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Kong L, Wang Z, Xiao C, Zhu Q, Song Z. Glycerol Monolaurate Ameliorated Intestinal Barrier and Immunity in Broilers by Regulating Intestinal Inflammation, Antioxidant Balance, and Intestinal Microbiota. Front Immunol 2021; 12:713485. [PMID: 34630388 PMCID: PMC8496679 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.713485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the impact of glycerol monolaurate (GML) on performance, immunity, intestinal barrier, and cecal microbiota in broiler chicks. A total of 360 one-day-old broilers (Arbor Acres) with an average weight of 45.7 g were randomly allocated to five dietary groups as follows: basal diet and basal diets complemented with 300, 600, 900, or 1200 mg/kg GML. Samples were collected at 7 and 14 days of age. Results revealed that feed intake increased (P < 0.05) after 900 and 1200 mg/kg GML were administered during the entire 14-day experiment period. Dietary GML decreased (P < 0.05) crypt depth and increased the villus height-to-crypt depth ratio of the jejunum. In the serum and jejunum, supplementation with more than 600 mg/kg GML reduced (P < 0.05) interleukin-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α, and malondialdehyde levels and increased (P < 0.05) the levels of immunoglobulin G, jejunal mucin 2, total antioxidant capacity, and total superoxide dismutase. GML down-regulate (P < 0.05) jejunal interleukin-1β and interferon-γ expression and increased (P < 0.05) the mRNA level of zonula occludens 1 and occludin. A reduced (P < 0.05) expression of toll-like receptor 4 and nuclear factor kappa-B was shown in GML-treated groups. In addition, GML modulated the composition of the cecal microbiota of the broilers, improved (P < 0.05) microbial diversity, and increased (P < 0.05) the abundance of butyrate-producing bacteria. Spearman’s correlation analysis revealed that the genera Barnesiella, Coprobacter, Lachnospiraceae, Faecalibacterium, Bacteroides, Odoriacter, and Parabacteroides were related to inflammation and intestinal integrity. In conclusion, GML ameliorated intestinal morphology and barrier function in broiler chicks probably by regulating intestinal immune and antioxidant balance, as well as intestinal microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linglian Kong
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Zhenhua Wang
- Center for Mitochondria and Healthy Ageing, College of Life Sciences, Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | - Chuanpi Xiao
- Precision Livestock and Nutrition Unit, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Qidong Zhu
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Zhigang Song
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
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202
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Wan Y, Ma R, Zhang H, Li L, Chai L, Qi R, Liu W, Li J, Li Y, Zhan K. Different Non-cage Housing Systems Alter Duodenal and Cecal Microbiota Composition in Shendan Chickens. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:728538. [PMID: 34692808 PMCID: PMC8526545 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.728538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Housing systems are among the most important non-genetic factors affecting hen production performance and intestinal microbes. With increased interest in animal welfare, cage-free laying hen housing systems have become common, providing behavioral freedom and health benefits. The present study aimed to compare the effects of plastic net housing system (NRS) and floor litter housing system (LRS) on the composition and function of the duodenal and cecal microbiota in Shendan chicken, one of the most popular laying hen strains in China. The associations between the differential microbiota abundance and production traits and intestinal morphological parameters were determined. Compared with the LRS, the NRS improved the laying rate (p < 0.05) and increased the villus height (VH) of the duodenum (p < 0.05) and the VH-to-crypt depth ratio (VCR) of the cecum (p < 0.05). Alpha diversity analysis showed that LRS chickens had a significantly higher diversity and richness than NRS chickens. Beta diversity analysis demonstrated differences in the microbiota composition based on housing systems. Within the cecum, Proteobacteria and Kiritimatiellaeota were significantly more abundant in the LRS than in the NRS (p < 0.05), while Bacteroidetes were significantly less abundant in the LRS (p < 0.05). Phascolarctobacterium and Ruminococcaceae_UCG-005 were significantly less abundant in the LRS (p < 0.05) compare to the NRS. Within the duodenum, Lactobacillus was significantly less abundant in the LRS (p < 0.05) than in the NRS, while Pseudomonas was significantly more abundant in the LRS (p < 0.05). Cecal Phascolarctobacterium and Ruminococcaceae_UCG-005 were significantly positively correlated with eggshell strength (R = 0.608, p < 0.01) and egg weight (R = 0.526, p < 0.05), respectively. Duodenal Lactobacillus was significantly positively correlated with VH and VCR (R = 0.548 and 0.565, p < 0.05), while Pseudomonas was significantly negatively correlated with the Haugh unit (R = -0.550, p < 0.05). In conclusion, there are differences in the cecal and duodenal microbiota compositions of Shendan laying hens reared in different non-cage housing systems, and the NRS was superior to the LRS in improving the laying performance and intestinal morphology and microecological environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wan
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Anhui Academy of Agriculture Science, Hefei, China
| | - Ruiyu Ma
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Anhui Academy of Agriculture Science, Hefei, China
| | - Hongyi Zhang
- Hubei Shendan Health Food Co., Ltd., Anlu, China
| | - Ling Li
- Hubei Shendan Health Food Co., Ltd., Anlu, China
| | - Lilong Chai
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Renrong Qi
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Anhui Academy of Agriculture Science, Hefei, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Anhui Academy of Agriculture Science, Hefei, China
| | - Junying Li
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Anhui Academy of Agriculture Science, Hefei, China
| | - Yan Li
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Anhui Academy of Agriculture Science, Hefei, China
| | - Kai Zhan
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Anhui Academy of Agriculture Science, Hefei, China
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203
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Bindari YR, Moore RJ, Van TTH, Walkden-Brown SW, Gerber PF. Microbial taxa in dust and excreta associated with the productive performance of commercial meat chicken flocks. Anim Microbiome 2021; 3:66. [PMID: 34600571 PMCID: PMC8487525 DOI: 10.1186/s42523-021-00127-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A major focus of research on the gut microbiota of poultry has been to define signatures of a healthy gut and identify microbiota components that correlate with feed conversion. However, there is a high variation in individual gut microbiota profiles and their association with performance. Population level samples such as dust and pooled excreta could be useful to investigate bacterial signatures associated with productivity at the flock-level. This study was designed to investigate the bacterial signatures of high and low-performing commercial meat chicken farms in dust and pooled excreta samples. Poultry house dust and fresh pooled excreta were collected at days 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35 of age from 8 farms of two Australian integrator companies and 389 samples assessed by 16S ribosomal RNA gene amplicon sequencing. The farms were ranked as low (n = 4) or high performers (n = 4) based on feed conversion rate corrected by body weight. RESULTS Permutational analysis of variance based on Bray-Curtis dissimilarities using abundance data for bacterial community structure results showed that company explained the highest variation in the bacterial community structure in excreta (R2 = 0.21, p = 0.001) while age explained the highest variation in the bacterial community structure in dust (R2 = 0.13, p = 0.001). Farm performance explained the least variation in the bacterial community structure in both dust (R2 = 0.03, p = 0.001) and excreta (R2 = 0.01, p = 0.001) samples. However, specific bacterial taxa were found to be associated with high and low performance in both dust and excreta. The bacteria taxa associated with high-performing farms in dust or excreta found in this study were Enterococcus and Candidatus Arthromitus whereas bacterial taxa associated with low-performing farms included Nocardia, Lapillococcus, Brachybacterium, Ruania, Dietzia, Brevibacterium, Jeotgalicoccus, Corynebacterium and Aerococcus. CONCLUSIONS Dust and excreta could be useful for investigating bacterial signatures associated with high and low performance in commercial poultry farms. Further studies on a larger number of farms are needed to determine if the bacterial signatures found in this study are reproducible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yugal Raj Bindari
- Animal Science, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia
| | - Robert J Moore
- School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora West Campus, Plenty Rd, Bundoora, VIC, 3083, Australia
| | - Thi Thu Hao Van
- School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora West Campus, Plenty Rd, Bundoora, VIC, 3083, Australia
| | - Stephen W Walkden-Brown
- Animal Science, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia
| | - Priscilla F Gerber
- Animal Science, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia.
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204
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Mindus C, van Staaveren N, Fuchs D, Gostner JM, Kjaer JB, Kunze W, Mian MF, Shoveller AK, Forsythe P, Harlander-Matauschek A. L. rhamnosus improves the immune response and tryptophan catabolism in laying hen pullets. Sci Rep 2021; 11:19538. [PMID: 34599202 PMCID: PMC8486881 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-98459-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In mammals, early-life probiotic supplementation is a promising tool for preventing unfavourable, gut microbiome-related behavioural, immunological, and aromatic amino acid alterations later in life. In laying hens, feather-pecking behaviour is proposed to be a consequence of gut-brain axis dysregulation. Lactobacillus rhamnosus decreases stress-induced severe feather pecking in adult hens, but whether its effect in pullets is more robust is unknown. Consequently, we investigated whether early-life, oral supplementation with a single Lactobacillus rhamnosus strain can prevent stress-induced feather-pecking behaviour in chickens. To this end, we monitored both the short- and long-term effects of the probiotic supplement on behaviour and related physiological parameters. We hypothesized that L. rhamnosus would reduce pecking behaviour by modulating the biological pathways associated with this detrimental behaviour, namely aromatic amino acid turnover linked to neurotransmitter production and stress-related immune responses. We report that stress decreased the proportion of cytotoxic T cells in the tonsils (P = 0.047). Counteracting this T cell depression, birds receiving the L. rhamnosus supplementation significantly increased all T lymphocyte subset proportions (P < 0.05). Both phenotypic and genotypic feather peckers had lower plasma tryptophan concentrations compared to their non-pecking counterparts. The probiotic supplement caused a short-term increase in plasma tryptophan (P < 0.001) and the TRP:(PHE + TYR) ratio (P < 0.001). The administration of stressors did not significantly increase feather pecking in pullets, an observation consistent with the age-dependent onset of pecking behaviour. Despite minimal changes to behaviour, our data demonstrate the impact of L. rhamnosus supplementation on the immune system and the turnover of the serotonin precursor tryptophan. Our findings indicate that L. rhamnosus exerts a transient, beneficial effect on the immune response and tryptophan catabolism in pullets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Mindus
- grid.34429.380000 0004 1936 8198Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1 Canada
| | - Nienke van Staaveren
- grid.34429.380000 0004 1936 8198Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1 Canada
| | - Dietmar Fuchs
- grid.5361.10000 0000 8853 2677Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biocenter, Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Johanna M. Gostner
- grid.5361.10000 0000 8853 2677Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Biocenter, Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Joergen B. Kjaer
- grid.417834.dInstitute of Animal Welfare and Animal Husbandry, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Celle, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Kunze
- grid.25073.330000 0004 1936 8227Brain-Body Institute, St. Joseph’s Healthcare, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1 Canada
| | - M. Firoz Mian
- grid.25073.330000 0004 1936 8227Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, 50 Charlton Avenue East, Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6 Canada
| | - Anna K. Shoveller
- grid.34429.380000 0004 1936 8198Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1 Canada
| | - Paul Forsythe
- grid.25073.330000 0004 1936 8227Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, 50 Charlton Avenue East, Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6 Canada
| | - Alexandra Harlander-Matauschek
- grid.34429.380000 0004 1936 8198Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1 Canada
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205
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Tejeda OJ, Kim WK. Effects of fiber type, particle size, and inclusion level on the growth performance, digestive organ growth, intestinal morphology, intestinal viscosity, and gene expression of broilers. Poult Sci 2021; 100:101397. [PMID: 34464931 PMCID: PMC8406148 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect fiber type, particle size, and inclusion level on the performance parameters, intestinal development and gene expression in broiler chickens. A total of 648 one-day old Cobb male broilers were randomly assigned to a control diet and 8 other dietary treatments divided in 2 fiber types (cellulose vs. soyhulls), 2 particle sizes (100 and 600 µm), and 2 inclusion levels (4 and 8% crude fiber). Birds were reared to 21 days of age in battery cages (n = 6 replicates). Growth performance parameters and intestinal viscosity were measured on da 7, 14, and 21. On d 14 and 21, digestive organ weights were recorded for analyses of organ growth. On d 21, intestinal samples were taken for analyses of histology, and jejunal mucosas were collected for analyses of nutrient transporters. Data were analyzed as a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design using JMP 2021. Treatments were compared against the control group using one-way analysis of variance, whereas the main effect interactions were evaluated as a factorial excluding the control group to be able to assess the effect of the independent variables without the variability introduced by the control group. The groups fed 8% crude fiber from cellulose (8% CL) had the lowest weight gain regardless of the particle size (P < 0.01). The control group had the highest feed intake among the treatments (P < 0.01). The groups fed 8% crude fiber from soyhulls (8% SH) with a coarse particle size had the heaviest relative gizzard weight among the treatments (P = 0.045). The groups fed 8% SH had the heaviest small intestine weights regardless of the particle size (P = 0.009). No differences were observed in the relative weights of the ceca. The highest viscosity was observed in the group fed 8% SH with a fine particle size (P < 0.001). The group fed 4% SH with a coarse particle size had the longest duodenal villus (P < 0.001). The shortest jejunal villus height was observed in the group fed 8% CL with a fine particle size (P < 0.001). Ileal villus was highest in the groups fed high CL levels regardless of the particle size (P < 0.001). The highest digestibility of dry matter was observed in the group 4% SH with fine particle (P = 0.017). The group 4% CL with fine particle had the highest digestibility of crude protein (P = 0.033). The highest expression of peptide transporter 1 was observed in the group fed 8% CL with a coarse particle size (P = 0.008). In conclusion, fiber type, particle size, and inclusion levels are important factors in the regulation of intestinal morphology, viscosity, nutrient transporters, and growth performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- O J Tejeda
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - W K Kim
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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206
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Pineda MR, Byrd JA, Genovese KJ, Farnell YZ, Zhao D, Wang X, Milby AC, Farnell MB. Evaluation of Sodium Bisulfate on Reducing Salmonella Heidelberg Biofilm and Colonization in Broiler Crops and Ceca. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9102047. [PMID: 34683366 PMCID: PMC8540007 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9102047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella Heidelberg (SH) on contaminated poultry causes economic and health risks to producers and consumers. We hypothesized that sodium bisulfate (SBS) would decrease SH biofilm on polyvinyl chloride (PVC) coupons and decrease the horizontal transfer of SH in broilers. Experiment 1: Salmonella Heidelberg biofilm was cultured with PVC coupons, which were treated with SBS at a pH of 3.5 for 10 min, 8 h, and 24 h. Experiment 2: Nine replicate pens per treatment were divided between two rooms. A seeder contact model was used to mimic a natural infection environment. Treatments consisted of tap water or sodium bisulfate in water at a pH of 3.5. Salmonella Heidelberg incidence and enumeration were measured in crops and ceca. Sodium bisulfate significantly reduced biofilm by 2.16 and 1.04 logs when treated for 8 and 24 h, respectively. Crop colonization was significantly decreased in trials 1 and 2 by 0.29 and 0.23 logs, respectively. Crop pH was significantly decreased in trial 2. Ceca colonization was significantly decreased in trial 1 by 0.39 logs. The results from the present study suggest that SBS may be administered to drinking water to decrease SH gut colonization and to reduce biofilm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Rose Pineda
- Department of Poultry Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (M.R.P.); (Y.Z.F.); (D.Z.); (X.W.); (A.C.M.)
