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Yuan HS, Lu X, Dai YC, Hyde KD, Kan YH, Kušan I, He SH, Liu NG, Sarma VV, Zhao CL, Cui BK, Yousaf N, Sun G, Liu SY, Wu F, Lin CG, Dayarathne MC, Gibertoni TB, Conceição LB, Garibay-Orijel R, Villegas-Ríos M, Salas-Lizana R, Wei TZ, Qiu JZ, Yu ZF, Phookamsak R, Zeng M, Paloi S, Bao DF, Abeywickrama PD, Wei DP, Yang J, Manawasinghe IS, Harishchandra D, Brahmanage RS, de Silva NI, Tennakoon DS, Karunarathna A, Gafforov Y, Pem D, Zhang SN, de Azevedo Santiago ALCM, Bezerra JDP, Dima B, Acharya K, Alvarez-Manjarrez J, Bahkali AH, Bhatt VK, Brandrud TE, Bulgakov TS, Camporesi E, Cao T, Chen YX, Chen YY, Devadatha B, Elgorban AM, Fan LF, Du X, Gao L, Gonçalves CM, Gusmão LFP, Huanraluek N, Jadan M, Jayawardena RS, Khalid AN, Langer E, Lima DX, de Lima-Júnior NC, de Lira CRS, Liu JK(J, Liu S, Lumyong S, Luo ZL, Matočec N, Niranjan M, Oliveira-Filho JRC, Papp V, Pérez-Pazos E, Phillips AJL, Qiu PL, Ren Y, Ruiz RFC, Semwal KC, Soop K, de Souza CAF, Souza-Motta CM, Sun LH, Xie ML, Yao YJ, Zhao Q, Zhou LW. Fungal diversity notes 1277–1386: taxonomic and phylogenetic contributions to fungal taxa. FUNGAL DIVERS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13225-020-00461-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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202
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Nguyen MH, Yong JH, Sung HJ, Lee JK. Screening of Endophytic Fungal Isolates Against Raffaelea quercus-mongolicae Causing Oak Wilt Disease in Korea. MYCOBIOLOGY 2020; 48:484-494. [PMID: 33312015 PMCID: PMC7717708 DOI: 10.1080/12298093.2020.1830486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Oak wilt disease caused by Raffaelea quercus-mongolicae has emerged obviously in Korea. We selected antifungal isolates against R. quercus-mongolicae among 368 endophytic fungal isolates from different parts of oak and pine trees. The experiment was conducted in the primary and secondary screenings by dual culture test. The antifungal activity of the selected isolates was assessed in culture filtrate test based on the inhibition rates in mycelial growth, sporulation, and spore germination of oak wilt fungus. Five isolates, E089, E199, E282, E409 and E415, showed strong antifungal activity in culture filtrate test, and their antifungal activity decreased on the culture media supplemented with heated culture filtrate. Higher mycelial growth inhibitions on the unheated media were recorded in E409 (Colletotrichum acutatum), E089 (Daldinia childiae), E415 (Alternaria alternata) and E199 (Daldinia childiae) with the inhibition rates of 79.0%, 70.1%, 68.9% and 64.5%, respectively. These isolates also had the higher sporulation inhibitions on unheated media with the rates of 96.8%, 84.2%, 82.8% and 80.5%, respectively. The spore germination of the oak wilt fungus was completely inhibited by E282 (Nectria balsamea) on both unheated and heated media. These results showed that a higher number of potent antifungal isolates against oak wilt fungus was isolated from the petiole compared to the other parts. This study could contribute to the development of biological control approaches for the management of oak wilt disease caused by R. quercus-mongolicae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manh Ha Nguyen
- Tree Pathology and Mycology Laboratory, College of Forest and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
- Forest Protection Research Center, Vietnamese Academy of Forest Sciences, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Joo Hyun Yong
- Tree Pathology and Mycology Laboratory, College of Forest and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Han Jung Sung
- Tree Pathology and Mycology Laboratory, College of Forest and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Jong Kyu Lee
- Tree Pathology and Mycology Laboratory, College of Forest and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
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203
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Zhao Y, Jiang T, Xu H, Xu G, Qian G, Liu F. Characterization of Lysobacter spp. strains and their potential use as biocontrol agents against pear anthracnose. Microbiol Res 2020; 242:126624. [PMID: 33189074 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2020.126624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Colletotrichum fructicola, is an important fungal pathogen that has been reported to cause pear (Pyrus) anthracnose in China, resulting in substantial economic losses due to severe defoliation and decreased fruit quality and yield. In the search for novel strategies to control pear anthracnose, Lysobacter strains have drawn a great deal of attention due to their high-level production of extracellular enzymes and bioactive metabolites. In the present study, we compared four Lysobacter strains including Lysobacter enzymogenes OH11, Lysobacter antibioticus OH13, Lysobacter gummosus OH17 and Lysobacter brunescens OH23 with respect to their characteristics and activity against pear anthracnose caused by C. fructicola. The results showed that the evaluated Lysobacter species presented various colony morphologies when cultured on different media and were proficient in producing protease, chitinase, cellulase and glucanase, with L. enzymogenes OH11 showing typical twitching motility. L. enzymogenes OH11 and L. gummosus OH17 showed potent activity against the tested fungi and oomycetes. L. gummosus OH17 produced HSAF (heat-stable antifungal factor) which was demonstrated to be a major antifungal factor in L. enzymogenes OH11 and C3. Furthermore, L. antibioticus OH13 and L. brunescens OH23 exhibited strong antibacterial activity, especially against Xanthomonas species. Cultures of L. enzymogenes OH11 protected pear against anthracnose caused by C. fructicola, and the in vivo results indicated that treatment with an L. enzymogenes OH11 culture could decrease the diameter of lesions in pears by 35 % and reduce the severity of rot symptoms compared to that observed in the control. In the present study, we systemically compared four Lysobacter strains and demonstrated that they have strong antagonistic activity against a range of pathogens, demonstrating their promise in the development of biological control agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Zhao
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210014, PR China
| | - Tianping Jiang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210014, PR China; College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Huiyong Xu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210014, PR China
| | - Gaoge Xu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210014, PR China
| | - Guoliang Qian
- College of Plant Protection (Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, PR China
| | - Fengquan Liu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210014, PR China; Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China.
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Fun(gi)omics: Advanced and Diverse Technologies to Explore Emerging Fungal Pathogens and Define Mechanisms of Antifungal Resistance. mBio 2020; 11:mBio.01020-20. [PMID: 33024032 PMCID: PMC7542357 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01020-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The landscape of infectious fungal agents includes previously unidentified or rare pathogens with the potential to cause unprecedented casualties in biodiversity, food security, and human health. The influences of human activity, including the crisis of climate change, along with globalized transport, are underlying factors shaping fungal adaptation to increased temperature and expanded geographical regions. Furthermore, the emergence of novel antifungal-resistant strains linked to excessive use of antifungals (in the clinic) and fungicides (in the field) offers an additional challenge to protect major crop staples and control dangerous fungal outbreaks. The landscape of infectious fungal agents includes previously unidentified or rare pathogens with the potential to cause unprecedented casualties in biodiversity, food security, and human health. The influences of human activity, including the crisis of climate change, along with globalized transport, are underlying factors shaping fungal adaptation to increased temperature and expanded geographical regions. Furthermore, the emergence of novel antifungal-resistant strains linked to excessive use of antifungals (in the clinic) and fungicides (in the field) offers an additional challenge to protect major crop staples and control dangerous fungal outbreaks. Hence, the alarming frequency of fungal infections in medical and agricultural settings requires effective research to understand the virulent nature of fungal pathogens and improve the outcome of infection in susceptible hosts. Mycology-driven research has benefited from a contemporary and unified approach of omics technology, deepening the biological, biochemical, and biophysical understanding of these emerging fungal pathogens. Here, we review the current state-of-the-art multi-omics technologies, explore the power of data integration strategies, and highlight discovery-based revelations of globally important and taxonomically diverse fungal pathogens. This information provides new insight for emerging pathogens through an in-depth understanding of well-characterized fungi and provides alternative therapeutic strategies defined through novel findings of virulence, adaptation, and resistance.
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205
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Xue L, Zhang Y, Duan T, Li M, White JF, Liu Y, Li C. Characterization and Pathogenicity of Colletotrichum Species on Philodendron tatei cv. Congo in Gansu Province, China. PLANT DISEASE 2020; 104:2571-2584. [PMID: 32816625 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-09-19-1952-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In recent years in China, leaf spot caused by Colletotrichum species has been an emerging disease of Philodendron tatei cv. Congo. From 2016 to 2019, typical symptoms, appearing as circular or ovoid, sunken, and brown lesions with a yellow halo, were commonly observed on P. tatei cv. Congo in and around Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China. Conidiomata were often visible on infected leaf surfaces. Leaf disease incidence was approximately 5 to 20%. A total of 126 single-spored Colletotrichum isolates were obtained from leaf lesions. Multilocus phylogenetic relationships were analyzed based on seven genomic loci (ITS, ACT, GAPDH, HIS3, CAL, CHS-1, and TUB2) and the morphological characters of the isolates determined. These isolates were identified as three Colletotrichum species in this study. A further 93 isolates, accounting for 74% of all Colletotrichum isolates, were described as new species and named as Colletotrichum philodendricola sp. nov. after the host plant genus name, Philodendron; another two isolates were named as C. pseudoboninense sp. nov. based on phylogenetic and morphological relativeness to C. boninense; the other 31 isolates, belonging to the C. orchidearum species complex, were identified as a known species-C. orchidearum. Both novel species C. philodendricola and C. pseudoboninense belong to the C. boninense species complex. Pathogenicity tests by both spray and point inoculations confirmed that all three species could infect leaves of P. tatei cv. Congo. For spray inoculation, the mean infection rate of leaves on the three species was only 4.7% (0 to 12%), and the size on lesions was mostly 1 to 2 mm in length. For point inoculation, 30 days after nonwounding inoculation, the infection rate on leaves was 0 to 35%; in wounding inoculation, the infection rate of leaves was 35 to 65%; wounding in healthy leaves greatly enhanced the pathogenicity of these three species to P. tatei cv. Congo; however, the sizes of lesions among the three species were not significantly different. To our knowledge, this is the first report of Colletotrichum species associated with anthracnose diseases on P. tatei cv. Congo. Results obtained in this study will assist the disease prevention and appropriate management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longhai Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems; Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education; Gansu Tech Innovation Center of Western China Grassland Industry; Center for Grassland Microbiome; College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, China
- Institute of Plant Protection, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Yongwen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems; Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education; Gansu Tech Innovation Center of Western China Grassland Industry; Center for Grassland Microbiome; College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, China
| | - Tingyu Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems; Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education; Gansu Tech Innovation Center of Western China Grassland Industry; Center for Grassland Microbiome; College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, China
| | - Mengyuan Li
- College of Management, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, China
| | - James F White
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901-8520, U.S.A
| | - Yong Liu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Chunjie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems; Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education; Gansu Tech Innovation Center of Western China Grassland Industry; Center for Grassland Microbiome; College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, China
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206
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Jayawardena RS, Hyde KD, Chen YJ, Papp V, Palla B, Papp D, Bhunjun CS, Hurdeal VG, Senwanna C, Manawasinghe IS, Harischandra DL, Gautam AK, Avasthi S, Chuankid B, Goonasekara ID, Hongsanan S, Zeng X, Liyanage KK, Liu N, Karunarathna A, Hapuarachchi KK, Luangharn T, Raspé O, Brahmanage R, Doilom M, Lee HB, Mei L, Jeewon R, Huanraluek N, Chaiwan N, Stadler M, Wang Y. One stop shop IV: taxonomic update with molecular phylogeny for important phytopathogenic genera: 76–100 (2020). FUNGAL DIVERS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13225-020-00460-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThis is a continuation of a series focused on providing a stable platform for the taxonomy of phytopathogenic fungi and fungus-like organisms. This paper focuses on one family: Erysiphaceae and 24 phytopathogenic genera: Armillaria, Barriopsis, Cercospora, Cladosporium, Clinoconidium, Colletotrichum, Cylindrocladiella, Dothidotthia,, Fomitopsis, Ganoderma, Golovinomyces, Heterobasidium, Meliola, Mucor, Neoerysiphe, Nothophoma, Phellinus, Phytophthora, Pseudoseptoria, Pythium, Rhizopus, Stemphylium, Thyrostroma and Wojnowiciella. Each genus is provided with a taxonomic background, distribution, hosts, disease symptoms, and updated backbone trees. Species confirmed with pathogenicity studies are denoted when data are available. Six of the genera are updated from previous entries as many new species have been described.
