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Xu X, Du L, Jiang J, Yang M, Wang Z, Wang Y, Tang T, Fu X, Hao J. Microglial TREM2 Mitigates Inflammatory Responses and Neuronal Apoptosis in Angiotensin II-Induced Hypertension in Middle-Aged Mice. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:716917. [PMID: 34489683 PMCID: PMC8417947 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.716917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence suggests that hypertension and aging are prominent risk factors for the development of late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD) by inducement of neuroinflammation. Recent study showed that neuroinflammation via activated microglia induces reactive astrocytes, termed A1 astrocytes, that highly upregulate numerous classical complement cascade genes that are destructive to neurons in neurodegeneration diseases. Moreover, triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) is considered as one of the strongest single-allele genetic risk factors and plays important roles in neuroinflammation for LOAD. However, the mechanisms of microglia in the regulation of A1 astrocytic activation are still not clear. We introduced angiotensin II-induced hypertension in middle-aged mice and found that hypertension-upregulated TREM2 expression and A1 astrocytic activation were involved in neuroinflammation in the animal models used in this study. The in vitro results revealed that overexpression of microglial TREM2 not only mitigated microglial inflammatory response but also had salutary effects on reverse A1 astrocytic activation and neuronal toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotian Xu
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Department of Pharmacological & Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Lin Du
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jianxiong Jiang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Ming Yang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Zhaoxia Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yingge Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Tieyu Tang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xuetao Fu
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jiukuan Hao
- Department of Pharmacological & Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
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202
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Zarini-Gakiye E, Amini J, Sanadgol N, Vaezi G, Parivar K. Recent Updates in the Alzheimer's Disease Etiopathology and Possible Treatment Approaches: A Narrative Review of Current Clinical Trials. Curr Mol Pharmacol 2021; 13:273-294. [PMID: 32321414 DOI: 10.2174/1874467213666200422090135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most frequent subtype of incurable neurodegenerative dementias and its etiopathology is still not clearly elucidated. OBJECTIVE Outline the ongoing clinical trials (CTs) in the field of AD, in order to find novel master regulators. METHODS We strictly reviewed all scientific reports from Clinicaltrials.gov and PubMed databases from January 2010 to January 2019. The search terms were "Alzheimer's disease" or "dementia" and "medicine" or "drug" or "treatment" and "clinical trials" and "interventions". Manuscripts that met the objective of this study were included for further evaluations. RESULTS Drug candidates have been categorized into two main groups including antibodies, peptides or hormones (such as Ponezumab, Interferon β-1a, Solanezumab, Filgrastim, Levemir, Apidra, and Estrogen), and naturally-derived ingredients or small molecules (such as Paracetamol, Ginkgo, Escitalopram, Simvastatin, Cilostazo, and Ritalin-SR). The majority of natural candidates acted as anti-inflammatory or/and anti-oxidant and antibodies exert their actions via increasing amyloid-beta (Aβ) clearance or decreasing Tau aggregation. Among small molecules, most of them that are present in the last phases act as specific antagonists (Suvorexant, Idalopirdine, Intepirdine, Trazodone, Carvedilol, and Risperidone) or agonists (Dextromethorphan, Resveratrol, Brexpiprazole) and frequently ameliorate cognitive dysfunctions. CONCLUSION The presences of a small number of candidates in the last phase suggest that a large number of candidates have had an undesirable side effect or were unable to pass essential eligibility for future phases. Among successful treatment approaches, clearance of Aβ, recovery of cognitive deficits, and control of acute neuroinflammation are widely chosen. It is predicted that some FDA-approved drugs, such as Paracetamol, Risperidone, Escitalopram, Simvastatin, Cilostazoand, and Ritalin-SR, could also be used in off-label ways for AD. This review improves our ability to recognize novel treatments for AD and suggests approaches for the clinical trial design for this devastating disease in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elahe Zarini-Gakiye
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Javad Amini
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran
| | - Nima Sanadgol
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran,Department of Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Gholamhassan Vaezi
- Department of Biology, Damghan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damghan, Iran
| | - Kazem Parivar
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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203
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Sharma HS, Muresanu DF, Castellani RJ, Nozari A, Lafuente JV, Buzoianu AD, Sahib S, Tian ZR, Bryukhovetskiy I, Manzhulo I, Menon PK, Patnaik R, Wiklund L, Sharma A. Alzheimer's disease neuropathology is exacerbated following traumatic brain injury. Neuroprotection by co-administration of nanowired mesenchymal stem cells and cerebrolysin with monoclonal antibodies to amyloid beta peptide. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2021; 265:1-97. [PMID: 34560919 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2021.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Military personnel are prone to traumatic brain injury (TBI) that is one of the risk factors in developing Alzheimer's disease (AD) at a later stage. TBI induces breakdown of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) to serum proteins into the brain and leads to extravasation of plasma amyloid beta peptide (ΑβP) into the brain fluid compartments causing AD brain pathology. Thus, there is a need to expand our knowledge on the role of TBI in AD. In addition, exploration of the novel roles of nanomedicine in AD and TBI for neuroprotection is the need of the hour. Since stem cells and neurotrophic factors play important roles in TBI and in AD, it is likely that nanodelivery of these agents exert superior neuroprotection in TBI induced exacerbation of AD brain pathology. In this review, these aspects are examined in details based on our own investigations in the light of current scientific literature in the field. Our observations show that TBI exacerbates AD brain pathology and TiO2 nanowired delivery of mesenchymal stem cells together with cerebrolysin-a balanced composition of several neurotrophic factors and active peptide fragments, and monoclonal antibodies to amyloid beta protein thwarted the development of neuropathology following TBI in AD, not reported earlier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hari Shanker Sharma
- International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Department of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Dafin F Muresanu
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Medicine & Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania; "RoNeuro" Institute for Neurological Research and Diagnostic, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Rudy J Castellani
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Ala Nozari
- Anesthesiology & Intensive Care, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - José Vicente Lafuente
- LaNCE, Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Anca D Buzoianu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Seaab Sahib
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Z Ryan Tian
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Igor Bryukhovetskiy
- Department of Fundamental Medicine, School of Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia; Laboratory of Pharmacology, National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Igor Manzhulo
- Department of Fundamental Medicine, School of Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia; Laboratory of Pharmacology, National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Preeti K Menon
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ranjana Patnaik
- Department of Biomaterials, School of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Lars Wiklund
- International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Department of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Aruna Sharma
- International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Department of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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204
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Somatostatin and Astroglial Involvement in the Human Limbic System in Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168434. [PMID: 34445147 PMCID: PMC8395127 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent neurodegenerative disease in the elderly. Progressive accumulation of insoluble isoforms of amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) and tau protein are the major neuropathologic hallmarks, and the loss of cholinergic pathways underlies cognitive deficits in patients. Recently, glial involvement has gained interest regarding its effect on preservation and impairment of brain integrity. The limbic system, including temporal lobe regions and the olfactory bulb, is particularly affected in the early stages. In the early 1980s, the reduced expression of the somatostatin neuropeptide was described in AD. However, over the last three decades, research on somatostatin in Alzheimer's disease has been scarce in humans. Therefore, the aim of this study was to stereologically quantify the expression of somatostatin in the human hippocampus and olfactory bulb and analyze its spatial distribution with respect to that of Aβ and au neuropathologic proteins and astroglia. The results indicate that somatostatin-expressing cells are reduced by 50% in the hippocampus but are preserved in the olfactory bulb. Interestingly, the coexpression of somatostatin with the Aβ peptide is very common but not with the tau protein. Finally, the coexpression of somatostatin with astrocytes is rare, although their spatial distribution is very similar. Altogether, we can conclude that somatostatin expression is highly reduced in the human hippocampus, but not the olfactory bulb, and may play a role in Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis.
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205
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Phitthayaphong P, Kumfu S, Chattipakorn N, Chattipakorn SC. Blockage of Fc Gamma Receptors Alleviates Neuronal and Microglial Toxicity Induced by Palmitic Acid. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 82:1315-1332. [PMID: 34151811 DOI: 10.3233/jad-210417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Palmitic acid (PA) promotes brain pathologies including Alzheimer's disease (AD)-related proteins, neuroinflammation, and microglial activation. The activation of neurons and microglia via their Fc gamma receptors (FcγRs) results in producing inflammatory cytokines. OBJECTIVE To investigate the expression of FcγRs, FcγR signaling proteins, AD-related proteins, proinflammatory cytokines, and cell viability of neurons and microglia in association with PA exposure as well as the effects of FcγR blockade on these parameters in response to PA. METHODS 200 and 400μM PA-conjugated BSA were applied to SH-SY5Y and HMC3 cells for 24 h. For FcγR blockage experiment, both cells were exposed to FcγR blocker before receiving of 200 and 400μM of PA-conjugated BSA for 24 h. RESULTS PA significantly increased AD-related proteins, including Aβ and BACE1, as well as increasing TNFα, IL-1β, and IL-6 in SH-SY5Y and HMC3 cells. However, the p-Tau/Tau ratio was only increased in SH-SY5Y cells. These results were associated with an increase in FcγRs activation and a decrease in cell viability in both cell types. FcγRs blockage diminished the activation of FcγR in SH-SY5Y and HMC3 cells. Interestingly, blocking FcγRs before PA exposure reduced the increment of AD-related proteins, proinflammatory cytokines caused by PA. FcγRs blocking also inhibits cell death for 23%of SH-SY5Y cells and 64%of HMC3 cells, respectively. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that PA is a risk factor for AD via the increased AD-related pathologies, inflammation, FcγRs activation, and brain cell death, while FcγR blockage can alleviate these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phansa Phitthayaphong
- Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Cardiac Electrophysiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Sirinart Kumfu
- Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Cardiac Electrophysiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Nipon Chattipakorn
- Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Cardiac Electrophysiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Siriporn C Chattipakorn
- Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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206
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Singh RK. Recent Trends in the Management of Alzheimer's Disease: Current Therapeutic Options and Drug Repurposing Approaches. Curr Neuropharmacol 2021; 18:868-882. [PMID: 31989900 PMCID: PMC7569317 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x18666200128121920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is one of the most progressive forms of dementia, ultimately leading to death in aged populations. The major hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease include deposition of extracellular amyloid senile plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles in brain neuronal cells. Although there are classical therapeutic options available for the treatment of the diseases, however, they provide only a symptomatic relief and do not modify the molecular pathophysiological course of the disease. Recent research advances in Alzheimer's disease have highlighted the potential role of anti-amyloid, anti-tau, and anti-inflammatory therapies. However, these therapies are still in different phases of pre-clinical/clinical development. In addition, drug repositioning/repurposing is another interesting and promising approach to explore rationalized options for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. This review discusses the different aspects of the pathophysiological mechanism involved in the progression of Alzheimer's disease along with the limitations of current therapies. Furthermore, this review also highlights emerging investigational drugs along with recent drug repurposing approaches for Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh K Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Manesar, Gurgaon-122413, Haryana, India,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research,
Raebareli. Transit Campus, Bijnour-Sisendi Road, Sarojini Nagar, Lucknow-226002, Uttar Pradesh, India
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207
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Varma M, Shravage B, Tayade S, Kumbhar A, Butcher R, Jani V, Sonavane U, Joshi R, Kulkarni PP. A simple methyl substitution of 3-acetylcoumarin thiosemicarbazone enhances cellular autophagy flux, reduces inflammation and ameliorates rough eye phenotype in the Drosophila model of Alzheimer's disease. J Mol Struct 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.130265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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208
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Lindhout IA, Murray TE, Richards CM, Klegeris A. Potential neurotoxic activity of diverse molecules released by microglia. Neurochem Int 2021; 148:105117. [PMID: 34186114 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2021.105117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Microglia are the professional immune cells of the brain, which support numerous physiological processes. One of the defensive functions provided by microglia involves secretion of cytotoxins aimed at destroying invading pathogens. It is also recognized that the adverse activation of microglia in diseased brains may lead to secretion of cytotoxic molecules, which could be damaging to the surrounding cells, including neurons. Several of these toxins, such as reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, L-glutamate, and quinolinic acid, are widely recognized and well-studied. This review is focused on a structurally diverse group of less-established microglia neurotoxins, which were selected by applying the two criteria that these molecules 1) can be released by microglia, and 2) have the potential to be directly harmful to neurons. The following 11 molecules are discussed in detail: amyloid beta peptides (Aβ); cathepsin (Cat)B and CatD; C-X-C motif chemokine ligand (CXCL)10 and CXCL12 (5-67); high mobility group box (HMGB)1; lymphotoxin (LT)-α; matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9; platelet-activating factor (PAF); and prolyl endopeptidase (PEP). Molecular mechanisms of their release by microglia and neurotoxicity, as well as available evidence implicating their involvement in human neuropathologies are summarized. Further studies on several of the above molecules are warranted to confirm either their microglial origin in the brain or direct neurotoxic effects. In addition, investigations into the differential secretion patterns of neurotoxins by microglia in response to diverse stimuli are required. This research could identify novel therapeutic targets for neurological disorders involving adverse microglial activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan A Lindhout
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia Okanagan Campus, 3187 University Way, Kelowna, British Columbia, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Taryn E Murray
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia Okanagan Campus, 3187 University Way, Kelowna, British Columbia, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Christy M Richards
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia Okanagan Campus, 3187 University Way, Kelowna, British Columbia, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Andis Klegeris
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia Okanagan Campus, 3187 University Way, Kelowna, British Columbia, V1V 1V7, Canada.