| | - James Allen Byrd
- Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, College Station, TX 77845, USA; (J.A.B.); (K.J.G.)
| | - Kenneth James Genovese
- Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, College Station, TX 77845, USA; (J.A.B.); (K.J.G.)
| | - Yuhua Zhang Farnell
- Department of Poultry Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (M.R.P.); (Y.Z.F.); (D.Z.); (X.W.); (A.C.M.)
| | - Dan Zhao
- Department of Poultry Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (M.R.P.); (Y.Z.F.); (D.Z.); (X.W.); (A.C.M.)
| | - Xi Wang
- Department of Poultry Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (M.R.P.); (Y.Z.F.); (D.Z.); (X.W.); (A.C.M.)
| | - Allison Claire Milby
- Department of Poultry Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (M.R.P.); (Y.Z.F.); (D.Z.); (X.W.); (A.C.M.)
| | - Morgan Brian Farnell
- Department of Poultry Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (M.R.P.); (Y.Z.F.); (D.Z.); (X.W.); (A.C.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(979)-847-7363
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207
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Wyszyńska AK, Godlewska R. Lactic Acid Bacteria - A Promising Tool for Controlling Chicken Campylobacter Infection. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:703441. [PMID: 34650524 PMCID: PMC8506037 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.703441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Since 2005, campylobacteriosis has been the most common zoonotic disease in Europe. The main reservoir of pathogenic Campylobacter strains is broilers, which makes raw and undercooked poultry meat two major sources of disease. Infection in chicken flocks is most often asymptomatic, despite a high level of colonization reaching 106-109cfu/g in animal ceca. It is widely believed that controlling the level of colonization of the birds' digestive tract by pathogenic strains is a good way to increase food safety. Many treatments have been proposed to combat or at least reduce the level of colonization in animals reservoirs: probiotics, bacteriophages, vaccines, and anti-Campylobacter bacteriocins. This review focuses on the effects of Campylobacter infection on the chicken microbiome and colonization control strategies using probiotics (mostly lactic acid bacteria, LAB), which are live microorganisms included in the diet of animals as feed additives or supplements. Probiotics are not only an alternative to antibiotics, which were used for years as animal growth promoters, but they also constitute an effective protective barrier against excessive colonization of the digestive system by pathogenic bacteria, including Campylobacter. Moreover, one of the many beneficial functions of probiotics is the ability to manipulate the host's microbiota. Recently, there have also been some promising attempts to use lactic acid bacteria as a delivery system of oral vaccine against Campylobacter. Recombinant LAB strains induce primarily a mucosal immune response against foreign antigens, accompanied by at most a low-level immune response against carrier strains. Since the main barrier against the invasion of pathogens in the gastrointestinal tract is the intestinal mucosal membrane, the development of effective oral vaccines to protect animals against enteric infection is very reasonable.
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208
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Melaku M, Zhong R, Han H, Wan F, Yi B, Zhang H. Butyric and Citric Acids and Their Salts in Poultry Nutrition: Effects on Gut Health and Intestinal Microbiota. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:10392. [PMID: 34638730 PMCID: PMC8508690 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal dysfunction of farm animals, such as intestinal inflammation and altered gut microbiota, is the critical problem affecting animal welfare, performance and farm profitability. China has prohibited the use of antibiotics to improve feed efficiency and growth performance for farm animals, including poultry, in 2020. With the advantages of maintaining gut homeostasis, enhancing digestion, and absorption and modulating gut microbiota, organic acids are regarded as promising antibiotic alternatives. Butyric and citric acids as presentative organic acids positively impact growth performance, welfare, and intestinal health of livestock mainly by reducing pathogenic bacteria and maintaining the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) pH. This review summarizes the discovery of butyric acid (BA), citric acid (CA) and their salt forms, molecular structure and properties, metabolism, biological functions and their applications in poultry nutrition. The research findings about BA, CA and their salts on rats, pigs and humans are also briefly reviewed. Therefore, this review will fill the knowledge gaps of the scientific community and may be of great interest for poultry nutritionists, researchers and feed manufacturers about these two weak organic acids and their effects on intestinal health and gut microbiota community, with the hope of providing safe, healthy and nutrient-rich poultry products to consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mebratu Melaku
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (M.M.); (R.Z.); (H.H.); (F.W.)
- Department of Animal Production and Technology, College of Agriculture, Woldia University, Woldia P.O. Box 400, Ethiopia
| | - Ruqing Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (M.M.); (R.Z.); (H.H.); (F.W.)
| | - Hui Han
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (M.M.); (R.Z.); (H.H.); (F.W.)
| | - Fan Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (M.M.); (R.Z.); (H.H.); (F.W.)
- College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, China
| | - Bao Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (M.M.); (R.Z.); (H.H.); (F.W.)
| | - Hongfu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (M.M.); (R.Z.); (H.H.); (F.W.)
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209
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Amer SA, Tolba SA, AlSadek DMM, Abdel Fattah DM, Hassan AM, Metwally AE. Effect of supplemental glycerol monolaurate and oregano essential oil blend on the growth performance, intestinal morphology, and amino acid digestibility of broiler chickens. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:312. [PMID: 34563182 PMCID: PMC8467238 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-03022-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background This experiment tested the impact of the combined supplementation of glycerol monolaurate (GLM) and oregano essential oil (EO) to broiler diets. Growth performance, metabolic response, immune status, apparent ileal digestibility coefficient (AID%), and intestinal histomorphology were assessed. Three-day-old Ross-308 broilers (76.62 g ± 0.50, n = 240) were randomly allocated into 4 experimental groups (6 replicates/group and 10 chicks/replicate). Birds were fed corn-soybean meal basal diets supplemented with four levels of GLM and oregano EO blend: 0, 0.15, 0.45, and 0.75% for 35 days. Results During the starter period, dietary GLM and oregano EO did not show significant (P > 0.05) changes in growth performance. During the grower period, GLM and oregano EO supplemented groups showed a linear and quadratic decline in FCR. During the finisher and overall performance, a linear increase in the body weight (BW), body weight gain (BWG), the protein efficiency ratio (PER), and relative growth rate (RGR), and a linear decrease in the FCR at 0.75% dietary level of GLM and oregano EO compared to the control. The broken-line regression model showed that the optimum dietary level of GLM and oregano EO blend was 0.58% based on final BW and FCR. The 0.45% or 0.15% dietary level of supplemented additives lowered (P < 0.05) the AID% of threonine and arginine, respectively, with no change in the AID% of other assessed amino acids at all dietary levels. Muscle thickness in jejunum and ileum in all dietary supplemented groups was increased (P < 0.05); however, such increase (P < 0.05) in the duodenum was shown at 0.45 and 0.75% dietary levels. All GLM and oregano EO supplemented groups showed increased (P < 0.05) duodenal, jejunal, and ileal villus height. The 0.15 and/or 0.75% dietary levels of supplemented additives increased (P < 0.05) the ileal and duodenal crypt depth, respectively, with a decreased (P < 0.05) duodenal crypt depth at 0.15% dietary level. The goblet cell count in ileum decreased (P < 0.05) in all GLM and oregano EO supplemented groups, but this decreased count (P < 0.05) was detected in jejunum at 0.45 and 0.75% dietary levels. The GLM and oregano EO supplemented groups did not show significant (P > 0.05) changes in the assessed metabolic and immune status parameters. Economically, the total return and performance index was increased at 0.75% dietary level. Conclusion Better growth performance was achieved at a 0.75 % dietary level of GLM and oregano EO by improving most intestinal morphometric measures. The optimum dietary level detected was 0.58%. The lack of influence of supplemented additives on chickens' immune and metabolic responses could indicate a lack of synergy between GLM and oregano EO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimaa A Amer
- Department of Nutrition and Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt.
| | - Samar A Tolba
- Department of Nutrition and Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt
| | - Dina M M AlSadek
- Department of Histology and Cytology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt
| | - Doaa M Abdel Fattah
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt
| | - Aziza M Hassan
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif, 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdallah E Metwally
- Department of Nutrition and Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt
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Stamilla A, Ruiz-Ruiz S, Artacho A, Pons J, Messina A, Lucia Randazzo C, Caggia C, Lanza M, Moya A. Analysis of the Microbial Intestinal Tract in Broiler Chickens during the Rearing Period. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10090942. [PMID: 34571819 PMCID: PMC8469170 DOI: 10.3390/biology10090942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Gut microbiota contributes to animal health. However, identifying which microorganisms or associated functions are involved remains, still, difficult to assess. In the present study, the microbiota of healthy broiler chickens, under controlled diet and farm conditions, was investigated by 16S rRNA gene sequencing in four intestine segments and at four ages. In detail, 210 Ross-308 male chickens were raised according to the EU guidelines and fed on a commercial diet. The duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and caecum microbiota were analyzed at 11, 24, 35, and 46 days of life. Although the microbial composition was revealed as homogeneous 11 days after chicks hatched, it was found to be similar in the proximal intestine segments and different in ileum and caecum, where almost the same genera and species were detected with different relative abundances. Although changes during the later growth stage were revealed, each genus remained relatively unchanged. Lactobacillus mostly colonized the upper tract of the intestine, whereas the Escherichia/Shigella genus the ileum. Clostridium and Bacteroides genera were predominant in the caecum, where the highest richness of bacterial taxa was observed. We also analyze and discuss the predicted role of the microbiota for each intestine segment and its potential involvement in nutrient digestion and absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Stamilla
- Dipartimento di Agricoltura, Alimentazione e Ambiente (Di3A), University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (A.S.); (C.L.R.); (C.C.); (M.L.)
| | - Susana Ruiz-Ruiz
- Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunidad Valenciana (FISABIO), 46020 València, Spain; (A.A.); (J.P.)
- Correspondence: (S.R.-R.); (A.M.)
| | - Alejandro Artacho
- Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunidad Valenciana (FISABIO), 46020 València, Spain; (A.A.); (J.P.)
| | - Javier Pons
- Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunidad Valenciana (FISABIO), 46020 València, Spain; (A.A.); (J.P.)
| | | | - Cinzia Lucia Randazzo
- Dipartimento di Agricoltura, Alimentazione e Ambiente (Di3A), University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (A.S.); (C.L.R.); (C.C.); (M.L.)
| | - Cinzia Caggia
- Dipartimento di Agricoltura, Alimentazione e Ambiente (Di3A), University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (A.S.); (C.L.R.); (C.C.); (M.L.)
| | - Massimiliano Lanza
- Dipartimento di Agricoltura, Alimentazione e Ambiente (Di3A), University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (A.S.); (C.L.R.); (C.C.); (M.L.)
| | - Andrés Moya
- Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunidad Valenciana (FISABIO), 46020 València, Spain; (A.A.); (J.P.)
- Instituto de Biología Integrativa de Sistemas (I2Sysbio), Universitat de València and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 46980 València, Spain
- Correspondence: (S.R.-R.); (A.M.)
