing strategy in metastatic brain cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Taggart
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, United Kingdom
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, United Kingdom
| | - Tereza Andreou
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, United Kingdom
| | - Karen J Scott
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer Williams
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, United Kingdom
| | - Nora Rippaus
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca J Brownlie
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth J Ilett
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, United Kingdom
| | - Robert J Salmond
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, United Kingdom
| | - Alan Melcher
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, United Kingdom
- The Institute of Cancer Research, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London SW3 6JJ, United Kingdom
| | - Mihaela Lorger
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, United Kingdom;
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210
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Wang Q, He Z, Huang M, Liu T, Wang Y, Xu H, Duan H, Ma P, Zhang L, Zamvil SS, Hidalgo J, Zhang Z, O'Rourke DM, Dahmane N, Brem S, Mou Y, Gong Y, Fan Y. Vascular niche IL-6 induces alternative macrophage activation in glioblastoma through HIF-2α. Nat Commun 2018; 9:559. [PMID: 29422647 PMCID: PMC5805734 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03050-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Spatiotemporal regulation of tumor immunity remains largely unexplored. Here we identify a vascular niche that controls alternative macrophage activation in glioblastoma (GBM). We show that tumor-promoting macrophages are spatially proximate to GBM-associated endothelial cells (ECs), permissive for angiocrine-induced macrophage polarization. We identify ECs as one of the major sources for interleukin-6 (IL-6) expression in GBM microenvironment. Furthermore, we reveal that colony-stimulating factor-1 and angiocrine IL-6 induce robust arginase-1 expression and macrophage alternative activation, mediated through peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ-dependent transcriptional activation of hypoxia-inducible factor-2α. Finally, utilizing a genetic murine GBM model, we show that EC-specific knockout of IL-6 inhibits macrophage alternative activation and improves survival in the GBM-bearing mice. These findings illustrate a vascular niche-dependent mechanism for alternative macrophage activation and cancer progression, and suggest that targeting endothelial IL-6 may offer a selective and efficient therapeutic strategy for GBM, and possibly other solid malignant tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qirui Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, 510515, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhenqiang He
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 510060, Guangzhou, China
| | - Menggui Huang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Tianrun Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Division of Head and Neck Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 510655, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanling Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Haineng Xu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Hao Duan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 510060, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peihong Ma
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Scott S Zamvil
- Department of Neurology and Program in Immunology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Juan Hidalgo
- Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Zhenfeng Zhang
- Department of Radiology The, Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 510260, Guangzhou, China
| | - Donald M O'Rourke
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Nadia Dahmane
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Steven Brem
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Yonggao Mou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 510060, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanqing Gong
- Department of Medicine, Division of Human Genetics and Translational Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Yi Fan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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211
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Mehta S, Lo Cascio C. Developmentally regulated signaling pathways in glioma invasion. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:385-402. [PMID: 28821904 PMCID: PMC5765207 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2608-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Malignant gliomas are the most common, infiltrative, and lethal primary brain tumors affecting the adult population. The grim prognosis for this disease is due to a combination of the presence of highly invasive tumor cells that escape surgical resection and the presence of a population of therapy-resistant cancer stem cells found within these tumors. Several studies suggest that glioma cells have cleverly hijacked the normal developmental program of neural progenitor cells, including their transcriptional programs, to enhance gliomagenesis. In this review, we summarize the role of developmentally regulated signaling pathways that have been found to facilitate glioma growth and invasion. Furthermore, we discuss how the microenvironment and treatment-induced perturbations of these highly interconnected signaling networks can trigger a shift in cellular phenotype and tumor subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shwetal Mehta
- Division of Neurobiology, Barrow Brain Tumor Research Center, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, 85013, USA.
| | - Costanza Lo Cascio
- Division of Neurobiology, Barrow Brain Tumor Research Center, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, 85013, USA
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212
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Roesch S, Rapp C, Dettling S, Herold-Mende C. When Immune Cells Turn Bad-Tumor-Associated Microglia/Macrophages in Glioma. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19020436. [PMID: 29389898 PMCID: PMC5855658 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19020436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Revised: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
As a substantial part of the brain tumor microenvironment (TME), glioma-associated microglia/macrophages (GAMs) have an emerging role in tumor progression and in controlling anti-tumor immune responses. We review challenges and improvements of cell models and highlight the contribution of this highly plastic cell population to an immunosuppressive TME, besides their well-known functional role regarding glioma cell invasion and angiogenesis. Finally, we summarize first therapeutic interventions to target GAMs and their effect on the immunobiology of gliomas, focusing on their interaction with T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia Roesch
- Division of Experimental Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, INF400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Carmen Rapp
- Division of Experimental Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, INF400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Steffen Dettling
- Division of Experimental Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, INF400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Christel Herold-Mende
- Division of Experimental Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, INF400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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213
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Association of Glioblastoma Multiforme Stem Cell Characteristics, Differentiation, and Microglia Marker Genes with Patient Survival. Stem Cells Int 2018. [PMID: 29535786 PMCID: PMC5822829 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9628289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) are at high risk to develop a relapse despite multimodal therapy. Assumedly, glioma stem cells (GSCs) are responsible for treatment resistance of GBM. Identification of specific GSC markers may help to develop targeted therapies. Here, we performed expression analyses of stem cell (ABCG2, CD44, CD95, CD133, ELF4, Nanog, and Nestin) as well as differentiation and microglia markers (GFAP, Iba1, and Sparc) in GBM compared to nonmalignant brain. Furthermore, the role of these proteins for patient survival and their expression in LN18 stem-like neurospheres was analyzed. At mRNA level, ABCG2 and CD95 were reduced, GFAP was unchanged; all other investigated markers were increased in GBM. At protein level, CD44, ELF4, Nanog, Nestin, and Sparc were elevated in GBM, but only CD133 and Nestin were strongly associated with survival time. In addition, ABCG2 and GFAP expression was decreased in LN18 neurospheres whereas CD44, CD95, CD133, ELF4, Nanog, Nestin, and Sparc were upregulated. Altogether only CD133 and Nestin were associated with survival rates. This raises concerns regarding the suitability of the other target structures as prognostic markers, but makes both CD133 and Nestin candidates for GBM therapy. Nevertheless, a search for more specific marker proteins is urgently needed.