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209
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Bridging Cyanobacteria to Neurodegenerative Diseases: A New Potential Source of Bioactive Compounds against Alzheimer's Disease. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:md19060343. [PMID: 34208482 PMCID: PMC8235772 DOI: 10.3390/md19060343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) represent a drawback in society given the ageing population. Dementias are the most prevalent NDs, with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) representing around 70% of all cases. The current pharmaceuticals for AD are symptomatic and with no effects on the progression of the disease. Thus, research on molecules with therapeutic relevance has become a major focus for the scientific community. Cyanobacteria are a group of photosynthetic prokaryotes rich in biomolecules with confirmed activity in pathologies such as cancer, and with feasible potential in NDs such as AD. In this review, we aimed to compile the research works focused in the anti-AD potential of cyanobacteria, namely regarding the inhibition of the enzyme β-secretase (BACE1) as a fundamental enzyme in the generation of β-amyloid (Aβ), the inhibition of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE) lead to an increase in the availability of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft and the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, as phenomena associated with neurodegeneration mechanisms.
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210
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Ege D. Action Mechanisms of Curcumin in Alzheimer's Disease and Its Brain Targeted Delivery. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14123332. [PMID: 34208692 PMCID: PMC8234049 DOI: 10.3390/ma14123332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
AD is a chronic neurodegenerative disease. Many different signaling pathways, such as Wnt/β-catenin, Notch, ROS/JNK, and PI3K/Akt/mTOR are involved in Alzheimer’s disease and crosstalk between themselves. A promising treatment involves the uses of flavonoids, and one of the most promising is curcumin; however, because it has difficulty permeating the blood–brain barrier (BBB), it must be encapsulated by a drug carrier. Some of the most frequently studied are lipid nanocarriers, liposomes, micelles and PLGA. These carriers are further conjugated with brain-targeting agents such as lactoferrin and transferrin. In this review paper, curcumin and its therapeutic effects, which have been examined in vivo, are analyzed and then the delivery systems to the brain are addressed. Overall, the analysis of the literature revealed great potential for curcumin in treating AD and indicated the challenges that require further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duygu Ege
- Biomedical Engineering, Boğaziçi University, Rasathane Cd, Kandilli Campus, Istanbul 34684, Turkey
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211
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Chiu YJ, Lin CH, Lee MC, Hsieh-Li HM, Chen CM, Wu YR, Chang KH, Lee-Chen GJ. Formulated Chinese medicine Shaoyao Gancao Tang reduces NLRP1 and NLRP3 in Alzheimer's disease cell and mouse models for neuroprotection and cognitive improvement. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:15620-15637. [PMID: 34106880 PMCID: PMC8221334 DOI: 10.18632/aging.203125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid β (Aβ) plays a major role in the neurodegeneration of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The accumulation of misfolded Aβ causes oxidative stress and inflammatory damage leading to apoptotic cell death. Traditional Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) has been widely used in treating neurodegenerative diseases by reducing oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. We examined the neuroprotective effect of formulated CHM Shaoyao Gancao Tang (SG-Tang, made of Paeonia lactiflora and Glycyrrhiza uralensis at 1:1 ratio) in AD cell and mouse models. In Aβ-GFP SH-SY5Y cells, SG-Tang reduced Aβ aggregation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, as well as improved neurite outgrowth. When the Aβ-GFP-expressing cells were stimulated with conditioned medium from interferon (IFN)-γ-activated HMC3 microglia, SG-Tang suppressed expressions of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), NLR family pyrin domain containing 1 (NLRP1) and 3 (NLRP3), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6, attenuated caspase-1 activity and ROS production, and promoted neurite outgrowth. In streptozocin-induced hyperglycemic APP/PS1/Tau triple transgenic (3×Tg-AD) mice, SG-Tang also reduced expressions of NLRP1, NLRP3, Aβ and Tau in hippocampus and cortex, as well as improved working and spatial memories in Y maze and Morris water maze. Collectively, our results demonstrate the potential of SG-Tang in treating AD by moderating neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Jen Chiu
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 11677, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsin Lin
- Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chung Lee
- Sun Ten Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., New Taipei City 23143, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu Mei Hsieh-Li
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 11677, Taiwan
| | - Chiung-Mei Chen
- Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Yih-Ru Wu
- Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Hsuan Chang
- Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Guey-Jen Lee-Chen
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 11677, Taiwan
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212
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Zhang T, Wang Y, Xia Q, Tu Z, Sun J, Jing Q, Chen P, Zhao X. Propofol Mediated Protection of the Brain From Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury Through the Regulation of Microglial Connexin 43. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:637233. [PMID: 34169070 PMCID: PMC8217990 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.637233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is a serious condition that leads to increased apoptosis of microglial and neurons in the brain. In this study, we identified that Cx43 expression level is significantly increased in the microglial cells during I/R injury. Using an in vitro model (hypoxia/reoxygenation-H/R injury), we observed that H/R injury leads to an increase in activation of microglial cells and increase in levels of pro-inflammatory markers such as IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α. Additionally, we could also observe significant increase in phosphorylation of Cx43 and Cav3.2 levels. To assess the role of H/R injured microglial cells on neuronal population, we cultured the neurons with conditioned media (MCS) from H/R injured microglial cells. Interestingly, we observed that microglial H/R injury significantly decreased Map2 expression and affected neuronal morphology. Further, we aimed to assess the effects of propofol on cerebral H/R injury, and observed that 40 μM propofol significantly decreased Cx43, Cx43 phosphorylation, and CaV3.2 levels. Additionally, propofol decreased apoptosis and increased Map2 expression levels in H/R injured neurons. Using silencing experiments, we confirmed that siCx43 could significantly improve the propofol's rescue after H/R injury in both microglia and neurons. We further developed an in vivo MCAO (middle cerebral artery occlusion) rat model to understand the effect of propofol in I/R injury. Interestingly, propofol treatment and downregulation of Cx43 significantly decreased the infract volume and apoptosis in these MCAO rats. Thus, this study clearly establishes that propofol protects the brain against I/R injury through the downregulation of Cx43 in microglial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanyan Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qin Xia
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiyi Tu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiajun Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Jing
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Pei Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuan Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Wang Z, Wang Y, Pasangulapati JP, Stover KR, Liu X, Schier SW, Weaver DF. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of furosemide analogs as therapeutics for the proteopathy and immunopathy of Alzheimer's disease. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 222:113565. [PMID: 34118718 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
β-Amyloid (Aβ) triggered proteopathic and immunopathic processes are a postulated cause of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Monomeric Aβ is derived from amyloid precursor protein, whereupon it aggregates into various assemblies, including oligomers and fibrils, which disrupt neuronal membrane integrity and induce cellular damage. Aβ is directly neurotoxic/synaptotoxic, but may also induce neuroinflammation through the concomitant activation of microglia. Previously, we have shown that furosemide is a known anthranilate-based drug with the capacity to downregulate the proinflammatory microglial M1 phenotype and upregulate the anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype. To further explore the pharmacologic effects of furosemide, this study reports a series of furosemide analogs that target both Aβ aggregation and neuroinflammation, thereby addressing the combined proteopathic-immunopathic pathogenesis of AD. Forty compounds were synthesized and evaluated. Compounds 3c, 3g, and 20 inhibited Aβ oligomerization; 33 and 34 inhibited Aβ fibrillization. 3g and 34 inhibited the production of TNF-α, IL-6, and nitric oxide, downregulated the expression of COX-2 and iNOS, and promoted microglial phagocytotic activity, suggesting dual activity against Aβ aggregation and neuroinflammation. Our data demonstrate the potential therapeutic utility of the furosemide-like anthranilate platform in the development of drug-like molecules targeting both the proteopathy and immunopathy of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyu Wang
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yanfei Wang
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Kurt R Stover
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Xiaojing Liu
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Donald F Weaver
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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214
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Ma WH, Chen AF, Xie XY, Huang YS. Sigma ligands as potent inhibitors of Aβ and AβOs in neurons and promising therapeutic agents of Alzheimer's disease. Neuropharmacology 2021; 190:108342. [PMID: 33045243 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age-related neurodegenerative disease and characterized by dementia, memory decline, loss of learning and cognitive disorder. The main pathological features of AD are the deposition of amyloid plaques and the formation of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) in the brain. The current anti-AD drugs have shown unsatisfactory therapeutic results. Due to the complications and unclear pathogenesis, AD is still irreversible and incurable. Among several hypotheses proposed by the academic community, the amyloid cascade is widely recognized by scholars and supported by a large amount of evidences. However, controversy over pathogenic factors has also been ongoing. Increasing evidence has shown that amyloid-β (Aβ) and especially amyloid-β oligomers (AβOs) are highly neurotoxic and pathogenic agents that damage neurons, mediate various receptors in the downstream pathways, and ultimately lead to learning and cognitive dysfunction. However, efforts in developing inhibitors of Aβ or amyloid-β precursor protein (APP) have all failed to yield good clinical results. More recently, it has been demonstrated that sigma receptors, including sigma-1 and sigma-2 subtypes, may play critical roles in the regulation of binding and metabolism of AβOs in neuron cells and the pathophysiology of AD. Thus, sigma receptor ligands are being recognized as promising therapeutic agents for treating or ameliorating AD. This article will review the pathophysiology of AD and highlight the sigma ligands that display the capability of preventing or even reversing Aβ- and AβOs-induced neurotoxicity and blocking the signal transduction caused by AβOs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Hui Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, 1 Xincheng Ave, Songshan Lake Technology Park, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, China; Dongguan Key Laboratory for Drug Design & Formulation, 1 Xincheng Ave, Songshan Lake Technology Park, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, China
| | - Ai-Fang Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, 1 Xincheng Ave, Songshan Lake Technology Park, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, China; Dongguan Key Laboratory for Drug Design & Formulation, 1 Xincheng Ave, Songshan Lake Technology Park, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, China
| | - Xiao-Yang Xie
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, 1 Xincheng Ave, Songshan Lake Technology Park, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, China; Dongguan Key Laboratory for Drug Design & Formulation, 1 Xincheng Ave, Songshan Lake Technology Park, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, China
| | - Yun-Sheng Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, 1 Xincheng Ave, Songshan Lake Technology Park, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, China; Dongguan Key Laboratory for Drug Design & Formulation, 1 Xincheng Ave, Songshan Lake Technology Park, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, China.