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207
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Pan H, Deng L, Feng D, Zhong C, Li L. First Report of Anthracnose Caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides on Akebia trifoliata in China. PLANT DISEASE 2020; 105:499. [PMID: 32915120 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-07-20-1525-pdn] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Akebia trifoliata (Thunberg) Koidzumi (three-leaf akebia), a climbing deciduous woody plant, grows wild in mountains of China and Japan. It has long been prized for its delicious sweet taste and medicinal value (Lu et al., 2019). Few pests and diseases reportedly affect this plant (Ye et al., 2013), but with more commercial planting of A. trifoliata in China, symptoms of anthracnose on leaves and fruits have increased. Between December 2018 and May 2019, typical anthracnose symptoms were first observed on A. trifoliata grown in Wuhan, China, with an incidence up to 15%. Diseased leaves exhibited irregular gray-brown spots with dark brown edges, and dark brown undersides, substantially affecting photosynthesis and growth. As disease progressed, white mycelium appeared on stems causing stem rot and fruit drop. Several round or needle-shaped dark brown spots formed on fruit peel, coalescing into irregular, slightly sunken blotches. Under high humidity, the whole fruit turned brown and the spots were covered by white mycelia, greatly affecting the fruits' ornamental quality. To isolate the pathogen, 5-mm2 pieces of symptomatic tissue from 10 infected leaves and fruits were surface-disinfected for 90 s in 1% sodium hypochlorite then 30 s in 75% ethanol, rinsed twice with sterile water, then incubated on potato dextrose agar (PDA, Oxoid) at 25°C under 12 h light/dark photoperiod. Pure cultures were obtained from hyphal tips of each colony. Initially, colonies produced white mycelia, turning gray after 5 days. The isolates produced abundant hyaline, single celled, straight and cylindrical conidia, with mean size 10.35 to 15.58 × 3.46 to 5.69 μm. Morphological characteristics were generally consistent with those of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Cannon et al. 2012). Genomic DNA of three isolates was extracted for PCR amplification of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, and β-tubulin (TUB2), and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) genes (Weir et al. 2012). BLAST search identified all sequences (GenBank accession nos. MT451846 to MT451848 for ITS, MT573957 to MT573959 for TUB2, and MT573960 to MT573962 for GAPDH) as 100% matches to C. gloeosporioides (Penz.) Penz. & Sacc. CBS 112999 strain (JQ005152 for ITS, JQ005587 for TUB2, JQ005239 for GAPDH) (Damm et al. 2009). Identification was confirmed by maximum likelihood phylogenetic analysis using MEGA7 . To evaluate pathogenicity, isolates were inoculated onto one side of 10 wounded healthy leaves of 1-year-old pot-grown A. trifoliata plants and 10 nearly mature fruits, with 10 μl of conidial suspension (106/ml) and colonized PDA pieces (5 mm diam.) from 7-day-old cultures of the fungus in Petri dishes; control sides received 10 μl sterile distilled water and sterile agar pieces. The test was performed twice. After incubation at 25°C, 70% humidity under 12 h fluorescent illumination/12 h dark for 5 days, similar spots were observed on all inoculated leaves and fruits. Controls remained asymptomatic. The re-isolated pathogen was identified as C. gloeosporioides by biological characteristics and sequencing analysis, indicating that C. gloeosporioides was a causal agent of anthracnose of A. trifoliata. Anthracnose caused by C. acutatum has been reported on A. trifoliata in Japan (Kobayshi et al. 2004). To our knowledge, this is the first report of C. gloeosporioides found on Akebia species. The new disease primarily reduces the quality and yield of A. trifoliata. Effective measures should be taken to manage this disease. Funding: This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31701974; 31901980), Science and technology program funded by Wuhan Science and Technology Bureau (2018020401011307). References: Lu, W.L., et al. 2019. J. Ethnopharmacol. 234:204. Ye, Y.F., et al. 2013. Plant Dis. 97:1659. Kobayshi, Y., et al. 2004. J. Gen. Plant Pathol. 70:295. Cannon, P.F., et al. 2012. Stud. Mycol. 73:181. Weir, B.S., et al. 2012. Stud. Mycol. 73:115. Damm, U., et al. 2009. Fungal Divers. 39:45.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Pan
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China, Wuhan, China;
| | - Lei Deng
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China, Wuhan, China;
| | - Dandan Feng
- Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, , Wuhan, China;
| | - Caihong Zhong
- Key laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agricμlture, Wuhan Botanic Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Key laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agricμlture, Wuhan Botanic Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China, Wuhan, China, 430074;
| | - Li Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanic Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hubei Province, Wuhan, Lumo 1, Wuhan, China, 430074;
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208
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Olivé M, Campo S. The dsRNA mycovirus ChNRV1 causes mild hypervirulence in the fungal phytopathogen Colletotrichum higginsianum. Arch Microbiol 2020; 203:241-249. [PMID: 32914229 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-020-02030-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The genus Colletotrichum comprises a large number of filamentous fungi responsible for anthracnose diseases in many tropical and subtropical fruits and vegetables. In particular, Colletotrichum higginsianum infects Brassicaceae species, including Arabidopsis. The C. higginsianum strain IMI349063A is naturally infected with a dsRNA virus, named Colletorichum higginsianum non-segmented virus (ChNRV1). Here, we investigated the biological effect of ChNRV1 in C. higginsianum by comparing strains with and without the virus. ChNRV1 does not have an effect on C. higginsianum growth under salt and cell-wall stress conditions. However, thermal stress reduced C. higginsianum growth rate, this effect being more evident in the wild-type C. higginsianum strain containing the virus. Although ChNRV1 had no effect in conidiation, conidia were narrower when the virus is present. More importantly, ChNRV1 causes a mild increase in C. higginsianum virulence (hypervirulence) when infecting Arabidopsis plants. These findings indicated that, whereas the ChNRV1 mycovirus does not impair growth and conidiation of C. higginsianum, it confers hypervirulence to the fungal host. These findings will help in future research on the effect of mycoviral infection on pathogenic fungi in plant species of agronomical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Olivé
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallés), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sonia Campo
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallés), Barcelona, Spain.
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209
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Chitinase Gene Positively Regulates Hypersensitive and Defense Responses of Pepper to Colletotrichum acutatum Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186624. [PMID: 32927746 PMCID: PMC7555800 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum acutatum is one of the most devastating fungal diseases of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). The utilization of chitin-binding proteins or chitinase genes is the best option to control this disease. A chitin-binding domain (CBD) has been shown to be crucial for the innate immunity of plants and activates the hypersensitive response (HR). The CaChiIII7 chitinase gene has been identified and isolated from pepper plants. CaChiIII7 has repeated CBDs that encode a chitinase enzyme that is transcriptionally stimulated by C. acutatum infection. The knockdown of CaChiIII7 in pepper plants confers increased hypersensitivity to C. acutatum, resulting in its proliferation in infected leaves and an attenuation of the defense response genes CaPR1, CaPR5, and SAR8.2 in the CaChiIII7-silenced pepper plants. Additionally, H2O2 accumulation, conductivity, proline biosynthesis, and root activity were distinctly reduced in CaChiIII7-silenced plants. Subcellular localization analyses indicated that the CaChiIII7 protein is located in the plasma membrane and cytoplasm of plant cells. The transient expression of CaChiIII7 increases the basal resistance to C. acutatum by significantly expressing several defense response genes and the HR in pepper leaves, accompanied by an induction of H2O2 biosynthesis. These findings demonstrate that CaChiIII7 plays a prominent role in plant defense in response to pathogen infection.
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210
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Diversity and pathogenicity of Colletotrichum species causing strawberry anthracnose in Taiwan and description of a new species, Colletotrichum miaoliense sp. nov. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14664. [PMID: 32887909 PMCID: PMC7473857 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70878-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Strawberry is a small fruit crop with high economic value. Anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum spp. poses a serious threat to strawberry production, particularly in warm and humid climates, but knowledge of pathogen populations in tropical and subtropical regions is limited. To investigate the diversity of infectious agents causing strawberry anthracnose in Taiwan, a disease survey was conducted from 2010 to 2018, and Colletotrichum spp. were identified through morphological characterization and multilocus phylogenetic analysis with internal transcribed spacer, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, chitin synthase, actin, beta-tubulin, calmodulin, and the intergenic region between Apn2 and MAT1-2-1 (ApMAT). Among 52 isolates collected from 24 farms/nurseries in Taiwan, a new species, Colletotrichum miaoliense sp. nov. (6% of all isolates), a species not previously known to be associated with strawberry, Colletotrichum karstii (6%), and three known species, Colletotrichum siamense (75%), Colletotrichum fructicola (11%), and Colletotrichum boninense (2%), were identified. The predominant species C. siamense and C. fructicola exhibited higher mycelial growth rates on potato dextrose agar and caused larger lesions on wounded and non-wounded detached strawberry leaves. Colletotrichum boninense, C. karstii, and C. miaoliense only caused lesions on wounded leaves. Understanding the composition and biology of the pathogen population will help in disease management and resistance breeding.
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211
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Liu LP, Wang Y, Qiu PL, Zhang B, Zhang L, Wang N, Li Y, Gao J, Hsiang T. Colletotrichum neorubicola sp. nov., a new leaf anthracnose pathogen of raspberry from northeast China. Mycol Prog 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11557-020-01614-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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212
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Dowling M, Peres N, Villani S, Schnabel G. Managing Colletotrichum on Fruit Crops: A "Complex" Challenge. PLANT DISEASE 2020; 104:2301-2316. [PMID: 32689886 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-11-19-2378-fe] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The fungal genus Colletotrichum includes numerous important plant pathogenic species and species complexes that infect a wide variety of hosts. Its taxonomy is particularly complex because species' phenotypes and genotypes are difficult to differentiate. Two notable complexes, C. acutatum and C. gloeosporioides, are known for infecting temperate fruit crops worldwide. Even species within these complexes vary in traits such as tissue specificity, aggressiveness, geographic distribution, and fungicide sensitivity. With few effective chemicals available to control these pathogens, and the persistent threat of fungicide resistance, there is a need for greater understanding of this destructive genus and the methods that can be used for disease management. This review summarizes current research on diseases caused by Colletotrichum spp. on major fruit crops in the United States, focusing on the taxonomy of species involved, disease management strategies, and future management outlook.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline Dowling
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634
| | - Natalia Peres
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, Wimauma, FL 33598
| | - Sara Villani
- Department of Entomology & Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695
| | - Guido Schnabel
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634
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213
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Sandoval-Contreras T, IÑiguez-Moreno M, Garrido-SÁnchez L, Ragazzo-SÁnchez JA, NarvÁez-Zapata JA, Ascencio F, CalderÓn-Santoyo M. Predictive Model for the Effect of Environmental Conditions on the Postharvest Development of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Strains Isolated from Papaya (Carica papaya L.). J Food Prot 2020; 83:1495-1504. [PMID: 32236559 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-19-493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Colletotrichum species are the most important postharvest spoilage fungi of papaya fruit. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of temperature and relative humidity on growth rate and time for growth to become visible of five strains of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides isolated from papaya fruit in a complex medium. As a primary model, the radial growth rates were estimated using the Baranyi and Roberts model in papaya agar. The Solver MS Excel function was used to obtain the time to visible mycelium (tv). Secondary models obtained with the Rosso et al. cardinal model of inflection were applied to describe the effect of temperature on the growth rate (μ). The Arrhenius-Davey model was used to model tv. The obtained models seem to be satisfactory for describing both μ and tv. The relative humidity had an effect on μ and tv for all tested C. gloeosporioides isolates, but no model accurately described the behavior of the fungus. External validation of models was performed with papaya fruit. Growth models were developed with the same models used in vitro. The bias and the accuracy factors as indices for performance evaluation of predictive models in food microbiology as a function of temperature and RH were 1.22 and 1.33, respectively, for μ and 1.18 and 1.62, respectively, for tv, indicating accurate predictions. The supply chain of papaya is complex and requires constant conditions, and poor conditions can result in damage to the fruit. Knowledge of the behavior of C. gloeosporioides on papaya fruit and application of the developed models in the supply chain will help to establish transport control strategies to combat these fungi. This research has contributed to development of the first models of growth for C. gloeosporioides in Mexico. HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Sandoval-Contreras
- Tecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto Tecnológico de Tepic, Av. Tecnológico #2595, C.P. 63175 Tepic, Nayarit, México
| | - Maricarmen IÑiguez-Moreno
- Tecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto Tecnológico de Tepic, Av. Tecnológico #2595, C.P. 63175 Tepic, Nayarit, México
| | - Luis Garrido-SÁnchez
- Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Occidente, Periférico Sur Manuel Gómez Morín #8585, C.P. 45604 Tlaquepaque, Jalisco, México
| | - Juan Arturo Ragazzo-SÁnchez
- Tecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto Tecnológico de Tepic, Av. Tecnológico #2595, C.P. 63175 Tepic, Nayarit, México
| | - JosÉ Alberto NarvÁez-Zapata
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Col. Narciso Mendoza, Reynosa, Tamaulipas, México
| | - Felipe Ascencio
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste. Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, Playa Palo de Santa Rita Sur, C.P. 23096 La Paz, Baja California Sur, México
| | - Montserrat CalderÓn-Santoyo
- Tecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto Tecnológico de Tepic, Av. Tecnológico #2595, C.P. 63175 Tepic, Nayarit, México.,(ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8744-1815 [M.C.S.])
