KAP1 promotes gastric adenocarcinoma progression by activating Hippo/YAP1 signaling via binding to HNRNPAB

Gastric adenocarcinoma (GAC) remains a significant global health challenge, with over a million new cases annually. Peritoneal carcinomatosis (PC), detected in ∼20 % of cases at diagnosis and ∼45 % later, is uniformly fatal, with limited treatment options. This study investigated the role of KAP1 in GAC progression, focusing on its interaction with YAP1 and cancer stemness traits. Analysis of over 596 primary GACs and 72 PC samples revealed that high nuclear KAP1 expression correlates with poor prognosis. KAP1 knockdown reduced oncogenic activity and stemness traits in GAC cells. Mechanistically, KAP1 positively regulates YAP1 transcription by binding to its promoter and reducing H3K27ac levels. Mass spectrometry identified an interaction between KAP1 and HNRNPAB, further modulating YAP1 signaling. Expression of the KRAB domain of ZFP568 without its DNA-binding zinc fingers inhibited both KAP1 and YAP1 expression, significantly reducing colony formation and tumor growth in vivo. Additionally, emerging antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) targeting KAP1 or YAP1 effectively suppressed mouse tumor progression. These findings establish KAP1 as a critical driver of tumor progression in GAC through YAP1 regulation and HNRNPAB interaction, highlighting its potential therapeutic target. This study advances our understanding and offers a preclinical framework to improve outcomes for GAC.

Biomarkers of aging: from molecules and surrogates to physiology and function

Many countries face an unprecedented challenge in aging demographics. This has led to an exponential growth in research on aging, which, coupled to a massive financial influx of funding in the private and public sectors, has resulted in seminal insights into the underpinnings of this biological process. However, critical validation in humans has been hampered by the limited translatability of results obtained in model organisms, additionally confined by the need for extremely time-consuming clinical studies in the ostensible absence of robust biomarkers that would allow monitoring in shorter time frames. In the future, molecular parameters might hold great promise in this regard. In contrast, biomarkers centered on function, resilience, and frailty are available at the present time, with proven predictive value for morbidity and mortality. In this review, the current knowledge of molecular and physiological aspects of human aging, potential antiaging strategies, and the basis, evidence, and potential application of physiological biomarkers in human aging are discussed.

Unraveling the potential of bioengineered microbiome-based strategies to enhance cancer immunotherapy

The human microbiome plays a pivotal role in the field of cancer immunotherapy. The microbial communities that inhabit the gastrointestinal tract, as well as the bacterial populations within tumors, have been identified as key modulators of therapeutic outcomes, affecting immune responses and reprogramming the tumor microenvironment. Advances in synthetic biology have made it possible to reprogram and engineer these microorganisms to improve antitumor activity, enhance T-cell function, and enable targeted delivery of therapies to neoplasms. This review discusses the role of the microbiome in modulating both innate and adaptive immune mechanisms-ranging from the initiation of cytokine production and antigen presentation to the regulation of immune checkpoints-and discusses how these mechanisms improve the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors. We highlight significant advances with bioengineered strains like Escherichia coli Nissle 1917, Lactococcus lactis, Bifidobacterium, and Bacteroides, which have shown promising antitumor efficacy in preclinical models. These engineered microorganisms not only efficiently colonize tumor tissues but also help overcome resistance to standard therapies by reprogramming the local immune environment. Nevertheless, several challenges remain, such as the requirement for genetic stability, effective tumor colonization, and the control of potential safety issues. In the future, the ongoing development of genetic engineering tools and the optimization of bacterial delivery systems are crucial for the translation of microbiome-based therapies into the clinic. This review highlights the potential of bioengineered microbiota as an innovative, personalized approach in cancer immunotherapy, bringing hope for more effective and personalized treatment options for patients with advanced malignancies.

Immune Aging and Its Implication for Age-Related Disease Progression

As life expectancy increases globally, the prevalence and severity of age-related diseases have risen, significantly impacting patients' quality of life and increasing dependency on the healthcare system. Age-related diseases share several pathological commonalities, and emerging evidence suggests that targeting these biological processes ameliorates multiple age-related diseases. Immune aging plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of age-related diseases, given its involvement not only in controlling infection and cancer but also in facilitating tissue homeostasis and repair. Aging causes compositional and functional changes in both innate and adaptive immune cells, thereby significantly contributing to the pathogenesis of age-related disease and systemic low-grade inflammation, termed "inflammaging." This review article aims to describe the current understanding of immune aging and its impact on age-related diseases with particular emphasis on kidney and autoimmune diseases. In addition, this review highlights tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) as a hallmark of immune aging, exploring their roles in inflammation, tissue damage, and potential therapeutic targeting.

Metabolic Alterations in HSCs during Aging and Leukemogenesis

Aging is a multifaceted process associated with a functional decline in cellular function over time, affecting all lifeforms. During the aging process, metabolism, a fundamental hallmark of life (1), is profoundly altered. In the context of hematopoiesis, the proper function of hematopoietic stem cells, at the apex of the blood system, is tightly linked to their energy metabolism, which in turn shapes hematopoietic output. Here, we review the latest developments in our understanding of the metabolic states and changes in aged hematopoietic stem cells, molecular players and pathways involved in aged hematopoietic stem cell metabolism, the consequences of perturbed metabolism on clonal hematopoiesis and leukemogenesis, and pharmacologic/genetic strategies to reverse or rejuvenate altered metabolic phenotypes.

Repaglinide platinum(IV) conjugates: Enhancing p53 signaling for antitumor and antimetastatic efficacy

The tumor suppressor p53 plays multiple roles at the crossroads of suppressing tumor development and metastasis. Here, a series of Repaglinide platinum(IV) conjugates promoting the p53 pathway were designed and prepared, which displayed potent antiproliferative and antimetastatic activities both in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, the expression of p53 was upregulated by the synergistic functions of the platinum core through causing severe DNA damage, and the RPG ligand via stimulating the lumican/p53/p21 pathway. The mitochondria-mediated apoptosis was initiated, involving the Bcl-2/Bax/caspase pathway. Pro-death autophagy was initiated with the upregulation of LC3II and down regulation of p62. Additionally, angiogenesis was suppressed by reversing tumor inflammation through the inhibition of key enzymes COX-2, MMP9, and VEGFA. Furthermore, antitumor immunity was enhanced by blocking the immune checkpoint PD-L1, which led to an increased presence of CD3+ and CD8+ T-cells within the tumor microenvironment.

Unravelling the epigenetic based mechanism in discovery of anticancer phytomedicine: Evidence based studies

Epigenetic mechanisms play a crucial role in the normal development and maintenance of tissue-specific gene expression patterns in mammals. Disruption of these processes can result in changes to gene function and the transformation of cells into a malignant state. Cancer is characterized by widespread alterations in the epigenetic landscape, revealing that it involves not only genetic mutations but also epigenetic abnormalities. Recent progress in the field of cancer epigenetics has demonstrated significant reprogramming of various components of the epigenetic machinery in cancer, such as DNA methylation, modifications to histones, positioning of nucleosomes, and the expression of non-coding RNAs, particularly microRNAs. The ability to reverse epigenetic abnormalities has given rise to the hopeful field of epigenetic therapy, which has shown advancement with the recent approval by the FDA of three drugs targeting epigenetic mechanisms for the treatment of cancer. In the present manuscript, a comprehensive review has been presented about the role of understanding the epigenetic link between cancer and mechanisms by which phytomedicine offers treatment avenues. Further, this review deciphers the significance of natural products in the identification of epigenetic therapeutics, the diversity of their molecular targets, the use of nanotechnology, and the creation of new strategies for overcoming the inherent clinical challenges associated with developing these drug leads.