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215
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Evaluation of Anticonvulsant Activity of Dual COX-2/5-LOX Inhibitor Darbufelon and Its Novel Analogues. Sci Pharm 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/scipharm89020022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is an integral part of epilepsy pathogenesis and other convulsive conditions, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) present a potent tool for the contemporary search and design of novel anticonvulsants. In the present paper, evaluation of the anticonvulsant activity of the potential NSAID dual COX-2/5-LOX inhibitor darbufelone methanesulfonate using an scPTZ model in mice in dose 100 mg/kg is reported. Darbufelone possesses anticonvulsant properties in the scPTZ model and presents interest for in-depth studies as a possible anticonvulsant multi-target agent with anti-inflammatory activity. The series of 4-thiazolidinone derivatives have been synthesized following the analogue-based drug design and hybrid-pharmacophore approach using a darbufelone matrix. The synthesized derivatives showed a significant protection level for animals in the scPTZ model and are promising compounds for the design of potential anticonvulsants with satisfactory drug-like parameters.
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216
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Sun M, Ma K, Wen J, Wang G, Zhang C, Li Q, Bao X, Wang H. A Review of the Brain-Gut-Microbiome Axis and the Potential Role of Microbiota in Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 73:849-865. [PMID: 31884474 DOI: 10.3233/jad-190872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative process characterized by loss of neurons in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex, leading to progressive cognitive decline. Pathologically, the hallmark of AD is accumulation of "senile" plaques composed of amyloid-β (Aβ) protein surrounding neurons in affected regions. Despite extensive research into AD pathogenesis and therapeutic targets, there remains no breakthroughs in its management. In recent years, there has been a spark of interest in the connection between the brain and gastrointestinal tract, referred to as the brain-gut axis, and its potential implications for both metabolic and neurologic disease. Moreover, the gastrointestinal flora, referred to as the microbiome, appears to exert significant influence over the brain-gut axis. With the need for expanded horizons in understanding and treating AD, many have turned to the brain-gut-microbiome axis for answers. Here we provide a review of the brain-gut-microbiome axis and discuss the evidence supporting alterations of the axis in the pathogenesis of AD. Specifically, we highlight the role for the microbiome in disruption of Aβ metabolism/clearance, increased permeability of the blood-brain barrier and modulation of the neuroinflammatory response, and inhibition of hippocampal neurogenesis. The majority of the above described findings are the result of excellent, albeit basic and pre-clinical studies. Therefore, we conclude with a brief description of documented clinical support for brain-gut-microbiome axis alteration in AD, including potential microbiome-based therapeutics for AD. Collectively, these findings suggest that the brain-gut-microbiome axis may be a "lost link" in understanding and treating AD and call for future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kai Ma
- Probiotics Australia, Ormeau, QLD, Australia
| | - Jie Wen
- Beijing Allwegene Health, Beijing, China
| | | | | | - Qi Li
- Beijing Allwegene Health, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaofeng Bao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China.,Key Laboratory of Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target of Jiangsu Province, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
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217
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Cheng Y, Liu J, Ling Z. Short-chain fatty acids-producing probiotics: A novel source of psychobiotics. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62:7929-7959. [PMID: 33955288 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1920884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Psychobiotics-live microorganisms with potential mental health benefits, which can modulate the microbiota-gut-brain-axis via immune, humoral, neural, and metabolic pathways-are emerging as novel therapeutic options for the effective treatment of psychiatric disorders Recently, microbiome studies have identified numerous putative psychobiotic strains, of which short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) producing bacteria have attracted special attention from neurobiologists. Recent studies have highlighted that SCFAs-producing bacteria such as Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium and Clostridium have a very specific function in various psychiatric disorders, suggesting that these bacteria can be potential novel psychobiotics. SCFAs, potential mediators of microbiota-gut-brain axis, might modulate function of neurological processes. While the specific roles and mechanisms of SCFAs-producing bacteria of microbiota-targeted interventions on neuropsychiatric disease are largely unknown. This Review summarizes existing knowledge on the neuroprotective effects of the SCFAs-producing bacteria in neurological disorders via modulating microbiota-gut-brain axis and illustrate their possible mechanisms by which SCFAs-producing bacteria may act on these disorders, which will shed light on the SCFAs-producing bacteria as a promising novel source of psychobiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwen Cheng
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiaming Liu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zongxin Ling
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Institute of Microbe & Host Health, Linyi University, Linyi, Shandong, China
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218
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Jiang J, Chang X, Nie Y, Shen Y, Liang X, Peng Y, Chang M. Peripheral Administration of a Cell-Penetrating MOTS-c Analogue Enhances Memory and Attenuates Aβ 1-42- or LPS-Induced Memory Impairment through Inhibiting Neuroinflammation. ACS Chem Neurosci 2021; 12:1506-1518. [PMID: 33861582 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
MOTS-c is a 16-amino acid mitochondrial derivative peptide reported to be involved in regulating insulin and metabolic homeostasis via the AMP activated protein kinase (AMPK). AMPK agonist AICAR has been reported to improve cognition. Previous reports also pointed out that MOTS-c may be effective as a therapeutic option toward the prevention of the aging processes. Therefore, we investigated the roles of MOTS-c in the memory recognition process. The results showed that central MOTS-c not only enhanced object and location recognition memory formation and consolidation but also ameliorated the memory deficit induced by Aβ1-42 or LPS. The memory-ameliorating effects of MOTS-c could be blocked by AMPK inhibitor dorsomorphin. Moreover, MOTS-c treatment significantly increased the phosphorylation of AMPK but not ERK, JNK, and p38 in the hippocampus. The underlying mechanism of MOTS-c neuroprotection may involve inhibiting the activation of astrocytes and microglia and production of proinflammatory cytokines. In addition, we found that peripheral administration of MOTS-c does not cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and plays an effect. In order to improve the brain intake of MOTS-c, we screen out (PRR)5, a cell penetrating peptides, as a carrier for MOTS-c into the brain. Then in the NOR task, intranasal or intravenous MP (cell-penetrating MOTS-c analogue) showed good memory performance on memory formation, memory consolidation, and memory impairment. Near-infrared fluorescent experiments showed the real-time biodistribution in brain after intranasal or intravenous infusion of MP. These results suggested that MOTS-c might be a new potential target for treatment of cognitive decline in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- JinHong Jiang
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, 222 Tianshui South Road, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory in Anesthesiology, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Analgesia Application Technology, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Narcotic and Psychotropic Drugs, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China
| | - Xin Chang
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, 222 Tianshui South Road, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - YaoYan Nie
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, 222 Tianshui South Road, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - YuXuan Shen
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, 222 Tianshui South Road, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - XueYa Liang
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, 222 Tianshui South Road, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - YaLi Peng
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, 222 Tianshui South Road, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Min Chang
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, 222 Tianshui South Road, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
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219
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Tan Y, Zheng Y, Xu D, Sun Z, Yang H, Yin Q. Galectin-3: a key player in microglia-mediated neuroinflammation and Alzheimer's disease. Cell Biosci 2021; 11:78. [PMID: 33906678 PMCID: PMC8077955 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-021-00592-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia and is characterized by the deposition of extracellular aggregates of amyloid-β (Aβ), the formation of intraneuronal tau neurofibrillary tangles and microglial activation-mediated neuroinflammation. One of the key molecules involved in microglial activation is galectin-3 (Gal-3). In recent years, extensive studies have dissected the mechanisms by which Gal-3 modulates microglial activation, impacting Aβ deposition, in both animal models and human studies. In this review article, we focus on the emerging role of Gal-3 in biology and pathobiology, including its origin, its functions in regulating microglial activation and neuroinflammation, and its emergence as a biomarker in AD and other neurodegenerative diseases. These aspects are important to elucidate the involvement of Gal-3 in AD pathogenesis and may provide novel insights into the use of Gal-3 for AD diagnosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinyin Tan
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Yanqun Zheng
- Department of Neurology, The Dongshan Hospital of Linyi, Linyi, 276017, Shandong, China
| | - Daiwen Xu
- Department of Neurology, The People Hospital of Huaiyin Jinan, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Zhanfang Sun
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Huan Yang
- Department of Radiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Qingqing Yin
- Department of Geriatric Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China.
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220
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PC12 and THP-1 Cell Lines as Neuronal and Microglia Model in Neurobiological Research. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11093729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Models based on cell cultures have become a useful tool in modern scientific research. Since primary cell lines are difficult to obtain and handle, neoplasm-derived lines like PC12 and THP-1 offer a cheap and flexible solution for neurobiological studies but require prior differentiation to serve as a neuronal or microglia model. PC12 cells constitute a suitable research model only after differentiation by incubation with nerve growth factor (NGF) and THP-1 cells after administering a differentiation factor such as phorbol 12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA). Still, quite often, studies are performed on these cancer cells without differentiation. The study aimed to assess the impact of PC12 or THP-1 cell differentiation on sensitivity to harmful factors such as Aβ25-35 (0.001–5 µM) (considered as one of the major detrimental factors in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s disease) or lipopolysaccharide (1–100 µM) (LPS; a pro-inflammatory factor of bacterial origin). Results showed that in most of the tests performed, the response of PC12 and THP-1 cells induced to differentiation varied significantly from the effect in undifferentiated cells. In general, differentiated cells showed greater sensitivity to harmful factors in terms of metabolic activity and DNA damage, while in the case of the free radicals, the results were heterogeneous. Obtained data emphasize the importance of proper differentiation of cell lines of neoplastic origin in neurobiological research and standardization of cell culture handling protocols to ensure reliable results.