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214
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El-Gamal MI, Al-Ameen SK, Al-Koumi DM, Hamad MG, Jalal NA, Oh CH. Recent Advances of Colony-Stimulating Factor-1 Receptor (CSF-1R) Kinase and Its Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2018; 61:5450-5466. [PMID: 29293000 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Colony stimulation factor-1 receptor (CSF-1R), which is also known as FMS kinase, plays an important role in initiating inflammatory, cancer, and bone disorders when it is overstimulated by its ligand, CSF-1. Innate immunity, as well as macrophage differentiation and survival, are regulated by the stimulation of the CSF-1R. Another ligand, interlukin-34 (IL-34), was recently reported to activate the CSF-1R receptor in a different manner. The relationship between CSF-1R and microglia has been reviewed. Both CSF-1 antibodies and small molecule CSF-1R kinase inhibitors have now been tested in animal models and in humans. In this Perspective, we discuss the role of CSF-1 and IL-34 in producing cancer, bone disorders, and inflammation. We also review the newly discovered and improved small molecule kinase inhibitors and monoclonal antibodies that have shown potent activity toward CSF-1R, reported from 2012 until 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed I El-Gamal
- College of Pharmacy , University of Sharjah , Sharjah 27272 , United Arab Emirates.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Mansoura , Mansoura 35516 , Egypt
| | - Shahad K Al-Ameen
- College of Pharmacy , University of Sharjah , Sharjah 27272 , United Arab Emirates
| | - Dania M Al-Koumi
- College of Pharmacy , University of Sharjah , Sharjah 27272 , United Arab Emirates
| | - Mawadda G Hamad
- College of Pharmacy , University of Sharjah , Sharjah 27272 , United Arab Emirates
| | - Nouran A Jalal
- College of Pharmacy , University of Sharjah , Sharjah 27272 , United Arab Emirates
| | - Chang-Hyun Oh
- Center for Biomaterials , Korea Institute of Science and Technology , P.O. Box 131, Cheongryang , Seoul 130-650 , Republic of Korea.,Department of Biomolecular Science , University of Science and Technology , 113 Gwahangno, Yuseong-gu , Daejeon 305-333 , Republic of Korea
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215
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Szulzewsky F, Arora S, de Witte L, Ulas T, Markovic D, Schultze JL, Holland EC, Synowitz M, Wolf SA, Kettenmann H. Human glioblastoma-associated microglia/monocytes express a distinct RNA profile compared to human control and murine samples. Glia 2018; 64:1416-36. [PMID: 27312099 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive brain tumor in adults. It is strongly infiltrated by microglia and peripheral monocytes that support tumor growth. In the present study we used RNA sequencing to compare the expression profile of CD11b(+) human glioblastoma-associated microglia/monocytes (hGAMs) to CD11b(+) microglia isolated from non-tumor samples. Hierarchical clustering and principal component analysis showed a clear separation of the two sample groups and we identified 334 significantly regulated genes in hGAMs. In comparison to human control microglia hGAMs upregulated genes associated with mitotic cell cycle, cell migration, cell adhesion, and extracellular matrix organization. We validated the expression of several genes associated with extracellular matrix organization in samples of human control microglia, hGAMs, and the hGAMs-depleted fraction via qPCR. The comparison to murine GAMs (mGAMs) showed that both cell populations share a significant fraction of upregulated transcripts compared with their respective controls. These genes were mostly related to mitotic cell cycle. However, in contrast to murine cells, human GAMs did not upregulate genes associated to immune activation. Comparison of human and murine GAMs expression data to several data sets of in vitro-activated human macrophages and murine microglia showed that, in contrast to mGAMs, hGAMs share a smaller overlap to these data sets in general and in particular to cells activated by proinflammatory stimulation with LPS + INFγ or TNFα. Our findings provide new insights into the biology of human glioblastoma-associated microglia/monocytes and give detailed information about the validity of murine experimental models. GLIA 2016 GLIA 2016;64:1416-1436.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Szulzewsky
- Department of Cellular Neurosciences, Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Society, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sonali Arora
- Department of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lot de Witte
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas Ulas
- Department of Genomics and Immunoregulation, Life and Medical Sciences Institute University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Darko Markovic
- Department of Cellular Neurosciences, Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Society, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Neurosurgery, Helios Clinics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Joachim L Schultze
- Department of Genomics and Immunoregulation, Life and Medical Sciences Institute University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Platform for Single Cell Genomics and Epigenomics at the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases and the University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Eric C Holland
- Department of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Michael Synowitz
- Department of Cellular Neurosciences, Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Society, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Kiel, Germany
| | - Susanne A Wolf
- Department of Cellular Neurosciences, Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Society, Berlin, Germany
| | - Helmut Kettenmann
- Department of Cellular Neurosciences, Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Society, Berlin, Germany
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216
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Role of Microenvironment in Glioma Invasion: What We Learned from In Vitro Models. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19010147. [PMID: 29300332 PMCID: PMC5796096 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19010147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 12/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The invasion properties of glioblastoma hamper a radical surgery and are responsible for its recurrence. Understanding the invasion mechanisms is thus critical to devise new therapeutic strategies. Therefore, the creation of in vitro models that enable these mechanisms to be studied represents a crucial step. Since in vitro models represent an over-simplification of the in vivo system, in these years it has been attempted to increase the level of complexity of in vitro assays to create models that could better mimic the behaviour of the cells in vivo. These levels of complexity involved: 1. The dimension of the system, moving from two-dimensional to three-dimensional models; 2. The use of microfluidic systems; 3. The use of mixed cultures of tumour cells and cells of the tumour micro-environment in order to mimic the complex cross-talk between tumour cells and their micro-environment; 4. And the source of cells used in an attempt to move from commercial lines to patient-based models. In this review, we will summarize the evidence obtained exploring these different levels of complexity and highlighting advantages and limitations of each system used.
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217
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The Role of Microglia and Macrophages in CNS Homeostasis, Autoimmunity, and Cancer. J Immunol Res 2017; 2017:5150678. [PMID: 29410971 PMCID: PMC5749282 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5150678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are major cell types of the immune system, and they comprise both tissue-resident populations and circulating monocyte-derived subsets. Here, we discuss microglia, the resident macrophage within the central nervous system (CNS), and CNS-infiltrating macrophages. Under steady state, microglia play important roles in the regulation of CNS homeostasis through the removal of damaged or unnecessary neurons and synapses. In the face of inflammatory or pathological insults, microglia and CNS-infiltrating macrophages not only constitute the first line of defense against pathogens by regulating components of innate immunity, but they also regulate the adaptive arms of immune responses. Dysregulation of these responses contributes to many CNS disorders. In this overview, we summarize the current knowledge regarding the highly diverse and complex function of microglia and macrophages during CNS autoimmunity—multiple sclerosis and cancer—malignant glioma. We emphasize how the crosstalk between natural killer (NK) cells or glioma cells or glioma stem cells and CNS macrophages impacts on the pathological processes. Given the essential role of CNS microglia and macrophages in the regulation of all types of CNS disorders, agents targeting these subsets are currently applied in preclinical and clinical trials. We believe that a better understanding of the biology of these macrophage subsets offers new exciting paths for therapeutic intervention.
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218
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da Fonseca ACC, Amaral R, Garcia C, Geraldo LH, Matias D, Lima FRS. Microglia in Cancer: For Good or for Bad? ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 949:245-261. [PMID: 27714693 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-40764-7_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma is a malignant tumor of astrocytic origin that is highly invasive, proliferative and angiogenic. Despite current advances in multimodal therapies, such as surgery, radio- and chemotherapy, the outcome for patients with glioblastoma is nearly always fatal. The glioblastoma microenvironment has a tremendous influence over the tumor growth and spread. Microglia and macrophages are abundant cells in the tumor mass. Increasing evidence indicates that glioblastoma recruits these cell populations and signals in a way that microglia and macrophages are subverted to promote tumor progression. In this chapter, we discuss some aspects of the interaction between microglia and glioblastoma, consequences of this interaction for tumor progression and the possibility of microglial cells being used as therapeutic vectors, which opens up new alternatives for the development of GBM therapies targeting microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Carolina Carvalho da Fonseca
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21949-590, Brazil
| | - Rackele Amaral
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21949-590, Brazil
| | - Celina Garcia
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21949-590, Brazil
| | - Luiz Henrique Geraldo
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21949-590, Brazil
| | - Diana Matias
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21949-590, Brazil
| | - Flavia Regina Souza Lima
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21949-590, Brazil.