PP2A adapter protein IER5 induces dephosphorylation and degradation of MDM2, thereby stabilizing p53

The tumor suppressor p53 activates transcription of the IER5 gene, which encodes an adapter protein of protein phosphatase PP2A. IER5 binds to both the B55 regulatory subunit of PP2A and PP2A's target proteins, facilitating PP2A/B55-catalyzed dephosphorylation of these proteins. Here, we show that IER5 functions as a positive regulator of p53 by inhibiting its ubiquitination, thereby increasing cellular p53 levels. Mechanistically, this effect of IER5 requires its nuclear localization and binding to both PP2A/B55 and the p53 ubiquitin E3 ligase MDM2. Importantly, IER5 fails to inhibit p53 ubiquitination in cells treated with the MDM2 inhibitor Nutlin-3. The IER5-PP2A/B55 complex dephosphorylates MDM2 at Ser166, leading to MDM2 ubiquitination and a reduction in nuclear MDM2. Altogether, our data provide evidence that IER5-PP2A/B55 regulates the nuclear balance between MDM2 and p53 via MDM2 dephosphorylation.

Multifunctional nanozymes for sonodynamic-enhanced immune checkpoint blockade therapy by inactivating PI3K/AKT signal pathway

Insufficient activation efficacy and tumor immunosuppressive microenvironments hinder the infiltration of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) for effective immunotherapy. Herein, the pH-selective multienzyme-mimetic nanozymes have been developed based on Pd-hemoporfin (Pd0/Pd2+‒H) nanoagents for tumor sono-immunotherapy via the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/AKT) pathway inactivation. The Pd0/Pd2+‒H is capable of catalase-mimetic, peroxidase-mimetic, and sonodynamic effects, creating an O2-rich environment and elevating the reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. The elevated ROS levels down-regulate the expression of PI3K and p-AKT on both gene and protein levels, leading to PI3K/AKT pathway inactivation. Subsequently, the augmented immunogenic cell death effectively recruits dendritic cells, presents tumor-associated antigens, and activates antitumor T-cell immunity. As a result, the combination of Pd0/Pd2+‒H and anti-programmed cell death protein ligand 1 results in growth restraints of primary and precaution of tumor metastases. This work offers insights into developing multienzyme-mimetic nanozymes in signaling pathway regulation and antitumor strategy.

Decoding intricate interactions between m6A modification with mRNAs and non-coding RNAs in cervical cancer: Molecular mechanisms and clinical implications

N6-methyladenosine (m6A) methylation is the most prevalent RNA modification that is regulated by three regulatory factors: "writers", "erasers" and "readers". m6A modification regulates RNA stability and other mechanisms, including translation, cleavage, and degradation. Current research has demonstrated that m6A methylation is involved in the regulation of occurrence and development of cancers by controlling the expression of cancer-related genes. This review summarizes the role of m6A modification on messenger RNAs (mRNAs) and non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) in cervical cancer (CC). We highlight the dual role of m6A regulatory factors, which act as oncogenes or tumor suppressors depending on the cellular context and downstream targets. Additionally, we examine how ncRNAs reciprocally regulate m6A modification in two ways: by guiding the deposition or removal of m6A modifications on RNA targets, and by modulating the expression of m6A regulatory factors. These interactions further contribute to tumor progression. Furthermore, the therapeutic potential of targeting m6A modification has been emphasized in CC. Moreover, recent advances in small-molecule inhibitors targeting m6A regulators and RNA-based therapies which may offer new treatment strategies have been summarized. Finally, we discuss the current challenges in m6A modification research and provide suggestions for future research directions. This review aims to deepen the understanding of m6A modification in CC and contribute to the development of targeted and personalized treatment strategies.

Injectable oxidized high-amylose starch hydrogel scaffold for macrophage-mediated glioblastoma therapy

Glioblastoma, characterized by rapid proliferation and invasiveness, is largely resistant to current treatment modalities. A major obstacle is the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which restricts the delivery of therapeutic agents as well as the infiltration of effective immune cells into glioblastoma. In this study, we developed an injectable oxidized high-amylose starch hydrogel (OHASM) to serve as a biomaterial scaffold for the delivery of macrophages and macrophage-polarizing drugs, aiming to bypass the BBB and enhance glioblastoma treatment. The in vitro and in vivo experiments confirmed the efficacy of the hydrogel in loading and delivering macrophages and polarizing drugs against glioblastoma. Additionally, the hydrogel's interconnected porous structure was conducive to cellular growth and activity, and its slow release of therapeutics contributed to the extended survival of treated mice in a mouse GL261 glioblastoma tumor model. The immunological mechanisms underlying the therapeutic efficacy were further elucidated, revealing the potential of the hydrogel system to modulate macrophage polarization and induce apoptosis in tumor cells via the poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) pathway. The study underscores the potential of the hydrogel-based macrophage delivery strategy as an effective and safe treatment for glioblastoma, offering a promising avenue for clinical management of this aggressive brain cancer.

Dependence on Mdm2 for Mdm4 inhibition of p53 activity

Both Mdm2 and Mdm4 inhibit p53 activity by masking of its transcriptional activation domain. In addition, Mdm2 functions as an E3 ubiquitin ligase, targeting p53 for degradation. The amino terminus of Mdm4 binds wild type and mutant p53 while its RING domain, which lacks E3 ligase activity, is required for heterodimerization with Mdm2. To determine how these domains of Mdm4 regulate p53, we generated mouse models with either a deletion of the Mdm4 RING domain (Mdm4ΔR) or all of Mdm4 (Mdm4─) on a hypomorphic (p53neo) background. Mdm4ΔR mice exhibited elevated p53 levels and activity, albeit to a lesser extent than mice with complete Mdm4 loss, indicating that the amino terminus of Mdm4 contributes to p53 inhibition. Moreover, in the absence of Mdm2, neither the deletion of the Mdm4 RING domain nor the complete loss of Mdm4 further increased p53 protein levels on a mutant p53 background, indicating that Mdm4 modulates Mdm2 in its regulation of p53 stability. Collectively, our findings suggest that Mdm4 contributes to p53 inhibition by modulating Mdm2 activity via both its amino terminus and RING domains.

Regulation of Stem Cell Function by NAD. Physiology (Bethesda) 2025;40:0. [PMID: 39907078 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00052.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0]

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), a coenzyme in cellular metabolism, has never ceased to capture the fascination of scientists since its discovery in 1906. The expansion of NAD+'s function from cellular metabolism to DNA repair, gene regulation, cell signaling, and aging reflects the central role of cellular metabolism in orchestrating the diverse cellular pathways. In the past decade, NAD+ has emerged as a key regulator of stem cells, opening the door to potential approaches for regenerative medicine. Here we reflect on how the field of NAD+ regulation of stem cells has evolved since a decade ago, when sirtuins, NAD+-dependent enzymes, were shown to be critical regulators of stem cells. We review the recent development on how NAD+ is regulated in stem cells to influence fate decision. We discuss the difference in NAD+ regulation of normal and cancer stem cells. Finally, we consider the consequences of NAD+ regulation of stem cells for health and diseases.