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214
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Liu X, Zheng X, Khaskheli MI, Sun X, Chang X, Gong G. Identification of Colletotrichum Species Associated with Blueberry Anthracnose in Sichuan, China. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9090718. [PMID: 32878188 PMCID: PMC7559709 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9090718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum spp. is an important disease of blueberries and results in large economic losses for blueberry growers. Samples of anthracnose were collected from six main blueberry cultivation areas in Sichuan Province. In total, 74 Colletotrichum isolates were obtained through a single-spore purification method and identified to the species through morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analyses based on partial DNA sequences of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions, and the β-tubulin (TUB2), actin (ACT) and calmodulin (CAL) genes. Among all species, Colletotrichum fructicola was the most dominant species, with an isolation percentage of up to 66.2% in Sichuan, followed by Colletotrichum siamense (17.6%), C. kahawae (5.4%), C. karstii (5.4%), C. nymphaeae (2.7%) and C. sichuaninese (2.7%). Pathogenicity tests showed all species were able to cause typical anthracnose symptoms on blueberry leaves and stems. Colletotrichum fructicola was the predominant species with strong aggressiveness. Moreover, C. fructicola, C. kahawae, C. sichuaninese and C. nymphaeae are first reported here to cause blueberry anthracnose. This study provides a comprehensive reference for the association of different Colletotrichum spp., which may support the sustainable management of blueberry anthracnose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Liu
- Plant Protection Department, College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China; (X.L.); (X.Z.); (X.S.); (X.C.)
| | - Xiaojuan Zheng
- Plant Protection Department, College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China; (X.L.); (X.Z.); (X.S.); (X.C.)
| | | | - Xiaofang Sun
- Plant Protection Department, College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China; (X.L.); (X.Z.); (X.S.); (X.C.)
| | - Xiaoli Chang
- Plant Protection Department, College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China; (X.L.); (X.Z.); (X.S.); (X.C.)
| | - Guoshu Gong
- Plant Protection Department, College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China; (X.L.); (X.Z.); (X.S.); (X.C.)
- Correspondence:
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215
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Hyde KD, Jeewon R, Chen YJ, Bhunjun CS, Calabon MS, Jiang HB, Lin CG, Norphanphoun C, Sysouphanthong P, Pem D, Tibpromma S, Zhang Q, Doilom M, Jayawardena RS, Liu JK, Maharachchikumbura SSN, Phukhamsakda C, Phookamsak R, Al-Sadi AM, Thongklang N, Wang Y, Gafforov Y, Gareth Jones EB, Lumyong S. The numbers of fungi: is the descriptive curve flattening? FUNGAL DIVERS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13225-020-00458-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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216
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Ono E, Mise K, Takano Y. RLP23 is required for Arabidopsis immunity against the grey mould pathogen Botrytis cinerea. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13798. [PMID: 32796867 PMCID: PMC7428006 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70485-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Necrosis- and ethylene-inducing-like proteins (NLPs) are secreted by fungi, oomycetes and bacteria. Conserved nlp peptides derived from NLPs are recognized as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), leading to PAMP-triggered immune responses. RLP23 is the receptor of the nlp peptides in Arabidopsis thaliana; however, its actual contribution to plant immunity is unclear. Here, we report that RLP23 is required for Arabidopsis immunity against the necrotrophic fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea. Arabidopsis rlp23 mutants exhibited enhanced susceptibility to B. cinerea compared with the wild-type plants. Notably, microscopic observation of the B. cinerea infection behaviour indicated the involvement of RLP23 in pre-invasive resistance to the pathogen. B. cinerea carried two NLP genes, BcNEP1 and BcNEP2; BcNEP1 was expressed preferentially before/during invasion into Arabidopsis, whereas BcNEP2 was expressed at the late phase of infection. Importantly, the nlp peptides derived from both BcNEP1 and BcNEP2 induced the production of reactive oxygen species in an RLP23-dependent manner. In contrast, another necrotrophic fungus Alternaria brassicicola did not express the NLP gene in the early infection phase and exhibited no enhanced virulence in the rlp23 mutants. Collectively, these results strongly suggest that RLP23 contributes to Arabidopsis pre-invasive resistance to B. cinerea via NLP recognition at the early infection phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Ono
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Mise
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Takano
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan.
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217
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Meng Y, Ren Y, Wang W, Gleason ML, Zhang R, Sun G. A Genome Sequence Resource for the Geographically Widespread Anthracnose Pathogen Colletotrichum asianum. PLANT DISEASE 2020; 104:2044-2047. [PMID: 32452717 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-01-20-0034-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Colletotrichum asianum is a worldwide plant pathogen causing serious fruit or leaf anthracnose diseases on a variety of plant hosts such as mango, coffee berry, chili, and other potential hosts, and it is distributed widely in Asia, America, Africa, and Oceania. This is the first genome resource available for C. asianum. The draft genome assembly will allow further analysis of species diversity and evolutionary mechanisms, and may serve as a foundation for genetic analysis that leads to greater understanding of interactions between plants and fungal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, China
| | - Yihua Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, China
| | - Wenjing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, China
| | - Mark L Gleason
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, U.S.A
| | - Rong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, China
| | - Guangyu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, China
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218
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Lu Q, Wang Y, Xiong F, Hao X, Zhang X, Li N, Wang L, Zeng J, Yang Y, Wang X. Integrated transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses reveal the effects of callose deposition and multihormone signal transduction pathways on the tea plant-Colletotrichum camelliae interaction. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12858. [PMID: 32733080 PMCID: PMC7393116 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69729-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Colletotrichum infects diverse hosts, including tea plants, and can lead to crop failure. Numerous studies have reported that biological processes are involved in the resistance of tea plants to Colletotrichum spp. However, the molecular and biochemical responses in the host during this interaction are unclear. Cuttings of the tea cultivar Longjing 43 (LJ43) were inoculated with a conidial suspension of Colletotrichum camelliae, and water-sprayed cuttings were used as controls. In total, 10,592 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified from the transcriptomic data of the tea plants and were significantly enriched in callose deposition and the biosynthesis of various phytohormones. Subsequently, 3,555 mass spectra peaks were obtained by LC-MS detection in the negative ion mode, and 27, 18 and 81 differentially expressed metabolites (DEMs) were identified in the tea leaves at 12 hpi, 24 hpi and 72 hpi, respectively. The metabolomic analysis also revealed that the levels of the precursors and intermediate products of jasmonic acid (JA) and indole-3-acetate (IAA) biosynthesis were significantly increased during the interaction, especially when the symptoms became apparent. In conclusion, we suggest that callose deposition and various phytohormone signaling systems play important roles in the tea plant-C. camelliae interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinhua Lu
- Tea Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuchun Wang
- Tea Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fei Xiong
- Tea Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Tea Research Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinyuan Hao
- Tea Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinzhong Zhang
- Tea Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Nana Li
- Tea Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Tea Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianming Zeng
- Tea Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yajun Yang
- Tea Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Xinchao Wang
- Tea Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China.
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219
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Khodadadi F, González JB, Martin PL, Giroux E, Bilodeau GJ, Peter KA, Doyle VP, Aćimović SG. Identification and characterization of Colletotrichum species causing apple bitter rot in New York and description of C. noveboracense sp. nov. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11043. [PMID: 32632221 PMCID: PMC7338416 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66761-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Apple bitter rot caused by Colletotrichum species is a growing problem worldwide. Colletotrichum spp. are economically important but taxonomically un-resolved. Identification of Colletotrichum spp. is critical due to potential species-level differences in pathogenicity-related characteristics. A 400-isolate collection from New York apple orchards were morphologically assorted to two groups, C. acutatum species complex (CASC) and C. gloeosporioides species complex (CGSC). A sub-sample of 44 representative isolates, spanning the geographical distribution and apple varieties, were assigned to species based on multi-locus phylogenetic analyses of nrITS, GAPDH and TUB2 for CASC, and ITS, GAPDH, CAL, ACT, TUB2, APN2, ApMat and GS genes for CGSC. The dominant species was C. fioriniae, followed by C. chrysophilum and a novel species, C. noveboracense, described in this study. This study represents the first report of C. chrysophilum and C. noveboracense as pathogens of apple. We assessed the enzyme activity and fungicide sensitivity for isolates identified in New York. All isolates showed amylolytic, cellulolytic and lipolytic, but not proteolytic activity. C. chrysophilum showed the highest cellulase and the lowest lipase activity, while C. noveboracense had the highest amylase activity. Fungicide assays showed that C. fioriniae was sensitive to benzovindiflupyr and thiabendazole, while C. chrysophilum and C. noveboracense were sensitive to fludioxonil, pyraclostrobin and difenoconazole. All species were pathogenic on apple fruit with varying lesion sizes. Our findings of differing pathogenicity-related characteristics among the three species demonstrate the importance of accurate species identification for any downstream investigations of Colletotrichum spp. in major apple growing regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Khodadadi
- Cornell University, Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Hudson Valley Research Laboratory, Highland, NY, USA
| | - Jonathan B González
- Cornell University, Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Phillip L Martin
- Pennsylvania State University, Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, Fruit Research and Extension Center, Biglerville, PA, USA
| | - Emily Giroux
- Pathogen Identification Research Laboratory, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Guillaume J Bilodeau
- Pathogen Identification Research Laboratory, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kari A Peter
- Pennsylvania State University, Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, Fruit Research and Extension Center, Biglerville, PA, USA
| | - Vinson P Doyle
- Louisiana State University AgCenter, Department of Plant Pathology and Crop Physiology, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Srđan G Aćimović
- Cornell University, Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Hudson Valley Research Laboratory, Highland, NY, USA.
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220
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Fu FF, Hao Z, Wang P, Lu Y, Xue LJ, Wei G, Tian Y, Hu B, Xu H, Shi J, Cheng T, Wang G, Yi Y, Chen J. Genome Sequence and Comparative Analysis of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Isolated from Liriodendron Leaves. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2020; 110:1260-1269. [PMID: 32202483 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-12-19-0452-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Colletotrichum gloeosporioides is a hemibiotrophic pathogen causing significant losses to economically important crops and forest trees, including Liriodendron. To explore the interaction between C. gloeosporioides and Liriodendron and to identify the candidate genes determining the pathogenesis, we sequenced and assembled the whole genome of C. gloeosporioides Lc1 (CgLc1) using PacBio and Illumina next generation sequencing and performed a comparative genomic analysis between CgLc1 and Cg01, the latter being a described endophytic species of the C. gloeosporioides complex. Gene structure prediction identified 15,744 protein-coding genes and 837 noncoding RNAs. Species-specific genes were characterized using an ortholog analysis followed by a pathway enrichment analysis, which showed that genes specific to CgLc1 were enriched for the arginine biosynthetic process. Furthermore, genome synteny analysis revealed that most of the protein-coding genes fell into collinear blocks. However, two clusters of polyketide synthase genes were identified to be specific for CgLc1, suggesting that they might have an important role in virulence control. Transcriptional regulators coexpressed with polyketide synthase genes were detected through a Weighted Correlation Network Analysis. Taken together, this work provides new insight into the virulence- and pathogenesis-associated genes present in C. gloeosporioides and its possible lifestyle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Fang Fu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics & Biotechnology of Ministry of Education of China, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhaodong Hao
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics & Biotechnology of Ministry of Education of China, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Pengkai Wang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics & Biotechnology of Ministry of Education of China, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ye Lu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics & Biotechnology of Ministry of Education of China, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Liang-Jiao Xue
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics & Biotechnology of Ministry of Education of China, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guoyu Wei
- Shanghai Municipal Agricultural and Rural Affairs Commission, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanli Tian
- College of Plant Protection and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Baishi Hu
- College of Plant Protection and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Haibin Xu
- College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jisen Shi
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics & Biotechnology of Ministry of Education of China, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tielong Cheng
- College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guibin Wang
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yin Yi
- State Forestry Administration Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Conservation in Karst Mountainous Areas of Southwestern China, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, China
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Developmental Regulation, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, China
| | - Jinhui Chen
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics & Biotechnology of Ministry of Education of China, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
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221
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Anti-fungal properties and mechanisms of melittin. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:6513-6526. [PMID: 32500268 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10701-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Many fungal diseases remain poorly addressed by public health authorities, despite posing a substantial threat to humans, animals, and plants. More worryingly, few classes of anti-fungals have been developed to combat fungal infections thus far. These medications also have certain drawbacks in terms of toxicity, spectrum of activity, and pharmacokinetic properties. Hence, there is a dire need for discovery of novel anti-fungal agents. Melittin, the main constituent in the venom of European honeybee Apis mellifera, has attracted considerable attention among researchers owing to its potential therapeutic applications. To our knowledge, there has been no review pertinent to anti-fungal properties of melittin, prompting us to synopsize the results of experimental investigations with a special emphasis upon underlying mechanisms. In this respect, melittin inhibits a broad spectrum of fungal genera including Aspergillus, Botrytis, Candida, Colletotrichum, Fusarium, Malassezia, Neurospora, Penicillium, Saccharomyces, Trichoderma, Trichophyton, and Trichosporon. Melittin hinders fungal growth by several mechanisms such as membrane permeabilization, apoptosis induction by reactive oxygen species-mediated mitochondria/caspase-dependent pathway, inhibition of (1,3)-β-D-glucan synthase, and alterations in fungal gene expression. Overall, melittin will definitely open up new avenues for various biomedical applications, from medicine to agriculture. KEYPOINTS: • Venom-derived peptides have potential for development of anti-microbial agents. • Many fungal pathogens are susceptible to melittin at micromolar concentrations. • Melittin possesses multi-target mechanism of action against fungal cells.