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219
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Sørensen MD, Dahlrot RH, Boldt HB, Hansen S, Kristensen BW. Tumour-associated microglia/macrophages predict poor prognosis in high-grade gliomas and correlate with an aggressive tumour subtype. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2017; 44:185-206. [PMID: 28767130 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Glioblastomas are highly aggressive and treatment resistant. Increasing evidence suggests that tumour-associated macrophages/microglia (TAMs) facilitate tumour progression by acquiring a M2-like phenotype. Our objective was to investigate the prognostic value of TAMs in gliomas using automated quantitative double immunofluorescence. METHODS Samples from 240 patients with primary glioma were stained with antibodies against ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule-1 (IBA-1) and cluster of differentiation 204 (CD204) to detect TAMs and M2-like TAMs. The expression levels were quantified by software-based classifiers. The associations between TAMs, gemistocytic cells and glioblastoma subtype were examined with immuno- and haematoxylin-eosin stainings. Three tissue arrays containing glioblastoma specimens were included to study IBA-1/CD204 levels in central tumour and tumour periphery and to characterize CD204+ cells. RESULTS Our data revealed that the amount of especially CD204+ TAMs increases with malignancy grade. In grade III-IV, high CD204 expression was associated with shorter survival, while high IBA-1 intensity correlated with a longer survival. In grade IV, CD204 showed independent prognostic value when adjusting for clinical data and the methylation status of O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase. Our findings were confirmed in two bioinformatics databases. TAMs were more abundant in central tumour tissue, mesenchymal glioblastomas and gliomas with many gemistocytic cells. CD204+ TAMs co-expressed proteins related to tumour aggressiveness including matrix metallopeptidase-14 and hypoxia-inducible factor-1α. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to use automated quantitative immunofluorescence to determine the prognostic impact of TAMs. Our results suggest that M2-like TAMs hold an unfavourable prognostic value in high-grade gliomas and may contribute to a pro-tumourigenic microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Sørensen
- Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - R H Dahlrot
- Department of Oncology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - H B Boldt
- Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - S Hansen
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Oncology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - B W Kristensen
- Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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220
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Skeie B, Ruggieri R, Boockvar JA, Symons M. Colony Stimulating Factor-1 Receptor Inhibitors-A 4 for 1 Deal in the Desire to Improve Glioma Radiotherapy. Neurosurgery 2017; 81:N27-N28. [PMID: 28859456 DOI: 10.1093/neuros/nyx389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bente Skeie
- Karches Center for Oncology Research The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research Manhasset, New York.,Department of Neurosurgery Haukeland University Hospital Bergen, Norway
| | - Rosamaria Ruggieri
- Karches Center for Oncology Research The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research Manhasset, New York.,Department of Radiation Oncology Northwell Health Manhasset, New York.,Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine Hempstead, New York
| | - John A Boockvar
- Karches Center for Oncology Research The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research Manhasset, New York.,Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine Hempstead, New York.,Department of Neurosurgery Northwell Health Manhasset, New York
| | - Marc Symons
- Karches Center for Oncology Research The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research Manhasset, New York.,Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine Hempstead, New York.,Department of Neurosurgery Northwell Health Manhasset, New York
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221
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Poon CC, Sarkar S, Yong VW, Kelly JJP. Glioblastoma-associated microglia and macrophages: targets for therapies to improve prognosis. Brain 2017; 140:1548-1560. [PMID: 28334886 DOI: 10.1093/brain/aww355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most common and most malignant primary adult human brain tumour. Diagnosis of glioblastoma carries a dismal prognosis. Treatment resistance and tumour recurrence are the result of both cancer cell proliferation and their interaction with the tumour microenvironment. A large proportion of the tumour microenvironment consists of an inflammatory infiltrate predominated by microglia and macrophages, which are thought to be subverted by glioblastoma cells for tumour growth. Thus, glioblastoma-associated microglia and macrophages are logical therapeutic targets. Their emerging roles in glioblastoma progression are reflected in the burgeoning research into therapeutics directed at their modification or elimination. Here, we review the biology of glioblastoma-associated microglia and macrophages, and model systems used to study these cells in vitro and in vivo. We discuss translation of results using these model systems and review recent advances in immunotherapies targeting microglia and macrophages in glioblastoma. Significant challenges remain but medications that affect glioblastoma-associated microglia and macrophages hold considerable promise to improve the prognosis for patients with this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candice C Poon
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Susobhan Sarkar
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - V Wee Yong
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - John J P Kelly
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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222
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Roos A, Ding Z, Loftus JC, Tran NL. Molecular and Microenvironmental Determinants of Glioma Stem-Like Cell Survival and Invasion. Front Oncol 2017; 7:120. [PMID: 28670569 PMCID: PMC5472661 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2017.00120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most frequent primary brain tumor in adults with a 5-year survival rate of 5% despite intensive research efforts. The poor prognosis is due, in part, to aggressive invasion into the surrounding brain parenchyma. Invasion is a complex process mediated by cell-intrinsic pathways, extrinsic microenvironmental cues, and biophysical cues from the peritumoral stromal matrix. Recent data have attributed GBM invasion to the glioma stem-like cell (GSC) subpopulation. GSCs are slowly dividing, highly invasive, therapy resistant, and are considered to give rise to tumor recurrence. GSCs are localized in a heterogeneous cellular niche, and cross talk between stromal cells and GSCs cultivates a fertile environment that promotes GSC invasion. Pro-migratory soluble factors from endothelial cells, astrocytes, macrophages, microglia, and non-stem-like tumor cells can stimulate peritumoral invasion of GSCs. Therefore, therapeutic efforts designed to target the invasive GSCs may enhance patient survival. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of extrinsic pathways and major stromal and immune players facilitating GSC maintenance and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Roos
- Departments of Cancer Biology and Neurosurgery, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ, United States
| | - Zonghui Ding
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ, United States
| | - Joseph C Loftus
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ, United States
| | - Nhan L Tran
- Departments of Cancer Biology and Neurosurgery, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ, United States
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223
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Schiffer D, Mellai M, Bovio E, Annovazzi L. The neuropathological basis to the functional role of microglia/macrophages in gliomas. Neurol Sci 2017; 38:1571-1577. [PMID: 28593528 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-017-3002-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The paper wants to be a tracking shot of the main recent acquisitions on the function and significance of microglia/macrophages in gliomas. The observations have been principally carried out on in vitro cultures and on tumor transplants in animals. Contrary to what is deduced from microglia in non-neoplastic pathologic conditions of central nervous system (CNS), most conclusions indicate that microglia acts favoring tumor proliferation through an immunosuppression induced by glioma cells. By immunohistochemistry, different microglia phenotypes are recognized in gliomas, from ramified microglia to frank macrophagic aspect. One wonders whether the functional conclusions drawn from many microglia studies, but not in conditions of human pathology, apply to all the phenotypes recognizable in them. It is difficult to verify in human pathology a prognostic significance of microglia. Only CD163-positive microglia/macrophages inversely correlate with glioma patients' survival, whereas the total number of microglia does not change with the malignancy grade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Schiffer
- Research Center, Policlinico di Monza Foundation, Via Pietro Micca 29, 13100, Vercelli, Italy.