High-density lipoprotein-based nanoplatform reprograms tumor microenvironment and enhances chemotherapy against pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is highly aggressive, with limited success in traditional therapies due to the fibrotic, immunosuppressive, pro-metastatic tumor microenvironment (TME), which collectively impede the drug accumulation and accelerate the tumor progression. In this work, we developed a PDAC-customized nutrient-mimicking reconstituted high-density lipoprotein (rHDL) capable of efficiently co-encapsulate versatile TME regulating cannabidiol and cytotoxic gemcitabine to simultaneously reprogram TME while suppressing PDAC progression. Specifically, a small-sized, nutrient-like rHDL was constructed to realize deep PDAC parenchyma penetration and efficient intra-tumoral uptake. Next, natural herbal compound cannabidiol was screened and incorporated into rHDL to regulate TME via attenuating fibrosis, reliving immunosuppression and mitigating metastatic tendency. At last, gemcitabine, the PDAC gold standard first-line therapy was co-delivered by the PDAC-customized rHDL to overcome drug resistance and amplify its PDAC suppression. Our findings demonstrate the feasibility of an integrated multi-stage TME regulation strategy for improved PDAC therapy, and might represent a modality in promoting chemotherapy against PDAC.

Pan-cancer analysis of MET mutation and its association with the efficacy of immune checkpoint blockade

The mesenchymal-epithelial transition factor (MET) proto-oncogene plays important roles during tumor development. Recently, evidence has revealed MET signaling may impact tumor immunogenicity and regulate the immune response. Here we conducted a comprehensive bioinformatic and clinical analysis to explore the characteristics of MET mutation and its association with the outcomes in pan-cancer immunotherapy. In 4149 patients with 12 tumor types treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors, MET mutation indicated favorable overall survival (hazard ratio = 0.61; 95% CI, 0.50-0.74; P < 0.001), progression-free survival (hazard ratio = 0.74; 95% CI, 0.60-0.92; P = 0.01), and objective response rate (40.3% vs. 28.1%; P = 0.003). Moreover, we developed a nomogram to estimate the 12-month and 24-month survival probabilities after the initiation of immunotherapy. Further multi-omics analysis on both intrinsic and extrinsic immune landscapes revealed that MET mutation enhanced tumor immunogenicity, enriched infiltration of immune cells, and improved immune responses. In summary, MET mutation improves cancer immunity and is an independent biomarker for favorable outcomes in pan-cancer immunotherapy. These results may influence clinical practices, guide treatment decision-making, and develop immunotherapy for personalized care.

Ferroptosis meets inflammation: A new frontier in cancer therapy

Ferroptosis, an iron-dependent form of regulated cell death driven by lipid peroxidation, has emerged as a critical player in cancer pathogenesis. Concurrently, inflammation, a key biological response to tissue injury or infection, significantly influences cancer development and progression. The interplay between ferroptosis and inflammation represents a promising yet underexplored area of research. This review synthesizes recent advances in understanding the molecular mechanisms governing their interaction, emphasizing how ferroptosis triggers inflammatory responses and how inflammatory mediators, such as TNF-α, regulate ferroptosis through iron metabolism and lipid peroxidation pathways. Key molecular targets within the ferroptosis-inflammation axis, including GPX4, ACSL4, and the NF-κB signaling pathway, offer therapeutic potential for cancer treatment. By modulating these targets, it may be possible to enhance ferroptosis and fine-tune inflammatory responses, thereby improving therapeutic outcomes. Additionally, this review explores the broader implications of targeting the ferroptosis-inflammation interplay in disease treatment, highlighting opportunities for developing innovative strategies to combat cancer. By bridging the gap in current knowledge, this review provides a comprehensive resource for researchers and clinicians, offering insights into the therapeutic potential of this intricate biological relationship.

The intersections between neuroscience and medulloblastoma

Medulloblastoma (MB) represents the most common malignant central nervous system tumor in childhood. The nervous system plays a critical role in the progression of MB, with interactions between the nervous system and cancer significantly influencing oncogenesis, tumor growth, invasion, stemness, and metabolism. These interactions also regulate angiogenesis, metastatic dissemination, the tumor immune microenvironment, and drug resistance. Investigating the nervous system-MB axis holds promise for identifying diagnostic markers, prognostic biomarkers, and therapeutic targets. It also provides insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying MB and informs the development of novel therapeutic strategies. This review summarizes the latest advancements in understanding the interplay between the nervous system and MB, including the role of glial cells in MB and the potential of drug repurposing targeting nervous system components for MB treatment. These findings underscore promising diagnostic and therapeutic opportunities for MB management. Additionally, we outline future research directions in neurosciences that may pave the way for innovative therapeutic approaches and deepen our understanding of this complex disease.

TRAIL induces cytokine production via the NFkB2 pathway promoting neutrophil chemotaxis and neutrophil-mediated immune-suppression in triple negative breast cancer cells

Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is a potential cancer therapeutic that induces apoptosis in cancer cells while sparing the non-malignant cells in preclinical models. However, its efficacy in clinical trials has been limited, suggesting unknown mechanisms modulating TRAIL activity in patients. We hypothesized that TRAIL treatment elicits transcriptional changes in triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells that alter the immune milieu. RNAseq analysis of MDA-MB-231 cells along with validation in additional cell lines demonstrated that TRAIL induced cytokines such as CXCLs 1, 2, 3, 8,11 and IL-6, which are known to modify neutrophil function. Mechanistically, TRAIL dependent induction of the cytokines was predominantly mediated by death receptor 5, caspase-8 and the non-canonical NFKB2 pathway. These cytokines produced by TRAIL-treated TNBC cells enhanced chemotaxis of normal human donor isolated neutrophils. Using TNBC xenograft models, TRAIL induced activation of NFkB2 pathway, cytokine production and increased neutrophil recruitment into the tumors. Moreover, preincubation of neutrophils in supernatants from TRAIL-treated TNBC cells significantly impaired neutrophil function as measured by reduced respiratory burst and cytotoxic effect against TNBC cells. Transcriptomic analysis of neutrophils incubated with either TRAIL alone or supernatant of TRAIL-treated TNBC cells revealed increased expression of inflammatory cytokines, immune modulatory genes, immune checkpoint genes, and genes implicated in delayed neutrophil apoptosis. Functional studies showed that these neutrophils suppress T cell proliferation and augment Treg suppressive phenotype. Collectively, our study demonstrates a novel role of TRAIL-induced NFKB2-dependent cytokine production that promotes neutrophil chemotaxis and neutrophil-mediated immune suppression.

Decoding glioblastoma's diversity: Are neurons part of the game?

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM, WHO Grade 4) is a highly aggressive primary brain tumor with limited treatment options and a poor prognosis. A key challenge in GBM therapy lies in its pronounced heterogeneity, both within individual tumors (intratumoral) and between patients (intertumoral). Historically, neurons have been underexplored in GBM research; however, recent studies reveal that GBM development is closely linked to neural and glial progenitors, often mimicking neurodevelopmental processes in a dysregulated manner. Beyond damaging neuronal tissue, GBM actively engages with neurons to promote pro-tumorigenic signaling, including neuronal hyperexcitability and seizures. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) has revolutionized our understanding of the tumor microenvironment (TME), uncovering the critical roles of immune cells, endothelial cells, and astrocytes in tumor progression. However, technical limitations of scRNA-seq hinder its ability to capture the transcriptomes of neurons, necessitating the use of single-nucleus RNA sequencing (snRNA-seq) to study these interactions at single-cell resolution. This work collects the emerging insights of glioblastoma-neuron interactions, focusing on how GBM exploits neurodevelopmental pathways and reshapes neuronal networks. Moreover, we perform bioinformatic analysis of publicly available snRNA-seq datasets to propose putative cell-cell interactions driving glioma-neuronal dynamics. This study delineates key signaling pathways and underscores the need for further investigation to evaluate their potential as therapeutic targets.