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222
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Zhang W, Damm U, Crous PW, Groenewald JZ, Niu X, Lin J, Li Y. Anthracnose Disease of Carpetgrass ( Axonopus compressus) Caused by Colletotrichum hainanense sp. nov. PLANT DISEASE 2020; 104:1744-1750. [PMID: 32290774 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-10-19-2183-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Carpetgrass (Axonopus compressus) is a creeping, stoloniferous, perennial warm-season grass that is adapted to humid tropical and subtropical climates. Recently, outbreaks of anthracnose disease of A. compressus caused by an unidentified Colletotrichum sp. were observed in the Hainan and Guangdong provinces in southern China. In late winter and early spring, the disease incidence reached 100% in some badly infected lawns. Under high-moisture conditions, the crowns and oldest leaf sheaths of the majority of the plants became necrotic, which led to whole lawns turning reddish brown. Pathogenicity was confirmed by inoculating uninfected A. compressus plants with a conidial suspension of the Colletotrichum sp. isolated from diseased Axonopus plants. Phylogenetic analyses of the combined internal transcribed spacer, Sod2, Apn2, and Apn2/Mat1 sequences revealed the pathogen to be a novel species of the Colletotrichum graminicola species complex. Microscopic examination showed that the species was also morphologically distinct from related Colletotrichum species. As a result of the phylogenetic, morphological, and pathogenicity analyses, we propose the name Colletotrichum hainanense for this pathogen of A. compressus in southern China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu Zhang
- Institute for Advanced Materials, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang 524048, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang 524048, China
| | - Ulrike Damm
- Senckenberg Museum of Natural History Görlitz, 02806 Görlitz, Germany
| | - Pedro W Crous
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
| | | | - Xueli Niu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang 524048, China
| | - Jinmei Lin
- School of Life Science and Technology, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang 524048, China
| | - Yuting Li
- School of Life Science and Technology, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang 524048, China
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223
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Kolainis S, Koletti A, Lykogianni M, Karamanou D, Gkizi D, Tjamos SE, Paraskeuopoulos A, Aliferis KA. An integrated approach to improve plant protection against olive anthracnose caused by the Colletotrichum acutatum species complex. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233916. [PMID: 32470037 PMCID: PMC7259717 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The olive tree (Olea europaea L.) is the most important oil-producing crop of the Mediterranean basin. However, although plant protection measures are regularly applied, disease outbreaks represent an obstacle towards the further development of the sector. Therefore, there is an urge for the improvement of plant protection strategies based on information acquired by the implementation of advanced methodologies. Recently, heavy fungal infections of olive fruits have been recorded in major olive-producing areas of Greece causing devastating yield losses. Thus, initially, we have undertaken the task to identify their causal agent(s) and assess their pathogenicity and sensitivity to fungicides. The disease was identified as the olive anthracnose, and although Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Colletotrichum acutatum species complexes are the two major causes, the obtained results confirmed that in Southern Greece the latter is the main causal agent. The obtained isolates were grouped into eight morphotypes based on their phenotypes, which differ in their sensitivities to fungicides and pathogenicity. The triazoles difenoconazole and tebuconazole were more toxic than the strobilurins being tested. Furthermore, a GC/EI/MS metabolomics model was developed for the robust chemotaxonomy of the isolates and the dissection of differences between their endo-metabolomes, which could explain the obtained phenotypes. The corresponding metabolites-biomarkers for the discrimination between morphotypes were discovered, with the most important ones being the amino acids L-tyrosine, L-phenylalanine, and L-proline, the disaccharide α,α-trehalose, and the phytotoxic pathogenesis-related metabolite hydroxyphenylacetate. These metabolites play important roles in fungal metabolism, pathogenesis, and stress responses. The study adds critical information that could be further exploited to combat olive anthracnose through its monitoring and the design of improved, customized plant protection strategies. Also, results suggest the necessity for the comprehensive mapping of the C. acutatum species complex morphotypes in order to avoid issues such as the development of fungicide-resistant genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanos Kolainis
- Laboratory of Pesticide Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Anastasia Koletti
- Laboratory of Pesticide Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Maira Lykogianni
- Laboratory of Pesticide Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- Laboratory of Biological Control of Pesticides, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Kifissia, Greece
| | - Dimitra Karamanou
- Laboratory of Pesticide Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Danai Gkizi
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Sotirios E. Tjamos
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Antonios Paraskeuopoulos
- Directorate of Rural Economy and Veterinary of Trifilia, Prefecture of Peloponnese, Kyparissia, Greece
| | - Konstantinos A. Aliferis
- Laboratory of Pesticide Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- Department of Plant Science, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, Canada
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Cacciola SO, Gilardi G, Faedda R, Schena L, Pane A, Garibaldi A, Gullino ML. Characterization of Colletotrichum ocimi Population Associated with Black Spot of Sweet Basil ( Ocimum basilicum) in Northern Italy. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9050654. [PMID: 32455920 PMCID: PMC7285085 DOI: 10.3390/plants9050654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Black spot is a major foliar disease of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum) present in a typical cultivation area of northern Italy, including the Liguria and southern Piedmont regions, where this aromatic herb is an economically important crop. In this study, 15 Colletotrichum isolates obtained from sweet basil plants with symptoms of black spot sampled in this area were characterized morphologically and by nuclear DNA analysis using internal transcribed spacers (ITS) and intervening 5.8S nrDNA as well as part of the β-tubulin gene (TUB2) regions as barcode markers. Analysis revealed all but one isolate belonged to the recently described species C. ocimi of the C. destructivum species complex. Only one isolate was identified as C. destructivum sensu stricto (s.s.). In pathogenicity tests on sweet basil, both C. ocimi and C. destructivum s.s. isolates incited typical symptoms of black spot, showing that although C. ocimi prevails in this basil production area, it is not the sole causal agent of black spot in northern Italy. While no other hosts of C. ocimi are known worldwide, the close related species C. destructivum has a broad host range, suggesting a speciation process of C. ocimi within this species complex driven by adaptation to the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santa Olga Cacciola
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (R.F.); (A.P.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Giovanna Gilardi
- Agroinnova—Centre of Competence for the Innovation in the Agro-Environmental Sector, University of Turin, 10095 Turin, Italy; (G.G.); (A.G.); (M.L.G.)
| | - Roberto Faedda
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (R.F.); (A.P.)
| | - Leonardo Schena
- Department of Agriculture, Università degli Studi Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria, 89124 Reggio Calabria, Italy;
| | - Antonella Pane
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (R.F.); (A.P.)
| | - Angelo Garibaldi
- Agroinnova—Centre of Competence for the Innovation in the Agro-Environmental Sector, University of Turin, 10095 Turin, Italy; (G.G.); (A.G.); (M.L.G.)
| | - Maria Lodovica Gullino
- Agroinnova—Centre of Competence for the Innovation in the Agro-Environmental Sector, University of Turin, 10095 Turin, Italy; (G.G.); (A.G.); (M.L.G.)
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225
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Lee DM, Hassan O, Chang T. Identification, Characterization, and Pathogenicity of Colletotrichum Species Causing Anthracnose of Peach in Korea. MYCOBIOLOGY 2020; 48:210-218. [PMID: 37970563 PMCID: PMC10635213 DOI: 10.1080/12298093.2020.1763116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
Peach (Prunus persica L.) is one of the major fruit crops in South Korea, along with apple, persimmon, and Asian pears. Peach anthracnose is a continuing threat to growers and is accountable for enormous economic loss. In July 2018, anthracnose of peach appeared at different peach orchards in Gyeongsangbuk-do region, Korea. The typical anthracnose symptoms (brown, circular, and necrotic lesions) were observed on the fruits. Anthracnose of peach was surveyed in different peach orchards of Gyeongsangbuk-do, and 20 fungal isolates from 19 diseased fruits were collected. Multigene phylogenetic analyses coupled with morphological characteristic analysis approaches were used for identifying the fungal species isolated from diseased fruits. This study confirmed three Colletotrichum species. Based on the results, Colletotrichum siamense are reported for the first time as causal agents of peach anthracnose alongside C. fructicola and C. fioriniae, which has been reported previously. Pathogenicity assays were performed for the three isolates representing all the species identified, and Koch's postulates on detached healthy peach fruits were verified. All the identified species were pathogenic on peach fruits as the typical anthracnose symptoms were reproduced. Significant variations in the virulence were observed among fungal species on peach fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae Min Lee
- Department of Ecology & Environmental System, College of Ecology & Environmental Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Oliul Hassan
- Department of Ecology & Environmental System, College of Ecology & Environmental Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Taehyun Chang
- Department of Ecology & Environmental System, College of Ecology & Environmental Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea
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226
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Plaumann PL, Koch C. The Many Questions about Mini Chromosomes in Colletotrichum spp. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9050641. [PMID: 32438596 PMCID: PMC7284448 DOI: 10.3390/plants9050641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Many fungal pathogens carry accessory regions in their genome, which are not required for vegetative fitness. Often, although not always, these regions occur as relatively small chromosomes in different species. Such mini chromosomes appear to be a typical feature of many filamentous plant pathogens. Since these regions often carry genes coding for effectors or toxin-producing enzymes, they may be directly related to virulence of the respective pathogen. In this review, we outline the situation of small accessory chromosomes in the genus Colletotrichum, which accounts for ecologically important plant diseases. We summarize which species carry accessory chromosomes, their gene content, and chromosomal makeup. We discuss the large variation in size and number even between different isolates of the same species, their potential roles in host range, and possible mechanisms for intra- and interspecies exchange of these interesting genetic elements.
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227
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Xiong F, Wang Y, Lu Q, Hao X, Fang W, Yang Y, Zhu X, Wang X. Lifestyle Characteristics and Gene Expression Analysis of Colletotrichum camelliae Isolated from Tea Plant [ Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze] Based on Transcriptome. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10050782. [PMID: 32443615 PMCID: PMC7278179 DOI: 10.3390/biom10050782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Colletotrichum camelliae is one of the most serious pathogens causing anthracnose in tea plants, but the interactive relationship between C. camelliae and tea plants has not been fully elucidated. This study investigated the gene expression changes in five different growth stages of C. camelliae based on transcriptome analysis to explain the lifestyle characteristics during the infection. On the basis of gene ontology (GO) enrichment analyses of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in comparisons of germ tube (GT)/conidium (Con), appressoria (App)/Con, and cellophane infectious hyphae (CIH)/Con groups, the cellular process in the biological process category and intracellular, intracellular part, cell, and cell part in the cellular component category were significantly enriched. Hydrolase activity, catalytic activity, and molecular_function in the molecular function category were particularly enriched in the infection leaves (IL)/Con group. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis indicated that the DEGs were enriched in the genetic information processing pathway (ribosome) at the GT stage and the metabolism pathway (metabolic pathways and biosynthesis of secondary metabolism) in the rest of the stages. Interestingly, the genes associated with melanin biosynthesis and carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZys), which are vital for penetration and cell wall degradation, were significantly upregulated at the App, CIH and IL stages. Subcellular localization results further showed that the selected non-annotated secreted proteins based on transcriptome data were majorly located in the cytoplasm and nucleus, predicted as new candidate effectors. The results of this study may establish a foundation and provide innovative ideas for subsequent research on C. camelliae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Xiong
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, No.1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, China; (F.X.); (W.F.)