| | - Marta Mellai
- Research Center, Policlinico di Monza Foundation, Via Pietro Micca 29, 13100, Vercelli, Italy
| | - Enrica Bovio
- Research Center, Policlinico di Monza Foundation, Via Pietro Micca 29, 13100, Vercelli, Italy
| | - Laura Annovazzi
- Research Center, Policlinico di Monza Foundation, Via Pietro Micca 29, 13100, Vercelli, Italy
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224
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Ao JY, Zhu XD, Chai ZT, Cai H, Zhang YY, Zhang KZ, Kong LQ, Zhang N, Ye BG, Ma DN, Sun HC. Colony-Stimulating Factor 1 Receptor Blockade Inhibits Tumor Growth by Altering the Polarization of Tumor-Associated Macrophages in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Mol Cancer Ther 2017; 16:1544-1554. [PMID: 28572167 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-16-0866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Colony-stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1) and its receptor, CSF-1R, regulate the differentiation and function of macrophages and play an important role in macrophage infiltration in the context of hepatocellular carcinoma. The therapeutic effects of CSF-1R blockade in hepatocellular carcinoma remain unclear. In this study, we found that CSF-1R blockade by PLX3397, a competitive inhibitor with high specificity for CSF-1R tyrosine kinase, significantly delayed tumor growth in mouse models. PLX3397 inhibited the proliferation of macrophages in vitro, but intratumoral macrophage infiltration was not decreased by PLX3397 in vivo Gene expression profiling of tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) showed that TAMs from the PLX3397-treated tumors were polarized toward an M1-like phenotype compared with those from vehicle-treated tumors. In addition, PLX3397 treatment increased CD8+ T-cell infiltration, whereas CD4+ T-cell infiltration was decreased. Further study revealed that tumor cell-derived CSF-2 protected TAMs from being depleted by PLX3397. In conclusion, CSF-1R blockade delayed tumor growth by shifting the polarization rather than the depletion of TAMs. CSF-1R blockade warrants further investigation in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Mol Cancer Ther; 16(8); 1544-54. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Yang Ao
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute and Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China.,Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Zhu
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute and Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Zong-Tao Chai
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute and Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Cai
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute and Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Zhang
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute and Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Ke-Zhi Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Taizhou People's Hospital, Taizhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ling-Qun Kong
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Binzhou Medical College Affiliated Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute and Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo-Gen Ye
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute and Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - De-Ning Ma
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute and Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui-Chuan Sun
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute and Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. .,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
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225
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Matias D, Predes D, Niemeyer Filho P, Lopes MC, Abreu JG, Lima FRS, Moura Neto V. Microglia-glioblastoma interactions: New role for Wnt signaling. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2017; 1868:333-340. [PMID: 28554667 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2017.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2016] [Revised: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma, the most aggressive and fatal type of brain tumor, is capable of interacting with brain immune cells such as microglia, which contributes to the growth of these tumors. Various molecules, including growth factors and cytokines, have been identified as regulators of microglia-glioblastoma interaction. Recent studies suggest that the Wnt family of lipoglycoproteins plays an important role, not only in biological events during development, but also in cancer progression, and can be part of microglia recruitment to glioblastoma as well as of tumor growth and invasion. Here, we discuss recent interesting findings that support a role for Wnt signaling pathways in the microglia-glioblastoma crosstalk.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Matias
- Instituto Estadual do Cérebro Paulo Niemeyer, RJ, Brazil; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - D Predes
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - M C Lopes
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology and Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (CNC.IBILI) and Faculty of Pharmacy at University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - J G Abreu
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - F R S Lima
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - V Moura Neto
- Instituto Estadual do Cérebro Paulo Niemeyer, RJ, Brazil.
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226
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MiR-181b modulates EGFR-dependent VCAM-1 expression and monocyte adhesion in glioblastoma. Oncogene 2017; 36:5006-5022. [PMID: 28459461 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2017.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) originate as circulating monocytes, and are recruited to gliomas, where they facilitate tumor growth and migration. Understanding the interaction between TAM and cancer cells may identify therapeutic targets for glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). Vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) is a cytokine-induced adhesion molecule expressed on the surface of cancer cells, which is involved in interactions with immune cells. Analysis of the glioma patient database and tissue immunohistochemistry showed that VCAM-1 expression correlated with the clinico-pathological grade of gliomas. Here, we found that VCAM-1 expression correlated positively with monocyte adhesion to GBM, and knockdown of VCAM-1 abolished the enhancement of monocyte adhesion. Importantly, upregulation of VCAM-1 is dependent on epidermal-growth-factor-receptor (EGFR) expression, and inhibition of EGFR effectively reduced VCAM-1 expression and monocyte adhesion activity. Moreover, GBM possessing higher EGFR levels (U251 cells) had higher VCAM-1 levels compared to GBMs with lower levels of EGFR (GL261 cells). Using two- and three-dimensional cultures, we found that monocyte adhesion to GBM occurs via integrin α4β1, which promotes tumor growth and invasion activity. Increased proliferation and tumor necrosis factor-α and IFN-γ levels were also observed in the adherent monocytes. Using a genetic modification approach, we demonstrated that VCAM-1 expression and monocyte adhesion were regulated by the miR-181 family, and lower levels of miR-181b correlated with high-grade glioma patients. Our results also demonstrated that miR-181b/protein phosphatase 2A-modulated SP-1 de-phosphorylation, which mediated the EGFR-dependent VCAM-1 expression and monocyte adhesion to GBM. We also found that the EGFR-dependent VCAM-1 expression is mediated by the p38/STAT3 signaling pathway. Our study suggested that VCAM-1 is a critical modulator of EGFR-dependent interaction of monocytes with GBM, which raises the possibility of developing effective and improved therapies for GBM.
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227
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Immune microenvironment of gliomas. J Transl Med 2017; 97:498-518. [PMID: 28287634 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2017.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 344] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
High-grade gliomas are rapidly progressing tumors of the central nervous system (CNS) with a very poor prognosis despite extensive resection combined with radiation and/or chemotherapy. Histopathological and flow cytometry analyses of human and rodent experimental gliomas revealed heterogeneity of a tumor and its niche, composed of reactive astrocytes, endothelial cells, and numerous immune cells. Infiltrating immune cells consist of CNS resident (microglia) and peripheral macrophages, granulocytes, myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), and T lymphocytes. Intratumoral density of glioma-associated microglia/macrophages (GAMs) and MDSCs is the highest in malignant gliomas and inversely correlates with patient survival. Although GAMs have a few innate immune functions intact, their ability to be stimulated via TLRs, secrete cytokines, and upregulate co-stimulatory molecules is not sufficient to initiate antitumor immune responses. Moreover, tumor-reprogrammed GAMs release immunosuppressive cytokines and chemokines shaping antitumor responses. Both GAMs and MDSCs have ability to attract T regulatory lymphocytes to the tumor, but MDSCs inhibit cytotoxic responses mediated by natural killer cells, and block the activation of tumor-reactive CD4+ T helper cells and cytotoxic CD8+ T cells. The presence of regulatory T cells may further contribute to the lack of effective immune activation against malignant gliomas. We review the immunological aspects of glioma microenvironment, in particular composition and various roles of the immune cells infiltrating malignant human gliomas and experimental rodent gliomas. We describe tumor-derived signals and mechanisms driving myeloid cell accumulation and reprogramming. Although, understanding the complexity of cell-cell interactions in glioma microenvironment is far from being achieved, recent studies demonstrated several glioma-derived factors that trigger migration, accumulation, and reprogramming of immune cells. Identification of these factors may facilitate development of immunotherapy for gliomas as immunomodulatory and immune evasion mechanisms employed by malignant gliomas pose an appalling challenge to brain tumor immunotherapy.
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228
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Mangani D, Weller M, Roth P. The network of immunosuppressive pathways in glioblastoma. Biochem Pharmacol 2017; 130:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2016.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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229
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The Process and Regulatory Components of Inflammation in Brain Oncogenesis. Biomolecules 2017; 7:biom7020034. [PMID: 28346397 PMCID: PMC5485723 DOI: 10.3390/biom7020034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system tumors comprising the primary cancers and brain metastases remain the most lethal neoplasms and challenging to treat. Substantial evidence points to a paramount role for inflammation in the pathology leading to gliomagenesis, malignant progression and tumor aggressiveness in the central nervous system (CNS) microenvironment. This review summarizes the salient contributions of oxidative stress, interleukins, tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α), cyclooxygenases, and transcription factors such as signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B-cells (NF-κB) and the associated cross-talks to the inflammatory signaling in CNS cancers. The roles of reactive astrocytes, tumor associated microglia and macrophages, metabolic alterations, microsatellite instability, O6-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) DNA repair and epigenetic alterations mediated by the isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) mutations have been discussed. The inflammatory pathways with relevance to the brain cancer treatments have been highlighted.