CircRUNX1 enhances the Warburg effect and immune evasion in non-small cell lung cancer through the miR-145/HK2 pathway

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is acknowledged as the primary subtype of lung cancer. The Warburg effect, marked by elevated glucose consumption and lactate fermentation, is a prevalent characteristic of NSCLC. The mechanisms by which circRNA mediates the regulation of the Warburg effect and immune evasion in NSCLC remain unclear. This study found an elevated circRNA, circRUNX1, whiche promotes glycolysis and lactate generation, resulting in the infiltration of regulatory T cell (Treg) in NSCLC. circRUNX1 acts as a miR-145 sponge, inhibiting its negative regulation of the target gene HK2, therefore facilitating glycolysis and lactate generation. The accumulation of lactic acid in the tumor microenvironment promotes Treg cell proliferation and aids immune evasion. Functionally, the suppression of circRUNX1 significantly impedes tumor development both in vitro and in vivo. These findings collectively clarity a previously unexamined mechanism linking the circRUNX1/miR-145/HK2 axis in regulation of the Warburg effect and immune evasion in NSCLC.

Targeting WEE1 kinase as a therapeutic strategy in ATIP3-deficient breast cancers

ATIP3-deficient breast cancers represent a subset of aggressive tumors with limited therapeutic options and poor prognosis. Here, we screened a panel of cell cycle kinase inhibitors to identify novel targets for these tumors. We show that loss of ATIP3 sensitizes breast cancer cells to WEE1 inhibition, resulting in aberrant mitoses characterized by detachment of centromere proteins from DNA and chromosome pulverization. This phenotype arises from excessive replication stress and DNA damage in S-phase, combined with premature mitotic entry driven by untimely CDK1 activation. Mechanistically, we identify DNA2 helicase/nuclease as a key mediator of chromosome pulverization. Importantly, the heightened sensitivity of ATIP3-deficient cells to WEE1 inhibition provides a strong rationale for clinical exploration of WEE1-targeted therapies. Furthermore, combining WEE1 and PKMYT1 inhibitors enhances therapeutic efficacy, offering a promising strategy for personalized treatment in ATIP3-deficient breast cancers.

ADAM12 promotes temozolomide resistance in glioblastoma by activating the TNF-α - NF-κB pathway

Development of temozolomide (TMZ) resistance is a critical factor contributing to a poor prognosis in glioma patients. TMZ resistance is also closely associated with the phosphorylation level of NF-κB, yet targeted inhibition of NF-κB activity in glioma can be leveraged to overcome TMZ resistance. ADAM12, a protein significantly overexpressed in glioma cells, is implicated in the pathogenesis and progression of glioma, yet its role in the development of TMZ resistance is completely understood. We found that knockdown of ADAM12 was shown to arrest the glioma cell cycle, enhance apoptosis, inhibit DNA damage repair mechanisms, and sensitize glioma cells to TMZ. Targeting ADAM12 in vivo was found to increase the sensitivity of glioma cells to TMZ. Survival analysis indicated that ADAM12 serves as a prognostic marker for TMZ treatment. Using ELISA and protein interaction predictions via docking simulation, we identified the TNF-α shedding function of ADAM12 as a critical regulator of glioma progression. Furthermore, in glioma cell lines with unmethylated MGMT, the knockdown of ADAM12 enhanced sensitivity to TMZ by inhibiting the TNF-α/NF-κB pathway and reducing MGMT expression. In all, these results demonstrated that ADAM12 aids in shedding of membrane-bound TNF-a to drive TMZ resistance in glioma.

Single-cell transcriptomic analysis identifies tissue-specific fibroblasts as the main modulators of myeloid cells in peritoneal metastasis of different origin

Colorectal cancer (CRC) peritoneal metastasis (CPM) is related to limited therapy options and poor prognosis. Although stromal cells heavily infiltrate most CPMs, interactions between different cell types in their microenvironment remain unclear. Here, we investigated tumor and distant normal tissue from CPM and CRC patients using single-cell RNA sequencing. Investigating the incoming and outgoing signals between cells revealed that fibroblasts dominate the CPM signaling landscape with myeloid cells as their strongest interaction partner. Using immunohistochemistry, we confirmed that fibroblasts co-localize with macrophages in the CPM microenvironment. A fibroblast sub-population detected only in CPM and normal peritoneum demonstrated immunoregulatory properties in co-culture experiments, and was further detected in additional peritoneal malignancies derived from ovarian and gastric origin. This novel fibroblast type and its communication with macrophages could be attractive targets for therapeutic interventions in CPM and potentially peritoneal surface malignancies in general.

Vestigial-like family member 1 (VGLL1): An emerging candidate in tumor progression

Vestigial-like family member 1 (VGLL1), a product of an X-linked gene (VGLL1), belongs to a family of transcriptional co-activators including VGLL2, VGLL3 and VGLL4. These proteins are called vestigial-like because of the structural and functional similarities with the Drosophila ortholog vestigial (vg). VGLL1 is usually expressed in human placenta, and has also been detected in many aggressive cancers. For this reason, it is called an onco-placental protein. It can bind and activate the TEA-domain containing transcription factors TEAD1-4, and the interaction is mediated through a conserved 'valine-x-x-histidine-phenylalanine' domain (VxxHF, x denotes any amino acid) present in VGLL1 protein. Prior studies indicate a pro-tumorigenic role for this protein in several cancers including carcinoma of the breast. This review aims at summarizing our present knowledge about the functions of VGLL1, and the mechanisms that regulate its expression in cancer.

Pan-cancer analysis identifies EIPR1 as a potential prognostic and immunological biomarker for lung adenocarcinoma and its functional validation

BACKGROUND

EARP and GARP complex-interacting protein 1 (EIPR1) may be a new oncogene in tumors, influencing the prognosis and invasion of cancer. However, a systematic analysis of the function of EIPR1 in various cancers remains vacant. Thus, we proceeded with a comprehensive analysis to ascertain the role of EIPR1 among various cancers.

METHODS

We explored EIPR1 expression in pan-cancer, and its association with clinical stage, survival, gene mutations and methylation by the TIMER 2.0, GEPIA2, cBioPortal, and UALCAN. The protein-protein interaction (PPI) network, immune infiltration, and immune checkpoint assessments of EIPR1 was performed using the STRING and SangerBox. The role of EIPR1 expression in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) was explored by the R software. The impact of EIPR1 expression on LUAD progression was studied through in vitro assays.

RESULTS

EIPR1 was overexpressed in most cancers and revealed as a potential prognostic biomarker in tumors, involving in tumorigenesis by affecting its methylation and gene mutations. The immune infiltration and immune checkpoints of tumors were related to the expression of EIPR1. Additionally, EIPR1 expression affected the survival, diagnosis, clinicopathological features, tumor microenvironment, and drug sensitivity of LUAD patients. Validation studies demonstrated that EIPR1 knockdown suppressed the malignant growth, invasion, and migration of LUAD cells.