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221
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Olsen I. Can Porphyromonas gingivalis Contribute to Alzheimer's Disease Already at the Stage of Gingivitis? J Alzheimers Dis Rep 2021; 5:237-241. [PMID: 34113781 PMCID: PMC8150255 DOI: 10.3233/adr-210006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been associated with periodontitis, which starts as gingivitis. Similar to periodontitis, gingivitis bacteria, bacterial products, and inflammatory mediators can travel to the brain via the blood stream and promote brain inflammation. Periodontal pathogens such as Porphyromonas gingivalis and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, both associated with AD, have been found in dental plaque of children already at the age of 3. It is suggested that these bacteria during long-term exposure may drive microglia (brain resident macrophage cells) into a pro-inflammatory M1 phase where they contribute to AD rather than protect against it. This notion comes from studies in mice showing that microglia actually can "remember" previous inflammatory challenge and become "trained" or "tolerant" to toxins like lipopolysaccharide. If gingivitis has an impact on AD, which should be verified, AD prophylaxis should start already at this pre-periodontitis stage with removal of supragingival plaque.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingar Olsen
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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222
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GIPSON CD, BIMONTE-NELSON HA. Interactions between reproductive transitions during aging and addiction: promoting translational crosstalk between different fields of research. Behav Pharmacol 2021; 32:112-122. [PMID: 32960852 PMCID: PMC7965232 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Discovery of neural mechanisms underlying neuropsychiatric disorders within the aging and addiction fields has been a main focus of the National Institutes of Health. However, there is a dearth of knowledge regarding the biological interactions of aging and addiction, which may have important influences on progression of disease and treatment outcomes in aging individuals with a history of chronic drug use. Thus, there is a large gap in these fields of research, which has slowed progress in understanding and treating substance use disorders (SUDs) as well as age-related diseases, specifically in women who experience precipitous reproductive cycle transitions during aging. The goal of this review is to highlight overlap of SUDs and age-related processes with a specific focus on menopause and smoking, and identify critical gaps. We have narrowed the focus of the review to smoking, as the majority of findings on hormonal and aging influences on drug use have come from this area of research. Further, we highlight female-specific issues such as transitional menopause and exogenous estrogen use. These issues may impact drug use cessation as well as outcomes with aging and age-related neurodegenerative diseases in women. We first review clinical studies for smoking, normal aging, and pathological aging, and discuss the few aging-related studies taking smoking history into account. Conversely, we highlight the dearth of clinical smoking studies taking age as a biological variable into account. Preclinical and clinical literature show that aging, age-related pathological brain disease, and addiction engage overlapping neural mechanisms. We hypothesize that these putative drivers interact in meaningful ways that may exacerbate disease and hinder successful treatment outcomes in such comorbid populations. We highlight areas where preclinical studies are needed to uncover neural mechanisms in aging and addiction processes. Collectively, this review highlights the need for crosstalk between different fields of research to address medical complexities of older adults, and specifically women, who smoke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra D. GIPSON
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
- Arizona Alzheimer’s Consortium
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223
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Friker LL, Scheiblich H, Hochheiser IV, Brinkschulte R, Riedel D, Latz E, Geyer M, Heneka MT. β-Amyloid Clustering around ASC Fibrils Boosts Its Toxicity in Microglia. Cell Rep 2021; 30:3743-3754.e6. [PMID: 32187546 PMCID: PMC8729885 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease is the world’s most common neurodegenerative disorder. It is associated with neuroinflammation involving activation of microglia by β-amyloid (Aβ) deposits. Based on previous studies showing apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD (ASC) binding and cross-seeding extracellular Aβ, we investigate the propagation of ASC between primary microglia and the effects of ASC-Aβ composites on microglial inflammasomes and function. Indeed, ASC released by a pyroptotic cell can be functionally built into the neighboring microglia NOD-like receptor protein (NLRP3) inflammasome. Compared with protein-only application, exposure to ASC-Aβ composites amplifies the proinflammatory response, resulting in pyroptotic cell death, setting free functional ASC and inducing a feedforward stimulating vicious cycle. Clustering around ASC fibrils also compromises clearance of Aβ by microglia. Together, these data enable a closer look at the turning point from acute to chronic Aβ-related neuroinflammation through formation of ASC-Aβ composites. Friker et al. investigate the reaction of primary microglia to exogenous ASC and ASC-Aβ composites. They uncover a vicious circle involving amplified NLRP3 inflammasome activity and reduced Aβ clearance in the presence of ASC that might play a key role in Alzheimer’s disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea L Friker
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease and Gerontopsychiatry/Neurology, University of Bonn Medical Center, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Hannah Scheiblich
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease and Gerontopsychiatry/Neurology, University of Bonn Medical Center, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Inga V Hochheiser
- Institute of Structural Biology, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Dietmar Riedel
- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Department of Structural Dynamics, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Eicke Latz
- Institute of Innate Immunity, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Matthias Geyer
- Institute of Structural Biology, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael T Heneka
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease and Gerontopsychiatry/Neurology, University of Bonn Medical Center, 53127 Bonn, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 53127 Bonn, Germany; Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA.
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224
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Lee H, Jeon SG, Kim J, Kang RJ, Kim S, Han K, Park H, Kim K, Sung YM, Nam HY, Koh YH, Song M, Suk K, Hoe H. Ibrutinib modulates Aβ/tau pathology, neuroinflammation, and cognitive function in mouse models of Alzheimer's disease. Aging Cell 2021; 20:e13332. [PMID: 33709472 PMCID: PMC7963331 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that ibrutinib modulates LPS‐induced neuroinflammation in vitro and in vivo, but its effects on the pathology of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and cognitive function have not been investigated. Here, we investigated the effects of ibrutinib in two mouse models of AD. In 5xFAD mice, ibrutinib injection significantly reduced Aβ plaque levels by promoting the non‐amyloidogenic pathway of APP cleavage, decreased Aβ‐induced neuroinflammatory responses, and significantly downregulated phosphorylation of tau by reducing levels of phosphorylated cyclin‐dependent kinase‐5 (p‐CDK5). Importantly, tau‐mediated neuroinflammation and tau phosphorylation were also alleviated by ibrutinib injection in PS19 mice. In 5xFAD mice, ibrutinib improved long‐term memory and dendritic spine number, whereas in PS19 mice, ibrutinib did not alter short‐ and long‐term memory but promoted dendritic spinogenesis. Interestingly, the induction of dendritic spinogenesis by ibrutinib was dependent on the phosphorylation of phosphoinositide 3‐kinase (PI3K). Overall, our results suggest that ibrutinib modulates AD‐associated pathology and cognitive function and may be a potential therapy for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun‐ju Lee
- Department of Neural Development and Disease Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI) Daegu Korea
| | - Seong Gak Jeon
- Department of Neural Development and Disease Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI) Daegu Korea
| | - Jieun Kim
- Department of Neural Development and Disease Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI) Daegu Korea
| | - Ri Jin Kang
- Department of Neural Development and Disease Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI) Daegu Korea
| | - Seong‐Min Kim
- Department of Neural Development and Disease Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI) Daegu Korea
- Medical Device Development Center Daegu‐Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation (DGMIF) Daegu Korea
| | - Kyung‐Min Han
- Department of Neural Development and Disease Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI) Daegu Korea
| | - HyunHee Park
- Department of Neural Development and Disease Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI) Daegu Korea
| | - Ki‐taek Kim
- Department of Life Sciences Yeungnam University Gyeongsan Korea
| | - You Me Sung
- Korea Mouse Phenotyping Center (KMPC) Seoul National University Seoul Korea
| | - Hye Yeon Nam
- Department of Neural Development and Disease Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI) Daegu Korea
| | - Young Ho Koh
- Center for Biomedical Sciences Center for Infectious Diseases Division of Brain Disease Korea National Institute of Health Heungdeok‐gu Korea
| | - Minseok Song
- Department of Life Sciences Yeungnam University Gyeongsan Korea
| | - Kyoungho Suk
- Department of Pharmacology Brain Science & Engineering Institute School of Medicine Kyungpook National University Daegu Korea
| | - Hyang‐Sook Hoe
- Department of Neural Development and Disease Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI) Daegu Korea
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology Daegu Korea
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Azar J, Yousef MH, El-Fawal HAN, Abdelnaser A. Mercury and Alzheimer's disease: a look at the links and evidence. Metab Brain Dis 2021; 36:361-374. [PMID: 33411216 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-020-00649-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
This review paper investigates a specific environmental-disease interaction between mercury exposure and Alzheimer's disease hallmarks. Alzheimer's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder affecting predominantly the memory of the affected individual. It prevails mostly in the elderly, rendering many factors as possible causative agents, which potentially contribute to the disease pathogenicity cumulatively. Alzheimer's disease affects nearly 50 million people worldwide and is considered one the most devastating diseases not only for the patient, but also for their families and caregivers. Mercury is a common environmental toxin, found in the atmosphere mostly due to human activity, such as coal burning for heating and cooking. Natural release of mercury into the atmosphere occurs by volcanic eruptions, in the form of vapor, or weathering rocks. The most toxic form of mercury to humans is methylmercury, to which humans are exposed to by ingestion of fish. Methylmercury was found to exert its toxic effects on different parts of the human body, with predominance on the brain. There is no safe concentration for mercury in the atmosphere, even trace amounts can elicit harm to humans in the long term. Mercury's effect on Alzheimer's disease hallmarks formation, extracellular senile plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles, has been widely studied. This review demonstrates the involvement of mercury, in its different forms, in the pathway of amyloid beta deposition and tau tangles formation. It aims to understand the link between mercury exposure and Alzheimer's disease so that, in the future, prevention strategies can be applied to halt the progression of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihan Azar
- Institute of Global Health and Human Ecology, School of Sciences and Engineering, The American University in Cairo, P.O. Box: 74, New Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed H Yousef
- Biotechnology Graduate Program, School of Sciences and Engineering, The American University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hassan A N El-Fawal
- Institute of Global Health and Human Ecology, School of Sciences and Engineering, The American University in Cairo, P.O. Box: 74, New Cairo, Egypt
| | - Anwar Abdelnaser
- Institute of Global Health and Human Ecology, School of Sciences and Engineering, The American University in Cairo, P.O. Box: 74, New Cairo, Egypt.
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226
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Liu L, Zhang Y, Tang L, Zhong H, Danzeng D, Liang C, Liu S. The Neuroprotective Effect of Byu d Mar 25 in LPS-Induced Alzheimer's Disease Mice Model. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2021; 2021:8879014. [PMID: 33727946 PMCID: PMC7936888 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8879014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory factors play an important role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Byu d Mar 25 (BM25) has been suggested to have protective effects in the central nervous system. However, the effect of BM25 on AD has not been determined. This study aims to investigate the neuroprotective effect of BM25 in AD. A total of 40 AD model mice were randomly assigned to the following five groups (n = 8 per group): the AD + NS group, the AD + donepezil group, and three AD + BM25 groups treated with either 58.39 mg/kg (AD + BM25-L), 116.77 mg/kg (AD + BM25-M), or 233.54 mg/kg BM25 (AD + BM25-H). The Morris water maze test was performed to assess alterations in spatial learning and memory deficits. Nissl staining was performed to detect Nissl bodies and neuronal damage. The expression of IL-1β and TNF-α was evaluated by ELISA. The protein expression of P-P38, P38, P-IκBα, caspase 1, COX2, and iNOS was determined by western blotting. The expression of Aβ, p-Tau, and CD11b was measured by immunohistochemistry. The mRNA expression levels of IL-1β, TNF-α, COX2, and iNOS were measured by qRT-PCR. Spatial memory significantly improved in the AD + BM25-M and AD + BM25-H groups compared with the AD + NS group (p < 0.05). The expression of Aβ and p-Tau significantly decreased in the AD + BM25-M and AD + BM25-H groups (p < 0.05). The neuron density and hierarchy and number of pyramidal neurons significantly increased in the AD + BM25-M and AD + BM25-H groups (p < 0.05). In addition, the expression levels of CD11b, IL-1β, TNF-α, COX2, iNOS, caspase 1, p-IκBα, and p-P38 significantly decreased in the AD + BM25-M and AD + BM25-H groups (p < 0.05). In conclusion, our findings suggest that BM25 may exert anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects in AD model mice by suppressing the activity of microglia and inhibiting the phosphorylation of IκBα and p38 MAPK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Liu
- Medical College, Tibet University, Lhasa, Tibet 850000, China
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Woman and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Yongcang Zhang
- Medical College, Tibet University, Lhasa, Tibet 850000, China
| | - Liang Tang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Institute of Neuroscience, Changsha Medical University, Changsha 410219, China
| | - Hua Zhong
- Department of Anatomy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Dunzhu Danzeng
- Medical College, Tibet University, Lhasa, Tibet 850000, China
| | - Cuiting Liang
- Medical College, Tibet University, Lhasa, Tibet 850000, China
| | - Shanling Liu
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Woman and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Sichuan 610041, China
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227
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Srivastava S, Ahmad R, Khare SK. Alzheimer's disease and its treatment by different approaches: A review. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 216:113320. [PMID: 33652356 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that impairs mental ability development and interrupts neurocognitive function. This neuropathological condition is depicted by neurodegeneration, neural loss, and development of neurofibrillary tangles and Aβ plaques. There is also a greater risk of developing AD at a later age for people with cardiovascular diseases, hypertension and diabetes. In the biomedical sciences, effective treatment for Alzheimer's disease is a severe obstacle. There is no such treatment to cure Alzheimer's disease. The drug present in the market show only symptomatic relief. The cause of Alzheimer's disease is not fully understood and the blood-brain barrier restricts drug efficacy are two main factors that hamper research. Stem cell-based therapy has been seen as an effective, secure, and creative therapeutic solution to overcoming AD because of AD's multifactorial nature and inadequate care. Current developments in nanotechnology often offer possibilities for the delivery of active drug candidates to address certain limitations. The key nanoformulations being tested against AD include polymeric nanoparticles (NP), inorganic NPs and lipid-based NPs. Nano drug delivery systems are promising vehicles for targeting several therapeutic moieties by easing drug molecules' penetration across the CNS and improving their bioavailability. In this review, we focus on the causes of the AD and their treatment by different approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukriti Srivastava
- Enzyme and Microbial Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Razi Ahmad
- Enzyme and Microbial Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Sunil Kumar Khare
- Enzyme and Microbial Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India.