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211
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Zhou Q, Lan F, Li X, Yan W, Sun C, Li J, Yang N, Wen C. The Spatial and Temporal Characterization of Gut Microbiota in Broilers. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:712226. [PMID: 34527716 PMCID: PMC8435590 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.712226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota of chickens plays an important role in host physiology. However, the colonization and prevalence of gut microbiota have not been well-characterized. Here, we performed 16S rRNA gene sequencing on the duodenal, cecal and fecal microbiota of broilers at 1, 7, 21, and 35 days of age and characterized the dynamic succession of microbiota across the intestinal tract. Our results showed that Firmicutes was the most abundant phylum detected in each gut site at various ages, while the microbial diversity and composition varied among the duodenum, cecum, and feces at different ages. The microbial diversity and complexity of the cecal microbiota increased with age, gradually achieving stability at 21 days of age. As a specific genus in the cecum, Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1 accounted for 83.50% of the total abundance at 1 day of age, but its relative abundance diminished with age. Regarding the feces, the highest alpha diversity was observed at 1 day of age, significantly separated from the alpha diversity of other ages. In addition, no significant differences were observed in the alpha diversity of duodenal samples among 7, 21, and 35 days of age. The predominant bacterium, Lactobacillus, was relatively low (0.68–6.04%) in the intestinal tract of 1-day-old chicks, whereas its abundance increased substantially at 7 days of age and was higher in the duodenum and feces. Escherichia-Shigella, another predominant bacterium in the chicken intestinal tract, was also found to be highly abundant in fecal samples, and the age-associated dynamic trend coincided with that of Lactobacillus. In addition, several genera, including Blautia, Ruminiclostridium_5, Ruminococcaceae_UCG-014, and [Ruminococcus]_torques_group, which are related to the production of short-chain fatty acids, were identified as biomarker bacteria of the cecum after 21 days of age. These findings shed direct light on the temporal and spatial dynamics of intestinal microbiota and provide new opportunities for the improvement of poultry health and production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Zhou
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Fangren Lan
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaochang Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Yan
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Congjiao Sun
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Junying Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Yang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Chaoliang Wen
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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212
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Xue F, Wan G, Xiao Y, Chen C, Qu M, Xu L. Growth performances, gastrointestinal epithelium and bacteria responses of Yellow-feathered chickens to kudzu-leaf flavonoids supplement. AMB Express 2021; 11:125. [PMID: 34480270 PMCID: PMC8417201 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-021-01288-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of replacing antibiotics with Kudzu-leaf flavonoids (KLF) on the growth performances, gut epithelial development, and gastrointestinal bacteria diversities of Yellow-feathered broilers. For this purpose, total of 216 1-day-old male Yellow-feathered chickens with the similar birth weight (31.0 ± 1.0 g) were randomly divided into 3 treatments: the control treatment (CON), the kudzu-leaf flavonoids supplement treatment (KLF), and the antibiotics supplement treatment (AGP). All birds were provided with a 56 d-feeding procedure, followed by the measurement of production performances, immune organs, blood anti-oxidant parameters, intestine epithelium development, and cecal microbiota. Results showed the feed conversion ratio significantly decreased after KLF supplement compared with CON (P < 0.05). KLF supplement partly promoted the anti-oxidant capacity on account of the increased activity of Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and the decrease content of malondialdehyde (MDA). Further, as referred to the gastrointestinal development and bacteria, ratio of villus/crypt significantly increased of ileum in KLF treatment (P < 0.05) while a significant promition of bacterial diversity and partial representative probiotic bacteria (P < 0.05) after KLF supplementation. Moreover, correlation analysis indicated that probitics including Bifidobacterium, Butyricimonas, Lactobacillus and Streptococcus positively correlated with production performances. In conclusion, KLF supplement may promote feed efficiency and benefit the gastrointestinal health through improving gut bacterial diversity and probiotic bacteria. The KLF might be applied as a proper antibiotic alternative.
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213
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Bautil A, Buyse J, Goos P, Bedford MR, Courtin CM. Feed endoxylanase type and dose affect arabinoxylan hydrolysis and fermentation in ageing broilers. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2021; 7:787-800. [PMID: 34466683 PMCID: PMC8384776 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2020.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite the general use of endoxylanases in poultry feed to improve broiler performance, the abundance of different endoxylanase products and the variable response to their application in the field prevent a clear understanding of endoxylanase functionality in vivo. To gain insight into this functionality, we investigated the impact of endoxylanase type (Belfeed from Bacillus subtilis versus Econase XT from Nonomuraea flexuosa) and dose (10, 100, 1,000 mg/kg) in combination with broiler age on arabinoxylan (AX) hydrolysis and fermentation in broilers (Ross 308) fed a wheat-soy based diet. In a digestibility trial and a performance trial, a total of 1,057 one-day-old chicks received the control diet or 1 of the 6 endoxylanase supplemented wheat-soy based diets with, respectively, 5 replicate cages and 8 replicate pens per dietary treatment per trial. The AX content and structure, the AX digestibility values and the short-chain fatty acids produced were analysed at the level of the ileum, caeca and excreta at d 11 and 36. Endoxylanase supplementation resulted in a more extensive solubilisation of wheat AX and a reduction in the intestinal viscosity compared to the control (P < 0.05). A high endoxylanase dose was, however, required to obtain increased hydrolysis of the dietary AX along the gastrointestinal tract against the control (P < 0.001). Depending on the type of endoxylanase, a pool of AX with distinct physicochemical properties was created. The B. subtilis endoxylanase created a large pool of soluble AX in the ileum, thereby increasing ileal viscosity compared to broilers fed an endoxylanase from N. flexuosa (P < 0.001). The N. flexuosa endoxylanase mainly triggered caecal AX fermentation in young broilers, by delivering easily fermentable AX substrates with a low degree of polymerisation (P = 0.03). The effects were particularly present in young broilers (d 11). From this study, it is clear that the type and dose of endoxylanase added to wheat-soy based diets determine the nature of AX substrates formed. These, in turn, affect the intestinal viscosity and the interplay between the dietary AX compounds and microbiota, hence dictating AX digestion at young broiler ages and performance outcomes towards slaughter age.
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Affiliation(s)
- An Bautil
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (MS), KU Leuven, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Johan Buyse
- Laboratory of Livestock Physiology, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter Goos
- MeBioS Division, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Christophe M. Courtin
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (MS), KU Leuven, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
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214
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Gilroy R. Spotlight on the avian gut microbiome: fresh opportunities in discovery. Avian Pathol 2021; 50:291-294. [PMID: 34264153 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2021.1955826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Chickens represent a globally ubiquitous food animal underpinning many aspects of human nutrition and health. Consumption of chicken meat continues to surge, representing a cheaper, healthier, low-carbon alternative to other livestock meats. Despite this importance, we are still unable to define what lives within the chicken gut microbiome. This complex community bridges poultry diet, health and productivity as well as providing a reservoir for zoonotic pathogens. Even with decades of intensive study, we are still discovering novel microbial species within this environment, each of which has the potential to provide an avenue for commercial microbiome modulation. The chicken gut truly represents an exhilarating challenge in turning new-found knowledge into new-won power to improve the health and wealth of poultry and people.
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215
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Bindari YR, Moore RJ, Van TTH, Hilliar M, Wu SB, Walkden-Brown SW, Gerber PF. Microbial communities of poultry house dust, excreta and litter are partially representative of microbiota of chicken caecum and ileum. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0255633. [PMID: 34351989 PMCID: PMC8341621 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional sampling methods for the study of poultry gut microbiota preclude longitudinal studies as they require euthanasia of birds for the collection of caecal and ileal contents. Some recent research has investigated alternative sampling methods to overcome this issue. The main goal of this study was to assess to what extent the microbial composition of non-invasive samples (excreta, litter and poultry dust) are representative of invasive samples (caecal and ileal contents). The microbiota of excreta, dust, litter, caecal and ileal contents (n = 110) was assessed using 16S ribosomal RNA gene amplicon sequencing. Of the operational taxonomic units (OTUs) detected in caecal contents, 99.7% were also detected in dust, 98.6% in litter and 100% in excreta. Of the OTUs detected in ileal contents, 99.8% were detected in dust, 99.3% in litter and 95.3% in excreta. Although the majority of the OTUs found in invasive samples were detected in non-invasive samples, the relative abundance of members of the microbial communities of these groups were different, as shown by beta diversity measures. Under the conditions of this study, correlation analysis showed that dust could be used as a proxy for ileal and caecal contents to detect the abundance of the phylum Firmicutes, and excreta as a proxy of caecal contents for the detection of Tenericutes. Similarly, litter could be used as a proxy for caecal contents to detect the abundance of Firmicutes and Tenericutes. However, none of the non-invasive samples could be used to infer the overall abundance of OTUs observed in invasive samples. In conclusion, non-invasive samples could be used to detect the presence and absence of the majority of the OTUs found in invasive samples, but could not accurately reflect the microbial community structure of invasive samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yugal R. Bindari
- Animal Science, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Robert J. Moore
- School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora West Campus, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Thi Thu Hao Van
- School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora West Campus, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Matthew Hilliar
- Animal Science, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Shu-Biao Wu
- Animal Science, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Stephen W. Walkden-Brown
- Animal Science, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Priscilla F. Gerber
- Animal Science, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia
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216
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Growth performance, immune status and intestinal fermentative processes of young turkeys fed diet with additive of full fat meals from Tenebrio molitor and Hermetia illucens. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2021.114994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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217
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Lv H, Huang Y, Wang T, Zhai S, Hou Z, Chen S. Microbial Composition in the Duodenum and Ileum of Yellow Broilers With High and Low Feed Efficiency. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:689653. [PMID: 34385985 PMCID: PMC8353196 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.689653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The composition of the gut microbiome plays important roles in digestion, nutrient absorption, and health. Here, we analyzed the microbial composition in the duodenum and ileum of yellow broilers. Chickens were grouped based on feed efficiency (high feed efficiency [HFE] and low feed efficiency [LFE] groups; n = 22 each). Microbial samples from the duodenum and ileum were collected, and 16S rRNA sequencing of the V3–V4 region was performed. The dominant bacteria in the duodenum were from the phyla Firmicutes and Cyanobacteria and the genera Lactobacillus, Faecalibacterium, and Ruminococcus. In the ileum, the phyla Firmicutes and Proteobacteria and the genera Lactobacillus, SMB53 and Enterococcus were predominant. Alpha diversity analysis showed that the microbiota diversity was significantly higher in the duodenum than in the ileum. The structure of the ileal microbiota was similar between groups, and the species richness of the microbiota in the HFE group was significantly higher than that in the LFE group. In the HFE and LFE groups, Firmicutes and Cyanobacteria were negatively correlated, and Lactobacillus had medium to high negative correlations with most other genera. Functional prediction analysis showed that the gluconeogenesis I pathway was the most abundant differential metabolic pathway and was significantly altered in the LFE group. Moreover, although the microbial community structures were similar in the duodenum and ileum, the diversity of the microbial community was significantly higher in the duodenum than in the ileum. Pearson correlation analysis revealed that the phylum Chloroflexi and genera Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas, Bacillus and Neisseria were with coefficients <−0.3 or >0.3. In the ileum, Ruminococcus may be associated with HFE whereas Faecalibacterium may be associated with LFE. These findings may provide valuable foundations for future research on composition and diversity of intestinal microbes and provide insights into the roles of intestinal microbes in improving feed efficiency and the industrial economic benefits of yellow broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijiao Lv
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yun Huang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shangkun Zhai
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhuocheng Hou
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Sirui Chen
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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218
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Antibacterial Potential of Biosynthesized Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles against Poultry-Associated Foodborne Pathogens: An In Vitro Study. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11072093. [PMID: 34359225 PMCID: PMC8300380 DOI: 10.3390/ani11072093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The overuse of antibiotics in the poultry industry has led to the emergence of multidrug-resistant microorganisms. Thus, there is a need to find an alternative to conventional antibiotics. Recently, zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) have gained much attention due to their excellent antibacterial activity. In addition, ZnO NPs is an essential trace mineral in poultry diets. In this sense, incorporating ZnO NPs into poultry can promote growth and performance while serving as an alternative antibacterial agent to control diseases. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the in vitro antibacterial activity and antibacterial mechanisms of ZnO NPs against poultry-associated foodborne pathogens (Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus). The obtained findings demonstrated effective antibacterial actions against the tested microorganisms. The nanotechnology approach could represent a new tool for combating pathogens in the poultry industry. Abstract Since the emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria in the poultry industry is currently a serious threat, there is an urgent need to develop a more efficient and alternative antibacterial substance. Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) have exhibited antibacterial efficacy against a wide range of microorganisms. Although the in vitro antibacterial activity of ZnO NPs has been studied, little is known about the antibacterial mechanisms of ZnO NPs against poultry-associated foodborne pathogens. In the present study, ZnO NPs were successfully synthesized using Lactobacillus plantarum TA4, characterized, and their antibacterial potential against common avian pathogens (Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus) was investigated. Confirmation of ZnO NPs by UV-Visual spectroscopy showed an absorption band center at 360 nm. Morphologically, the synthesized ZnO NPs were oval with an average particle size of 29.7 nm. Based on the dissolution study of Zn2+, ZnO NPs released more ions than their bulk counterparts. Results from the agar well diffusion assay indicated that ZnO NPs effectively inhibited the growth of the three poultry-associated foodborne pathogens. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were assessed using various concentrations of ZnO NPs, which resulted in excellent antibacterial activity as compared to their bulkier counterparts. S. aureus was more susceptible to ZnO NPs compared to the other tested bacteria. Furthermore, the ZnO NPs demonstrated substantial biofilm inhibition and eradication. The formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cellular material leakage was quantified to determine the underlying antibacterial mechanisms, whereas a scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to examine the morphological changes of tested bacteria treated with ZnO NPs. The findings suggested that ROS-induced oxidative stress caused membrane damage and bacterial cell death. Overall, the results demonstrated that ZnO NPs could be developed as an alternative antibiotic in poultry production and revealed new possibilities in combating pathogenic microorganisms.