CONCLUSIONS

This study delivers an extensive landscape for the oncogenesis and immunological characteristics of EIPR1, which reveals that EIPR1 may serve as a potential biological target for future prognosis and immune treatment in tumors, especially in LUAD.

Dynamics of inflammatory signals within the tumor microenvironment

Tumor stroma, or tumor microenvironment (TME), has been in the spotlight during recent years for its role in tumor development, growth, and metastasis. It consists of a myriad of elements, including tumor-associated macrophages, cancer-associated fibroblasts, a deregulated extracellular matrix, endothelial cells, and vascular vessels. The release of proinflammatory molecules, due to the inflamed microenvironment, such as cytokines and chemokines is found to play a pivotal role in progression of cancer and response to therapy. This review discusses the major key players and important chemical inflammatory signals released in the TME. Furthermore, the latest breakthroughs in cytokine-mediated crosstalk between immune cells and cancer cells have been highlighted. In addition, recent updates on alterations in cytokine signaling between chronic inflammation and malignant TME have also been reviewed.

Structure-based artificial intelligence-aided design of MYC-targeting degradation drugs for cancer therapy

The MYC protein is an oncoprotein that plays a crucial role in various cancers. Although its significance has been well recognized in research, the development of drugs targeting MYC remains relatively slow. In this study, we developed a novel MYC peptide inhibitor based on the MYC/MAX dimer structure, integrating artificial intelligence-assisted peptide drug design. Additionally, we introduced a chaperone-mediated autophagy signal to construct a MYC-targeted degradation drug, MYC-LYSO. By incorporating nano-selenium delivery, we further formulated an enhanced MYC degradation agent, Se-MYC-LYSO. Se-MYC-LYSO demonstrated potent efficacy in inducing MYC degradation, inhibiting tumor cell proliferation, and promoting apoptosis. Moreover, our findings indicate that the efficacy of Se-MYC-LYSO is dependent on the autophagy pathway. These results provide a novel strategy for targeting MYC in cancer therapy.

Identification of KANK1 as a tumor suppressor gene in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma

Pancreatic cancer is a highly lethal malignancy with poor survival outcomes, primarily due to late-stage diagnosis and resistance to conventional therapies. Identifying key oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes is therefore critical for the development of effective treatment strategies. In this study, we identified KANK1 as a novel tumor suppressor gene in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) through an integrated mRNA-protein abundance correlation analysis. Elevated KANK1 expression was consistently associated with improved patient survival across multiple datasets, whereas its expression was markedly reduced in pancreatic tumors compared to normal tissues. Single-cell RNA sequencing and immunoblot analyses confirmed the downregulation of KANK1 at both the mRNA and protein levels in PDAC. Further investigation revealed that KANK1 downregulation is driven by copy number loss and tumor hypoxia, supported by data from the TCGA and CCLE databases and validated experimentally under hypoxic conditions. Functional assays demonstrated that KANK1 knockdown promotes pancreatic cancer cell proliferation and migration, along with activation of ERK signaling. Collectively, our findings establish KANK1 as a tumor suppressor in PDAC, whose loss facilitates tumor progression and presents a potential therapeutic target for pancreatic cancer treatment.

Neospora caninum as delivery vehicle for anti-PD-L1 scFv-Fc: A novel approach for cancer immunotherapy

Neospora caninum, a potential anticancer agent able to reactivate the immune response within the tumor microenvironment (TME), has recently shown enhanced immunomodulatory properties in different tumor models when armed with the cytokine, Il-15. In the current area of combination immunotherapy strategies designed to overcome treatment resistance, we engineered for the first time the protozoan Neospora caninum to vectorize and secrete a single-chain variable fragment fused to fragment crystallizable region (scFv-Fc) targeting human programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1). Following validation of its secretion through the micronemes (protozoa secretory organelles), we demonstrated that the scFv-Fc could bind PD-L1 on mouse and human tumor cells, block the programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1)/PD-L1 pathway leading to potentiate the T cell lymphocyte activity. Additionally, the scFv-Fc induced antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP) and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). Those data demonstrate the feasibility of vectoring and secreting a functional antibody fragment by N. caninum, opening promising avenues for future research.

Engineered oncolytic virus OH2-FLT3L enhances antitumor immunity via dendritic cell activation

The combination of oncolytic viruses (OVs) with other immunotherapies, such as immunostimulatory therapies, is a current research hotspot; however, optimizing their therapeutic potential remains to be fully explored. Here, we designed a novel oncolytic herpes simplex virus 2 expressing Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (OH2-FLT3L), which induces an antitumor cytotoxic T cell immune response by activating dendritic cells (DCs). We found that OH2-FLT3L specifically infects tumor cells, induces immunogenic cell death (ICD), and releases a large number of tumor-specific antigens, which bound to danger signals and facilitated antigenic cross-presentation by DCs, significantly enhancing T cell activation and function. Experimental results showed that OH2-FLT3L significantly increased the proportion of activated DCs, enhanced the antitumor immune response, and effectively converted "cold" tumors into "hot" tumors. In addition, when combined with anti-PD-1 antibody, OH2-FLT3L further enhanced therapeutic efficacy. In conclusion, OH2-FLT3L, as a novel oncolytic virus, demonstrates the potential to enhance antitumor immune responses through DC activation.

Shared neoantigens for cancer immunotherapy

Exploration of neoantigens holds the potential to be productive in immuno-oncotherapy. Among tumor-specific antigens, neoantigens result from genetic instability that gives rise to non-synonymous somatic mutations, highly specific to tumor cells. In addition to point mutations, gene rearrangements, indels leading to frameshifts, chromosomal translocations or inversions that may lead to fusion proteins, alternative mRNA splicing, and integration of genetic material of oncogenic viruses into the host genome provide consistent sources of neoantigens that are absent in healthy tissues. Out of these alterations, 2%-3% may generate T cell neoepitopes, possibly detectable by TCRs. Neoantigens are absent in healthy tissues and are thus at low risk of triggering autoimmunity. In addition, the host lymphocytes have not been rendered tolerant toward them and it is possible to induce immune responses against them. Here, we overview the two categories of neoantigens, i.e., private and shared, and their use in immuno-oncotherapy in selected pre-clinical and clinical studies. The vast majority of commonly occurring tumor-specific mutations are cancer causing and are permanently expressed by all malignant tumor cells, preventing the latter from escaping vaccine-induced anti-neoantigen immunity. The use of public neoantigens combined with efficient vaccine platforms can provide non-personalized "off-the-shelf" therapeutic vaccine candidates for broad-spectrum immunotherapy purposes.

hsa-miR-5688 inhibits FOXC1-OCT4/SOX2 feedforward loop that drives chemoresistance in breast cancer stem cells

Inherently chemotherapy-resistant breast cancer stem cells (CSCs) are responsible for tumor initiation, metastasis, and relapse. CSCs "acquire" more resistance and stemness upon chemotherapy, thereby making relapse-free survival extremely challenging. Here, we describe a novel role of FOXC1 in "acquired resistance" of breast CSCs during chemotherapy. Putative binding sites of pluripotency factors OCT4 and SOX2, but not NANOG, on FOXC1 promoter, were demonstrated by JASPAR and validated by a docking experiment. Significant decline in FOXC1 expression was noticed after OCT4 or SOX2 ablation in breast CSCs. Contrastingly, presence of putative FOXC1 binding sites on the promoters of stemness genes and drug-resistance marker ABCG2, along with downregulation of OCT4 and SOX2 in FOXC1-ablated CSCs, indicated the existence of a feedforward FOXC1-OCT4/SOX2 transactivation loop in CSCs. Chemotherapy-induced upregulation of FOXC1, stemness, as well as drug resistance in CSCs, and downregulation of the same by prior FOXC1-ablation in in-vitro and in-vivo models, endorsed the contribution of this loop in chemo-induced acquisition of stemness and drug resistance. Finally, over-expression of hsa-miR-5688 sensitized CSCs toward chemotherapy and decelerated recurrence. Accordingly, we demonstrate a hitherto unknown mechanism underpinning chemotherapy-induced resistance in breast CSCs, causing relapse and identified hsa-miR-5688 as a potential therapeutic candidate for relapse-free survival of breast cancer patients.