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Akter R, Rahman MH, Behl T, Chowdhury MAR, Manirujjaman M, Bulbul IJ, Elshenaw SE, Tit DM, Bungau S. Prospective Role of Polyphenolic Compounds in the Treatment of Neurodegenerative Diseases. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS-DRUG TARGETS 2021; 20:430-450. [DOI: 10.2174/1871527320666210218084444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
:
Aging is an important stage of the human life cycle and the primary risk factor for neurodegenerative diseases (ND). The aging process contributes to modifications in cells, which may lead to a lack of nutrient signaling, disrupted cellular activity, increased oxidative pressure, cell homeostasis depletion, genomic instability, misfolded protein aggregation, impaired cellular protection, and telomere reduction. The neuropathologies found in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) are internally and extrinsically compound environmental stressors which may be partially alleviated by using different phytochemicals. The new therapies for ND are restricted as they are primarily targeted at final disease progression, including behavioral shifts, neurological disorders, proteinopathies, and neuronal failure. This review presents the role of phytochemicals-related polyphenolic compounds as an accompanying therapy model to avoid neuropathologies linked to AD, PD and to simultaneously enhance two stochastic stressors, namely inflammation and oxidative stress, promoting their disease pathologies. Therefore, this approach represents a prophylactic way to target risk factors that rely on their action against ND that does not occur through current pharmacological agents over the life of a person.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rokeya Akter
- Department of Pharmacy, Jagannath University, Sadarghat, Dhaka-1100, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Habibur Rahman
- Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Banani, 42130, Dhaka-1213, Bangladesh
| | - Tapan Behl
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, 140401 Punjab, India
| | | | - Manirujjaman Manirujjaman
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (IHBI), School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Kelvin Grove, Australia
| | - Israt Jahan Bulbul
- Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Banani, 42130, Dhaka-1213, Bangladesh
| | - Shimaa E. Elshenaw
- Center of stem cell and regenerative medicine, Zewail City for Science, Egypt
| | - Delia Mirela Tit
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 10 1 Decembrie Sq., 410073 Oradea, Romania
| | - Simona Bungau
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 10 1 Decembrie Sq., 410073 Oradea, Romania
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229
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Fu Y, Jia J. Isoliquiritigenin Confers Neuroprotection and Alleviates Amyloid-β42-Induced Neuroinflammation in Microglia by Regulating the Nrf2/NF-κB Signaling. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:638772. [PMID: 33642990 PMCID: PMC7904903 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.638772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neuroinflammation and oxidative stress are two major pathological characteristics of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Amyloid-β oligomers (AβO), a toxic form of Aβ, promote the neuroinflammation and oxidative stress in the development of AD. Isoliquiritigenin (ISL), a natural flavonoid isolated from the root of liquorice, has been shown to exert inhibitory effects on inflammatory response and oxidative stress. Objectives The main purpose of this study is to assess the influence of ISL on inflammatory response and oxidative stress in BV2 cells stimulated with AβO, and to explore the underlying molecular mechanisms. Methods 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2, 5-diphenyl-2-H- tetrazolium bromide (MTT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) cytotoxicity assays were used to assess the toxic or protective effects of ISL. The expression levels of interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α were assessed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Morphological changes in BV2 cells were assessed by immunofluorescence method. Nitric oxide (NO) assay kit was used to determinate the NO production. Western blot, qRT-PCR and immunofluorescence were used to explore the underlying molecular mechanisms. Results ISL treatment reduced the production of inflammatory cytokines and NO, and alleviated the morphological changes in BV2 cells induced by AβO. ISL treatment further protected N2a cells from the toxic medium of AβO-stimulated BV2 cells. ISL activated nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling and suppressed nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling in BV2 cells. Conclusion ISL suppresses AβO-induced inflammation and oxidative stress in BV2 cells via the regulation of Nrf2/NF-κB signaling. Therefore, ISL indirectly protects neurons from the damage of toxic conditioned media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Fu
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianping Jia
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, Beijing, China.,Clinical Center for Neurodegenerative Disease and Memory Impairment, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Center of Alzheimer's Disease, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
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230
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Wu J, Gao G, Shi F, Xie H, Yang Q, Liu D, Qu S, Qin H, Zhang C, Xu GT, Liu F, Zhang J. Activated microglia-induced neuroinflammatory cytokines lead to photoreceptor apoptosis in Aβ-injected mice. J Mol Med (Berl) 2021; 99:713-728. [PMID: 33575853 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-021-02046-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is mainly characterized by the progressive accumulation of drusen deposits and loss of photoreceptors and retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. Because amyloid β (Aβ) is the main component of drusen, Aβ-induced activated microglia most likely lead to neuroinflammation and play a critical role in the pathogenesis of AMD. However, the relationship between activated microglia-mediated neuroinflammatory cytokines and photoreceptor death has not been clarified. By subretinal injection of Aβ42 in mice, we mimicked an inflammatory milieu of AMD to better understand how activated microglia-induced neuroinflammatory cytokines lead to photoreceptor apoptosis in the AMD progression. We demonstrated that subretinal injection of Aβ42 induces microglial activation and increases inflammatory cytokine release, which gives rise to photoreceptor apoptosis in mice. Our results were verified in vitro by co-culture of Aβ42 activated primary microglia and the photoreceptor cell line 661W. We also demonstrated that the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway was involved in Aβ42-induced microglial activation and inflammatory cytokine release. Overall, our findings indicate that activated microglia-derived neuroinflammatory cytokines could contribute to photoreceptor apoptosis under the stimulation of Aβ42. Moreover, this study may provide a potential therapeutic approach for AMD. KEY MESSAGES: Further explore the association between activated microglia-derived neuroinflammatory cytokine secretion and photoreceptor apoptosis under the stimulation of Aβ42. Subretinal injection of Aβ42 induces the activation of microglia and increases proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β and COX-2 expression in the retina, which could give rise to the deterioration of visual function and aggravate photoreceptor apoptosis in mice. Primary microglial are activated and the levels of proinflammatory cytokines are increased by Aβ42 stimulation, which could increase the apoptosis of photoreceptor cell line 661W in vitro. The p38 MAPK signaling pathway is involved in microglial activation and photoreceptor apoptosis under Aβ42 treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ge Gao
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fanjun Shi
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Hai Xie
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Department of Pharmacology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Yang
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Department of Pharmacology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Dandan Liu
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Department of Pharmacology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Sichang Qu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Haifeng Qin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Chaoyang Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases; Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Guo-Tong Xu
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Department of Pharmacology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jingfa Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China. .,Department of Regenerative Medicine and Department of Pharmacology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China. .,Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China. .,National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases; Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China.
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231
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Jorge L, Martins R, Canário N, Xavier C, Abrunhosa A, Santana I, Castelo-Branco M. Investigating the Spatial Associations Between Amyloid-β Deposition, Grey Matter Volume, and Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 80:113-132. [PMID: 33523050 PMCID: PMC8075404 DOI: 10.3233/jad-200840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Background: It has been proposed that amyloid-β (Aβ) plays a causal role in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) by triggering a series of pathologic events—possibly including neuroinflammation—which culminate in progressive brain atrophy. However, the interplay between the two pathological molecular events and how both are associated with neurodegeneration is still unclear. Objective: We aimed to estimate the spatial inter-relationship between neurodegeneration, neuroinflammation and Aβ deposition in a cohort of 20 mild AD patients and 17 healthy controls (HC). Methods: We resorted to magnetic resonance imaging to measure cortical atrophy, using the radiotracer 11C-PK11195 PET to measure neuroinflammation levels and 11C-PiB PET to assess Aβ levels. Between-group comparisons were computed to explore AD-related changes in the three types of markers. To examine the effects of each one of the molecular pathologic mechanisms on neurodegeneration we computed: 1) ANCOVAs with the anatomic data, controlling for radiotracer uptake differences between groups and 2) voxel-based multiple regression analysis between-modalities. In addition, associations in anatomically defined regions of interests were also investigated. Results: We found significant differences between AD and controls in the levels of atrophy, neuroinflammation, and Aβ deposition. Associations between Aβ aggregation and brain atrophy were detected in AD in a widely distributed pattern, whereas associations between microglia activation and structural measures of neurodegeneration were restricted to few anatomically regions. Conclusion: In summary, Aβ deposition, as opposed to neuroinflammation, was more associated with cortical atrophy, suggesting a prominent role of Aβ in neurodegeneration at a mild stage of the AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lília Jorge
- Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research (CIBIT), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Institute for Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health (ICNAS), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Martins
- Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research (CIBIT), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Institute for Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health (ICNAS), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Nádia Canário
- Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research (CIBIT), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Institute for Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health (ICNAS), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Carolina Xavier
- Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research (CIBIT), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Institute for Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health (ICNAS), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Antero Abrunhosa
- Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research (CIBIT), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Institute for Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health (ICNAS), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Isabel Santana
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Department of Neurology, Coimbra University Hospital, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Miguel Castelo-Branco
- Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research (CIBIT), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Institute for Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health (ICNAS), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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232
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Filippov MA, Tatarnikova OG, Pozdnyakova NV, Vorobyov VV. Inflammation/bioenergetics-associated neurodegenerative pathologies and concomitant diseases: a role of mitochondria targeted catalase and xanthophylls. Neural Regen Res 2021; 16:223-233. [PMID: 32859768 PMCID: PMC7896239 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.290878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Various inflammatory stimuli are able to modify or even "re-program" the mitochondrial metabolism that results in generation of reactive oxygen species. In noncommunicable chronic diseases such as atherosclerosis and other cardiovascular pathologies, type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome, these modifications become systemic and are characterized by chronic inflammation and, in particular, "neuroinflammation" in the central nervous system. The processes associated with chronic inflammation are frequently grouped into "vicious circles" which are able to stimulate each other constantly amplifying the pathological events. These circles are evidently observed in Alzheimer's disease, atherosclerosis, type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome and, possibly, other associated pathologies. Furthermore, chronic inflammation in peripheral tissues is frequently concomitant to Alzheimer's disease. This is supposedly associated with some common genetic polymorphisms, for example, Apolipoprotein-E ε4 allele carriers with Alzheimer's disease can also develop atherosclerosis. Notably, in the transgenic mice expressing the recombinant mitochondria targeted catalase, that removes hydrogen peroxide from mitochondria, demonstrates the significant pathology amelioration and health improvements. In addition, the beneficial effects of some natural products from the xanthophyll family, astaxanthin and fucoxanthin, which are able to target the reactive oxygen species at cellular or mitochondrial membranes, have been demonstrated in both animal and human studies. We propose that the normalization of mitochondrial functions could play a key role in the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders and other noncommunicable diseases associated with chronic inflammation in ageing. Furthermore, some prospective drugs based on mitochondria targeted catalase or xanthophylls could be used as an effective treatment of these pathologies, especially at early stages of their development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Vasily V. Vorobyov
- Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Russia
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233
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Liraglutide Has Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Amyloid Properties in Streptozotocin-Induced and 5xFAD Mouse Models of Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020860. [PMID: 33467075 PMCID: PMC7829894 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent clinical and epidemiological studies support the contention that diabetes mellitus (DM) is a strong risk factor for the development of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The use of insulin cell toxin, streptozotocin (STZ), when injected into the lateral ventricles, develops an insulin resistant brain state (IRBS) and represents a non-transgenic, or sporadic AD model (SAD), with several AD-like neuropathological features. The present study explored the effects of an anti-diabetic drug, liraglutide (LIR), in reversing major pathological hallmarks in the prodromal disease stage of both the 5xFAD transgenic and SAD mouse models of AD. Three-month-old 5xFAD and age-matched wild type mice were given a single intracerebroventricular (i.c.v) injection of STZ or vehicle (saline) and were subsequently treated with LIR, intraperitoneally (IP), once a day for 30 days. The extent of neurodegeneration, Aβ plaque load, and key proteins associated with the insulin signaling pathways were measured using Western blot and neuroinflammation (via immunohistological assays) in the cortical and hippocampal regions of the brain were assessed following a series of behavioral tests used to measure cognitive function after LIR or vehicle treatments. Our results indicated that STZ significantly increased neuroinflammation, Aβ plaque deposition and disrupted insulin signaling pathway, while 25 nmol/kg LIR, when injected IP, significantly decreased neuroinflammatory responses in both SAD and 5xFAD mice before significant cognitive changes were observed, suggesting LIR can reduce early neuropathology markers prior to the emergence of overt memory deficits. Our results indicate that LIR has neuroprotective effects and has the potential to serve as an anti-inflammatory and anti-amyloid prophylactic therapy in the prodromal stages of AD.