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219
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Liu Y, Lin Q, Huang X, Jiang G, Li C, Zhang X, Liu S, He L, Liu Y, Dai Q, Huang X. Effects of Dietary Ferulic Acid on the Intestinal Microbiota and the Associated Changes on the Growth Performance, Serum Cytokine Profile, and Intestinal Morphology in Ducks. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:698213. [PMID: 34326826 PMCID: PMC8313987 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.698213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated the effects of ferulic acid (FA) on the growth performance, serum cytokine profile, intestinal morphology, and intestinal microbiota in ducks at the growing stage. 300 female Linwu ducks at 28 days of age with similar body weights were randomly divided into five groups. Each group contained six replicates of 10 birds. The dietary treatments were corn-soybean-based diet supplemented with FA at the concentrations of 0 (control), 100, 200, 400, and 800 mg/kg diet. The results demonstrated that dietary FA at the levels of 200, 400, and 800 mg/kg increased the average daily gain (P = 0.01), 400 and 800 mg/kg FA increased the final body weight (P = 0.02), 100, 200, and 800 mg/kg FA increased the serum glutathione (P = 0.01), and 100, 400, and 800 mg/kg FA increased the glutathione peroxidase activities in birds (P < 0.01). Additionally, 200, 400, and 800 mg/kg dietary FA lowered the serum levels of interleukin-2 (P = 0.02) and interleukin-6 (P = 0.04). Moreover, the morphometric study of the intestines indicated that 400 mg/kg FA decreased the crypt depth in jejunum (P = 0.01) and caecum (P = 0.04), and increased the ratio of villus height to crypt depth in jejunum (P = 0.02). Significant linear and/or quadratic relationships were found between FA concentration and the measured parameters. 16S rRNA sequencing revealed that dietary FA increased the populations of genera Faecalibacterium, Paludicola, RF39, and Faecalicoccus in the cecum (P < 0.05), whereas decreased the populations of Anaerofilum and UCG-002 (P < 0.05). The Spearman correlation analysis indicated that phylum Proteobacteria were negatively, but order Oscillospirales, and family Ruminococcaceae were positively related to the parameters of the growth performance. Phylum Bacteroidetes, class Negativicutes and family Rikenellaceae were negatively associated with the parameters of the antioxidative capability. And phylum Cyanobacteria, Elusimicrobia, and Bacteroidetes, class Bacilli, family Rikenellaceae, and genus Prevotella were positively associated with the parameters of the immunological capability. Thus, it was concluded that the supplementations of 400 mg/kg FA in diet was able to improve the growth performance, antioxidative and immunological capabilities, intestinal morphology, and modulated the gut microbial construction of Linwu ducks at the growing stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agriculture University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Institute of Animal and Veterinary Science, Changsha, China
| | - Qian Lin
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Xuan Huang
- Hunan Institute of Animal and Veterinary Science, Changsha, China
| | - Guitao Jiang
- Hunan Institute of Animal and Veterinary Science, Changsha, China
| | - Chuang Li
- Hunan Institute of Animal and Veterinary Science, Changsha, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Hunan Institute of Animal and Veterinary Science, Changsha, China
| | - Shengli Liu
- Shandong Lonct Enzymes Co., Ltd., Linyi, China
| | - Lingyun He
- Animal Husbandry and Fisheries Affairs Center, Huaihua, China
| | - Yali Liu
- Hunan Perfly Biotech Co., Ltd., Changsha, China
| | - Qiuzhong Dai
- Hunan Institute of Animal and Veterinary Science, Changsha, China
| | - Xingguo Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agriculture University, Changsha, China
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220
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Menconi A, Sokale AO, Mendoza SM, Whelan R, Doranalli K. Effect of Bacillus subtilis DSM 32315 under Different Necrotic Enteritis Models in Broiler Chickens: A Meta-Analysis of Five Independent Research Trials. Avian Dis 2021; 64:379-385. [PMID: 33205174 DOI: 10.1637/aviandiseases-d-19-00116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Challenge models are needed to understand the pathogenesis of necrotic enteritis (NE) and provide the basis of evaluating nonantibiotic feed-additive interventions. In the category of nonantibiotic feed additives, the application of probiotics to improve intestinal health and growth performance of broiler chickens in the face of an NE challenge has been well described. However, it is crucial to evaluate the consistency of specific probiotics for mitigating the disease challenge and improving performance. Therefore, a meta-analysis of five independent research trials was conducted with the objective of evaluating the effect of Bacillus subtilis DSM 32315 (probiotic) on body weight gain (BWG), feed conversion ratio (FCR), NE mortality, and lesion score (LS) of broiler chickens challenged with NE. These independent studies were conducted in three countries (the United States, Thailand, and Finland). The statistical analysis used fixed and random effects to estimate the mean effect size (MES) of the difference between NE-challenged birds (control) and NE-challenged probiotic-fed birds and the 95% confidence interval of MES. A meta-regression was performed to evaluate heterogeneity (MES variance) among studies. The statistical analysis was performed using a robust variance estimation strategy with a SAS macro. Probiotic-supplemented birds had a significantly higher BWG (MES = 1.04, P = 0.009) and a significantly lower FCR (MES = -1.39, P = 0.020), NE mortality (MES = -1.15, P = 0.012), and LS (MES = -1.29, P = 0.045). Response variables of BWG (Q = 2.81, P = 0.560) and NE mortality (Q = 5.60, P = 0.354) did not present heterogeneity. Heterogeneity was found for FCR (Q = 10.34, P = 0.035) and LS (Q = 16.13, P = 0.001). Overall, dietary supplementation of B. subtilis DSM 32315 significantly improved BWG and reduced FCR, mortality, and LS in a repeatable large-scale manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Menconi
- Evonik Corporation, 1701 Barrett Lakes Blvd., Kennesaw, GA, 30144
| | - A O Sokale
- Evonik Corporation, 1701 Barrett Lakes Blvd., Kennesaw, GA, 30144
| | - S M Mendoza
- Evonik Corporation, 1701 Barrett Lakes Blvd., Kennesaw, GA, 30144
| | - R Whelan
- Evonik Nutrition & Care GmbH, Rodenbacher Chaussee 4, 63457 Hanau-Wolfgang, Germany
| | - K Doranalli
- Evonik Nutrition & Care GmbH, Rodenbacher Chaussee 4, 63457 Hanau-Wolfgang, Germany
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221
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Yaqoob MU, El-Hack MEA, Hassan F, El-Saadony MT, Khafaga AF, Batiha GE, Yehia N, Elnesr SS, Alagawany M, El-Tarabily KA, Wang M. The potential mechanistic insights and future implications for the effect of prebiotics on poultry performance, gut microbiome, and intestinal morphology. Poult Sci 2021; 100:101143. [PMID: 34062442 PMCID: PMC8170421 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Prebiotics may modify the biological processes in the chickens' gastrointestinal tract to improve poultry performance and health. Prebiotics are natural feed additives that offer many economic advantages by decreasing mortality rates, increasing growth rates, and improving birds' feed efficiency. Prebiotic action potentially affects the degradation of indigestible dietary compounds, the synthesis of nitrogen components and vitamins, and simplifies the removal of undesirable elements in the diet. Prebiotics could also induce desirable gut microbiome modifications and affect host metabolism and immune health. It is worth mentioning that gut bacteria metabolize the prebiotic compounds into organic compounds that the host can subsequently use. It is important to limit the concept of prebiotics to compounds that influence the metabolism of resident microorganisms. Any medicinal component or feed ingredient beneficial to the intestinal microecosystem can be considered a prebiotic. In this review, the impacts of prebiotics on the gut microbiome and physiological structure are discussed, emphasizing the poultry's growth performance. The current review will highlight the knowledge gaps in this area and future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M U Yaqoob
- College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - M E Abd El-Hack
- Department of Poultry, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - F Hassan
- Institute of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan
| | - M T El-Saadony
- Agricultural Microbiology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - A F Khafaga
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Edfina 22758, Egypt
| | - G E Batiha
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, 080-8555, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, AlBeheira, Egypt
| | - N Yehia
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research center, Cairo, Egypt
| | - S S Elnesr
- Poultry Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Fayoum University, Fayoum 63514, Egypt
| | - M Alagawany
- Department of Poultry, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - K A El-Tarabily
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, 15551, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates; Biosecurity and One Health Research Centre, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, 6150, Australia
| | - M Wang
- College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China.
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222
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Abundo MEC, Ngunjiri JM, Taylor KJM, Ji H, Ghorbani A, Kc M, Elaish M, Jang H, Weber B, Johnson TJ, Lee CW. Evaluation of Sampling Methods for the Study of Avian Respiratory Microbiota. Avian Dis 2021; 64:277-285. [PMID: 33205170 DOI: 10.1637/aviandiseases-d-19-00200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Although poultry microbiome discoveries are increasing due to the potential impact on poultry performance, studies examining the poultry respiratory microbiome are challenging because of the low microbial biomass and uniqueness of the avian respiratory tract, making it difficult to sample enough material for microbial analysis. Invasive sampling techniques requiring euthanasia are currently used to increase microbial mass for the analysis, thus making it impossible to sample individual birds longitudinally. In this study, we compared invasive (nasal wash, upper tracheal wash, lower tracheal wash, and lower respiratory lavage) and noninvasive (tracheal and choanal swabs) respiratory sampling techniques in two independent experiments by using 4-wk-old chickens. We first established the experimental baseline of respiratory microbiota by using invasive techniques to enable reasonable comparisons between sampling methods and between experiments. Although noninvasive sampling (live-bird swabs) resulted in lower 16S ribosomal RNA gene copy numbers compared with invasive sampling, live swabs were able to detect the dominant microbes captured by invasive techniques. Nevertheless, swabs from euthanatized birds were more reflective of the microbiota captured through invasive methods than live swab. Furthermore, from two separate experiments, we also demonstrated that respiratory microbiota sampling is highly reproducible, especially in the trachea and lower respiratory tract. Our study provides new insights and perspectives on decision making when sampling and studying poultry respiratory microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Edward C Abundo
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691.,Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - John M Ngunjiri
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691
| | - Kara J M Taylor
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691
| | - Hana Ji
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691
| | - Amir Ghorbani
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691.,Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Mahesh Kc
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691.,Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Mohamed Elaish
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691
| | - Hyesun Jang
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691.,Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Bonnie Weber
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108
| | - Timothy J Johnson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108.,Mid-Central Research and Outreach Center, University of Minnesota, Willmar, MN 56201
| | - Chang-Won Lee
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691.,Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
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223
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Pahlavanzadeh M, Sadeghi AA, Mousavi SN, Chamani M. Influence of spleen meal and hydrolyzed yeast on growth performance, blood cells, antibody titres and IL-2 gene expression in broiler chickens. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2021.1941051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Pahlavanzadeh
- Department of Animal Science, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Asghar Sadeghi
- Department of Animal Science, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Naser Mousavi
- Department of Animal Science, Varamin-Pishva Branch, Islamic Azad University, Varamin, Iran
| | - Mohammad Chamani
- Department of Animal Science, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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224
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Saad AH, Ahmed MS, Aboubakr M, Ghoneim HA, Abdel-Daim MM, Albadrani GM, Arafat N, Fadl SE, Abdo W. Impact of Dietary or Drinking Water Ruminococcus sp. Supplementation and/or Heat Stress on Growth, Histopathology, and Bursal Gene Expression of Broilers. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:663577. [PMID: 34268345 PMCID: PMC8275643 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.663577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
This research was conducted to evaluate the impact of dietary or drinking water Ruminococcus sp. supplementation and/or heat stress (HS) on the growth, serum biochemistry, tissue antioxidant, phagocytic assay, histopathology, and bursa gene expression of broilers. Day-old broiler chicks were allotted into six groups according to HS and/or Ruminococcus with or without enzyme supplementation. The first group was the control one, with a formulated diet and normal environmental temperature but without any supplement. The second group fed on Ruminococcus-supplemented diet (1 kg/kg diet). The third group fed on a formulated diet without supplement, and Ruminococcus and digestive enzymes were given in drinking water (0.1 ml/L). The fourth one was the heat stress group, with a normal formulated diet. The fifth and the sixth groups served as second and third groups, respectively, but with heat stress. The results of this experiment indicated that thermal temperature negatively affected the parameters of growth performance, serum biochemical, tissue antioxidants, and phagocytic assay. Moreover, heat stress led to pathological lesions in the internal organs and affected the expression of some genes related to heat stress, including proapoptotic genes such as caspase8 and bax, inflammatory genes such as NF-κβ1, and heat shock protein such as HSP 70 in the bursal tissue. These bad effects and abnormalities were mitigated by Ruminococcus alone or with enzyme supplementation, which improved all the above-mentioned parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adel Hassan Saad
- Nutrition and Clinical Nutrition Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Matrouh University, Mersa Matruh, Egypt
| | - Mohamed S Ahmed
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Shaikh, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Aboubakr
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Banha, Egypt
| | - Hanan A Ghoneim
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
| | - Mohamed M Abdel-Daim
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Ghadeer M Albadrani
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nagah Arafat
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Sabreen Ezzat Fadl
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Matrouh University, Mersa Matruh, Egypt
| | - Walied Abdo
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Shaikh, Egypt
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225
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A Review of the Effects and Production of Spore-Forming Probiotics for Poultry. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11071941. [PMID: 34209794 PMCID: PMC8300232 DOI: 10.3390/ani11071941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Spore-forming probiotics are widely used in the poultry industry for their beneficial impact on host health. The main feature that separates spore-forming probiotics from the more common lactic acid probiotics is their high resistance to external and internal factors, resulting in higher viability in the host and correspondingly, greater efficiency. Their most important effect is the ability to confront pathogens, which makes them a perfect substitute for antibiotics. In this review, we cover and discuss the interactions of spore-forming probiotic bacteria with poultry as the host, their health promotion effects and mechanisms of action, impact on poultry productivity parameters, and ways to manufacture the probiotic formulation. The key focus of this review is the lack of reproducibility in poultry research studies on the evaluation of probiotics’ effects, which should be solved by developing and publishing a set of standard protocols in the professional community for conducting probiotic trials in poultry. Abstract One of the main problems in the poultry industry is the search for a viable replacement for antibiotic growth promoters. This issue requires a “one health” approach because the uncontrolled use of antibiotics in poultry can lead to the development of antimicrobial resistance, which is a concern not only in animals, but for humans as well. One of the promising ways to overcome this challenge is found in probiotics due to their wide range of features and mechanisms of action for health promotion. Moreover, spore-forming probiotics are suitable for use in the poultry industry because of their unique ability, encapsulation, granting them protection from the harshest conditions and resulting in improved availability for hosts’ organisms. This review summarizes the information on gastrointestinal tract microbiota of poultry and their interaction with commensal and probiotic spore-forming bacteria. One of the most important topics of this review is the absence of uniformity in spore-forming probiotic trials in poultry. In our opinion, this problem can be solved by the creation of standards and checklists for these kinds of trials such as those used for pre-clinical and clinical trials in human medicine. Last but not least, this review covers problems and challenges related to spore-forming probiotic manufacturing.