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; National Center for Tea Improvement; Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Hangzhou, 310008, China; (Y.W.); (Q.L.); (X.H.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Yuchun Wang
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; National Center for Tea Improvement; Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Hangzhou, 310008, China; (Y.W.); (Q.L.); (X.H.); (Y.Y.)
- College of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin’an, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Qinhua Lu
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; National Center for Tea Improvement; Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Hangzhou, 310008, China; (Y.W.); (Q.L.); (X.H.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Xinyuan Hao
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; National Center for Tea Improvement; Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Hangzhou, 310008, China; (Y.W.); (Q.L.); (X.H.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Wanping Fang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, No.1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, China; (F.X.); (W.F.)
| | - Yajun Yang
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; National Center for Tea Improvement; Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Hangzhou, 310008, China; (Y.W.); (Q.L.); (X.H.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Xujun Zhu
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, No.1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, China; (F.X.); (W.F.)
- Correspondence: (X.Z.); (X.W.); Tel.: +86-25-84395182 (X.Z.); Fax: +86-25-84395182 (X.Z.)
| | - Xinchao Wang
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; National Center for Tea Improvement; Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Hangzhou, 310008, China; (Y.W.); (Q.L.); (X.H.); (Y.Y.)
- Correspondence: (X.Z.); (X.W.); Tel.: +86-25-84395182 (X.Z.); Fax: +86-25-84395182 (X.Z.)
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228
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Pszczółkowska A, Androsiuk P, Jastrzębski JP, Paukszto Ł, Okorski A. rps3 as a Candidate Mitochondrial Gene for the Molecular Identification of Species from the Colletotrichum acutatum Species Complex. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:E552. [PMID: 32422999 PMCID: PMC7290925 DOI: 10.3390/genes11050552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Colletotrichum species form one of the most economically significant groups of pathogenic fungi and lead to significant losses in the production of major crops-in particular, fruits, vegetables, ornamental plants, shrubs, and trees. Members of the genus Colletotrichum cause anthracnose disease in many plants. Due to their considerable variation, these fungi have been widely investigated in genetic studies as model organisms. Here, we report the complete mitochondrial genome sequences of four Colletotrichum species (C. fioriniae, C. lupini, C. salicis, and C. tamarilloi). The reported circular mitogenomes range from 30,020 (C. fioriniae) to 36,554 bp (C. lupini) in size and have identical sets of genes, including 15 protein-coding genes, two ribosomal RNA genes, and 29 tRNA genes. All four mitogenomes are characterized by a rather poor repetitive sequence content with only forward repeat representatives and a low number of microsatellites. The topology of the phylogenetic tree reflects the systematic positions of the studied species, with representatives of each Colletotrichum species complex gathered in one clade. A comparative analysis reveals consistency in the gene composition and order of Colletotrichum mitogenomes, although some highly divergent regions are also identified, like the rps3 gene which appears as a source of potential diagnostic markers for all studied Colletotrichum species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Pszczółkowska
- Department of Entomology, Phytopathology and Molecular Diagnostics, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, ul. Prawocheńskiego 17, 10-720 Olsztyn, Poland; (A.P.); (A.O.)
| | - Piotr Androsiuk
- Department of Plant Physiology, Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, ul. Oczapowskiego 1A, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland; (J.P.J.); (Ł.P.)
| | - Jan Paweł Jastrzębski
- Department of Plant Physiology, Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, ul. Oczapowskiego 1A, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland; (J.P.J.); (Ł.P.)
| | - Łukasz Paukszto
- Department of Plant Physiology, Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, ul. Oczapowskiego 1A, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland; (J.P.J.); (Ł.P.)
| | - Adam Okorski
- Department of Entomology, Phytopathology and Molecular Diagnostics, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, ul. Prawocheńskiego 17, 10-720 Olsztyn, Poland; (A.P.); (A.O.)
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229
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Iseolides A–C, antifungal macrolides from a coral-derived actinomycete of the genus Streptomyces. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2020; 73:534-541. [DOI: 10.1038/s41429-020-0304-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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230
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Wang QH, Fan K, Li DW, Han CM, Qu YY, Qi YK, Wu XQ. Identification, Virulence and Fungicide Sensitivity of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides s.s. Responsible for Walnut Anthracnose Disease in China. PLANT DISEASE 2020; 104:1358-1368. [PMID: 32196416 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-12-19-2569-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Walnut (Juglans regia L.) is an economically important woody nut and edible oil tree all over the world. However, walnut production is limited by walnut anthracnose, which is a disastrous disease that causes significant yield losses. Studying the etiology of anthracnose on walnut and the pathogens' virulence and sensitivities to fungicides would be beneficial for effective control. This study was conducted to identify the pathogen of walnut anthracnose and reveal the population diversity of pathogens through virulence, sensitivities to fungicides, and genetic variation. A total of 13 single-spore Colletotrichum isolates were collected from walnut anthracnose-diseased fruits and leaves from 13 walnut commercial orchards in Henan, Hubei, Shandong, and Shaanxi provinces in China. The isolates were identified as Colletotrichum gloeosporioides sensu stricto (s.s.) according to multilocus phylogenetic analyses (internal transcribed spacer, actin, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, and chitin synthase), morphological as well as cultural characters, and pathogenicity. When the same walnut tissue was inoculated with different isolates, the disease lesion size was different. The results showed that the virulence of all isolates was considerably different, and the differences were not correlated with geographic origins. The virulence to walnut leaves and fruits inoculated with the same isolate was significantly different. Based on the virulence to walnut leaves and fruits, the 13 isolates were divided into three groups. Virulence of 69.2% of the isolates to walnut fruits was higher than that to leaves; 15.4% of isolates had no difference in pathogenicity, and the virulence to walnut leaves was higher for 15.4% of isolates. Tebuconazole, difenoconazole, flusilazole, and carbendazim inhibited the growth of fungal mycelia, and the concentration for 50% of maximal effect (EC50) values were 0.4 to 20.5, 0.6 to 2.6, 0.2 to 1.6, and 0.002 to 0.2 µg/ml, respectively, with average values of 6.5 ± 6.9, 1.5 ± 0.6, 0.9 ± 0.4, and 0.1 ± 0.05 µg/ml, respectively. All isolates were more sensitive to difenoconazole, flusilazole, and carbendazim than tebuconazole (P < 0.01). Isolate sensitivities to the same fungicide were different. Isolates SL-31 and TS-09 were the least sensitive to carbendazim and tebuconazole, respectively, and the resistance ratios were 87.3 and 51.6, respectively. Sensitivities to difenoconazole and flusilazole were largely consistent among all isolates, and the resistance ratios were from 1 to 4.6 and from 1 to 7, respectively. Therefore, difenoconazole and flusilazole could be chosen for disease control. The differences of pathogenicity and fungicide sensitivity were not correlated with geographic regions. These results indicated that there was high intraspecific diversity of populations in C. gloeosporioides s.s. that caused walnut anthracnose. For effective management, the targeted control strategy should be implemented based on the different geographic regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Hai Wang
- Shandong Provincial Academy of Forestry, Jinan, Shandong 250014, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China
| | - Kun Fan
- Shandong Institute of Pomology, Taian, Shandong 271000, China
| | - De-Wei Li
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China
- The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station Valley Laboratory, Windsor, CT 06095, U.S.A
| | - Chuan-Ming Han
- Shandong Provincial Academy of Forestry, Jinan, Shandong 250014, China
| | - Yong-Yun Qu
- Shandong Provincial Academy of Forestry, Jinan, Shandong 250014, China
| | - Yu-Kun Qi
- Shandong Provincial Academy of Forestry, Jinan, Shandong 250014, China
| | - Xiao-Qin Wu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China
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231
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Chen XY, Dai DJ, Zhao SF, Shen Y, Wang HD, Zhang CQ. Genetic Diversity of Colletotrichum spp. Causing Strawberry Anthracnose in Zhejiang, China. PLANT DISEASE 2020; 104:1351-1357. [PMID: 32213124 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-09-19-2026-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Anthracnose is a serious fungal disease that primarily infects strawberry roots and stolons during development. Here, 91 isolates from different areas of Zhejiang province, China, were collected. Morphological characteristics were analyzed, and a phylogenetic analysis based on multiple genes (actin, internal transcribed spacer, calmodulin, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, and chitin synthase) was performed. We found that all of the Colletotrichum species causing strawberry anthracnose belonged to the Colletotrichum gloeosporioides complex. Among them, we identified 48 isolates of C. fructicola, 21 isolates of C. siamense, 13 isolates of C. gloeosporioides, and 9 isolates of C. aenigma. C. siamense was distributed in the central and eastern regions of Zhejiang province (Hangzhou, Jinhua, Shaoxing, Ningbo, and Taizhou). This is the first report of C. siamense causing strawberry anthracnose in Zhejiang province. C. fructicola was the most dominant species causing strawberry anthracnose in Zhejiang province. We identified the four species causing strawberry anthracnose in Zhejiang province, which will improve our understanding of the strawberry anthracnose epidemic and will benefit the development of future control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Y Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forest University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - D J Dai
- Department of Plant Pathology, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forest University, Hangzhou 311300, China
- Institute for the Control of Agrochemicals of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310020, China
| | - S F Zhao
- Station of Plant Protection of Jiande City, Zhejiang Province, Jiande 311600, China
| | - Y Shen
- Institute for the Control of Agrochemicals of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310020, China
| | - H D Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forest University, Hangzhou 311300, China
- Institute for the Control of Agrochemicals of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310020, China
| | - C Q Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forest University, Hangzhou 311300, China
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Cabral A, Azinheira HG, Talhinhas P, Batista D, Ramos AP, Silva MDC, Oliveira H, Várzea V. Pathological, Morphological, Cytogenomic, Biochemical and Molecular Data Support the Distinction between Colletotrichum cigarro comb. et stat. nov. and Colletotrichum kahawae. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E502. [PMID: 32295225 PMCID: PMC7238176 DOI: 10.3390/plants9040502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The genus Colletotrichum has witnessed tremendous variations over the years in the number of species recognized, ranging from 11 to several hundreds. Host-specific fungal species, once the rule, are now the exception, with polyphagous behavior regarded as normal in this genus. The species Colletotrichum kahawae was created to accommodate the pathogens that have the unique ability to infect green developing coffee berries causing the devastating Coffee Berry Disease in Africa, but its close phylogenetic relationship to a polyphagous group of fungi in the C. gloeosporioides species complex led some researchers to regard these pathogens as members of a wider species. In this work we combine pathological, morphological, cytogenomic, biochemical, and molecular data of a comprehensive set of phylogenetically-related isolates to show that the Coffee Berry Disease pathogen forms a separate species, C. kahawae, and also to assign the closely related fungi, previously in C. kahawae subsp. cigarro, to a new species, C. cigarro comb. et stat. nov. This taxonomic clarification provides an opportunity to link phylogeny and functional biology, and additionally enables a much-needed tool for plant pathology and agronomy, associating exclusively C. kahawae to the Coffee Berry Disease pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Cabral
- Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal; (A.C.); (H.G.A.); (D.B.); (A.P.R.); (M.d.C.S.); (H.O.); (V.V.)
- Centro de Investigação das Ferrugens do Cafeeiro, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, 2780-505 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Helena G. Azinheira
- Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal; (A.C.); (H.G.A.); (D.B.); (A.P.R.); (M.d.C.S.); (H.O.); (V.V.)
- Centro de Investigação das Ferrugens do Cafeeiro, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, 2780-505 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Pedro Talhinhas
- Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal; (A.C.); (H.G.A.); (D.B.); (A.P.R.); (M.d.C.S.); (H.O.); (V.V.)
- Centro de Investigação das Ferrugens do Cafeeiro, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, 2780-505 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Dora Batista
- Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal; (A.C.); (H.G.A.); (D.B.); (A.P.R.); (M.d.C.S.); (H.O.); (V.V.)
- Centro de Investigação das Ferrugens do Cafeeiro, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, 2780-505 Oeiras, Portugal
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana Paula Ramos
- Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal; (A.C.); (H.G.A.); (D.B.); (A.P.R.); (M.d.C.S.); (H.O.); (V.V.)
- Laboratório de Patologia Vegetal “Veríssimo de Almeida”, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Maria do Céu Silva
- Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal; (A.C.); (H.G.A.); (D.B.); (A.P.R.); (M.d.C.S.); (H.O.); (V.V.)