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234
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Zhang SQ, Cao LL, Liang YY, Wang P. The Molecular Mechanism of Chronic High-Dose Corticosterone-Induced Aggravation of Cognitive Impairment in APP/PS1 Transgenic Mice. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 13:613421. [PMID: 33519376 PMCID: PMC7844096 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.613421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinical studies have found that some Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients suffer from Cushing’s syndrome (CS). CS is caused by the long-term release of excess glucocorticoids (GCs) from the adrenal gland, which in turn, impair brain function and induce dementia. Thus, we investigated the mechanism of the effect of corticosterone (CORT) on the development and progression of AD in a preclinical model. Specifically, the plasma CORT levels of 9-month-old APP/PS1 Tg mice were abnormally increased, suggesting an association between GCs and AD. Long-term administration of CORT accelerated cognitive dysfunction by increasing the production and deposition of β-amyloid (Aβ). The mechanism of action of CORT treatment involved stimulation of the expression of BACE-1 and presenilin (PS) 1 in in vitro and in vivo. This observation was confirmed in mice with adrenalectomy (ADX), which had lower levels of GCs. Moreover, the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) mediated the effects of CORT on the stimulation of the expression of BACE-1 and PS1 via the PKA and CREB pathways in neuroblastoma N2a cells. In addition to these mechanisms, CORT can induce a cognitive decline in APP/PS1 Tg mice by inducing apoptosis and decreasing the differentiation of neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen-Qing Zhang
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Long-Long Cao
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yun-Yue Liang
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Pu Wang
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
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235
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Platycodin D Inhibits β-Amyloid-Induced Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in BV-2 Cells Via Suppressing TLR4/NF-κB Signaling Pathway and Activating Nrf2/HO-1 Signaling Pathway. Neurochem Res 2021; 46:638-647. [PMID: 33394221 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-020-03198-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a common neurodegenerative disease associated with deposition of β-amyloid peptide (Aβ). Platycodin D (PLD), a triterpenesaponin, may possess neuro-protective effect. In the current study, we aimed to explore the effects of PLD on Aβ-induced inflammation and oxidative stress in microglial BV-2 cells. Our study showed that PLD treatment improved cell viability in Aβ-induced BV-2 cells. PLD attenuated Aβ-induced inflammation with deceased production of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 in Aβ-induced BV-2 cells. PLD also mitigated the oxidative stress in Aβ-induced BV-2 cells, as evidenced by deceased production of ROS and MDA, and increased SOD activity. Furthermore, the increased expression levels of TLR4 and p-p65 and decreased IκBα expression in the Aβ-stimulated BV-2 cells were attenuated by PLD treatment. Overexpression of TLR4 reversed the anti-inflammatory effect of PLD in Aβ-stimulated BV-2 cells. In addition, PLD treatment enhanced the Aβ-stimulated increase in the expression levels of Nrf2, HO-1, and NQO1 in BV-2 cells. Knockdown of Nrf2 abrogated the anti-oxidative effect of PLD in Aβ-stimulated BV-2 cells. In conclusion, these findings indicated that PLD protected BV-2 cells from Aβ-induced oxidative stress and inflammation via regulating the TLR4/NF-κB and Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathways. Thus, PLD may be a potential candidate for the treatment of AD.
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Chan EWL, Yeo ETY, Wong KWL, See ML, Wong KY, Yap JKY, Gan SY. Piper sarmentosum Roxb. Attenuates Beta Amyloid (Aβ)-Induced Neurotoxicity Via the Inhibition of Amyloidogenesis and Tau Hyperphosphorylation in SH-SY5Y Cells. Curr Alzheimer Res 2021; 18:80-87. [PMID: 33761853 DOI: 10.2174/1567205018666210324124239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Alzheimer's disease, accumulation of beta amyloid (Aβ) triggers amyloidogenesis and hyperphosphorylation of tau protein leading to neuronal cell death. Piper sarmentosum Roxb. (PS) is a traditional medicinal herb used by Malay to treat rheumatism, headache and boost memory. It possesses various biological effects, such as anti-cholinergic, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant and anti-depressant-like effects. OBJECTIVE The present study aimed to investigate neuroprotective properties of PS against Aβ-induced neurotoxicity and to evaluate its potential mechanism of action. METHODS Neuroprotective effects of hexane (HXN), dichloromethane (DCM), ethyl acetate (EA) and methanol (MEOH) extracts from leaves (L) and roots (R) of PS against Aβ-induced neurotoxicity were investigated in SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells. Cells were pre-treated with PS for 24 h followed by 24 h of induction with Aβ. The neuroprotective effects of PS were studied using cell viability and cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) assays. The levels of extracellular Aβ and tau proteins phosphorylated at threonine 231 (pT231) were determined. Gene and protein expressions were assessed using qRT-PCR analyses and western blot analyses, respectively. RESULTS Hexane extracts of PS (LHXN and RHXN) protected SH-SY5Y cells against Aβ-induced neurotoxicity, and decreased levels of extracellular Aβ and phosphorylated tau (pT231). Although extracts of PS inhibited Aβ-induced ROS production, it was unlikely that neuroprotective effects were simply due to the anti-oxidant capacity of PS. Further, mechanistic study suggested that the neuroprotective effects of PS might be due to its capability to regulate amyloidogenesis through the downregulation of BACE and APP. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that hexane extracts of PS confer neuroprotection against Aβ- induced neurotoxicity in SH-SY5Y cells by attenuating amyloidogenesis and tau hyperphosphorylation. Due to its neuroprotective properties, PS might be a potential therapeutic agent for Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine W L Chan
- Institute for Research, Development and Innovation, International Medical University, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil, 57000 Kuala Lumpur,Malaysia
| | - Emilia T Y Yeo
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil, 57000 Kuala Lumpur,Malaysia
| | - Kelly W L Wong
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil, 57000 Kuala Lumpur,Malaysia
| | - Mun L See
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil, 57000 Kuala Lumpur,Malaysia
| | - Ka Y Wong
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil, 57000 Kuala Lumpur,Malaysia
| | - Jeremy K Y Yap
- School of Postgraduate Studies, International Medical University, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil, 57000 Kuala Lumpur,Malaysia
| | - Sook Y Gan
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil, 57000 Kuala Lumpur,Malaysia
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Qu X, Guan P, Han L, Wang Z, Huang X. Levistolide A Attenuates Alzheimer's Pathology Through Activation of the PPARγ Pathway. Neurotherapeutics 2021; 18:326-339. [PMID: 33034847 PMCID: PMC8116477 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-020-00943-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by β-amyloid (Aβ) protein deposition, neurofibrillary tangle (NFT) formation, and neuronal loss in the brain. The current study was designed to investigate the potential mechanisms by which levistolide A affects the pathogenesis of AD in an amyloid precursor protein/presenilin 1 (APP/PS1) transgenic (Tg) mouse model of AD and N2a/APP695swe cells. Specifically, behavioral changes in levistolide A-treated APP/PS1 Tg mice were assessed by the nest-building and Morris water maze (MWM) tests. Levistolide A treatment clearly ameliorated memory deficits and cognitive decline in APP/PS1 Tg mice. Aβ generation and the inflammatory response in APP/PS1 Tg mouse brains were clearly reduced after long-term levistolide A application. Mechanistically, levistolide A concurrently stimulated the expression of α-secretase and decreased the generation of β- and γ-secretases. In addition, levistolide A inhibited the phosphorylation of tau in the brains of the Tg mice. Furthermore, in vitro and in vivo experiments suggested that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) is the key transcription factor that mediates the regulatory effects of levistolide A on the expression of α-, β-, and γ-secretases and phosphorylation of tau. Collectively, these findings show that levistolide A may be a candidate for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodan Qu
- Institute of Microbial Pharmaceuticals, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, People's Republic of China
| | - Peipei Guan
- Institute of Microbial Pharmaceuticals, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Han
- Institute of Microbial Pharmaceuticals, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhanyou Wang
- Institute of Health Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xueshi Huang
- Institute of Microbial Pharmaceuticals, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, People's Republic of China
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Wu AG, Zhou XG, Qiao G, Yu L, Tang Y, Yan L, Qiu WQ, Pan R, Yu CL, Law BYK, Qin DL, Wu JM. Targeting microglial autophagic degradation in NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated neurodegenerative diseases. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 65:101202. [PMID: 33161129 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2020.101202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is considered as a detrimental factor in neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's disease (HD), etc. Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-, leucine-rich repeat- and pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3), the most well-studied inflammasome, is abundantly expressed in microglia and has gained considerable attention. Misfolded proteins are characterized as the common hallmarks of neurodegenerative diseases due to not only their induced neuronal toxicity but also their effects in over-activating microglia and the NLRP3 inflammasome. The activated NLRP3 inflammasome aggravates the pathology and accelerates the progression of neurodegenerative diseases. Emerging evidence indicates that microglial autophagy plays an important role in the maintenance of brain homeostasis and the negative regulation of NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated neuroinflammation. The excessive activation of NLRP3 inflammasome impairs microglial autophagy and further aggravates the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. In this review article, we summarize and discuss the NLRP3 inflammasome and its specific inhibitors in microglia. The crucial role of microglial autophagy and its inducers in the removal of misfolded proteins, the clearance of damaged mitochondria and reactive oxygen species (ROS), and the degradation of the NLRP3 inflammasome or its components in neurodegenerative diseases are summarized. Understanding the underlying mechanisms behind the sex differences in NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated neurodegenerative diseases will help researchers to develop more targeted therapies and increase our diagnostic and prognostic abilities. In addition, the superiority of the combined use of microglial autophagy inducers with the specific inhibitors of the NLRP3 inflammasome in the inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated neuroinflammation requires further preclinical and clinical validations in the future.