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230
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Integrating the glioblastoma microenvironment into engineered experimental models. Future Sci OA 2017; 3:FSO189. [PMID: 28883992 PMCID: PMC5583655 DOI: 10.4155/fsoa-2016-0094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most lethal cancer originating in the brain. Its high mortality rate has been attributed to therapeutic resistance and rapid, diffuse invasion - both of which are strongly influenced by the unique microenvironment. Thus, there is a need to develop new models that mimic individual microenvironmental features and are able to provide clinically relevant data. Current understanding of the effects of the microenvironment on GBM progression, established experimental models of GBM and recent developments using bioengineered microenvironments as ex vivo experimental platforms that mimic the biochemical and physical properties of GBM tumors are discussed.
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231
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Quail DF, Joyce JA. The Microenvironmental Landscape of Brain Tumors. Cancer Cell 2017; 31:326-341. [PMID: 28292436 PMCID: PMC5424263 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2017.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1017] [Impact Index Per Article: 145.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The brain tumor microenvironment (TME) is emerging as a critical regulator of cancer progression in primary and metastatic brain malignancies. The unique properties of this organ require a specific framework for designing TME-targeted interventions. Here, we discuss a number of these distinct features, including brain-resident cell types, the blood-brain barrier, and various aspects of the immune-suppressive environment. We also highlight recent advances in therapeutically targeting the brain TME in cancer. By developing a comprehensive understanding of the complex and interconnected microenvironmental landscape of brain malignancies we will greatly expand the range of therapeutic strategies available to target these deadly diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela F Quail
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada; Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Johanna A Joyce
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, 1066 Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Chemin des Boveresses 155, 1066 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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232
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Ramachandran RK, Sørensen MD, Aaberg-Jessen C, Hermansen SK, Kristensen BW. Expression and prognostic impact of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) in astrocytomas. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172234. [PMID: 28234925 PMCID: PMC5325257 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytomas are the most frequent primary brain tumors in adults, and despite aggressive treatment patients often experience recurrence. Survival decreases with increasing tumor grade, and especially patients with grade IV glioblastoma have poor prognosis due to the aggressive character of this tumor. Matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) is an extracellular matrix degrading enzyme which has been shown to play important roles in different cancers. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression and prognostic potential of MMP-2 in astrocytomas. Tissue samples from 89 patients diagnosed with diffuse astrocytoma, anaplastic astrocytoma and glioblastoma were stained immunohistochemically using a monoclonal MMP-2 antibody. The MMP-2 intensity in cytoplasm/membrane was quantified by a trained software-based classifier using systematic random sampling in 10% of the tumor area. We found MMP-2 expression in tumor cells and blood vessels. Measurements of MMP-2 intensity increased with tumor grade, and MMP-2 expression was found to be significantly higher in glioblastomas compared to normal brain tissue (p<0.001), diffuse astrocytomas (p<0.001) and anaplastic astrocytomas (p<0.05). MMP-2 expression was associated with shorter overall survival in patients with grade II-IV astrocytic tumors (HR 1.60; 95% CI 1.03–2.48; p = 0.036). In glioblastoma, high MMP-2 was associated with poorer prognosis in patients who survived longer than 8.5 months independent of age and gender (HR 2.27; 95% CI 1.07–4.81; p = 0.033). We found a positive correlation between MMP-2 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 (TIMP-1), and combined MMP-2 and TIMP-1 had stronger prognostic value than MMP-2 alone also when adjusting for age and gender (HR 2.78; 95% CI 1.30–5.92; p = 0.008). These findings were validated in bioinformatics databases. In conclusion, this study indicates that MMP-2 is associated with aggressiveness in astrocytomas and may hold an unfavorable prognostic value in patients with glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahimsan K. Ramachandran
- Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Mia D. Sørensen
- Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- * E-mail:
| | - Charlotte Aaberg-Jessen
- Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Simon K. Hermansen
- Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Bjarne W. Kristensen
- Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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233
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Nandy SB, Lakshmanaswamy R. Cancer Stem Cells and Metastasis. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2017; 151:137-176. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2017.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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234
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Vakilian A, Khorramdelazad H, Heidari P, Sheikh Rezaei Z, Hassanshahi G. CCL2/CCR2 signaling pathway in glioblastoma multiforme. Neurochem Int 2016; 103:1-7. [PMID: 28025034 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2016.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiform (GBM) is described as one of the most frequent primary brain tumors. These types of malignancies constitute only 15% of all primary brain tumors. Despite, extensive developments on effective therapeutic methods during the 20th century as well as the first decade of the present century (21st), the median survival rate for patients suffering from GBM is only approximately 15 months, even in response to multi-modal therapy. numerous types of reticuloendothelial system cells such as macrophages and microglial cells occupied within both GBM and also normal surrounding tissues. These immune cells acquire an otherwise activated phenotype with potent tumor-tropic functions that contribute to the glioma growth and invasion. The CC chemokine, CCL2 (previously named MCP-1) is of the most important CC chemokines family member involving in regulation of oriented migration and penetrative infiltration of mainly reticuloendothelial system cells specifically monocyte/macrophage phenotypes. Fundamental parts are played by CCL2 and its related receptor (the CCR2) in brain tumors and obviously in migration of monocytes from the bloodstream through the vascular endothelium. Therefore, CCL2/CCR2 axis is required for the routine immunological surveillance of tissues, in accordance with response to inflammation. Briefly, in this review, we have tried our best to collect the latest, straightened and summarize literature reports exist within data base regarding the interaction between microglia/macrophages and CCL2/CCR2 axis in GBM. We aimed to discuss potential application of this chemokine/receptor interaction axis for the expansion of future anti-glioma therapies as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Vakilian
- Geriatric Care Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Hossein Khorramdelazad
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Parisa Heidari
- Department of Hematology and Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Zahra Sheikh Rezaei
- Department of Hematology and Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Gholamhossein Hassanshahi
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran; Department of Hematology and Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
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235
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Zhang I, Alizadeh D, Liang J, Zhang L, Gao H, Song Y, Ren H, Ouyang M, Wu X, D’Apuzzo M, Badie B. Characterization of Arginase Expression in Glioma-Associated Microglia and Macrophages. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165118. [PMID: 27936099 PMCID: PMC5147798 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia (MG) and macrophages (MPs) represent a significant component of the inflammatory response to gliomas. When activated, MG/MP release a variety of pro-inflammatory cytokines, however, they also secrete anti-inflammatory factors that limit their cytotoxic function. The balance between pro and anti-inflammatory functions dictates their antitumor activity. To evaluate potential variations in MG and MP function in gliomas, we isolated these cells (and other Gr1+ cells) from intracranial GL261 murine gliomas by FACS and evaluated their gene expression profiles by microarray analysis. As expected, arginase 1 (Arg1, M2 marker) was highly expressed by tumor-associated Gr1+, MG and MP. However, in contrast to MP and Gr1+ cells that expressed Arg1 shortly after tumor trafficking, Arg1 expression in MG was delayed and occurred in larger tumors. Interestingly, depletion of MPs in tumors did not prevent MG polarization, suggesting direct influence of tumor-specific factors on MG Arg1 upregulation. Finally, Arg1 expression was confirmed in human GBM samples, but most Arg1+ cells were neutrophils and not MPs. These findings confirm variations in tumor MG and MP polarization states and its dependency on tumor microenvironmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Zhang
- Division of Neurosurgery, City of Hope Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, California, United States of America
| | - Darya Alizadeh
- Division of Neurosurgery, City of Hope Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, California, United States of America
| | - Junling Liang
- Research Center of Siyuan Natural Pharmacy and Biotoxicology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Leying Zhang
- Division of Neurosurgery, City of Hope Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, California, United States of America
| | - Hang Gao
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, No.1 Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, P. R. China
| | - Yanyan Song
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, P. R. China
| | - Hui Ren
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, P. R. China
| | - Mao Ouyang
- Department of Cardiology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Xiwei Wu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, City of Hope Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, California, United States of America
| | - Massimo D’Apuzzo
- Department of Pathology, City of Hope Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, California, United States of America
| | - Behnam Badie
- Division of Neurosurgery, City of Hope Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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236
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Kim Y, Jeon H, Othmer H. The Role of the Tumor Microenvironment in Glioblastoma: A Mathematical Model. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2016; 64:519-527. [PMID: 27959794 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2016.2637828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme is one of the deadliest human cancers and is characterized by tumor cells that hijack immune system cells in a deadly symbiotic relationship. Microglia and glioma infiltrating macrophages, which in principle should mount an immune response to the tumor, are subverted by tumor cells to facilitate growth in several ways. In this study, we seek to understand the interactions between the tumor cells and the microglia that enhance tumor growth, and for this purpose, we develop a mathematical and computational model that involves reaction-diffusion equations for the important components in the interaction. These include the densities of tumor and microglial cells, and the concentrations of growth factors and other signaling molecules. We apply this model to a transwell assay used in the laboratory to demonstrate that microglia can stimulate tumor cell invasion by secreting the growth factor TGF- β. We show that the model can both replicate the major components of the experimental findings and make new predictions to guide future experiments aimed at the development of new therapeutic approaches. Sensitivity analysis is used to identify the most important parameters as an aid to future experimental work. This study is the first step in a program that involves development of detailed 3-D models of the mechanical and biochemical interactions between a glioblastoma and the tumor microenvironment.