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226
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Shini S, Bryden WL. Probiotics and gut health: linking gut homeostasis and poultry productivity. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1071/an20701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The use of probiotics in poultry production has increased rapidly, and this movement has been promoted by global events, such as the prohibition or decline in the use of antibiotic growth promotants in poultry feeds. There has been a persistent search for alternative feed additives, and probiotics have shown that they can restore the composition of the gut microbiota, and produce health benefits to the host, including improvements in performance. Probiotics have shown potential to increase productivity in poultry, especially in flocks challenged by stressors. However, the outcomes of probiotic use have not always been consistent. There is an increasing demand for well defined products that can be applied strategically, and currently, probiotic research is focusing on delineating their mechanisms of action in the gut that contribute to an improved efficacy. In particular, mechanisms involved in the maintenance and protection of intestinal barrier integrity and the role of the gut microbiota are being extensively investigated. It has been shown that probiotics modulate intestinal immune pathways both directly and through interactions with the gut microbiota. These interactions are key to maintaining gut homeostasis and function, and improving feed efficiency. Research has demonstrated that probiotics execute their effects through multiple mechanisms. The present review describes recent advances in probiotic use in poultry. It focuses on the current understanding of gut homeostasis and gut health in chickens, and how it can be assessed and improved through supplementation of poultry diets with probiotics in poultry diets. In particular, cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the maintenance and protection of gut barrier structure and function are described. It also highlights important factors that influence probiotic efficacy and bird performance.
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227
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Darwish N, Shao J, Schreier LL, Proszkowiec-Weglarz M. Choice of 16S ribosomal RNA primers affects the microbiome analysis in chicken ceca. Sci Rep 2021; 11:11848. [PMID: 34088939 PMCID: PMC8178357 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91387-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the effect of applying different sets of 16S rRNA primers on bacterial composition, diversity, and predicted function in chicken ceca. Cecal contents from Ross 708 birds at 1, 3, and 5 weeks of age were collected for DNA isolation. Eight different primer pairs targeting different variable regions of the 16S rRNA gene were employed. DNA sequences were analyzed using open-source platform QIIME2 and the Greengenes database. PICRUSt2 was used to determine the predicted function of bacterial communities. Changes in bacterial relative abundance due to 16S primers were determined by GLMs. The average PCR amplicon size ranged from 315 bp (V3) to 769 bp (V4–V6). Alpha- and beta-diversity, taxonomic composition, and predicted functions were significantly affected by the primer choice. Beta diversity analysis based on Unweighted UniFrac distance matrix showed separation of microbiota with four different clusters of bacterial communities. Based on the alpha- and beta-diversity and taxonomic composition, variable regions V1–V3(1) and (2), and V3–V4 and V3–V5 were in most consensus. Our data strongly suggest that selection of particular sets of the 16S rRNA primers can impact microbiota analysis and interpretation of results in chicken as was shown previously for humans and other animal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Darwish
- Agricultural Research Service, NEA, Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, B-200, Rm. 100B, BARC-East, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA.,Agricultural Research Service, Northeast Area, Statistic Group, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Jonathan Shao
- Agricultural Research Service, Northeast Area, Statistic Group, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Lori L Schreier
- Agricultural Research Service, NEA, Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, B-200, Rm. 100B, BARC-East, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Monika Proszkowiec-Weglarz
- Agricultural Research Service, NEA, Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, B-200, Rm. 100B, BARC-East, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA.
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228
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Zając M, Kiczorowska B, Samolińska W, Kowalczyk-Pecka D, Andrejko D, Kiczorowski P. Effect of inclusion of micronized camelina, sunflower, and flax seeds in the broiler chicken diet on performance productivity, nutrient utilization, and intestinal microbial populations. Poult Sci 2021; 100:101118. [PMID: 34077850 PMCID: PMC8173300 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of inclusion of micronized full-fat camelina, flax, or sunflower seeds in the diet for broiler chickens on the performance productivity, nutrient utilization, and composition of intestinal microbial populations and to assess the possibility of modification of the resistance of isolated bacteria to chemotherapeutic agents with different mechanisms of action. The use of micronized oilseeds improved the broiler chicken body weight (P = 0.035) and the FCR value (P = 0.045) in the final rearing stage by enhancement of the utilization of total protein and organic matter. Lactobacillus-Enterococcus spp., Bifidobacterium spp., Escherichia coli, and Salmonella spp. were isolated from small intestinal contents, and Enterobacteriaceae taxa were detected in the cecum and cloaca of the broiler chickens. The addition of micronized camelina seeds (CAM.IR) contributed to an increase in the Bifidobacterium counts in the small intestine, compared with the control treatment (P < 0.050). Escherichia coli bacteria were not isolated only in the CAM.IR treatment. Nitrofurantoin and chloramphenicol were the most effective agents against the isolates from the cecum and cloaca in all oilseed treatments, whereas streptomycin exhibited the lowest efficacy. In the CAM.IR and micronized sunflower seed (SUN.IR) treatments, there were higher counts of trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole-resistant Enterobacteriaceae strains than in the control and micronized flax seed (FLA.IR) treatments (P < 0.05). There was a difference between strains isolated from the cecum and cloaca only in the FLA.IR treatment, i.e., increased tetracycline sensitivity was exhibited by strains isolated from the cloaca (13% vs. 50%), also in comparison with the control treatments (P = 0.054). In comparison with the CAM.IR and control treatments, reduced numbers of multi-resistant strains were found in the cloaca isolates from the for FLA.IR and SUN.IR variants. Micronized camelina, flax, and sunflower seeds can be used as part of an effective nutritional strategy focused on optimization of the efficiency of rearing broiler chickens, as they positively modify intestinal microbial populations and increase bacterial sensitivity to the analyzed chemotherapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malwina Zając
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Bromatology, University of Life Sciences, Akademicka Street 13,20-950 Lublin, Poland
| | - Bożena Kiczorowska
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Bromatology, University of Life Sciences, Akademicka Street 13,20-950 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Wioletta Samolińska
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Bromatology, University of Life Sciences, Akademicka Street 13,20-950 Lublin, Poland
| | - Danuta Kowalczyk-Pecka
- Department of Zoology and Animal Ecology, University of Life Sciences, Akademicka Street 13,20-950 Lublin, Poland
| | - Dariusz Andrejko
- Department of Biological Bases of Food and Feed Technologies, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Głęboka Street 28, 20-612 Lublin, Poland
| | - Piotr Kiczorowski
- Department of Biological Bases of Food and Feed Technologies, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Głęboka Street 28, 20-612 Lublin, Poland
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229
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Lone A, Mottawea W, Mehdi Y, Hammami R. Bacteriocinogenic probiotics as an integrated alternative to antibiotics in chicken production - why and how? Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62:8744-8760. [PMID: 34060404 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1932722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The misuse of antibiotics in the livestock industry has played an important role in the spread of resistant superbugs with severe health implications for humans. With the recent ban on the use of antibiotics in poultry and poultry feed in Canada and the USA, poultry farmers will have to rely on the use of alternatives to antibiotics (such as feed acidifiers, antibodies, bacteriophages, antimicrobial peptides, prebiotics, and probiotics) to maintain the same productivity and health of their livestock. Of particular interest are bacteriocinogenic probiotics, that is, bacterial strains capable of producing bacteriocins that confer health benefits on the host. These bacterial strains have multiple promising features, such as the ability to attach to the host mucosa, colonize, proliferate, and produce advantageous products such as bacteriocins and short-chain fatty acids. These not only affect pathogenic colonization but improve poultry phenotype as well. Bacteriocins are antimicrobial peptides with multiple promising features such as being non-harmful for human and animal consumption, non-disruptive to the host microbiota eubiosis, non-cytotoxic, and non-carcinogenic. Therefore, bacteriocinogenic probiotics are at the forefront to be excellent candidates for effective replacements to antibiotics. While evidence of their safety and effectiveness is accumulating in vitro and in vivo in inhibiting pathogens while promoting animal health, their safety and history of use in livestock remains unclear and requires additional investigations. In the present paper, we review the safety assessment regulations and commercialization policies on existing and novel bacteriocinogenic and bacteriocin products intended to be used in poultry feed as an alternative to antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha Lone
- GUT Research Platform, School of Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Walid Mottawea
- GUT Research Platform, School of Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Youcef Mehdi
- Faculté des sciences de l'agriculture et de l'alimentation, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Riadh Hammami
- GUT Research Platform, School of Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
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The Effect of α-Monolaurin and Butyrate Supplementation on Broiler Performance and Gut Health in the Absence and Presence of the Antibiotic Growth Promoter Zinc Bacitracin. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10060651. [PMID: 34072321 PMCID: PMC8228722 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10060651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of antibiotic growth promoters (AGP) is common practice to improve broiler production and performance. The use of AGP is under discussion as it can induce bacterial resistance. The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of removing AGP from broiler feed and study the effect of feed additives. For those countries where in-feed AGP are still permitted, the effect of the products in the presence of AGP was evaluated. Half the number of male broilers received a diet free of AGP, whereas the other half received a diet supplemented with zinc bacitracin at 0.5 g/kg. Both diets were either without additional additives or combined with a coated sodium butyrate, α-monolaurin or a combination of these additives. Raised under optimal conditions, the incorporation of AGP had no effect on broiler performance, but negatively affected villi height and villi height to crypt depth (VH:CD) ratio in the duodenum. In the absence of AGP, butyric acid and α-monolaurin had a positive effect on villi height. In the presence of AGP, α-monolaurin resulted in the lowest feed conversion ratio and improved VH:CD ratio in the duodenum, jejunum and ileum. Both feed additives had minimal effect on performance parameters but showed small positive effects on gut health in the absence of AGP and could play a role in the strategy to replace AGP.