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Hinteregger B, Loeffler T, Flunkert S, Neddens J, Bayer TA, Madl T, Hutter-Paier B. Metabolic, Phenotypic, and Neuropathological Characterization of the Tg4-42 Mouse Model for Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 80:1151-1168. [PMID: 33646155 PMCID: PMC8150512 DOI: 10.3233/jad-201204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preclinical Alzheimer's disease (AD) research strongly depends on transgenic mouse models that display major symptoms of the disease. Although several AD mouse models have been developed representing relevant pathologies, only a fraction of available mouse models, like the Tg4-42 mouse model, display hippocampal atrophy caused by the death of neurons as the key feature of AD. The Tg4-42 mouse model is therefore very valuable for use in preclinical research. Furthermore, metabolic biomarkers which have the potential to detect biochemical changes, are crucial to gain deeper insights into the pathways, the underlying pathological mechanisms and disease progression. OBJECTIVE We thus performed an in-depth characterization of Tg4-42 mice by using an integrated approach to analyze alterations of complex biological networks in this AD in vivo model. METHODS Therefore, untargeted NMR-based metabolomic phenotyping was combined with behavioral tests and immunohistological and biochemical analyses. RESULTS Our in vivo experiments demonstrate a loss of body weight increase in homozygous Tg4-42 mice over time as well as severe impaired learning behavior and memory deficits in the Morris water maze behavioral test. Furthermore, we found significantly altered metabolites in two different brain regions and metabolic changes of the glutamate/4-aminobutyrate-glutamine axis. Based on these results, downstream effects were analyzed showing increased Aβ42 levels, increased neuroinflammation as indicated by increased astro- and microgliosis as well as neuronal degeneration and neuronal loss in homozygous Tg4-42 mice. CONCLUSION Our study provides a comprehensive characterization of the Tg4-42 mouse model which could lead to a deeper understanding of pathological features of AD. Additionally this study reveals changes in metabolic biomarker which set the base for future preclinical studies or drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Hinteregger
- QPS Austria GmbH, Grambach, Austria
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center (for Cell Signaling, Metabolism and Aging), Division of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | | | | | - Thomas A. Bayer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Division of Molecular Psychiatry, University Medical Center, Göttingen (UMG), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tobias Madl
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center (for Cell Signaling, Metabolism and Aging), Division of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
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Mulak A. Bile Acids as Key Modulators of the Brain-Gut-Microbiota Axis in Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 84:461-477. [PMID: 34569953 PMCID: PMC8673511 DOI: 10.3233/jad-210608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Recently, the concept of the brain-gut-microbiota (BGM) axis disturbances in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been receiving growing attention. At the same time, accumulating data revealing complex interplay between bile acids (BAs), gut microbiota, and host metabolism have shed new light on a potential impact of BAs on the BGM axis. The crosstalk between BAs and gut microbiota is based on reciprocal interactions since microbiota determines BA metabolism, while BAs affect gut microbiota composition. Secondary BAs as microbe-derived neuroactive molecules may affect each of three main routes through which interactions within the BGM axis occur including neural, immune, and neuroendocrine pathways. BAs participate in the regulation of multiple gut-derived molecule release since their receptors are expressed on various cells. The presence of BAs and their receptors in the brain implies a direct effect of BAs on the regulation of neurological functions. Experimental and clinical data confirm that disturbances in BA signaling are present in the course of AD. Disturbed ratio of primary to secondary BAs as well as alterations in BA concertation in serum and brain samples have been reported. An age-related shift in the gut microbiota composition associated with its decreased diversity and stability observed in AD patients may significantly affect BA metabolism and signaling. Given recent evidence on BA neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects, new therapeutic targets have been explored including gut microbiota modulation by probiotics and dietary interventions, ursodeoxycholic acid supplementation, and use of BA receptor agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Mulak
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
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241
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Bihaqi SW, Rao HV, Sen A, Grammas P. Dabigatran reduces thrombin-induced neuroinflammation and AD markers in vitro: Therapeutic relevance for Alzheimer's disease. CEREBRAL CIRCULATION - COGNITION AND BEHAVIOR 2021; 2:100014. [PMID: 36324711 PMCID: PMC9616330 DOI: 10.1016/j.cccb.2021.100014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Thrombin treatment induced proteins linked to neuroinflammation in SH-SY5Y cells. Thrombin exposure elevated the expression/ levels of proteins of AD pathway. EMSA showed dabigatran reduced activation of NFκB in SH-SY5Y cells. Dabigatran reduced thrombin-driven neuroinflammation and downstream AD pathology.
Background Vascular risk factors such as atherosclerosis, diabetes, and elevated homocysteine levels are strongly correlated with onset of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Emerging evidence indicates that blood coagulation protein thrombin is associated with vascular and non-vascular risk factors of AD. Here, we examined the effect of thrombin and its direct inhibitor dabigatran on key mediators of neuro-inflammation and AD pathology in the retinoic acid (RA)-differentiated human neuroblastoma cell line SH-SY5Y. Methods SH-SY5Y cells exposed to thrombin concentrations (10–100 nM) +/- 250 nM dabigatran for 24 h were analyzed for protein and gene expression. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) was used to determine DNA binding of NFkB. Western blotting, qRT-PCR and ELISA were used to measure the protein, mRNA, and activity levels of known AD hallmarks and signaling molecules. Results Dabigatran treatment attenuated thrombin-induced increase in DNA binding of NFκB by 175% at 50 nM and by 77% at 100 nM thrombin concentration. Thrombin also augmented accumulation of Aβ protein expression and phosphorylation of p38 MAPK, a downstream molecule in the signaling cascade, expression of pro-apoptotic mediator caspase 3, APP, tTau and pTau. Additionally, thrombin increased BACE1 activity, GSK3β expression, and APP, BACE1, Tau and GSK3β mRNA levels. Co-incubation with dabigatran attenuated thrombin-induced increases in the protein, mRNA, and activities of the aforesaid molecules to various extents (between −31% and −283%). Conclusion Our data demonstrates that thrombin promotes AD-related pathological changes in neuronal cultures and suggests that use of direct oral anticoagulants may provide a therapeutic benefit against thrombin-driven neuroinflammation and downstream pathology in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Waseem Bihaqi
- George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, United States
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, United States
- Corresponding author at: Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell biology, 1020 Locust Street, Jefferson Alumni Hall, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, United States.
| | - Haripriya Vittal Rao
- George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, United States
- Wake Forest Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Winston Salem, NC 27101, United States
| | - Abhik Sen
- George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, United States
- ICMR-Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, India
| | - Paula Grammas
- George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, United States
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, United States
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242
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Wang M, Liu T, Chen S, Wu M, Han J, Li Z. Design and synthesis of 3-(4-pyridyl)-5-(4-sulfamido-phenyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazole derivatives as novel GSK-3β inhibitors and evaluation of their potential as multifunctional anti-Alzheimer agents. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 209:112874. [PMID: 33017743 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Pleiotropic intervention has prominent advantages for complex pathomechanisms, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). In this study, a series of novel 3-(4-pyridyl)-5-(4- sulfamido-phenyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazole derivatives were designed and synthesized following the multitarget-directed ligand-based strategy. All compounds were evaluated for glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK-3β) inhibition and antineuroinflammatory and neuroprotective activities. Given that abnormal glucose metabolism plays an important role in AD occurrence and development, the effects of all compounds on glucose consumption in HepG2 cells was evaluated. Compounds 5e and 10b showed good dual potency in GSK-3β inhibition (IC50: 5e = 1.52 μM, 10b = 0.19 μM) and antineuroinflammatory potency (IC50: 5e = 0.47 ± 0.64 μM, 10b = 6.94 ± 2.33 μM). The effect of compound 10b on glucose consumption was higher than that of positive drug metformin. These compounds exerted a certain neuroprotective effect. Compound 10b dramatically reduced Aβ-induced Tau hyperphosphorylation, thus inhibiting GSK-3β at the cellular level. Notably, compounds 5e and 10b exhibited good inhibitory effects on the formation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). Moreover, these compounds displayed proper blood-brain barrier permeability and lacked neurotoxicity up to 50 μM concentration. Finally, in vivo experiments revealed that compound 10b improved cognitive impairment in scopolamine-induced mouse models. Results indicated that compound 10b deserves further study as a multifunctional lead compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University; The Key Llaboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Tongtong Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University; The Key Llaboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Shiming Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University; The Key Llaboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Mingfei Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University; The Key Llaboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Jianfei Han
- The Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University; The Key Llaboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Zeng Li
- The Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University; The Key Llaboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Hefei, 230032, China.
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Pilozzi A, Carro C, Huang X. Roles of β-Endorphin in Stress, Behavior, Neuroinflammation, and Brain Energy Metabolism. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:E338. [PMID: 33396962 PMCID: PMC7796446 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
β-Endorphins are peptides that exert a wide variety of effects throughout the body. Produced through the cleavage pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC), β-endorphins are the primarily agonist of mu opioid receptors, which can be found throughout the body, brain, and cells of the immune system that regulate a diverse set of systems. As an agonist of the body's opioid receptors, β-endorphins are most noted for their potent analgesic effects, but they also have their involvement in reward-centric and homeostasis-restoring behaviors, among other effects. These effects have implicated the peptide in psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders, making it a research target of interest. This review briefly summarizes the basics of endorphin function, goes over the behaviors and regulatory pathways it governs, and examines the variability of β-endorphin levels observed between normal and disease/disorder affected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xudong Huang
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; (A.P.); (C.C.)
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Wang Z, Vilekar P, Huang J, Weaver DF. Furosemide as a Probe Molecule for the Treatment of Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's Disease. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020; 11:4152-4168. [PMID: 33225679 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The accumulation and deposition of β-amyloid (Aβ) is one postulated cause of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In addition to its direct toxicity on neurons, Aβ may induce neuroinflammation through the concomitant activation of microglia. Emerging evidence suggests that microglia-mediated neuroinflammation plays an important role in the pathogenesis of AD. As brain macrophages, microglia engulf misfolded-Aβ by phagocytosis. However, the accumulated toxic Aβ may paradoxically "hyper-activate" microglia into a neurotoxic proinflammatory and less phagocytotic phenotype, contributing to neuronal death. This study reports that the known drug furosemide is a potential probe molecule for reducing AD-neuroinflammation. Our data demonstrate that furosemide inhibits the secretion of proinflammatory TNF-α, IL-6, and nitric oxide; downregulates the mRNA level of Cd86 and the protein expression of COX-2, iNOS; promotes phagocytic activity; and enhances the expression of anti-inflammatory IL-1RA and arginase. Our mechanism of action studies further demonstrate that furosemide reduces LPS-induced upregulation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress marker genes, including Grp78, Atf4, Chop, tXbp1, and sXbp1. These data support the observation that furosemide is a known drug with the capacity to downregulate the proinflammatory microglial M1 phenotype and upregulate the anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype, a potentially powerful and beneficial pharmacologic effect for inflammatory diseases such as AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyu Wang
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A1, Canada
| | - Prachi Vilekar
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Junbo Huang
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Donald F. Weaver
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A1, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A1, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A1, Canada
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Ribeiro VT, de Souza LC, Simões E Silva AC. Renin-Angiotensin System and Alzheimer's Disease Pathophysiology: From the Potential Interactions to Therapeutic Perspectives. Protein Pept Lett 2020; 27:484-511. [PMID: 31886744 DOI: 10.2174/0929866527666191230103739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
New roles of the Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS), apart from fluid homeostasis and Blood Pressure (BP) regulation, are being progressively unveiled, since the discoveries of RAS alternative axes and local RAS in different tissues, including the brain. Brain RAS is reported to interact with pathophysiological mechanisms of many neurological and psychiatric diseases, including Alzheimer's Disease (AD). Even though AD is the most common cause of dementia worldwide, its pathophysiology is far from elucidated. Currently, no treatment can halt the disease course. Successive failures of amyloid-targeting drugs have challenged the amyloid hypothesis and increased the interest in the inflammatory and vascular aspects of AD. RAS compounds, both centrally and peripherally, potentially interact with neuroinflammation and cerebrovascular regulation. This narrative review discusses the AD pathophysiology and its possible interaction with RAS, looking forward to potential therapeutic approaches. RAS molecules affect BP, cerebral blood flow, neuroinflammation, and oxidative stress. Angiotensin (Ang) II, via angiotensin type 1 receptors may promote brain tissue damage, while Ang-(1-7) seems to elicit neuroprotection. Several studies dosed RAS molecules in AD patients' biological material, with heterogeneous results. The link between AD and clinical conditions related to classical RAS axis overactivation (hypertension, heart failure, and chronic kidney disease) supports the hypothesized role of this system in AD. Additionally, RAStargeting drugs as Angiotensin Converting Enzyme inhibitors (ACEis) and Angiotensin Receptor Blockers (ARBs) seem to exert beneficial effects on AD. Results of randomized controlled trials testing ACEi or ARBs in AD are awaited to elucidate whether AD-RAS interaction has implications on AD therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Teatini Ribeiro
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Investigation, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Cruz de Souza
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Investigation, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Department of Internal Medicine, Service of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Ana Cristina Simões E Silva
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Investigation, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Otani K, Shichita T. Cerebral sterile inflammation in neurodegenerative diseases. Inflamm Regen 2020; 40:28. [PMID: 33292860 PMCID: PMC7722432 DOI: 10.1186/s41232-020-00137-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic strategies for regulating neuroinflammation are expected in the development of novel therapeutic agents to prevent the progression of central nervous system (CNS) pathologies. An understanding of the detailed molecular and cellular mechanisms of neuroinflammation in each CNS disease is necessary for the development of therapeutics. Since the brain is a sterile organ, neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is triggered by cerebral cellular damage or the abnormal accumulation of inflammatogenic molecules in CNS tissue through the activation of innate and acquired immunity. Inflammation and CNS pathologies worsen each other through various cellular and molecular mechanisms, such as oxidative stress or the accumulation of inflammatogenic molecules induced in the damaged CNS tissue. In this review, we summarize the recent evidence regarding sterile immune responses in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kento Otani
- Stroke Renaissance Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-8506, Japan
- Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Keio University, Tokyo, 105-8512, Japan
| | - Takashi Shichita
- Stroke Renaissance Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-8506, Japan.