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237
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Quail DF, Joyce JA. Molecular Pathways: Deciphering Mechanisms of Resistance to Macrophage-Targeted Therapies. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 23:876-884. [PMID: 27895033 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-0133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are a major cellular component of numerous tumor types. TAM-targeted therapies include depletion strategies, inhibiting their effector functions or reprogramming toward an antitumorigenic phenotype, with varying degrees of efficacy. Here, we review preclinical and clinical strategies to target macrophages in cancer and discuss potential explanations for why some strategies are effective while other approaches have shown limited success. Clin Cancer Res; 23(4); 876-84. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela F Quail
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.,Goodman Cancer Research Centre, Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Johanna A Joyce
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland. .,Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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238
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Coniglio S, Miller I, Symons M, Segall JE. Coculture Assays to Study Macrophage and Microglia Stimulation of Glioblastoma Invasion. J Vis Exp 2016. [PMID: 27805587 DOI: 10.3791/53990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (grade IV glioma) is a very aggressive human cancer with a median survival of 1 year post diagnosis. Despite the increased understanding of the molecular events that give rise to glioblastomas, this cancer still remains highly refractory to conventional treatment. Surgical resection of high grade brain tumors is rarely complete due to the highly infiltrative nature of glioblastoma cells. Therapeutic approaches which attenuate glioblastoma cell invasion therefore is an attractive option. Our laboratory and others have shown that tumor associated macrophages and microglia (resident brain macrophages) strongly stimulate glioblastoma invasion. The protocol described in this paper is used to model glioblastoma-macrophage/microglia interaction using in vitro culture assays. This approach can greatly facilitate the development and/or discovery of drugs that disrupt the communication with the macrophages that enables this malignant behavior. We have established two robust coculture invasion assays where microglia/macrophages stimulate glioma cell invasion by 5 - 10 fold. Glioblastoma cells labelled with a fluorescent marker or constitutively expressing a fluorescent protein are plated without and with macrophages/microglia on matrix-coated polycarbonate chamber inserts or embedded in a three dimensional matrix. Cell invasion is assessed by using fluorescent microscopy to image and count only invasive cells on the underside of the filter. Using these assays, several pharmacological inhibitors (JNJ-28312141, PLX3397, Gefitinib, and Semapimod), have been identified which block macrophage/microglia stimulated glioblastoma invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Coniglio
- New Jersey Center for Science, Technology and Mathematics, Kean University;
| | - Ian Miller
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland
| | - Marc Symons
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research at North Shore-LIJ
| | - Jeffrey E Segall
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Gruss Lipper Biophotonics Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine
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RNA Sequencing of Tumor-Associated Microglia Reveals Ccl5 as a Stromal Chemokine Critical for Neurofibromatosis-1 Glioma Growth. Neoplasia 2016; 17:776-88. [PMID: 26585233 PMCID: PMC4656811 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Revised: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Solid cancers develop within a supportive microenvironment that promotes tumor formation and growth through the elaboration of mitogens and chemokines. Within these tumors, monocytes (macrophages and microglia) represent rich sources of these stromal factors. Leveraging a genetically engineered mouse model of neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) low-grade brain tumor (optic glioma), we have previously demonstrated that microglia are essential for glioma formation and maintenance. To identify potential tumor-associated microglial factors that support glioma growth (gliomagens), we initiated a comprehensive large-scale discovery effort using optimized RNA-sequencing methods focused specifically on glioma-associated microglia. Candidate microglial gliomagens were prioritized to identify potential secreted or membrane-bound proteins, which were next validated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction as well as by RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization following minocycline-mediated microglial inactivation in vivo. Using these selection criteria, chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5 (Ccl5) was identified as a chemokine highly expressed in genetically engineered Nf1 mouse optic gliomas relative to nonneoplastic optic nerves. As a candidate gliomagen, recombinant Ccl5 increased Nf1-deficient optic nerve astrocyte growth in vitro. Importantly, consistent with its critical role in maintaining tumor growth, treatment with Ccl5 neutralizing antibodies reduced Nf1 mouse optic glioma growth and improved retinal dysfunction in vivo. Collectively, these findings establish Ccl5 as an important microglial growth factor for low-grade glioma maintenance relevant to the development of future stroma-targeted brain tumor therapies.