- Centro de Investigação das Ferrugens do Cafeeiro, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, 2780-505 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Helena Oliveira
- Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal; (A.C.); (H.G.A.); (D.B.); (A.P.R.); (M.d.C.S.); (H.O.); (V.V.)
| | - Vítor Várzea
- Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal; (A.C.); (H.G.A.); (D.B.); (A.P.R.); (M.d.C.S.); (H.O.); (V.V.)
- Centro de Investigação das Ferrugens do Cafeeiro, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, 2780-505 Oeiras, Portugal
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Li WJ, McKenzie EHC, Liu JK(J, Bhat DJ, Dai DQ, Camporesi E, Tian Q, Maharachchikumbura SSN, Luo ZL, Shang QJ, Zhang JF, Tangthirasunun N, Karunarathna SC, Xu JC, Hyde KD. Taxonomy and phylogeny of hyaline-spored coelomycetes. FUNGAL DIVERS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13225-020-00440-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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234
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Identification and characterization of Colletotrichum destructivum causing anthracnose on sunflower. Arch Microbiol 2020; 202:1459-1467. [PMID: 32189017 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-020-01861-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Sunflower is one of the most economically important oil crops. Recently, sunflower anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum destructivum was reported and suggested to be a potential threat to the quality of oil and edible seeds derived from sunflower in the field and even on the ornamentals in the residential gardens. Colletotrichum destructivum, as the causal agent of sunflower anthracnose, has been rarely studied. In this study, the vegetative growth and sporulation of this fungal species were investigated by assessing the requirements of nutrition and other environmental conditions, such as temperature, ambient pH, and lightness regime. Additionally, the sensitivity of C. destructivum to several fungicides was assessed. The results will provide a baseline for better understanding of the biology and etiology of C. destructivum. This study will be the first reference for a sustainable management strategy according to the occurrence and prevalence of the sunflower anthracnose.
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Hyde KD, Dong Y, Phookamsak R, Jeewon R, Bhat DJ, Jones EBG, Liu NG, Abeywickrama PD, Mapook A, Wei D, Perera RH, Manawasinghe IS, Pem D, Bundhun D, Karunarathna A, Ekanayaka AH, Bao DF, Li J, Samarakoon MC, Chaiwan N, Lin CG, Phutthacharoen K, Zhang SN, Senanayake IC, Goonasekara ID, Thambugala KM, Phukhamsakda C, Tennakoon DS, Jiang HB, Yang J, Zeng M, Huanraluek N, Liu JK(J, Wijesinghe SN, Tian Q, Tibpromma S, Brahmanage RS, Boonmee S, Huang SK, Thiyagaraja V, Lu YZ, Jayawardena RS, Dong W, Yang EF, Singh SK, Singh SM, Rana S, Lad SS, Anand G, Devadatha B, Niranjan M, Sarma VV, Liimatainen K, Aguirre-Hudson B, Niskanen T, Overall A, Alvarenga RLM, Gibertoni TB, Pfliegler WP, Horváth E, Imre A, Alves AL, da Silva Santos AC, Tiago PV, Bulgakov TS, Wanasinghe DN, Bahkali AH, Doilom M, Elgorban AM, Maharachchikumbura SSN, Rajeshkumar KC, Haelewaters D, Mortimer PE, Zhao Q, Lumyong S, Xu J, Sheng J. Fungal diversity notes 1151–1276: taxonomic and phylogenetic contributions on genera and species of fungal taxa. FUNGAL DIVERS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13225-020-00439-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Fungal diversity notes is one of the important journal series of fungal taxonomy that provide detailed descriptions and illustrations of new fungal taxa, as well as providing new information of fungal taxa worldwide. This article is the 11th contribution to the fungal diversity notes series, in which 126 taxa distributed in two phyla, six classes, 24 orders and 55 families are described and illustrated. Taxa in this study were mainly collected from Italy by Erio Camporesi and also collected from China, India and Thailand, as well as in some other European, North American and South American countries. Taxa described in the present study include two new families, 12 new genera, 82 new species, five new combinations and 25 new records on new hosts and new geographical distributions as well as sexual-asexual reports. The two new families are Eriomycetaceae (Dothideomycetes, family incertae sedis) and Fasciatisporaceae (Xylariales, Sordariomycetes). The twelve new genera comprise Bhagirathimyces (Phaeosphaeriaceae), Camporesiomyces (Tubeufiaceae), Eriocamporesia (Cryphonectriaceae), Eriomyces (Eriomycetaceae), Neomonodictys (Pleurotheciaceae), Paraloratospora (Phaeosphaeriaceae), Paramonodictys (Parabambusicolaceae), Pseudoconlarium (Diaporthomycetidae, genus incertae sedis), Pseudomurilentithecium (Lentitheciaceae), Setoapiospora (Muyocopronaceae), Srinivasanomyces (Vibrisseaceae) and Xenoanthostomella (Xylariales, genera incertae sedis). The 82 new species comprise Acremonium chiangraiense, Adustochaete nivea, Angustimassarina camporesii, Bhagirathimyces himalayensis, Brunneoclavispora camporesii, Camarosporidiella camporesii, Camporesiomyces mali, Camposporium appendiculatum, Camposporium multiseptatum, Camposporium septatum, Canalisporium aquaticium, Clonostachys eriocamporesiana, Clonostachys eriocamporesii, Colletotrichum hederiicola, Coniochaeta vineae, Conioscypha verrucosa, Cortinarius ainsworthii, Cortinarius aurae, Cortinarius britannicus, Cortinarius heatherae, Cortinarius scoticus, Cortinarius subsaniosus, Cytospora fusispora, Cytospora rosigena, Diaporthe camporesii, Diaporthe nigra, Diatrypella yunnanensis, Dictyosporium muriformis, Didymella camporesii, Diutina bernali, Diutina sipiczkii, Eriocamporesia aurantia, Eriomyces heveae, Ernakulamia tanakae, Falciformispora uttaraditensis, Fasciatispora cocoes, Foliophoma camporesii, Fuscostagonospora camporesii, Helvella subtinta, Kalmusia erioi, Keissleriella camporesiana, Keissleriella camporesii, Lanspora cylindrospora, Loratospora arezzoensis, Mariannaea atlantica, Melanographium phoenicis, Montagnula camporesii, Neodidymelliopsis camporesii, Neokalmusia kunmingensis, Neoleptosporella camporesiana, Neomonodictys muriformis, Neomyrmecridium guizhouense, Neosetophoma camporesii, Paraloratospora camporesii, Paramonodictys solitarius, Periconia palmicola, Plenodomus triseptatus, Pseudocamarosporium camporesii, Pseudocercospora maetaengensis, Pseudochaetosphaeronema kunmingense, Pseudoconlarium punctiforme, Pseudodactylaria camporesiana, Pseudomurilentithecium camporesii, Pseudotetraploa rajmachiensis, Pseudotruncatella camporesii, Rhexocercosporidium senecionis, Rhytidhysteron camporesii, Rhytidhysteron erioi, Septoriella camporesii, Setoapiospora thailandica, Srinivasanomyces kangrensis, Tetraploa dwibahubeeja, Tetraploa pseudoaristata, Tetraploa thrayabahubeeja, Torula camporesii, Tremateia camporesii, Tremateia lamiacearum, Uzbekistanica pruni, Verruconis mangrovei, Wilcoxina verruculosa, Xenoanthostomella chromolaenae and Xenodidymella camporesii. The five new combinations are Camporesiomyces patagoniensis, Camporesiomyces vaccinia, Camposporium lycopodiellae, Paraloratospora gahniae and Rhexocercosporidium microsporum. The 22 new records on host and geographical distribution comprise Arthrinium marii, Ascochyta medicaginicola, Ascochyta pisi, Astrocystis bambusicola, Camposporium pellucidum, Dendryphiella phitsanulokensis, Diaporthe foeniculina, Didymella macrostoma, Diplodia mutila, Diplodia seriata, Heterosphaeria patella, Hysterobrevium constrictum, Neodidymelliopsis ranunculi, Neovaginatispora fuckelii, Nothophoma quercina, Occultibambusa bambusae, Phaeosphaeria chinensis, Pseudopestalotiopsis theae, Pyxine berteriana, Tetraploa sasicola, Torula gaodangensis and Wojnowiciella dactylidis. In addition, the sexual morphs of Dissoconium eucalypti and Phaeosphaeriopsis pseudoagavacearum are reported from Laurus nobilis and Yucca gloriosa in Italy, respectively. The holomorph of Diaporthe cynaroidis is also reported for the first time.
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236
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Kee YJ, Zakaria L, Mohd MH. Identification, pathogenicity and histopathology of Colletotrichum sansevieriae causing anthracnose of Sansevieria trifasciata in Malaysia. J Appl Microbiol 2020; 129:626-636. [PMID: 32167647 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To characterize causal pathogen of Sansevieria trifasciata anthracnose through morphology and molecular analysis; to evaluate the host range of the pathogen; and to explicate the infection process by the pathogen histopathologically. METHODS AND RESULTS Symptomatic leaves of S. trifasciata were collected from five states in Malaysia. The causal pathogen was isolated and identified for the first time in Malaysia as C. sansevieriae based on morphological and multi-gene phylogenetic analyses using ITS, TUB2 and GAPDH sequences. Pathogenicity tests were conducted on different hosts. Colletotrichum sansevieriae was not pathogenic towards S. cylindrica, S. masoniana, Furcraea foetida, Chlorophytum comosum, Aloe vera and Gasteria carinata, confirming the exceptionally high host specificity for a species of Colletotrichum. Histopathology was performed using light microscope and scanning electron microscopy to study the infection process of C. sansevieriae on S. trifasciata. Colonization of host leaves by the pathogen was observed 2 days after inoculation. CONCLUSIONS Colletotrichum sansevieriae caused anthracnose of S. trifasciata in Malaysia. It is a host-specific pathogen and colonized the host intracellularly. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This is the first report of C. sansevieriae causing anthracnose of S. trifasciata in Malaysia. The host range test and understanding of the infection process will provide better understanding of the host-pathogen relationship and beneficial for effective disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y J Kee
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - L Zakaria
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - M H Mohd
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
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237
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Hung N, Hsiao CH, Yang CS, Lin HC, Yeh LK, Fan YC, Sun PL. Colletotrichum keratitis: A rare yet important fungal infection of human eyes. Mycoses 2020; 63:407-415. [PMID: 32022938 DOI: 10.1111/myc.13058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colletotrichum is a rare cause of human infection. Previous reports about Colletotrichum keratitis were limited, and most diagnoses from past reports were based on morphological distinction, which could have led to underestimation of the prevalence of Colletotrichum species. OBJECTIVE We reported phylogenetic analysis, clinical feature and treatment outcome of molecularly diagnosed Colletotrichum keratitis in our hospital. PATIENTS/METHODS We recruited 65 patients with culture-proven filamentous fungal keratitis between January 1, 2015 and December 30, 2018. Through molecular sequencing including internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and multi-locus phylogenetic analysis of fungal DNA, seven patients were verified as infected with Colletotrichum species, and their medical records were reviewed to determine the clinical characteristics. RESULTS Six of seven patients had predisposing factors including trauma (5) and immunosuppressive status (1). Six isolates were initially misidentified as other fungi through morphological identification. ITS sequencing identified the isolates belonged to two species complex (SC): C. truncatum and C. gloeosporioides; multi-locus phylogenetic analysis enabled species identification including C. tropicale (3), C. fructicola (2), C. truncatum (1) and C. fusiforme (1). Five patients with C. gloeosporioides SC responded well to medical treatment and two patients with C truncatum SC underwent evisceration because of either no visual potential or intractable pain. CONCLUSIONS The molecular approach provides accurate diagnosis and raises epidemiological awareness of Colletotrichum keratitis. Through multi-locus phylogenetic analysis, we report the human infections caused by C. tropicale, C. fructicola and C. fusiforme. We also highlight the different clinical outcomes between C. gloeosporioides SC and C. truncatum SC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Hung
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Branch, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Hsi Hsiao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Branch, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Sheng Yang
- Department of Dermatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Branch, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Research Laboratory of Medical Mycology, Department of Dermatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Branch, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Chiung Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Branch, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Lung-Kun Yeh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Branch, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Chen Fan
- Research Laboratory of Medical Mycology, Department of Dermatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Branch, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Lun Sun
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Dermatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Branch, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Research Laboratory of Medical Mycology, Department of Dermatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Branch, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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238
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Stadler M, Lambert C, Wibberg D, Kalinowski J, Cox RJ, Kolařík M, Kuhnert E. Intragenomic polymorphisms in the ITS region of high-quality genomes of the Hypoxylaceae (Xylariales, Ascomycota). Mycol Prog 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11557-019-01552-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
AbstractThe internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the ribosomal DNA (rDNA) has been established (and is generally accepted) as a primary “universal” genetic barcode for fungi for many years, but the actual value for taxonomy has been heavily disputed among mycologists. Recently, twelve draft genome sequences, mainly derived from type species of the family Hypoxylaceae (Xylariales, Ascomycota) and the ex-epitype strain of Xylaria hypoxylon have become available during the course of a large phylogenomic study that was primarily aimed at establishing a correlation between the existing multi-gene-based genealogy with a genome-based phylogeny and the discovery of novel biosynthetic gene clusters encoding for secondary metabolites. The genome sequences were obtained using combinations of Illumina and Oxford nanopore technologies or PacBio sequencing, respectively, and resulted in high-quality sequences with an average N50 of 3.2 Mbp. While the main results will be published concurrently in a separate paper, the current case study was dedicated to the detection of ITS nrDNA copies in the genomes, in an attempt to explain certain incongruities and apparent mismatches between phenotypes and genotypes that had been observed during previous polyphasic studies. The results revealed that all of the studied strains had at least three copies of rDNA in their genomes, with Hypoxylon fragiforme having at least 19 copies of the ITS region, followed by Xylaria hypoxylon with at least 13 copies. Several of the genomes contained 2–3 copies that were nearly identical, but in some cases drastic differences, below 97% identity were observed. In one case, ascribable to the presence of a pseudogene, the deviations of the ITS sequences from the same genome resulted in only ca. 90% of overall homology. These results are discussed in the scope of the current trends to use ITS data for species recognition and segregation of fungi. We propose that additional genomes should be checked for such ITS polymorphisms to reassess the validity of this non-coding part of the fungal DNA for molecular identification.