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Abstract
Opportunistic feeding and multiple other environment factors can modulate the gut microbiome, and bias conclusions, when wild animals are used for studying the influence of phylogeny and diet on their gut microbiomes. Here, we controlled for these other confounding factors in our investigation of the magnitude of the effect of diet on the gut microbiome assemblies of nonpasserine birds. We collected fecal samples, at one point in time, from 35 species of birds in a single zoo as well as 6 species of domestic poultry from farms in Guangzhou city to minimize the influences from interfering factors. Specifically, we describe 16S rRNA amplicon data from 129 fecal samples obtained from 41 species of birds, with additional shotgun metagenomic sequencing data generated from 16 of these individuals. Our data show that diets containing native starch increase the abundance of Lactobacillus in the gut microbiome, while those containing plant-derived fiber mainly enrich the level of Clostridium Greater numbers of Fusobacteria and Proteobacteria are detected in carnivorous birds, while in birds fed a commercial corn-soybean basal diet, a stronger inner-connected microbial community containing Clostridia and Bacteroidia was enriched. Furthermore, the metagenome functions of the microbes (such as lipid metabolism and amino acid synthesis) were adapted to the different food types to achieve a beneficial state for the host. In conclusion, the covariation of diet and gut microbiome identified in our study demonstrates a modulation of the gut microbiome by dietary diversity and helps us better understand how birds live based on diet-microbiome-host interactions.IMPORTANCE Our study identified food source, rather than host phylogeny, as the main factor modulating the gut microbiome diversity of nonpasserine birds, after minimizing the effects of other complex interfering factors such as weather, season, and geography. Adaptive evolution of microbes to food types formed a dietary-microbiome-host interaction reciprocal state. The covariation of diet and gut microbiome, including the response of microbiota assembly to diet in structure and function, is important for health and nutrition in animals. Our findings help resolve the major modulators of gut microbiome diversity in nonpasserine birds, which had not previously been well studied. The diet-microbe interactions and cooccurrence patterns identified in our study may be of special interest for future health assessment and conservation in birds.
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232
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Schokker D, de Klerk B, Borg R, Bossers A, Rebel JM. Factors Influencing the Succession of the Fecal Microbiome in Broilers. Livest Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2021.104486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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233
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Kouzounis D, Hageman JA, Soares N, Michiels J, Schols HA. Impact of Xylanase and Glucanase on Oligosaccharide Formation, Carbohydrate Fermentation Patterns, and Nutrient Utilization in the Gastrointestinal Tract of Broilers. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:1285. [PMID: 33947151 PMCID: PMC8147108 DOI: 10.3390/ani11051285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed at determining how the degradation of cereal non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) by dietary enzymes during feed digestion can influence nutrient digestibility and NSP fermentability in broilers. Ninety-six one-day-old male broilers were assigned to 4 different treatments: control and enzyme-supplemented wheat-based (WC, WE) or maize-based (MC, ME) treatments. Enzyme supplementation with endo-xylanase and endo-glucanase occurred from day 20 onwards. On day 28, digesta samples were collected. Nutrient digestibility, NSP recovery, oligosaccharide profile, and short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) content were determined. Enzyme supplementation in WE resulted in a higher starch (3%; p = 0.004) and protein (5%; p = 0.002) digestion in the ileum compared to WC. Xylanase activity in WE led to in situ formations of arabinoxylan-oligosaccharides consisting of 5 to 26 pentose units in the ileum. This coincided with decreased arabinose (p = 0.059) and xylose (p = 0.036) amounts in the ceca and higher acetate (p = 0.014) and butyrate (p = 0.044) formation in WE compared to WC. Conversely, complete total tract recovery of arabinoxylan in MC and ME suggested poor maize NSP fermentability. Overall, enzyme action improved nutrient digestibility and arabinoxylan fermentability in the wheat-based diet. The lower response of the maize-based diet to enzyme treatment may be related to the recalcitrance of maize arabinoxylan as well as to the high nutritive value of maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Kouzounis
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands;
| | - Jos A. Hageman
- Biometris, Applied Statistics, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands;
| | - Natalia Soares
- Huvepharma NV, Uitbreidingstraat 80, 2600 Berchem, Belgium;
| | - Joris Michiels
- Laboratory for Animal Nutrition and Animal Product Quality (LANUPRO), Department of Animal Sciences and Aquatic Ecology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
| | - Henk A. Schols
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands;
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Cheng YH, Horng YB, Chen WJ, Hua KF, Dybus A, Yu YH. Effect of Fermented Products Produced by Bacillus licheniformis on the Growth Performance and Cecal Microbial Community of Broilers under Coccidial Challenge. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11051245. [PMID: 33925950 PMCID: PMC8146065 DOI: 10.3390/ani11051245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of fermented products produced by Bacillus licheniformis (fermented products) on the growth performance and cecal microbial community in broilers exposed to coccidial challenge. A total of 108 one-day-old male broiler chicks (Ross 308) were randomly allotted to one of three treatments. Each treatment was distributed into six replicate cages with six birds each. The treatments consisted of a basal diet without treatment (NC), basal diet plus coccidial challenge (PC), and basal diet plus the coccidial challenge and 1 g/kg of fermented products (FP). The results indicated that FP increased the average daily gain of broilers at 21 to 35 days of age compared with the PC group (p < 0.05). The anti-coccidia index in the FP group was elevated compared with the PC group (p < 0.05). Principal coordinate analysis showed significant segregation in bacterial community composition in the cecal digesta among the groups. The genus Lactobacillus was more abundant in the cecal digesta of the FP group compared with the PC group (p < 0.05). There was a positive correlation between the abundance of the genus Lactobacillus in the cecal digesta and growth performance (body weight, average daily gain, and average feed intake). Furthermore, the abundance of the genus Lactobacillus in the cecal digesta was positively associated with the cecal short-chain fatty acid levels (formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, and isobutyric acid). These findings suggest that fermented products produced by B. licheniformis can ameliorate the average daily gain of broilers exposed to coccidial challenge. B. licheniformis-fermented product supplementation increases anti-coccidial activity and modulates gut microbiota composition by increasing beneficial microbes and decreasing harmful microbes in broilers under coccidial challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeong-Hsiang Cheng
- Department of Biotechnology and Animal Science, National Ilan University, Yilan 26047, Taiwan; (Y.-H.C.); (Y.-B.H.); (W.-J.C.); (K.-F.H.)
| | - Yi-Bing Horng
- Department of Biotechnology and Animal Science, National Ilan University, Yilan 26047, Taiwan; (Y.-H.C.); (Y.-B.H.); (W.-J.C.); (K.-F.H.)
| | - Wei-Jung Chen
- Department of Biotechnology and Animal Science, National Ilan University, Yilan 26047, Taiwan; (Y.-H.C.); (Y.-B.H.); (W.-J.C.); (K.-F.H.)
| | - Kuo-Feng Hua
- Department of Biotechnology and Animal Science, National Ilan University, Yilan 26047, Taiwan; (Y.-H.C.); (Y.-B.H.); (W.-J.C.); (K.-F.H.)
| | - Andrzej Dybus
- Department of Genetics, West Pomeranian University of Technology, 70-310 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Yu-Hsiang Yu
- Department of Biotechnology and Animal Science, National Ilan University, Yilan 26047, Taiwan; (Y.-H.C.); (Y.-B.H.); (W.-J.C.); (K.-F.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-3-931-7716
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235
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Qu Y, Kahl S, Miska KB, Schreier LL, Russell B, Elsasser TH, Proszkowiec-Weglarz M. The effect of delayed feeding post-hatch on caeca development in broiler chickens. Br Poult Sci 2021; 62:731-748. [PMID: 33834926 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2021.1912291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
1. Broiler chicks are frequently deprived of food up to 72 h due to uneven hatching rates, management procedures and transportation to farms. Little is known about the effect of delayed feeding due to extended hatching times on the early neonatal development of the caeca. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the developmental changes and effects of a 48-h delay in feed access immediately post-hatch (PH) on the caeca.2. After hatch, birds (Ross 708) were randomly divided into two treatment groups (n = 6 battery pen/treatment). One group (early fed; EF) received feed and water immediately after hatch, while the second group (late fed; LF) had access to water but had delayed access to feed for 48 h. Contents averaging across all regions of the caeca were collected for mRNA expression as well as for histological analysis at -48, 0, 4 h PH and then at 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 14 days PH.3. Expression of MCT-1 (a nutrient transporter), Cox7A2 (related to mitochondrial function) IgA, pIgR, and ChIL-8 (immune function) genes was affected by delayed access to feed that was dependent by the time PH. Expression of immune and gut barrier function-related genes (LEAP2 and MUC2, respectively) was increased in LF group. There was no effect of feed delay on expression of genes related to mitochondrial functions in the caeca, although developmental changes were observed (ATP5F1B, Cox4|1). Caecal mucus and muscle thickness were affected by delayed access to feed during caeca development.4. The data suggested a limited effect of delayed feed access PH on the developmental changes in caecal functions. However, the caeca seemed to be relatively resistant to delayed access to feed early PH, with only a few genes affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Qu
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - S Kahl
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - K B Miska
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - L L Schreier
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - B Russell
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - T H Elsasser
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - M Proszkowiec-Weglarz
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD, USA
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236
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Fesseha H, Demlie T, Mathewos M, Eshetu E. Effect of Lactobacillus Species Probiotics on Growth Performance of Dual-Purpose Chicken. VETERINARY MEDICINE-RESEARCH AND REPORTS 2021; 12:75-83. [PMID: 33854957 PMCID: PMC8039195 DOI: 10.2147/vmrr.s300881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Introduction In-feed probiotics are becoming attractive alternatives to antibiotics in the poultry industry due to the ever-growing strict prohibitions on antibiotic growth promoters (AGP) in animal production. Methods The study was conducted to investigate the effects of Lactobacillus paracaseis sparacasei and Lactobacillus rhamnosus on the growth performance of 120 day-olds randomly selected Sasso dual-purpose chicken. They were divided into four groups with two replicates per group and 15 chicks per replicate. The treatments were T1 (control), T2 (supplement diet with 4g probiotic), T3 (supplement diet with 2g probiotic), T4 (supplement diet with 1g probiotic). The experimental feeding trials were conducted after two weeks adaptation period. Results The present findings revealed that the chickens supplemented with Lactobacillus species probiotics during the first week of age have shown higher body weight than control (p < 0.05). The feed intake of week one of T2 and T3 were significantly higher (p< 0.05) than the T1 (control). However, there was no significant difference (p> 0.05) in feed intake in the 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5t h weeks of all treatment groups. The present result showed that there was a significant body weight gain (p< 0.05) in all probiotic fed groups than the control group. The highest body weight gain was observed in chickens found in the T4 treatment group. Whereas the body weight gains significantly higher and improved the feed conversion (p<0.05) in the T2 and T4 than the T1 (control). However, the feed conversion ratio was significantly influenced by probiotic inclusion in T3 as compared to the control group. Conclusion Overall, the results suggest that Lactobacillus paracaseis sparacasei and Lactobacillus rhamnosus have a positive effect on the growth performance of broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haben Fesseha
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Diagnostic Imaging, Wolaita Sodo University, School of Veterinary Medicine, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
| | - Tigabu Demlie
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Laboratory Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
| | - Mesfin Mathewos
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Wolaita Sodo University, School of Veterinary Medicine, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
| | - Eyob Eshetu
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Wolaita Sodo University, School of Veterinary Medicine, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
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237
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Dion-Phénix H, Charmantier A, de Franceschi C, Bourret G, Kembel SW, Réale D. Bacterial microbiota similarity between predators and prey in a blue tit trophic network. THE ISME JOURNAL 2021; 15:1098-1107. [PMID: 33580209 PMCID: PMC8115664 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-020-00836-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Trophic networks are composed of many organisms hosting microbiota that interact with their hosts and with each other. Yet, our knowledge of the factors driving variation in microbiota and their interactions in wild communities is limited. To investigate the relation among host microbiota across a trophic network, we studied the bacterial microbiota of two species of primary producers (downy and holm oaks), a primary consumer (caterpillars), and a secondary consumer (blue tits) at nine sites in Corsica. To quantify bacterial microbiota, we amplified 16S rRNA gene sequences in blue tit feces, caterpillars, and leaf samples. Our results showed that hosts from adjacent trophic levels had a more similar bacterial microbiota than hosts separated by two trophic levels. Our results also revealed a difference between bacterial microbiota present on the two oak species, and among leaves from different sites. The main drivers of bacterial microbiota variation within each trophic level differed across spatial scales, and sharing the same tree or nest box increased similarity in bacterial microbiota for caterpillars and blue tits. This study quantifies host microbiota interactions across a three-level trophic network and illustrates how the factors shaping bacterial microbiota composition vary among different hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Dion-Phénix
- grid.38678.320000 0001 2181 0211Département des sciences biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC Canada
| | - Anne Charmantier
- grid.433534.60000 0001 2169 1275CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Univ Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, Montpellier, France
| | - Christophe de Franceschi
- grid.433534.60000 0001 2169 1275CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Univ Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, Montpellier, France
| | - Geneviève Bourret
- grid.38678.320000 0001 2181 0211Département des sciences biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC Canada
| | - Steven W. Kembel
- grid.38678.320000 0001 2181 0211Département des sciences biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC Canada
| | - Denis Réale
- grid.38678.320000 0001 2181 0211Département des sciences biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC Canada
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238
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Ahmed T, Ameer HA, Javed S. Pakistan's backyard poultry farming initiative: impact analysis from a public health perspective. Trop Anim Health Prod 2021; 53:210. [PMID: 33733340 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-021-02659-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Commercial poultry rearing in Pakistan dates back to the 1960s. Meanwhile, backyard poultry setups have been providing meat and eggs for human consumption and supplementing the livelihood of farmers in many rural setups for ages. Different poultry rearing practices have varied approaches to feed supplementation, administration, biosafety practices, and flock size. All are important factors affecting disease spread and vulnerability. Recently, the Pakistani government announced the prime minister's Backyard Poultry Initiative under the National Agricultural Emergency program to economically develop farmers, especially women. Widespread adoption of this scheme with little to no training of inexperienced farmers may lead to the emergence of zoonotic infections in the population. The focus of the current review is to examine the probable impact of the promotion of backyard poultry farming practices by the government on the spread of zoonotic illnesses, both in the farmers and consumer population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taliha Ahmed
- COMSATS University Islamabad, Park Road, Tarlai Kalan, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Hafiza Aqsa Ameer
- COMSATS University Islamabad, Park Road, Tarlai Kalan, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Sundus Javed
- COMSATS University Islamabad, Park Road, Tarlai Kalan, Islamabad, Pakistan.