Bisphenols exposure at environmentally relevant dose promoted ovarian cancer progression and modulated tumor microenvironment through β-catenin/SPP1 axis

Bisphenol A (BPA) and its substitute, Bisphenol S (BPS) are typical endocrine-disrupting chemicals used in plastics, but their cancer-promoting effect has remained controversial. Here, we investigated the effects of environmentally relevant doses of BPA/BPS exposure on the tumor microenvironment (TME) in ovarian cancer. BPA exposure levels was exhibiting a declining trend and BPS showing an ascending trend in the female population by analyzing the NHANES data (2013-2016). Low doses of BPA/BPS both significantly promoted the migration and invasion of ovarian cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner by activating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, thereby facilitating the SPP1 gene transcription. Notably, low-dose BPA/BPS exposure stimulated ovarian cancer cells to secrete OPN protein (coded by the SPP1 gene), subsequently inducing the transformation of fibroblasts into cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), which could reshape the TME of ovarian cancer. Two in-vivo experiments established with nude mice and SPP1-/- mice respectively, both confirmed that low-dose BPA/BPS exposure increased the incidence of tumor metastasis accompanied by CAF infiltration, while administration of OPN-neutralizing antibodies effectively blocked these effects. Our results indicated that exposure to either BPA or its substitute BPS could promote the release of secreted protein OPN via the β-catenin/SPP1 axis, ultimately modulating the TME and enhancing the progression of ovarian cancer, providing new evidence and potential intervention strategies for the toxicological assessment and management of bisphenols.

A stimuli-responsive immunostimulant to activate chemo-immunotherapeutic effects by inducing DNA damage and STING activation

The integration of chemotherapy with systemic immune activation represents a promising approach to eradicate metastatic tumors. In this study, a stimuli-responsive immunostimulant nanoplatform (denoted as MV@Lip) was developed to synergistically activate antitumor immunity via chemotherapy-induced DNA damage and subsequent activation of the stimulator of interferon genes (STING) signaling pathway. The MV@Lip system encapsulates the chemotherapeutic agent mitoxantrone (Mit) and the STING agonist vadimezan (Vad) within a redox-responsive liposomal carrier. MV@Lip was indicated to enhance drug stability, while simultaneously promoting efficient co-delivery of both agents into tumor cells and suppressing tumor proliferation. Mechanistically, MV@Lip exerts its therapeutic efficacy through inducing DNA damage and triggering immunogenic cell death (ICD) to enhance tumor immunogenicity by releasing damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Concurrently, the released Vadimezan could activate the STING pathway, amplifying innate immune responses through the production of proinflammatory factors and the recruitment of immune effector cells. This concerted action facilitates the infiltration and activation of natural killer (NK) cells and T lymphocytes in the tumor microenvironment, ultimately leading to the suppression of both primary and metastatic tumors. These findings provide a compelling basis for advancing chemotherapeutic combinations as immune-stimulating strategies in the treatment of metastatic malignancies.

Identification of novel AURKA inhibitors against neuroblastoma using a virtual screening approach

This study aims to screen and validate AURKA inhibitors to provide lead compounds and theoretical foundations for targeted therapy of neuroblastoma (NB). Through computer-aided drug screening, 11 compounds effectively binding to AURKA were selected from the YaTCM database, and their toxicity was predicted using admetSAR. Subsequently, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were employed to evaluate the binding affinity and complex stability of the compounds with AURKA, leading to the identification of four preferred compounds (Erylatissin B, (+)-khellactone, Brazilin, and hematoxylin). Further steered molecular dynamics (SMD) and umbrella sampling (US) simulations were conducted to calculate the dissociation energy, confirming their binding strength with AURKA. In vitro experiments demonstrated that Brazilin significantly inhibited proliferation, migration, and induced apoptosis in SK-N-BE (2) cells, while also suppressing AURKA protein expression and its interaction with N-Myc. In vivo experiments showed that Brazilin markedly inhibited tumor growth in a mouse NB model. The findings indicate that Brazilin, by targeting AURKA, exhibits potential anti-NB activity, offering a new candidate compound and theoretical support for NB treatment.

Nano biosensor unlocks tumor derived immune signals for the early detection of ovarian cancer

Ovarian cancer is a critical health issue for women nowadays. Its impact is significant because of its high mortality rate (324,603 worldwide), late-stage diagnosis and poor survival rate. Lack of screening tests, vague symptoms, misdiagnosis, and age factor makes it even more difficult to detect. Neutrophils, a subset of immune cells, undergo tumor-specific changes as ovarian cancer progresses inside ovarian tumour microenvironment. Therefore, monitoring the time-specific activity of neutrophils in circulation has the potential to aid in the diagnosis of ovarian cancer. Most ovarian tumor-specific antigens are unknown, making it difficult to identify neutrophils associated with ovarian tumor. We present ovarian tumor-associated circulating neutrophil cell profiling as a stand-alone cancer diagnostic method using a liquid biopsy. Using a SERS-functionalized nano probe, the metabolic profiles of neutrophils from ovarian tumor interaction are detected. We demonstrate that neutrophils associated with cancer stem cells have a distinct metabolic profile and are useful in the diagnosis of early ovarian cancer. Using 5 μL of peripheral blood and an artificial neural network, the characteristics of neutrophil profiles in patient blood could distinguish cancer cohort from non-cancer (healthy) with a 90 % sensitivity and 100 % specificity. Our results demonstrate the viability of using circulating neutrophils for non-invasive cancer diagnostics.

Targeting vulnerability in tumor therapy: Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase

Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH) is a key enzyme in the de novo pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway and a recognized therapeutic target in various diseases. In oncology research, DHODH has gained increasing importance and become a hot target for various tumor therapy studies. This review highlights three key points: (1) DHODH enables its diverse biological functions through its unique structural features and dominates the regulation of tumor metabolism and cell fate; (2) DHODH activates oncogenic signals, drives metastatic adaptation, and remodels drug resistance networks in tumors, making it a metabolic-signaling dual hub; and (3) DHODH inhibitors have shown significant efficacy in preclinical models of various tumors but face multiple challenges in clinical trials, including drug-related limitations and external constraints. Given these challenges, future research should explore DHODH inhibitors as a foundation for overcoming technological and translational barriers while establishing a systematic framework for the clinical application of DHODH-targeted tumor therapies.