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240
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Han J, Kaspersen SJ, Nervik S, Nørsett KG, Sundby E, Hoff BH. Chiral 6-aryl-furo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-amines as EGFR inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 119:278-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.04.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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241
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Michelson N, Rincon-Torroella J, Quiñones-Hinojosa A, Greenfield JP. Exploring the role of inflammation in the malignant transformation of low-grade gliomas. J Neuroimmunol 2016; 297:132-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2016.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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242
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Takeya M, Komohara Y. Role of tumor-associated macrophages in human malignancies: friend or foe? Pathol Int 2016; 66:491-505. [PMID: 27444136 DOI: 10.1111/pin.12440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 05/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) play a pivotal role in tumor growth in human malignancies. Published studies have analyzed the relationship between TAM infiltration and the prognosis of patients for many human tumors. Most studies reported a positive correlation between TAM density and a poor prognosis. Studies focusing on macrophage phenotypes emphasized the protumor role of M2 anti-inflammatory macrophages in many types of human tumors. However, TAMs influence tumor progression in various ways that depend on differences in tumor sites, histology, and microenvironments. In this review, we summarize the function of TAMs in various human malignancies by reviewing the data provided in studies of TAMs in human malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motohiro Takeya
- Department of Cell Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Komohara
- Department of Cell Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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243
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Quail DF, Bowman RL, Akkari L, Quick ML, Schuhmacher AJ, Huse JT, Holland EC, Sutton JC, Joyce JA. The tumor microenvironment underlies acquired resistance to CSF-1R inhibition in gliomas. Science 2016; 352:aad3018. [PMID: 27199435 DOI: 10.1126/science.aad3018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 457] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages accumulate with glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) progression and can be targeted via inhibition of colony-stimulating factor-1 receptor (CSF-1R) to regress high-grade tumors in animal models of this cancer. However, whether and how resistance emerges in response to sustained CSF-1R blockade is unknown. We show that although overall survival is significantly prolonged, tumors recur in >50% of mice. Gliomas reestablish sensitivity to CSF-1R inhibition upon transplantation, indicating that resistance is tumor microenvironment-driven. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway activity was elevated in recurrent GBM, driven by macrophage-derived insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and tumor cell IGF-1 receptor (IGF-1R). Combining IGF-1R or PI3K blockade with CSF-1R inhibition in recurrent tumors significantly prolonged overall survival. Our findings thus reveal a potential therapeutic approach for treating resistance to CSF-1R inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela F Quail
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Robert L Bowman
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Leila Akkari
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), New York, NY 10065, USA. Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, CH-1066, Lausanne, Switzerland. Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, CH-1066, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marsha L Quick
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Alberto J Schuhmacher
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jason T Huse
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Eric C Holland
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, WA 98109, USA
| | - James C Sutton
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Johanna A Joyce
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), New York, NY 10065, USA. Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, CH-1066, Lausanne, Switzerland. Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, CH-1066, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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244
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Bryukhovetskiy I, Manzhulo I, Mischenko P, Milkina E, Dyuizen I, Bryukhovetskiy A, Khotimchenko Y. Cancer stem cells and microglia in the processes of glioblastoma multiforme invasive growth. Oncol Lett 2016; 12:1721-1728. [PMID: 27602106 PMCID: PMC4998210 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.4886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of antitumor medication based on autologous stem cells is one of the most advanced methods in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) treatment. However, there are no objective criteria for evaluating the effectiveness of this medication on cancer stem cells (CSCs). One possible criterion could be a change in the number of microglial cells and their specific location in the tumor. The present study aimed to understand the interaction between microglial cells and CSCs in an experimental glioblastoma model. C6 glioma cells were used to create a glioblastoma model, as they have the immunophenotypic characteristics of CSCs. The glioma cells (0.2×106) were stereotactically implanted into the brains of 60 rats. On the 10th, 20th and 30th days after implantation, the animals were 15 of the animals were sacrificed, and the obtained materials were analyzed by morphological and immunohistochemical analysis. Implantation of glioma cells into the rat brains caused rapid development of tumors characterized by invasive growth, angiogenesis and a high rate of proliferation. The maximum concentration of microglia was observed in the tumor nodule between days 10 and 20; a high proliferation rate of cancer cells was also observed in this area. By day 30, necrosis advancement was observed and the maximum number of microglial cells was concentrated in the invasive area; the invasive area also exhibited positive staining for CSC marker antibodies. Microglial cells have a key role in the invasive growth processes of glioblastoma, as demonstrated by the location of CSCs in the areas of microglia maximum concentration. Therefore, the present study indicates that changes in microglia position and corresponding suppression of tumor growth may be objective criteria for evaluating the effectiveness of biomedical treatment against CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Bryukhovetskiy
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, School of Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok 690091, Russia; Laboratory of Pharmacology, A.V. Zhirmunsky Institute of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690059, Russia
| | - Igor Manzhulo
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, School of Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok 690091, Russia; Laboratory of Pharmacology, A.V. Zhirmunsky Institute of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690059, Russia
| | - Polina Mischenko
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, School of Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok 690091, Russia; Laboratory of Pharmacology, A.V. Zhirmunsky Institute of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690059, Russia
| | - Elena Milkina
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, School of Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok 690091, Russia; Laboratory of Pharmacology, A.V. Zhirmunsky Institute of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690059, Russia
| | - Inessa Dyuizen
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, School of Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok 690091, Russia; Laboratory of Pharmacology, A.V. Zhirmunsky Institute of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690059, Russia
| | - Andrey Bryukhovetskiy
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, School of Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok 690091, Russia; NeuroVita Clinic of Restorative and Interventional Neurology and Therapy, Moscow 115478, Russia
| | - Yuri Khotimchenko
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, School of Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok 690091, Russia; Laboratory of Pharmacology, A.V. Zhirmunsky Institute of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690059, Russia
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245
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Torres L, Danver J, Ji K, Miyauchi JT, Chen D, Anderson ME, West BL, Robinson JK, Tsirka SE. Dynamic microglial modulation of spatial learning and social behavior. Brain Behav Immun 2016; 55:6-16. [PMID: 26348580 PMCID: PMC4779430 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Revised: 08/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are active players in inflammation, but also have important supporting roles in CNS maintenance and function, including modulation of neuronal activity. We previously observed an increase in the frequency of excitatory postsynaptic current in organotypic brain slices after depletion of microglia using clodronate. Here, we describe that local hippocampal depletion of microglia by clodronate alters performance in tests of spatial memory and sociability. Global depletion of microglia by high-dose oral administration of a Csf1R inhibitor transiently altered spatial memory but produced no change in sociability behavior. Microglia depletion and behavior effects were both reversible, consistent with a dynamic role for microglia in the regulation of such behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Torres
- Program in Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology Stony Brook University, New York 11794-8651,Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, New York 11794-8651
| | - Joan Danver
- Program in Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, New York 11794-8651
| | - Kyungmin Ji
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, New York 11794-8651
| | | | | | - Maria E. Anderson
- Integrated Neuroscience Area, Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-2500
| | | | - John K. Robinson
- Integrated Neuroscience Area, Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-2500
| | - Stella E. Tsirka
- Program in Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology Stony Brook University, New York 11794-8651,Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, New York 11794-8651,Corresponding Author: Stella E. Tsirka, Ph.D., Department of Pharmacological Sciences, BST8-192, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8651; Tel: 631-444-3859;
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246
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The role of microglia and macrophages in glioma maintenance and progression. Nat Neurosci 2016; 19:20-7. [PMID: 26713745 DOI: 10.1038/nn.4185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1054] [Impact Index Per Article: 131.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
There is a growing recognition that gliomas are complex tumors composed of neoplastic and non-neoplastic cells, which each individually contribute to cancer formation, progression and response to treatment. The majority of the non-neoplastic cells are tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), either of peripheral origin or representing brain-intrinsic microglia, that create a supportive stroma for neoplastic cell expansion and invasion. TAMs are recruited to the glioma environment, have immune functions, and can release a wide array of growth factors and cytokines in response to those factors produced by cancer cells. In this manner, TAMs facilitate tumor proliferation, survival and migration. Through such iterative interactions, a unique tumor ecosystem is established, which offers new opportunities for therapeutic targeting.