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Zhang X, Zhang L, Li X, White S, Campbell YL, Ruiz AA, To KV, Zhai W, Schilling MW. Cecal microbiota contribute to the development of woody breast myopathy. Poult Sci 2021; 100:101124. [PMID: 33951593 PMCID: PMC8113783 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to characterize the bacterial diversity of cecal microbiota in broilers related to breast phenotype, diet, and genetic strain. Broilers from 2 genetic strains (120 birds/strain) were fed a control diet (15 birds/pen) and an amino acid reduced diet (15 birds/pen, digestible lysine, total sulfur amino acids, and threonine reduced by 20% compared to the control diet). At 8 wk of age, 4 male broilers with normal breast (NB, 1 chick per pen) and 4 male broilers with woody breast (WB, 1 chick per pen) were selected for each treatment (strain × diet). The DNA of cecal samples was extracted and the 16S rRNA genes were sequenced and analyzed. There were no differences (P > 0.05) in the alpha diversity of gut microbiota between 2 phenotypes (NB vs. WB), 2 strains, or 2 diets (control vs. reduced). However, principal coordinate analysis plots (beta diversity) revealed that there were composition differences in samples between the 2 phenotypes (P = 0.001) and the 2 diets (P = 0.024). The most abundant phyla in all samples were Firmicutes, followed by Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria. There were differences (false discovery rate, FDR < 0.05) in bacterial relative abundance between phenotypes and between diet treatments, but not (FDR > 0.05) between the 2 genetic strains. Selenomonas bovis (12.6%) and Bacteroides plebeius (12.3%) were the top 2 predominant bacteria in the ceca of WB birds; however, the relative abundances of these 2 bacteria were only 5.1% and 1.2% in NB birds, respectively. Function analysis predicted that the metabolic activities differed (q < 0.05) only between phenotypes. The microbiota of WB birds was characterized as reduced glycolysis and urea cycle but increased tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycles, sugar degradation, and purine and pyrimidine nucleotides biosynthesis. Further studies are needed to investigate if WB incidence could be reduced by regulating gut microbiota and the potential mechanism that leads to decreased WB incidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhang
- Department of Food Science, Nutrition, and Health Promotion, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Xiaofei Li
- Department of Agricultural Economics, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Shecoya White
- Department of Food Science, Nutrition, and Health Promotion, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Yan L Campbell
- Department of Food Science, Nutrition, and Health Promotion, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Angelica Abdallah Ruiz
- Department of Food Science, Nutrition, and Health Promotion, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Kezia V To
- Department of Food Science, Nutrition, and Health Promotion, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Wei Zhai
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - M Wes Schilling
- Department of Food Science, Nutrition, and Health Promotion, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA.
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Borda-Molina D, Iffland H, Schmid M, Müller R, Schad S, Seifert J, Tetens J, Bessei W, Bennewitz J, Camarinha-Silva A. Gut Microbial Composition and Predicted Functions Are Not Associated with Feather Pecking and Antagonistic Behavior in Laying Hens. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:235. [PMID: 33809351 PMCID: PMC8001194 DOI: 10.3390/life11030235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Feather pecking is a well-known problem in layer flocks that causes animal welfare restrictions and contributes to economic losses. Birds' gut microbiota has been linked to feather pecking. This study aims to characterize the microbial communities of two laying hen lines divergently selected for high (HFP) and low (LFP) feather pecking and investigates if the microbiota is associated with feather pecking or agonistic behavior. METHODS Besides phenotyping for the behavioral traits, microbial communities from the digesta and mucosa of the ileum and caeca were investigated using target amplicon sequencing and functional predictions. Microbiability was estimated with a microbial mixed linear model. RESULTS Ileum digesta showed an increase in the abundance of the genus Lactobacillus in LFP, while Escherichia was abundant in HFP hens. In the caeca digesta and mucosa of the LFP line were more abundant Faecalibacterium and Blautia. Tryptophan metabolism and lysine degradation were higher in both digesta and mucosa of the HFP hens. Linear models revealed that the two lines differ significantly in all behavior traits. Microbiabilities were close to zero and not significant in both lines and for all traits. CONCLUSIONS Trait variation was not affected by the gut microbial composition in both selection lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Borda-Molina
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany; (D.B.-M.); (H.I.); (M.S.); (R.M.); (S.S.); (J.S.); (W.B.); (J.B.)
| | - Hanna Iffland
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany; (D.B.-M.); (H.I.); (M.S.); (R.M.); (S.S.); (J.S.); (W.B.); (J.B.)
| | - Markus Schmid
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany; (D.B.-M.); (H.I.); (M.S.); (R.M.); (S.S.); (J.S.); (W.B.); (J.B.)
| | - Regina Müller
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany; (D.B.-M.); (H.I.); (M.S.); (R.M.); (S.S.); (J.S.); (W.B.); (J.B.)
| | - Svenja Schad
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany; (D.B.-M.); (H.I.); (M.S.); (R.M.); (S.S.); (J.S.); (W.B.); (J.B.)
| | - Jana Seifert
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany; (D.B.-M.); (H.I.); (M.S.); (R.M.); (S.S.); (J.S.); (W.B.); (J.B.)
| | - Jens Tetens
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany;
- Center for Integrated Breeding Research, University of Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Werner Bessei
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany; (D.B.-M.); (H.I.); (M.S.); (R.M.); (S.S.); (J.S.); (W.B.); (J.B.)
| | - Jörn Bennewitz
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany; (D.B.-M.); (H.I.); (M.S.); (R.M.); (S.S.); (J.S.); (W.B.); (J.B.)
| | - Amélia Camarinha-Silva
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany; (D.B.-M.); (H.I.); (M.S.); (R.M.); (S.S.); (J.S.); (W.B.); (J.B.)
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241
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Bafundo KW, Männer K, Duerr I. The combination of quillaja and yucca saponins in broilers: effects on performance, nutrient digestibility and ileal morphometrics. Br Poult Sci 2021; 62:589-595. [PMID: 33595409 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2021.1891523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
1. Two series of studies were conducted to determine the effects of a combination of ground plant material derived from Quillaja saponaria trees and Yucca schidigera plants (QY) as sources of saponin, on performance, productivity, nutrient digestibility and ileal morphology of growing broilers. In each trial, 480 Cobb male birds were allocated equally to 24 pens at one-day-of-age according to body weight2. The studies consisted of two identical floor pen trials in which performance and nutrient digestibility were assessed and two trials where performance and ileal morphology were determined. In each trial, 0, 250 or 500 ppm QY were included in feed given to the broilers from 1-35 or 1-42 d of age, respectively. Eight (digestibility) or 12 (morphology) randomised replicate pens were used.3. In the digestibility trials, two birds per pen were moved to metabolism cages at d 21. Excreta was collected for a five-day period (d 21 to 25) for the determination of apparent total tract digestibility of dry and organic matter, fat and ash and nitrogen retention. For intestinal morphology, ileal segments were collected from four birds/pen on d 21 to determine villus height and crypt depth. Performance data were collected in each trial series.4. Results showed that feeding graded levels of QY produced significant linear improvements in performance and productivity at d 35, and similar linear effects were observed for N retention and all apparent digestibility measurements. Morphology data showed that birds receiving 250 and 500 ppm QY had significantly increased villus height5. These results indicated that QY exerted a positive influence on the intestinal tract by increasing the absorptive surface and improving nutrient digestibility. These effects were considered to be associated with the performance improvements recorded in both experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- K W Bafundo
- Phibro Animal Health Corporation, Teaneck, NJ, USA
| | - K Männer
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität, Berlin, Germany
| | - I Duerr
- Smart Data Science Solutions, Providence, RI, USA
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242
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Ramirez SY, Peñuela-Sierra LM, Ospina MA. Effects of oregano ( Lippia origanoides) essential oil supplementation on the performance, egg quality, and intestinal morphometry of Isa Brown laying hens. Vet World 2021; 14:595-602. [PMID: 33935403 PMCID: PMC8076468 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2021.595-602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: The use of antibiotics as growth promoters in the feed of poultry, has contributed to an increase in the antimicrobial resistance of foodborne pathogens worldwide. Hence, the development of new effective alternatives to antibiotics that do not hinder productivity is imperative. For this, the aim of the present study was to determine whether oregano essential oil (OEO) extracted from Lippia origanoides is a suitable alternative to growth-promoting antibiotics (GPAs) for improving the performance, egg quality, and intestinal morphometry of ISA Brown laying hens. Materials and Methods: A total of ninety-six 70-week-old ISA Brown laying hens were randomly assigned to four treatment groups with four replicates per treatment and six hens per replicate. The treatments consisted of four different diets that were formulated according to the nutritional requirements of the genetic line and the production phase with and without the addition of GPA and OEO: NC, which did not contain OEO or GPA; GPA, which included 50 ppm zinc bacitracin as a GPA; 80OEO, which included 80 ppm OEO and no GPA; and 150OEO, which included 150 ppm OEO and no GPA. Results: All of the OEO and GPA treatment groups had a better feed conversion ratio than the NC group. However, the addition of 150 ppm OEO to the diet improved the percentage egg production and egg mass, as well as the external and internal quality of the egg compared with the other treatments. In addition, both the 80OEO and 150OEO treatments improved the yolk color, shell thickness, and shell color, as well as parameters related to the intestinal morphometry compared with the NC group. Conclusion: The findings of this study indicate that 150 ppm OEO can be used as a substitute for GPA to improve the performance, egg quality, and parameters related to the intestinal morphometry of ISA Brown laying hens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swanny Y Ramirez
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science , Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Tolima, Ibagué, Colombia
| | - Lina M Peñuela-Sierra
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science , Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Tolima, Ibagué, Colombia
| | - Maria A Ospina
- Department of Biology, Faculty Science, University of Tolima, Ibagué, Colombia
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Abstract
Effects of nutraceuticals on the intestinal microbiota are receiving increased attention; however, there are few studies investigating their effects on broiler meat production. The aim of this study was to implement feeding strategies and carry out a comprehensive trial examining the interplay between natural biologically active compounds such as carotenoids, anthocyanins, fermentable oligosaccharides, and synbiotics and the gastrointestinal tract microbiota. Our feeding program was applied to an intensive production system with a flock of 1,080 Ross 308 broilers. Aging induced significant changes through the feeding experiment. Nutraceuticals were shown to modulate broiler intestinal diversity and differentially enriched Lactobacillus, Enterococcus, Campylobacter, and Streptococcus in the core microbiome during the different stages of broiler rearing. Additionally, they did not remarkably affect animal growth performance; nevertheless, a positive correlation was found between body weight and Corynebacteriales and Pseudomonadales. Furthermore, a diet high in carotenoid, fermentable oligosaccharide, and anthocyanin contents affected the number of beneficial genera such as Faecalibacterium, Lactobacillus, Blautia, and Ruminococcus. With this comprehensive trial, we revealed that nutraceuticals induced modulations in broiler gastrointestinal tract microbiota. We believe that plant-derived immunostimulants, recycled from plant food waste products, can supplement antibiotic-free broiler meat production. IMPORTANCE In this trial, nutraceuticals were manufactured from waste products of food industry processing of Hungarian red sweet pepper and sour cherry and incorporated into the diet of poultry to investigate their effects on broilers’ growth and the broiler gastrointestinal tract microbiota. To avoid the generation of food waste products, we believe that this approach can be developed into a sustainable, green approach that can be implemented in commercial antibiotic-free poultry to provide safe and high-quality meat.