Effects of decrease in Klotho protein expression on insulin signaling and levels of proteins related to brain energy metabolism

Mutations in Klotho have been associated with premature ageing and cognitive dysfunction. Although highly expressed in specific regions of the brain, the actions of Klotho in the central nervous system (CNS) remain largely unknown. Here, we show that animals with a mutated hypomorphic Klotho gene have altered glycaemic regulation, suggesting higher insulin sensitivity. In the CNS, pathways related to insulin intracellular signalling were found to be up-regulated in the hippocampus, with higher activation of protein kinase B and mammalian target of rapamycin and inactivation of the transcription factors forkhead box O (FOXO)-1 and FOXO-3a. In addition, the present study showed that in the hippocampi of wild-type aged mice, where Klotho is naturally downregulated, the levels of some proteins related to energy metabolism and metabolic coupling between neurones and astrocytes, such as monocarboxylate transporter 2 and 4, 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase isoform 3 and lactate dehydrogenase enzymes isoforms A and B were altered. These findings suggest that Klotho plays an essential role in regulating proteins and genes related to metabolic coupling in the brain.

A photothermal-responsive multi-enzyme nanoprobe for ROS amplification and glutathione depletion to enhance ferroptosis

Ferroptosis therapy employs reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated via Fenton or Fenton-like reactions. However, the antioxidant system associated with the tumor microenvironment (TME) exhibits high levels of glutathione (GSH) that significantly restrict the therapeutic efficacy of ferroptosis. In this study, we propose a near-infrared (NIR)-responsive hollow mesoporous manganese dioxide (HM-MnO2) nanoprobe with multi-enzyme-like activity for enhanced ROS generation and GSH depletion that can efficiently promote ferroptosis. The ferroptosis inducer RSL3 is encapsulated within HM-MnO2 with a loading capacity of 67 %, while iron-doped dopamine (Fe-PDA) and cRGD tumor-targeting peptides are conjugated on the surface. The resultant MnO2R@FePDA-cRGD nanocomposite delivers a photothermal conversion efficiency of 39.1 % under 808 nm irradiation, which can effectively trigger structural degradation of the nanoplatform and the rapid release of RSL3. The photothermal effects significantly augment catalytic activity, enabling a multi-enzyme mimicking that includes peroxidase (POD), oxidase (OXD), GSH peroxidase (GPx), and NADH oxidase (NOx) functions, generating significant ROS radicals and an efficient depletion of intracellular GSH. These cascade reactions contribute to an optimal TME for inducing "explosive" ferroptosis with a synergistic inhibition of tumor growth in vitro and in vivo. The proposed strategy represents a potent approach to amplifying ferroptosis through the photothermal-driven rapid release of RSL3 and enhanced multi-enzyme mimetic activities with significant potential in nanomedicine-based cancer therapy.

Drug repurposing of 6-AZA-UTP and itraconazole reveals novel B3GALT5 inhibitors for pancreatic cancer

Pancreatic cancer has a poor prognosis with limited therapeutic options, necessitating novel treatment strategies. While B3GALT5 enzyme overexpression has been reported in pancreatic cancer cases, effective mechanisms to suppress its activity remain unexplored. In this study, we utilized bioinformatics and in silico studies to evaluate the relationship between B3GALT5 enzyme and pancreatic cancer. Through molecular docking analysis, FDA-approved drugs 6-AZA-UTP and itraconazole were identified as potential B3GALT5 enzyme inhibitors. Biological evaluation on MIA PaCa-2 and AsPC-1 pancreatic cancer cell lines demonstrated that both compounds significantly reduced cell viability. Flow cytometry analysis revealed that both drugs effectively suppressed B3GALT5 enzyme activation by decreasing SSEA-3 expression. Furthermore, both compounds exhibited potent anti-tumor effects by inhibiting cell adhesion, colony formation, and migration while inducing apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cells. Notably, both drugs demonstrated favorable ADMET profiles with no carcinogenic or toxic effects. Our investigations revealed that 6-AZA-UTP and itraconazole can effectively suppress B3GALT5 enzyme activity, resulting in tumor suppression and metastasis inhibition. These findings suggest that either 6-AZA-UTP or itraconazole can inhibit B3GALT5 enzyme activity and may serve as promising therapeutic options for pancreatic cancer treatment through drug repurposing strategy.

Inhibition of FLT3-induced signalling in refractory acute myeloid leukaemia

Mutations in FLT3 make this receptor tyrosine kinase overactive. Such mutations found in ∼30 % of the patients who suffer from acute myeloid leukaemia (AML). FLT3 mediates signalling networks that lead to cell proliferation and survival. FLT3 inhibitors are used to treat AML but patients who are treated with them typically become resistant. Such resistance often emerges through secondary mutations which either restore the activity of FLT3 in the presence of drugs or activate a key player in a signalling network such as NRAS. We had developed AML-specific cell lines resistant to two advanced FLT3 inhibitors: gilteritinib and FF-10101. Resistance in these cell lines proceeds though different mechanisms. In this study, we followed on the efficacy of five FLT3 inhibitors (gilteritinib, FF-10101 and three promising inhibitors that are being developed), two pan-PI3K inhibitors (one of which also inhibits mTOR) and two c-KIT inhibitors in order to examine the significance of different signalling cascades in FLT3+-AML. In addition, we used molecular modelling and quantum chemistry calculations to explain why specific FLT3 mutations affect some inhibitors more than others. Two novel FLT3 inhibitors were found to be only weakly affected by resistance mutations against gilteritinib and FF-10101. The efficacy of most FLT3 inhibitors was only weakly (or not at all) affected by the NRAS/G12C activating mutation. Finally, no non-FLT3 inhibitor has shown sufficient efficacy in the cells, suggesting the central role of FLT3 in FLT3-mutated AML.

Nuclear translocation of the LINE-1 encoded ORF1 protein alters nuclear envelope integrity in human neurons

LINE-1 retrotransposons are increasingly implicated in aging and neurodegenerative diseases, yet the precise pathogenic mechanisms remain elusive. While the endonuclease and reverse transcriptase activities of LINE-1-encoded ORF2p can induce DNA damage and inflammation, a role of LINE-1 ORF1p in cellular dysfunctions stays unassigned. Here we demonstrate, using a neuronal cellular model, that ORF1p translocates into the nucleus upon arsenite-induced stress, directly interacting with nuclear import (KPNB1), nuclear pore complex (NUP153), and nuclear lamina (Lamin B1) proteins. Nuclear translocation of ORF1p disrupts nuclear integrity, nucleocytoplasmic transport, and heterochromatin structure, features linked to neurodegeneration and aging. Elevated nuclear ORF1p levels induced either by arsenite-induced stress, ORF1p overexpression, or as observed in Parkinson's disease post-mortem brain tissues correlate with impaired nuclear envelope (NE) morphology. Stress-induced nuclear alterations are mitigated by blocking ORF1p nuclear import or with the anti-aging drug remodelin. This study thus reveals a pathogenic action of nuclear ORF1p in human neurons driving NE alterations and thereby contributing to LINE-1-mediated cell toxicity.

Pharmacological modulation of cellular senescence: Implications for breast cancer progression and therapeutic strategies

Senescence, defined by the cessation of cell proliferation, plays a critical and multifaceted role in breast cancer progression and treatment. Senescent cells produce senescence-associated secretory phenotypes (SASP) comprising inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and small molecules, which actively shape the tumor microenvironment, influencing cancer development, progression, and metastasis. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the types and origins of senescent cells in breast cancer, alongside their markers and detection methods. Special focus is placed on pharmacological strategies targeting senescence, including drugs that induce or inhibit senescence, their molecular mechanisms, and their roles in therapeutic outcomes when combined with chemotherapy and radiotherapy. By exploring these pharmacological interventions and their impact on breast cancer treatment, this review underscores the potential of senescence-targeting therapies to revolutionize breast cancer management.