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239
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Li XX, Liu Y, He LF, Gao YY, Mu W, Zhang P, Li BX, Liu F. Fungicide Formulations Influence Their Control Efficacy by Mediating Physicochemical Properties of Spray Dilutions and Their Interaction with Target Leaves. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:1198-1206. [PMID: 31928001 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b05141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, three types of pyraclostrobin formulations (including emulsifiable concentrate (EC), suspension concentrate (SC), and microcapsules (MCs)) were used to control cucumber anthracnose. Pyraclostrobin EC had the highest inhibitory activity against Colletotrichum orbiculare in vitro. Much different from the bioactivity in vitro, pyraclostrobin MCs exhibited the highest control efficacy on cucumber anthracnose both in pot and field experiments. The physicochemical properties (particle size, surface tension) of the spray dilution, their interaction with target leaves (contact angle, adhesional tension, work of adhesion, retention, crystallization) and dissipation dynamic of the active ingredient were found to be highly potential factors that would significantly influence the control efficacy of pesticide formulations. Results showed that the control efficacies of different formulations of pyraclostrobin were determined mainly by the final behavior of the pesticides at the target interface, namely, the retention, crystallization, and dissipation dynamics of active ingredients. This study had revealed crucial factors that would influence the efficacy of different formulations of pyraclostrobin and thus could guide the rational and efficient use of different formulations of pesticides on target crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Xu Li
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide Toxicology & Application Technique, College of Plant Protection , Shandong Agricultural University , Tai'an , Shandong 271018 , P. R. China
| | - Yang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide Toxicology & Application Technique, College of Plant Protection , Shandong Agricultural University , Tai'an , Shandong 271018 , P. R. China
| | - Li-Fei He
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide Toxicology & Application Technique, College of Plant Protection , Shandong Agricultural University , Tai'an , Shandong 271018 , P. R. China
| | - Yang-Yang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide Toxicology & Application Technique, College of Plant Protection , Shandong Agricultural University , Tai'an , Shandong 271018 , P. R. China
| | - Wei Mu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide Toxicology & Application Technique, College of Plant Protection , Shandong Agricultural University , Tai'an , Shandong 271018 , P. R. China
- Research Center of Pesticide Environmental Toxicology , Shandong Agricultural University , Tai'an , Shandong 271018 , China
| | - Peng Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering , Nankai University , Tianjin 300350 , China
| | - Bei-Xing Li
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide Toxicology & Application Technique, College of Plant Protection , Shandong Agricultural University , Tai'an , Shandong 271018 , P. R. China
- Research Center of Pesticide Environmental Toxicology , Shandong Agricultural University , Tai'an , Shandong 271018 , China
| | - Feng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide Toxicology & Application Technique, College of Plant Protection , Shandong Agricultural University , Tai'an , Shandong 271018 , P. R. China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection , Shandong Agricultural University , Tai'an , Shandong 271018 , P. R. China
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240
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Impact Injury at Harvest Promotes Body Rots in ‘Hass’ Avocado Fruit upon Ripening. HORTICULTURAE 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae6010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Global demand for avocados has risen rapidly in recent years, yet supplying fruit that consistently meets consumer expectations for quality remains a challenge in the industry. Body rots in avocado fruit are a leading cause of consumer dissatisfaction. Anecdotal evidence suggests that body rot development may be promoted by mechanical injury at harvest and packing, despite the fruit being hard, green and mature (i.e., unripe) at these stages. Here, ‘Hass’ avocado fruit, harvested across multiple fruiting seasons from commercial orchards, were subjected to controlled impact from drop heights of 15–60 cm at the time of harvest or packing. With increasing drop height, body rot development at eating ripe stage generally occurred more frequently and produced larger lesions at the impact site and, in some experiments, elsewhere on the fruit. These findings refute a general belief that green mature avocado fruit can tolerate a degree of rough physical handling without ripe fruit quality being compromised. Ideally, best avocado harvesting and packing practice should recognize that unripe fruit must not experience drop heights of 30 cm or higher.
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241
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Cultivar Resistance against Colletotrichum asianum in the World Collection of Mango Germplasm in Southeastern Brazil. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9020182. [PMID: 32024312 PMCID: PMC7076395 DOI: 10.3390/plants9020182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
During the spring of 2014, a wide survey was conducted in one of the most important mango (Mangifera indica) cultivating areas located in Minas Gerais State (Brazil) to ascertain the causal agent of severe anthracnose infections and to evaluate disease susceptibility within a world collection of mango germplasm. Overall, 86 cultivars were monitored and 152 fungal isolates recovered from infected samples were identified by morphological characterization, DNA sequencing and phylogenetic analyses. All isolates were identified as Colletotrichum asianum. Under natural disease pressure, it has been possible to ascertain a variable tolerance degree within the germplasm collection. By applying a categorized classification, cultivars were classified as follows: 10 highly sensitive (11.6%), 13 sensitive (15.1%), 18 moderately sensitive (20.9%), 23 moderately tolerant (26.7%), 11 tolerant (12.8%), and 11 highly tolerant (10.4%). The most susceptible cultivars to anthracnose were Ubà, Quinzenga, Amarelinha da Sementeira followed by Aroeira and Correjo, whereas Mallika followed by Ourinho and Lita resulted in the least susceptible cultivars. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first large-scale evaluation of mango susceptibility to C. asianum infections within a wide number of cultivars. Anthracnose is a serious threat to mango production and assessment of cultivar response to disease could be useful in breeding programs.
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Jacobs RL, Adhikari TB, Pattison J, Yencho GC, Fernandez GE, Louws FJ. Assessing Rate-Reducing Foliar Resistance to Anthracnose Crown Rot and Fruit Rot in Strawberry. PLANT DISEASE 2020; 104:398-407. [PMID: 31841101 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-04-19-0687-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Anthracnose fruit rot and anthracnose crown rot (ACR) caused by two species complexes of the fungus referred to as Colletotrichum acutatum and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, respectively, are major pathogens of strawberry in North Carolina. Anthracnose epidemics are common when susceptible cultivars and asymptomatic planting stocks carrying quiescent Colletotrichum infection or hemibiotrophic infection (HBI) are planted. The main objective of this study was to assess resistance to HBI and ACR in strawberry. Strawberry cultivars and breeding lines were spray inoculated with isolates of C. acutatum or C. gloeosporioides. Four epidemiological parameters providing estimates of rate-reducing resistance to HBI and ACR in strawberry cultivars and lines were evaluated in repeated experiments in controlled environments in a greenhouse. HBI severity, measured as the percentage of total leaf area covered by acervuli, was estimated visually and by image analysis. ACR severity was rated weekly for wilt symptoms, and relative area under disease progress curve scores were calculated for comparing strawberry cultivars and lines. Significant differences (P ≤ 0.005) in HBI severity were found among strawberry genotypes; however, the correlations were not remarkable between Colletotrichum species (r = 0.4251). Although significant variation in resistance was observed for ACR, this was also weakly correlated (r = 0.2430) with resistance to C. gloeosporioides HBI. Overall, rate-reducing resistance to HBI and ACR in strawberry identified in this study could be utilized in breeding programs to develop durable resistance to anthracnose in North Carolina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond L Jacobs
- Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695
| | - Tika B Adhikari
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695
| | - Jeremy Pattison
- Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695
| | - G Craig Yencho
- Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695
| | - Gina E Fernandez
- Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695
| | - Frank J Louws
- Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695
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Wang Y, Chen JY, Xu X, Cheng J, Zheng L, Huang J, Li DW. Identification and Characterization of Colletotrichum Species Associated with Anthracnose Disease of Camellia oleifera in China. PLANT DISEASE 2020; 104:474-482. [PMID: 31790642 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-11-18-1955-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Tea-oil tree (Camellia oleifera Abel) is an important edible oil woody plant with a planting area over 3,800,000 hectares in southern China. Anthracnose is a serious disease of tea-oil tree in southern China, causing severe economic losses and posing a huge threat to the Ca. oleifera industry. Based on recent developments in the classification of Colletotrichum species, the objective of this study was to identify Colletotrichum species associated with tea-oil tree and examine their pathogenicity on leaves and fruits of Ca. oleifera. In total, 232 isolates were obtained from Ca. oleifera leaves and fruits with anthracnose symptoms. These isolates were further characterized based on morphology and multilocus phylogenetic analyses using partial DNA sequences at the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer regions and β-tubulin, actin, calmodulin, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, and chitin synthase-encoding genes. The fungal isolates belong to five species: C. camelliae, C. fructicola, C. siamense, C. aenigma, and C. gloeosporioides. C. camelliae was the most predominant and widely distributed species on fruits of Ca. oleifera (91.4%), followed by C. fructicola (6.3%). However, C. fructicola was common and widely distributed species on leaves (75.9%), followed by C. camelliae (17.2%). There was no evidence of geographical specialization of the different species. Pathogenicity assays showed that all tested isolates, including 20 of C. camelliae, 11 of C. fructicola, four of C. siamense, two of C. aenigma, and one of C. gloeosporioides, were pathogenic to leaves and fruits of Ca. oleifera. Among the five species, C. camelliae species showed strong pathogenicity on both leaves and fruits of Ca. oleifera, and C. fructicola, C. siamense, C. aenigma, and C. gloeosporioides all showed weak pathogenicity on both leaves and fruits. No relationship was found between origin of isolates and their virulence. This is the first description of C. camelliae, C. fructicola, C. siamense, and C. gloeosporioides from the fruits of Ca. oleifera in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
- Institute of Forest Protection, Hubei Academy of Forestry, Wuhan, Hubei 430075, China
| | - Jing-Yuan Chen
- Institute of Forest Protection, Hubei Academy of Forestry, Wuhan, Hubei 430075, China
| | - Xiaowen Xu
- Institute of Forest Protection, Hubei Academy of Forestry, Wuhan, Hubei 430075, China
| | - Junyong Cheng
- Institute of Forest Protection, Hubei Academy of Forestry, Wuhan, Hubei 430075, China
| | - Lu Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Junbin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - De-Wei Li
- Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station Valley Laboratory, Windsor, CT 06095, U.S.A
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da Silva LL, Moreno HLA, Correia HLN, Santana MF, de Queiroz MV. Colletotrichum: species complexes, lifestyle, and peculiarities of some sources of genetic variability. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:1891-1904. [PMID: 31932894 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10363-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The genus Colletotrichum comprises species with different lifestyles but is mainly known for phytopathogenic species that infect crops of agronomic relevance causing considerable losses. The fungi of the genus Colletotrichum are distributed in species complexes and within each complex some species have particularities regarding their lifestyle. The most commonly found and described lifestyles in Colletotrichum are endophytic and hemibiotrophic phytopathogenic. Several of these phytopathogenic species show wide genetic variability, which makes long-term maintenance of resistance in plants difficult. Different mechanisms may play an important role in the emergence of genetic variants but are not yet fully understood in this genus. These mechanisms include heterokaryosis, a parasexual cycle, sexual cycle, transposable element activity, and repeat-induced point mutations. This review provides an overview of the genus Colletotrichum, the species complexes described so far and the most common lifestyles in the genus, with a special emphasis on the mechanisms that may be responsible, at least in part, for the emergence of new genotypes under field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Lopes da Silva
- Laboratório de Genética Molecular de Fungos, Departamento de Microbiologia/Instituto de Biotecnologia Aplicada à Agropecuária (BIOAGRO), Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Hanna Lorena Alvarado Moreno
- Laboratório de Genética Molecular de Fungos, Departamento de Microbiologia/Instituto de Biotecnologia Aplicada à Agropecuária (BIOAGRO), Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Hilberty Lucas Nunes Correia
- Laboratório de Genética Molecular de Fungos, Departamento de Microbiologia/Instituto de Biotecnologia Aplicada à Agropecuária (BIOAGRO), Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Mateus Ferreira Santana
- Laboratório de Genética Molecular de Fungos, Departamento de Microbiologia/Instituto de Biotecnologia Aplicada à Agropecuária (BIOAGRO), Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Marisa Vieira de Queiroz
- Laboratório de Genética Molecular de Fungos, Departamento de Microbiologia/Instituto de Biotecnologia Aplicada à Agropecuária (BIOAGRO), Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil.