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244
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Noohi N, Papizadeh M, Rohani M, Talebi M, Pourshafie MR. Screening for probiotic characters in lactobacilli isolated from chickens revealed the intra-species diversity of Lactobacillus brevis. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2021; 7:119-126. [PMID: 33997339 PMCID: PMC8110883 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2020.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Considering the importance of the poultry industry and the increasing interest in alternative growth promoters, probiotics are considered as a potential candidate for use in the poultry industry. In this study, Lactobacillus species were isolated from 21 rectal swabs of 11 healthy 6-day-old and 10 healthy 21-day-old chickens and their fecal and feed samples. The isolates were characterized and their probiotic characteristics, including resistance to gastric acid and bile salts, biofilm formation and adherence to epithelium or mucus, amylase and protease activity and production of inhibitory compounds, were assessed. From 31 acid and bile resistant lactobacilli, only 2 Lactobacillus brevis and 1 Lactobacillus reuteri strains showed significant probiotic properties. These isolates indicated detectable attachment to Caco-2 cells and significant antibacterial activities against Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens. Additionally, phenotypic and genotypic diversity of lactobacilli isolates were studied by Phene Plate (PhP) system (PhP-LB) and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD)-PCR, respectively. PhP-LB results of 24 L. brevis isolates showed a high phenotypic variation among the isolates. In comparison, results of RAPD-PCR highlighted a low diversity. Therefore, it seems that combination of the 2 techniques (PhP and RAPD-PCR) could result in a significant discriminatory power than each of them used alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasrin Noohi
- Research Center for Conservation of Cultural Relics, Research Center of Iranian Cultural Heritage and Tourism Organization, Tehran, Iran
| | - Moslem Papizadeh
- Department of Microbiology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Rohani
- Department of Microbiology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Malihe Talebi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Inglis GD, Wright BD, Sheppard SA, Abbott DW, Oryschak MA, Montina T. Expeller-Pressed Canola ( Brassica napus) Meal Modulates the Structure and Function of the Cecal Microbiota, and Alters the Metabolome of the Pancreas, Liver, and Breast Muscle of Broiler Chickens. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11020577. [PMID: 33672178 PMCID: PMC7926547 DOI: 10.3390/ani11020577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The inoculation of one-day-old broiler chicks with the cecal contents from a mature broiler breeder resulted in a highly diverse and uniform cecal bacterial community. CM did not affect feed consumption, weight gain, nor the richness, evenness, or diversity of the cecal bacterial community. However, the structure of the bacterial community was altered in birds fed the CM diet. Although the CM diet was formulated to contain equivalent metabolizable energy to the control diet, it contained more dietary fiber. The abundance of bacterial families, including those that are known to contain species able to metabolize fiber was altered (e.g., bacteria within the families, Methanobacteriaceae, Atopobiaceae, Prevotellaceae, Clostridiales Family XIII, Peptostreptococcaceae, and Succinivibrionaceae), and concentrations of SCFAs were higher in the ceca of birds fed the CM diet. Moreover, concentrations of isoleucine, isobutyrate, glutamate, and 2-oxoglutarate were higher, whereas concentrations of phenyllactic acid, indole, glucose, 3-phenylpropionate, and 2-oxobutyrate were lower in the digesta of chickens that were fed CM. The metabolic profiles of pancreas, liver, and breast muscle tissues of birds fed the CM diet differed from control birds. Metabolites that were associated with energy production, protection against oxidative stress, and pathways of amino acid and glycerophospholipid metabolism had altered concentrations in these tissues. Some of the observed changes in metabolite levels may indicate an increased disease risk in birds fed the CM diet (e.g., pancreatitis), and others suggested that birds mounted metabolic response to offset the adverse impacts of CM (e.g., oxidative stress in the liver).
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Douglas Inglis
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada;
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada; (B.D.W.); (S.A.S.)
- Correspondence: (G.D.I.); (T.M.); Tel.: +1-403-317-3355 (G.D.I.); +1-403-394-3927 (T.M.)
| | - Benjamin D. Wright
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada; (B.D.W.); (S.A.S.)
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Stephanie A. Sheppard
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada; (B.D.W.); (S.A.S.)
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - D. Wade Abbott
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada;
| | | | - Tony Montina
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada
- Southern Alberta Genome Sciences Centre, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada
- Correspondence: (G.D.I.); (T.M.); Tel.: +1-403-317-3355 (G.D.I.); +1-403-394-3927 (T.M.)
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246
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Emami NK, White MB, Calik A, Kimminau EA, Dalloul RA. Managing broilers gut health with antibiotic-free diets during subclinical necrotic enteritis. Poult Sci 2021; 100:101055. [PMID: 33744613 PMCID: PMC8005826 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Necrotic enteritis (NE) caused by Clostridium perfringens is among the most important enteric diseases in poultry production. This study examined the effects of 2 probiotics (Prob) and a synbiotic (Synb) during a naturally occurring NE challenge. On the day of hatch, 1200 Cobb male broilers were randomly allocated to 5 groups (8 pens/treatment, 30 birds/pen) including 1) negative control (NC): corn-soybean meal diet; 2) positive control (PC): NC + 453 g Stafac20/907 kg feed; 3) Prob 1: NC + 453 g Prob 1/907 kg feed; 4) Prob 2: NC + 453 g Prob 2/907 kg feed; and 5) Synb: NC + 453 g Synb/907 kg feed. One day after placement, birds were challenged by a coccidia vaccine to induce NE. Feed intake and body weights were measured on day 8 (NE onset) and end of starter (day 14) and grower (28) periods. On day 8, the small intestines of 3 birds/pen were examined for NE lesions. Ileal mucosal scrapings from one bird/pen were collected on day 8 and day 28 to profile the microbiota using 16S rRNA sequencing. Data were analyzed in JMP or QIIME 2 and significance between treatments identified by LSD or linear discriminant analysis effect size (P < 0.05). The Synb group significantly lowered NE lesion scores on day 8 and reduced day 0-14 mortality by 50% compared with NC. FCR was significantly better in all the groups, whereas ADG was higher in PC, Synb, and Prob 2 groups compared with NC from day 0 to day 28. Lower lesion scores in the Synb group were accompanied by lower relative abundance of Alistipes, ASF356, Faecalibaculum, Lachnospiraceae UCG-001, Muribaculum, Oscillibacter, Parabacteroides, Rikenellaceae RC9 gut group, Ruminococcaceae UCG-014, and Ruminiclostridium 9 compared with NC on day 8. On day 28, relative abundance of Lactobacillus was lower, whereas abundance of Bacteroides, Barnesiella, Butyricicoccus, CHKCI001, Eisenbergiella, Eubacterium hallii group, Helicobacter, Ruminococcaceae UCG-005, Ruminococcus torques group, and Sellimonas was significantly higher in the NC birds than in the Synb and Prob 2 groups. Collectively, these data indicate that during a subclinical naturally occurring NE, supplementation of specific additives could be effective in reducing intestinal lesions and mortality, and improving performance potentially through developing a signature microbial profile in the intestinal mucosal layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nima K Emami
- Avian Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Animal & Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg 24061, USA
| | - Mallory B White
- Avian Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Animal & Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg 24061, USA
| | - Ali Calik
- Avian Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Animal & Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg 24061, USA; Department of Animal Nutrition & Nutritional Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara 06110, Turkey
| | - Emily A Kimminau
- Huvepharma, Inc., Technical Service, Peachtree City, GA 30269, USA
| | - Rami A Dalloul
- Avian Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Animal & Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg 24061, USA; Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens 30602, USA.
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247
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Effects of Essential Oils-Based Supplement and Salmonella Infection on Gene Expression, Blood Parameters, Cecal Microbiome, and Egg Production in Laying Hens. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11020360. [PMID: 33535430 PMCID: PMC7912222 DOI: 10.3390/ani11020360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the main roles in poultry resistance to infections caused by Salmonella is attributed to host immunity and intestinal microbiota. We conducted an experiment that involved challenging Lohmann White laying hens with Salmonella Enteritidis (SE), feeding them a diet supplemented with an EOs-based phytobiotic Intebio®. At 1 and 7 days post-inoculation, the expression profiles of eight genes related to immunity, transport of nutrients in the intestine, and metabolism were examined. Cecal microbiome composition and blood biochemical/immunological indices were also explored and egg production traits recorded. As a result, the SE challenge of laying hens and Intebio® administration had either a suppressive or activating effect on the expression level of the studied genes (e.g., IL6 and BPIFB3), the latter echoing mammalian/human tissue-specific expression. There were also effects of the pathogen challenge and phytobiotic intake on the cecal microbiome profiles and blood biochemical/immunological parameters, including those reflecting the activity of the birds' immune systems (e.g., serum bactericidal activity, β-lysine content, and immunoglobulin levels). Significant differences between control and experimental subgroups in egg performance traits (i.e., egg weight/number/mass) were also found. The phytobiotic administration suggested a positive effect on the welfare and productivity of poultry.
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248
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Meta-proteomics analysis of microbial ecosystem during the anaerobic digestion of chicken manure in biogas production farm. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biteb.2021.100643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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249
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Developmental and Tissue Patterns of the Basal Expression of Chicken Avian β-Defensins. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2020:2567861. [PMID: 33490238 PMCID: PMC7787727 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2567861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Defensins are a class of antimicrobial peptides in vertebrates that function as the first line of innate immunity with potent antimicrobial and immunomodulatory activities. Fourteen defensins, namely, avian β-defensin 1 to 14 (AvBD1-14), have been identified in chickens. Before characterizing the role of AvBDs in innate immunity during the early development of chickens, we collected tissue segments from the liver, spleen, and gastrointestinal (GI) tract including the esophagus, crop, proventriculus, gizzard, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, and colon from broilers at days 1, 3, 7, 14, and 28. After RNA isolation and reverse transcription, we determined the expression levels of the 14 AvBD genes in these tissues during the first 28 days after hatching by real-time PCR. The results suggested the AvBDs were widely expressed in the chicken liver, spleen, and gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Interestingly, we did not detect AvBD11 expressed in the GI tract, even in the liver and spleen. Additionally, AvBDs were differentially expressed in the chicken GI tract. AvBD5 and AvBD14 were expressed most abundantly in the proximal GI tract, especially the esophagus and crop. Moreover, AvBD5, AvBD7, AvBD9, and AvBD14 were expressed in an inverted-V pattern with the peak being the observed expression at days 3, 7, or 14 in the chicken spleen, esophagus, duodenum, and cecum. Other AvBDs presented biphasic or inverted-V expression patterns in different tissues. The expression levels of all detected AvBDs were strengthened after hatching rather than decreasing steadily. Therefore, AvBDs were found to be expressed widely in the chicken liver, spleen, and GI tract and their expression levels were primarily up regulated during the early development of chicken, implying the potential essential roles of AvBDs in early innate defense and infection resistance of chickens.
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250
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Baskara AP, Sharma S, Sener-Aydemir A, Koger S, Ariyadi B, Dono ND, Zuprizal Z, Metzler-Zebeli BU. Cinnamon bark oil and coconut oil emulsions modified small intestinal motility and barrier function in laying hens in an ex vivo experiment. Br Poult Sci 2021; 62:435-442. [PMID: 33390027 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2020.1870662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
1. Plant extracts and oils are supplemented in diets for chickens due to their antimicrobial capacities; however, little information exists whether they influence intestinal motility and barrier function.2. The present study aimed to determine the effect of increasing levels of cinnamon bark oil (CBO; 0%, 0.038%, 0.076% and 0.151%) and coconut oil emulsions prepared with soy and sunflower lecithin on the contractile function of enteric wall muscles in the jejunum and ileum and jejunal barrier function in laying hens.3. For testing muscle contraction, mid-jejunal and ileal segments (n = 4 each per hen) from four laying hens were placed in a longitudinal orientation into isolated organ baths filled with Krebs buffer and fastened to force transducers. Muscle segments were induced to contract with acetylcholine and the effects of the oil emulsions on contraction were measured.4. For barrier function, distal jejunal pieces were stripped of serosa before mounting into Ussing chambers and recording changes in short-circuit current (ISC) and transepithelial tissue conductivity (GT) before and after addition of the respective emulsion.5. The CBO decreased the muscle tone, representing a relaxation of on average 36.2% and 42.6% for the jejunum and ileum, respectively, compared to before the addition (P < 0.001). Moreover, CBO linearly decreased the ISC and GT of the jejunal mucosa, indicating a greater absorption of anions and increased barrier function (P < 0.001). Only the coconut oil-sunflower lecithin emulsion relaxed the muscles, whereas both coconut oil-lecithin emulsions increased the ISC but reduced the GT of the jejunal mucosa, which suggested an increased cation absorption and decreased paracellular permeability, respectively (P < 0.05).6. In conclusion, CBO and coconut oil-lecithin emulsions showed the potential to increase jejunal barrier function, whereas CBO may be more efficacious to slow down digesta passage in the small intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Baskara
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Faculty of Animal Science, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - S Sharma
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - A Sener-Aydemir
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - S Koger
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - B Ariyadi
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Animal Science, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - N D Dono
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Faculty of Animal Science, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Z Zuprizal
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Faculty of Animal Science, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - B U Metzler-Zebeli
- Unit Nutritional Physiology, Institute of Physiology, Pathophysiology and Biophysics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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