- Precursory Research for Innovative Medical Care (PRIME), Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED), Tokyo, 100-0004, Japan.
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247
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Kim YR, Kim YM, Lee J, Park J, Lee JE, Hyun YM. Neutrophils Return to Bloodstream Through the Brain Blood Vessel After Crosstalk With Microglia During LPS-Induced Neuroinflammation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:613733. [PMID: 33364241 PMCID: PMC7753044 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.613733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The circulatory neutrophil and brain tissue-resident microglia are two important immune cells involved in neuroinflammation. Since neutrophils that infiltrate through the brain vascular vessel may affect the immune function of microglia in the brain, close investigation of the interaction between these cells is important in understanding neuroinflammatory phenomena and immunological aftermaths that follow. This study aimed to observe how morphology and function of both neutrophils and microglia are converted in the inflamed brain. To directly investigate cellular responses of neutrophils and microglia, LysMGFP/+ and CX3CR1GFP/+ mice were used for the observation of neutrophils and microglia, respectively. In addition, low-dose lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was utilized to induce acute inflammation in the central nervous system (CNS) of mice. Real-time observation on mice brain undergoing neuroinflammation via two-photon intravital microscopy revealed various changes in neutrophils and microglia; namely, neutrophil infiltration and movement within the brain tissue increased, while microglia displayed morphological changes suggesting an activated state. Furthermore, neutrophils seemed to not only actively interact with microglial processes but also exhibit reverse transendothelial migration (rTEM) back to the bloodstream. Thus, it may be postulated that, through crosstalk with neutrophils, macrophages are primed to initiate a neuroinflammatory immune response; also, during pathogenic events in the brain, neutrophils that engage in rTEM may deliver proinflammatory signals to peripheral organs outside the brain. Taken together, these results both show that neuroinflammation results in significant alterations in neutrophils and microglia and lay the pavement for further studies on the molecular mechanisms behind such changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Rim Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,BK21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Young Min Kim
- Department of Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jaeho Lee
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,BK21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Joohyun Park
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,BK21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jong Eun Lee
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,BK21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Young-Min Hyun
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,BK21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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248
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Javed I, Cui X, Wang X, Mortimer M, Andrikopoulos N, Li Y, Davis TP, Zhao Y, Ke PC, Chen C. Implications of the Human Gut-Brain and Gut-Cancer Axes for Future Nanomedicine. ACS NANO 2020; 14:14391-14416. [PMID: 33138351 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c07258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Recent clinical and pathological evidence have implicated the gut microbiota as a nexus for modulating the homeostasis of the human body, impacting conditions from cancer and dementia to obesity and social behavior. The connections between microbiota and human diseases offer numerous opportunities in medicine, most of which have limited or no therapeutic solutions available. In light of this paradigm-setting trend in science, this review aims to provide a comprehensive and timely summary of the mechanistic pathways governing the gut microbiota and their implications for nanomedicines targeting cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. Specifically, we discuss in parallel the beneficial and pathogenic relationship of the gut microbiota along the gut-brain and gut-cancer axes, elaborate on the impact of dysbiosis and the gastrointestinal corona on the efficacy of nanomedicines, and highlight a molecular mimicry that manipulates the universal cross-β backbone of bacterial amyloid to accelerate neurological disorders. This review further offers a forward-looking section on the rational design of cancer and dementia nanomedicines exploiting the gut-brain and gut-cancer axes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Javed
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Xuejing Cui
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Monika Mortimer
- Institute of Environmental and Health Sciences, College of Quality and Safety Engineering, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China
| | - Nikolaos Andrikopoulos
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Yuhuan Li
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 111 Yixueyuan Rd, Xuhui District, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Thomas P Davis
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Yuliang Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Pu Chun Ke
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 111 Yixueyuan Rd, Xuhui District, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Chunying Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing 100190, China
- GBA Research Innovation Institute for Nanotechnology, Guangdong 510700, China
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249
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Yu L, Li H, Liu W, Zhang L, Tian Q, Li H, Li M. MiR-485-3p serves as a biomarker and therapeutic target of Alzheimer's disease via regulating neuronal cell viability and neuroinflammation by targeting AKT3. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2020; 9:e1548. [PMID: 33220166 PMCID: PMC7963426 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.1548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Numerous microRNAs (miRNAs) have been identified as functional molecules in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis. This study aimed to investigate the diagnostic value of microRNA-485-3p (miR-485-3p) in AD patients, evaluate the effect of miR-485-3p on neuronal viability and neuroinflammation, as well as the underlying molecular mechanisms. METHODS Quantitative Real-Time PCR was used to estimate expression of miR-485-3p and AKT3. A ROC analysis was used to evaluate the diagnostic value of miR-485-3p. The correlation of miR-485-3p with patients' MMSE score and inflammatory response was analyzed. Using Aβ-treated SH-SY5Y and BV2 cells models, the effects of miR-485-3p on neuronal proliferation, apoptosis, and neuroinflammation were explored. A luciferase reporter assay was used to confirm the target gene of miR-485-3p in both SH-SY5Y and BV2 cells. RESULTS Serum miR-485-3p expression was significantly upregulated in AD patients and cell models, which had a high diagnostic accuracy and correlated with MMSE score and inflammatory response in AD patients. The knockdown of miR-485-3p in SH-SY5Y and BV2 cells was found to significantly reverse the effect of Aβ treatment on neuronal viability and neuroinflammation. AKT3 was determined as a target of miR-485-3p, which might mediate the biological function of miR-485-3p in AD pathogenesis. CONCLUSION All the data indicated that increased serum miR-485-3p serves as a diagnostic biomarker in AD patients, and knockdown of miR-485-3p exerts a neuroprotective role by improving neuronal viability and weakening neuroinflammation, which may be mediated by AKT3. This study may provide a novel biomarker and therapeutic target for AD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Yu
- Department of Neurology, Shengli Oilfield Central Hospital, Dongying, China
| | - Haiting Li
- Department of Neurology, Shengli Oilfield Central Hospital, Dongying, China
| | - Wenhu Liu
- Department of Neurology, Shengli Oilfield Central Hospital, Dongying, China
| | - Ligong Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Shengli Oilfield Central Hospital, Dongying, China
| | - Qun Tian
- Department of Neurology, Shengli Oilfield Central Hospital, Dongying, China
| | - Hairong Li
- Department of Neurology, Shengli Oilfield Central Hospital, Dongying, China
| | - Min Li
- Department of Neurology, Shengli Oilfield Central Hospital, Dongying, China
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250
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Lee HJ, Woo H, Lee HE, Jeon H, Ryu KY, Nam JH, Jeon SG, Park H, Lee JS, Han KM, Lee SM, Kim J, Kang RJ, Lee YH, Kim JI, Hoe HS. The novel DYRK1A inhibitor KVN93 regulates cognitive function, amyloid-beta pathology, and neuroinflammation. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 160:575-595. [PMID: 32896600 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Regulating amyloid beta (Aβ) pathology and neuroinflammatory responses holds promise for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other neurodegenerative and/or neuroinflammation-related diseases. In this study, the effects of KVN93, an inhibitor of dual-specificity tyrosine phosphorylation-regulated kinase-1A (DYRK1A), on cognitive function and Aβ plaque levels and the underlying mechanism of action were evaluated in 5x FAD mice (a mouse model of AD). KVN93 treatment significantly improved long-term memory by enhancing dendritic synaptic function. In addition, KVN93 significantly reduced Aβ plaque levels in 5x FAD mice by regulating levels of the Aβ degradation enzymes neprilysin (NEP) and insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE). Moreover, Aβ-induced microglial and astrocyte activation were significantly suppressed in the KVN-treated 5xFAD mice. KVN93 altered neuroinflammation induced by LPS in microglial cells but not primary astrocytes by regulating TLR4/AKT/STAT3 signaling, and in wild-type mice injected with LPS, KVN93 treatment reduced microglial and astrocyte activation. Overall, these results suggest that the novel DYRK1A inhibitor KVN93 is a potential therapeutic drug for regulating cognitive/synaptic function, Aβ plaque load, and neuroinflammatory responses in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Ju Lee
- Department of Neural Development and Disease, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), 61, Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu, 41062, South Korea.
| | - Hanwoong Woo
- Department of Neural Development and Disease, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), 61, Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu, 41062, South Korea.
| | - Ha-Eun Lee
- School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, South Korea.
| | - Hyongjun Jeon
- Department of Neural Development and Disease, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), 61, Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu, 41062, South Korea.
| | - Ka-Young Ryu
- Department of Neural Development and Disease, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), 61, Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu, 41062, South Korea.
| | - Jin Han Nam
- Department of Neural Development and Disease, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), 61, Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu, 41062, South Korea.
| | - Seong Gak Jeon
- Department of Neural Development and Disease, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), 61, Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu, 41062, South Korea.
| | - HyunHee Park
- Department of Neural Development and Disease, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), 61, Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu, 41062, South Korea.
| | - Ji-Soo Lee
- Department of Neural Development and Disease, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), 61, Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu, 41062, South Korea.
| | - Kyung-Min Han
- Department of Neural Development and Disease, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), 61, Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu, 41062, South Korea.
| | - Sang Min Lee
- Department of Neural Development and Disease, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), 61, Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu, 41062, South Korea.
| | - Jeongyeon Kim
- Department of Neural Development and Disease, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), 61, Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu, 41062, South Korea.
| | - Ri Jin Kang
- Department of Neural Development and Disease, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), 61, Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu, 41062, South Korea.
| | - Young-Ho Lee
- Research Center of Bioconvergence Analysis, Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), Ochang, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28119, South Korea; Bio-Analytical Science, University of Science and Technology (UST), Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, South Korea; Neurovascular Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), 61, Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu 41062, South Korea.
| | - Jae-Ick Kim
- School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, South Korea.
| | - Hyang-Sook Hoe
- Department of Neural Development and Disease, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), 61, Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu, 41062, South Korea; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology, Daegu, 42988, South Korea.
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