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247
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Bayerl SH, Niesner R, Cseresnyes Z, Radbruch H, Pohlan J, Brandenburg S, Czabanka MA, Vajkoczy P. Time lapse in vivo microscopy reveals distinct dynamics of microglia-tumor environment interactions-a new role for the tumor perivascular space as highway for trafficking microglia. Glia 2016; 64:1210-26. [PMID: 27143298 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Microglial cells are critical for glioma growth and progression. However, only little is known about intratumoral microglial behavior and the dynamic interaction with the tumor. Currently the scarce understanding of microglial appearance in malignant gliomas merely originates from histological studies and in vitro investigations. In order to understand the pattern of microglia activity, motility and migration we designed an intravital study in an orthotopic murine glioma model using CX3CR1-eGFP(GFP/wt) mice. We analysed the dynamics of intratumoral microglia accumulation and activity, as well as microglia/tumor blood vessel interaction by epi-illumination and 2-photon laser scanning microscopy. We further investigated cellular and tissue function, including the enzyme activity of intratumoral and microglial NADPH oxidase measured by in vivo fluorescence lifetime imaging. We identified three morphological phenotypes of tumor-associated microglia cells with entirely different motility patterns. We found that NADPH oxidase activation is highly divergent in these microglia subtypes leading to different production levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). We observed that microglia motility is highest within the perivascular niche, suggesting relevance of microglia/tumor blood vessel interactions. In line, reduction of tumor blood vessels by antivascular therapy confirmed the relevance of the tumor vessel compartment on microglia biology in brain tumors. In summary, we provide new insights into in vivo microglial behavior, regarding both morphology and function, in malignant gliomas. GLIA 2016;64:1210-1226.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Heinrich Bayerl
- Department of Neurosurgery, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, Berlin, Germany
| | - Raluca Niesner
- German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin, Berlin, Germany, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, Germany
| | - Zoltan Cseresnyes
- German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin, Berlin, Germany, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, Germany
| | - Helena Radbruch
- Department of Neuropathology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, Germany
| | - Julian Pohlan
- German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin, Berlin, Germany, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, Germany
| | - Susan Brandenburg
- Department of Neurosurgery, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marcus Alexander Czabanka
- Department of Neurosurgery, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Vajkoczy
- Department of Neurosurgery, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, Berlin, Germany
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248
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Salacz ME, Kast RE, Saki N, Brüning A, Karpel-Massler G, Halatsch ME. Toward a noncytotoxic glioblastoma therapy: blocking MCP-1 with the MTZ Regimen. Onco Targets Ther 2016; 9:2535-45. [PMID: 27175087 PMCID: PMC4854261 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s100407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
To improve the prognosis of glioblastoma, we developed an adjuvant treatment directed to a neglected aspect of glioblastoma growth, the contribution of nonmalignant monocyte lineage cells (MLCs) (monocyte, macrophage, microglia, dendritic cells) that infiltrated a main tumor mass. These nonmalignant cells contribute to glioblastoma growth and tumor homeostasis. MLCs comprise of approximately 10%-30% of glioblastoma by volume. After integration into the tumor mass, these become polarized toward an M2 immunosuppressive, pro-angiogenic phenotype that promotes continued tumor growth. Glioblastoma cells initiate and promote this process by synthesizing 13 kDa MCP-1 that attracts circulating monocytes to the tumor. Infiltrating monocytes, after polarizing toward an M2 phenotype, synthesize more MCP-1, forming an amplification loop. Three noncytotoxic drugs, an antibiotic - minocycline, an antihypertensive drug - telmisartan, and a bisphosphonate - zoledronic acid, have ancillary attributes of MCP-1 synthesis inhibition and could be re-purposed, singly or in combination, to inhibit or reverse MLC-mediated immunosuppression, angiogenesis, and other growth-enhancing aspects. Minocycline, telmisartan, and zoledronic acid - the MTZ Regimen - have low-toxicity profiles and could be added to standard radiotherapy and temozolomide. Re-purposing older drugs has advantages of established safety and low drug cost. Four core observations support this approach: 1) malignant glioblastoma cells require a reciprocal trophic relationship with nonmalignant macrophages or microglia to thrive; 2) glioblastoma cells secrete MCP-1 to start the cycle, attracting MLCs, which subsequently also secrete MCP-1 perpetuating the recruitment cycle; 3) increasing cytokine levels in the tumor environment generate further immunosuppression and tumor growth; and 4) MTZ regimen may impede MCP-1-driven processes, thereby interfering with glioblastoma growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E Salacz
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas, Kansas City, KS, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, University of Kansas, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | | | - Najmaldin Saki
- Health Research Institute, Research Center of Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Ansgar Brüning
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, University Hospital Munich, Munich, Germany
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Holmgaard RB, Brachfeld A, Gasmi B, Jones DR, Mattar M, Doman T, Murphy M, Schaer D, Wolchok JD, Merghoub T. Timing of CSF-1/CSF-1R signaling blockade is critical to improving responses to CTLA-4 based immunotherapy. Oncoimmunology 2016; 5:e1151595. [PMID: 27622016 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2016.1151595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Colony stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1) is produced by a variety of cancers and recruits myeloid cells that suppress antitumor immunity, including myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs.) Here, we show that both CSF-1 and its receptor (CSF-1R) are frequently expressed in tumors from cancer patients, and that this expression correlates with tumor-infiltration of MDSCs. Furthermore, we demonstrate that these tumor-infiltrating MDSCs are highly immunosuppressive but can be reprogrammed toward an antitumor phenotype in vitro upon CSF-1/CSF-1R signaling blockade. Supporting these findings, we show that inhibition of CSF-1/CSF-1R signaling using an anti-CSF-1R antibody can regulate both the number and the function of MDSCs in murine tumors in vivo. We further find that treatment with anti-CSF-1R antibody induces antitumor T-cell responses and tumor regression in multiple tumor models when combined with CTLA-4 blockade therapy. However, this occurs only when administered after or concurrent with CTLA-4 blockade, indicating that timing of each therapeutic intervention is critical for optimal antitumor responses. Importantly, MDSCs present within murine tumors after CTLA-4 blockade showed increased expression of CSF-1R and were capable of suppressing T cell proliferation, and CSF-1/CSF-1R expression in the human tumors was not reduced after treatment with CTLA-4 blockade immunotherapy. Taken together, our findings suggest that CSF-1R-expressing MDSCs can be targeted to modulate the tumor microenvironment and that timing of CSF-1/CSF-1R signaling blockade is critical to improving responses to checkpoint based immunotherapy. SIGNIFICANCE Infiltration by immunosuppressive myeloid cells contributes to tumor immune escape and can render patients resistant or less responsive to therapeutic intervention with checkpoint blocking antibodies. Our data demonstrate that blocking CSF-1/CSF-1R signaling using a monoclonal antibody directed to CSF-1R can regulate both the number and function of tumor-infiltrating immunosuppressive myeloid cells. In addition, our findings suggest that reprogramming myeloid responses may be a key in effectively enhancing cancer immunotherapy, offering several new potential combination therapies for future clinical testing. More importantly for clinical trial design, the timing of these interventions is critical to achieving improved tumor protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikke B Holmgaard
- Swim Across America/Ludwig Collaborative Laboratory, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center , New York, NY, USA
| | - Alexandra Brachfeld
- Swim Across America/Ludwig Collaborative Laboratory, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center , New York, NY, USA
| | - Billel Gasmi
- Swim Across America/Ludwig Collaborative Laboratory, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center , New York, NY, USA
| | - David R Jones
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center , New York, NY, USA
| | - Marissa Mattar
- Antitumor Assessment Core Facility, Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center , New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | - Jedd D Wolchok
- Swim Across America/Ludwig Collaborative Laboratory, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Weill Cornell Medical College and Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Taha Merghoub
- Swim Across America/Ludwig Collaborative Laboratory, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center , New York, NY, USA
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250
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Chitu V, Gokhan Ş, Nandi S, Mehler MF, Stanley ER. Emerging Roles for CSF-1 Receptor and its Ligands in the Nervous System. Trends Neurosci 2016; 39:378-393. [PMID: 27083478 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2016.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The colony-stimulating factor-1 receptor (CSF-1R) kinase regulates tissue macrophage homeostasis, osteoclastogenesis, and Paneth cell development. However, recent studies in mice have revealed that CSF-1R signaling directly controls the development and maintenance of microglia, and cell autonomously regulates neuronal differentiation and survival. While the CSF-1R-cognate ligands, CSF-1 and interleukin-34 (IL-34) compete for binding to the CSF-1R, they are expressed in a largely non-overlapping manner by mature neurons. The recent identification of a dominantly inherited, adult-onset, progressive dementia associated with inactivating mutations in the CSF-1R highlights the importance of CSF-1R signaling in the brain. We review the roles of the CSF-1R and its ligands in microglial and neural development and function, and their relevance to our understanding of neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violeta Chitu
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Şölen Gokhan
- Institute for Brain Disorders and Neural Regeneration, Departments of Neurology, Neuroscience, and Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Sayan Nandi
- Departments of Neuroscience and Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Mark F Mehler
- Institute for Brain Disorders and Neural Regeneration, Departments of Neurology, Neuroscience, and Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - E Richard Stanley
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
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