A novel adenosine 2A receptor antagonist HZ-086 enhances the efficiency of immunotherapy and alleviates the acquired resistance to PD-L1 by restoration of T cell functions

Immunotherapy faces significant challenges due to low clinical response rates and immune escape mechanisms, which ultimately lead to drug resistance. Previous studies suggest that adenosine-2A receptor (A2AR) signaling plays a critical role in immunosuppression and immune escape. However, no potent and selective A2AR inhibitors are currently available for clinical use to address immunotherapy resistance in tumors. In this study, we identified a novel small molecule compound, HZ-086, as a potent and selective inhibitor of A2AR. HZ-086 restored the activation of T-cell signaling which is suppressed by adenosine analogs in vitro. Additionally, HZ-086 enhanced T-cell-mediated cytotoxicity, increased the secretion of cytokines for antitumor and subsequently inhibited growth of tumor cells in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, HZ-086 inhibited tumor growth, enhances anti-tumor capacity, and reversed PD-L1 resistance in vivo. When combined with FD-L1, a PD-L1 small molecule inhibitor discovered by our lab, HZ-086 achieved over 80 % tumor growth inhibition (TGI) and restored immune response in anti-PD-L1 monoclonal antibody-resistant tumors. This combination treatment also promoted the infiltration and activation of CD8+ T lymphocytes within the tumor microenvironment. Our findings demonstrate that adenosine-A2AR signaling mediates resistance to immunotherapy and discover a novel potent and selective A2AR inhibitor with high efficacy in enhancing antitumor immune responses and reversing PD-L1 resistance. The combination of A2AR inhibitor and PD-L1 inhibitor represents a promising therapeutic strategy for antitumor therapy.

Precise measurement of CRISPR genome editing outcomes through single-cell DNA sequencing

Gene therapy for clinical applications necessitates a comprehensive, accurate, and precise measurement of gene-edited drug products. State-of-the-art pipelines for evaluating editing outcomes rely primarily on bulk sequencing approaches, which are limited to population-level assessment. Here, we leveraged Tapestri, a single-cell sequencing technology for an in-depth analysis of editing outcomes. Using this platform, we characterized the genotype of triple-edited cells simultaneously at more than 100 loci, including editing zygosity, structural variations, and cell clonality. Our findings revealed a unique editing pattern in nearly every edited cell, highlighting the importance of single-cell resolution measurement to ensure the highest safety standards.

Conjugated STING agonists

An innate immune system is the first line of defense and prevents the host from infection and attacks the invading pathogens. Stimulator of interferon genes (STING) plays a vital role in the innate immune system. STING activation by STING agonists leads to phosphorylation of TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) and interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) with the release of type I interferons and proinflammatory cytokines, further promoting the adaptive immune response and activating T cells by increased antigen presentation. Natural STING agonist cyclic dinucleotides (CDNs) encounter many defects such as high polarity by negative charges, low stability and circulative half-life, off-target systemic toxicity, and low response efficacy in clinical trials. To overcome these challenges, massive efforts have addressed chemical modifications of CDNs, development of non-CDN STING agonists, and delivery of these STING agonists either by conjugation or liposomes/nanoparticles. Considering there have been a great number of reports regarding nanosystem-aided delivery, here, we examine the development of STING agonists, especially for non-CDNs and their delivery specifically by conjugation strategy, with a focus on the STING agonists in clinical trials and current challenges of their potential in cancer immunotherapy.

p14ARF interacts with γ-H2AX and is involved in the DNA damage response

p14ARF(ARF) is a tumor suppressor and functionally related to p53. Emerging evidences suggest that ARF triggers DNA damage in a p53-independent manner. However, it remains to be determined how ARF is involved in DNA damage response. Here, we report that ARF is critical in regulating the formation of DNA damage induced γ-H2AX foci. ARF binds to H2AX through its N-terminal domains to promote the phosphorylation of H2AX. The localization of ARF to the site of DNA breaks facilitates the formation of γ-H2AX foci in response to DNA damage. The knocking down of ARF significantly reduced γ-H2AX production and the number of γ-H2AX foci, leading to increased sensitivity to doxorubicin-induced cell death. Together, we propose that ARF plays a crucial role in DNA damage response through its association with H2AX and regulating γ-H2AX formation.

GART promotes multiple myeloma malignancy via tumor stemness mediated by activating the HSP90α/CDK6/β-catenin axis

Tumor progression involves the acquisition of progenitor and stem cell-like characteristics. Glycinamide ribonucleotide transformylase (GART) has been studied in solid tumors for its role in promoting cancer cell stemness, but its function in multiple myeloma (MM) remains unclear. This study aims to determine the impact of GART on MM cell proliferation and its potential as a therapeutic target. Elevated GART was associated with MM stem cell-like markers and unfavorable outcomes in MM patients. In vitro experiments using lentivirus-based overexpression and siRNA-mediated knockdown methods demonstrated that GART promoted MM cell proliferation, colony formation, and cell cycle progression. In vivo studies using a chemically induced plasmacytoma mouse model confirmed that GART accelerated MM malignancy. Mechanistic studies revealed that GART binds to and stabilizes the HSP90α protein, thereby upregulating its client protein CDK6. Additionally, GART activated the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, promoting cell proliferation and the expression of stemness genes in MM. Furthermore, a GART inhibitor, pemetrexed (PEM), effectively suppressed cell proliferation and tumor growth in a human cell line-derived xenograft model (CDX). In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that GART promotes MM cell proliferation and tumor stemness by activating the HSP90α/CDK6/β-catenin axis. Targeting GART may be a promising strategy for developing and improving MM treatments.

Design, synthesis, and antitumor activity of stapled peptide inhibitors targeting the RAS-RAF interactions

RAS-RAF interactions play a vital role in the RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK signaling pathway, significantly regulating cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival. Some small molecule inhibitors targeting various components of this pathway, such as MRTX849 and AMG 510, have been introduced for clinical application. However, peptide-based drugs encounter several challenges, such as poor cell permeability, low biological stability, and rapid in vivo clearance, which hinder their application. Herein, based on co-crystal complex structures and RAS-RAF interaction hotspots, we identified four linear peptides-Raf-0 to Raf-2 and CRD-0-derived from the α-helical regions of the RAS-binding domain (RBD) and the cysteine-rich domain (CRD) of CRAF. Raf-1 was selected for further modification using a hydrocarbon stapling strategy, capping it with stearic acid at the N-terminal due to its highest binding affinity in the SPR assay. As a result, Sraf-2-1 and Sraf-7-1 bound to KRASG12C with Kd values of 3.56 μM and 2.62 μM, respectively, demonstrating robust anticancer activity in the CCK8 assay. Additionally, Sraf-2-1 and Sraf-7-1 reduced AKT phosphorylation, induced cancer cell apoptosis in a concentration-dependent manner, and effectively inhibited cancer cell migration, showing improved α-helix stability and cell permeability. In summary, our findings indicate that the hydrocarbon stapling strategy and stearic acid tagging enhanced the therapeutic potential of peptide inhibitors, offering methods for targeting RAS in cancer therapy.