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245
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Zhao WT, Liu QP, Chen HY, Zhao W, Gao Y, Yang XL. Two novel eremophylane acetophenone conjugates from Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, an endophytic fungus in Salvia miltiorrhiza. Fitoterapia 2020; 141:104474. [PMID: 31927010 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2020.104474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Two novel eremophylane acetophenone conjugates, colletotricholides A (1) and B (2), were isolated from the solid fermentation cultures of an endophytic fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides XL1200 isolated from the aerial parts of Salvia miltiorrhiza. The chemical structures of 1-2 were characterized by extensive spectroscopic methods and single-crystal X-ray crystallography. Structurally, compounds 1-2 are two unusual eremophylane acetophenone conjugates originating from the hybrid pathways of polyketide synthase and sesquiterpene synthase. In addition, compounds 1-2 were inactive against tested pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Ting Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing-Pei Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Heng-Ye Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Research &Development Center, China Tobacco Yunnan Industrial Co., Ltd, Kunming 650201, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yuan Gao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Yibin University, Yibin 644000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiao-Long Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China.
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Fungal keratitis caused by a rare pathogen, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, in an east coast city of China. J Mycol Med 2020; 30:100922. [PMID: 31959581 DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2019.100922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To report a case of fungal keratitis caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides in an east coast city of China, which are rare pathogens that cause fungal keratitis in humans. METHODS A 52-year-old man whose right eye was injured by a branch of an apple tree during farm work was referred to our Hospital. He was examined by Slit-lamp and the HRT II-RCM confocal scanning microscope, thus suggesting filamentous. Orneal scrapings were acquired and then inoculated into Sabouraud medium incubated at 28°C and 37°C. In vitro antifungal susceptibility tests were performed following the CLSI M38-A2 for Filamentous Fungi. Surgical intervention was advised because the abscess in the anterior chamber of the right eye was not completely absorbed. RESULTS The Colletotrichum gloeosporioides isolate was identified by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry and the BLAST after DNA sequencing of the amplified internal transcribed spacer (ITS) in rRNA. The patient's eye condition is under control and the patient's vision remains at the level of light perception (LP). CONCLUSIONS We report the rare keratitis caused by C. gloeosporioides in eastern China, which has not been published. Suddenly ocular trauma and old surgical intervention may be the risk factors associated with Colletotrichum keratitis.
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He S, Chen H, Wei Y, An T, Liu S. Development of a DNA-based real-time PCR assay for the quantification of Colletotrichum camelliae growth in tea ( Camellia sinensis). PLANT METHODS 2020; 16:17. [PMID: 32095156 PMCID: PMC7027280 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-020-00564-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tea, which is produced from new shoots of existing tea plants (Camellia sinensis), is one of the most popular, non-alcoholic, healthy beverages worldwide. Colletotrichum camelliae is one of the dominant fungal pathogens of tea. The interaction of C. camelliae with tea could be a useful pathosystem to elucidate various aspects of woody, medicinal plant-fungal interactions. Currently, many studies characterizing resistance or virulence and aggressiveness use lesion size at the infection sites on the leaves to quantify the growth of the pathogen. However, this method does not offer the sensitivity needed for the robust quantification of small changes in aggressiveness or the accurate quantification of pathogen growth at the early stages of infection. RESULTS A quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) assay was developed for the quantification of C. camelliae growth on tea plant. This method was based on the comparison of fungal DNA in relation to plant biomass. This assay was used to investigate the phenotypes of tea plant cultivars in response to C. camelliae infection. Two cultivars, Zhongcha 108 (ZC108) and Longjing 43 (LJ43), were tested with this method. ZC108 was previously reported as an anthracnose-resistant cultivar against C. camelliae, while LJ43 was susceptible. The traditional lesion measurement method showed that both cultivars were susceptible to a virulent strain of C. camelliae, while the qRT-PCR approach indicated that very little fungal growth occurred in the anthracnose-resistant cultivar ZC108. The observed results in this study were consistent with previously published research. In addition, the DNA-based real-time PCR method was applied for analysis of pathogenic differences in general C. camelliae isolates and among several Colletotrichum spp that infect tea. CONCLUSIONS This study showed that the DNA-based qRT-PCR technique is rapid, highly sensitive and easily applicable for routine experiments and could be used in screening for resistant tea plant cultivars or to identify differences in pathogen aggressiveness within and among Colletotrichum species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengnan He
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin People’s Republic of China
| | - Huchen Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi Wei
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin People’s Republic of China
| | - Tai An
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin People’s Republic of China
| | - Shouan Liu
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin People’s Republic of China
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Tovar-Pedraza JM, Mora-Aguilera JA, Nava-Díaz C, Lima NB, Michereff SJ, Sandoval-Islas JS, Câmara MPS, Téliz-Ortiz D, Leyva-Mir SG. Distribution and Pathogenicity of Colletotrichum Species Associated With Mango Anthracnose in Mexico. PLANT DISEASE 2020; 104:137-146. [PMID: 31730415 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-01-19-0178-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Mango anthracnose, caused by Colletotrichum spp., is the most significant disease of mango (Mangifera indica L.) in almost all production areas around the world. In Mexico, mango anthracnose has only been attributed to C. asianum and C. gloeosporioides. The aims of this study were to identify the Colletotrichum species associated with mango anthracnose symptoms in Mexico by phylogenetic inference using the ApMat marker, to determine the distribution of these species, and to test their pathogenicity and virulence on mango fruits. Surveys were carried out from 2010 to 2012 in 59 commercial orchards in the major mango growing states of Mexico, and a total of 118 isolates were obtained from leaves, twigs, and fruits with typical anthracnose symptoms. All isolates were tentatively identified in the C. gloeosporioides species complex based on morphological and cultural characteristics. The Bayesian inference phylogenetic tree generated with Apn2/MAT intergenic spacer sequences of 59 isolates (one per orchard) revealed that C. alienum, C. asianum, C. fructicola, C. siamense, and C. tropicale were associated with symptoms of mango anthracnose. In this study, C. alienum, C. fructicola, C. siamense, and C. tropicale are reported for the first time in association with mango tissues in Mexico. This study represents the first report of C. alienum causing mango anthracnose worldwide. The distribution of Colletotrichum species varied among the mango growing states from Mexico. Chiapas was the only state in which all five species were found. Pathogenicity tests on mango fruit cultivar Manila showed that all Colletotrichum species from this study could induce anthracnose lesions. However, differences in virulence were evident among species. C. siamense and C. asianum were the most virulent, whereas C. alienum and C. fructicola were considered the least virulent species.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Tovar-Pedraza
- Laboratorio de Fitopatología, Coordinación Culiacán, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, Culiacán, 80110 Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - J A Mora-Aguilera
- Fitopatología, Campus Montecillo, Colegio de Postgraduados, Texcoco, 56230 Estado de México, Mexico
| | - C Nava-Díaz
- Fitopatología, Campus Montecillo, Colegio de Postgraduados, Texcoco, 56230 Estado de México, Mexico
| | - N B Lima
- CONICET-Instituto de Patología Vegetal, CIAP-INTA, X5020ICA Córdoba, Argentina
| | - S J Michereff
- Centro de Ciências Agrárias e da Biodiversidade, Universidade Federal do Cariri, Crato, 63130-025 Ceará, Brazil
| | - J S Sandoval-Islas
- Fitopatología, Campus Montecillo, Colegio de Postgraduados, Texcoco, 56230 Estado de México, Mexico
| | - M P S Câmara
- Departamento de Agronomia, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, 52171-900 Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - D Téliz-Ortiz
- Fitopatología, Campus Montecillo, Colegio de Postgraduados, Texcoco, 56230 Estado de México, Mexico
| | - S G Leyva-Mir
- Departamento de Parasitología Agrícola, Universidad Autónoma Chapingo, Texcoco, 56230 Estado de México, Mexico
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Pedras MSC, Thapa C. Unveiling fungal detoxification pathways of the cruciferous phytoalexin rapalexin A: Sequential L-cysteine conjugation, acetylation and oxidative cyclization mediated by Colletotrichum spp. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2020; 169:112188. [PMID: 31683228 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2019.112188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The metabolism of the phytoalexin rapalexin A, a unique indole isothiocyanate (ITC) produced by crucifers (family Brassicaceae), was investigated. Three phytopathogenic fungal species were examined: Colletotrichum dematium (Pers.:Fr.) Grove, a broad host range pathogen, C. higginsianum Sacc., a host-selective pathogen of crucifers and C. lentis Damm, a host-selective pathogen of lentils (Lens culinaris Medik.). The metabolism of rapalexin A by C. dematium and C. higginsianum was similar, taking place via one common intermediate and two divergent pathways, but C. lentis was unable to transform rapalexin A. Both C. higginsianum and C. dematium transformed rapalexin A to two previously undescribed metabolites, the structures of which were confirmed by chemical synthesis: N-acetyl-S-(8-methoxy-4H-thiazolo[5,4-b]indol-2-yl)-L-cysteine and 4-hydroxy-3-(4-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)-2-thioxothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid. That is, both fungal pathogens metabolized and detoxified rapalexin A by addition of the thiol group of L-Cys residue to the isothiocyanate carbon of rapalexin A, a transformation usually catalyzed by glutathione transferases. Coincidentally, this metabolic pathway is employed by mammals and insects to detoxify isothiocyanates and other xenobiotics. Hence, C. higginsianum could be a useful model fungus to uncover genes involved in the detoxification pathways of ITCs and related xenobiotics. Our overall results suggest that increasing rapalexin A production in specific crucifers could increase crop resistance to certain fungal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Soledade C Pedras
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5C9, Canada.
| | - Chintamani Thapa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5C9, Canada
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Zheng XR, Zhang MJ, Shang XL, Fang SZ, Chen FM. Etiology of Cyclocarya paliurus Anthracnose in Jiangsu Province, China. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:613499. [PMID: 33537048 PMCID: PMC7847979 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.613499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Cyclocarya paliurus is an extremely valuable and multifunctional tree species whose leaves have traditionally been used in used in medicine or as a medicinal tea in China. In recent years, anthracnose has been frequently observed on young leaves of C. paliurus in several nurseries located in Jiangsu Province, resulting in great yield and quality losses. To date, no information is available about the prevalence of C. paliurus anthracnose in China. The main purpose of the present study was to characterize the etiology of C. paliurus anthracnose. Phylogenetic analysis of the eight-loci concatenated dataset revealed that all 44 single-spore Colletotrichum isolates belonged to three species in the Colletotrichum gloeosporioides species complex, namely, Colletotrichum aenigma, Colletotrichum fructicola, and C. gloeosporioides sensu stricto. Phenotypic features, including the colony appearance and the morphology of conidia, appressoria, and ascospores, were consistent with the phylogenetic grouping. Virulence tests validated that the three Colletotrichum species could cause typical symptoms of anthracnose on C. paliurus leaves, similar to those observed in the field. The optimum mycelial growth temperature ranged from 25 to 30°C for all representative isolates, while C. gloeosporioides s. s. isolates exhibited greater tolerance to high temperature (40°C). Fungicide sensitivity assays indicated that all three Colletotrichum species were sensitive to tetramycin, which may be a potential alternative for the management of C. paliurus anthracnose. To our knowledge, this study provides the first report of C. aenigma, C. fructicola, and C. gloeosporioides s. s. causing C. paliurus anthracnose in China as well as in the world.
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