PNPLA3 I148 M genetic variant in autoimmune hepatitis characterises advanced disease at diagnosis and reduced survival free of cirrhotic events and liver-related mortality

Background

Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a relatively rare autoimmune disease with a strong genetic background. The patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 3 (PNPLA3) I148 M (rs738409 C/G) variant has been associated with hepatic inflammation and fibrosis in chronic hepatic diseases beyond metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD).

Aim

Our aim was to investigate the significance of PNPLA3 I148 M variant in AIH.

Method

Two hundred AIH patients, followed in our centre, were evaluated while 100 healthy subjects served as controls. Genotyping was performed with allelic discrimination end-point polymerase chain reaction (PCR).

Results

The I148 M variant was present in 95/200 (47.5 %) AIH patients compared to 47/100 (47 %) healthy controls (p = 1.000). Patients with GG/CG genotypes were more likely to present with decompensated cirrhosis at diagnosis (GG/CG 6.3 % vs. CC 1 %, p = 0.039). Comorbidity with cardiometabolic risk factors and concurrence of MASLD was similar across genotypes. Simple steatosis was present in 37/186 (19.9 %) and steatohepatitis in 14/186 (7.5 %) patients with available liver biopsy without correlation with PNPLA3 genotype. Fibrosis stage and grade of inflammation were not correlated with any genotype. Response to treatment was also independent of the presence of the I148 M variant, even though a longer time was needed to achieve complete biochemical response in those carrying the GG/CG genotypes (p = 0.07). On Kaplan Meier analysis homozygosity for the G allele corelated with reduced survival free of decompensation (p = 0.006), cirrhotic events (decompensation, liver transplantation, hepatocellular carcinoma; p = 0.001) and liver-related death or liver transplantation (p = 0.011) in treated patients.

Conclusions

The PNPLA3 I148 M variant in AIH patients is associated with increased risk of advanced disease at diagnosis and reduced survival free of cirrhotic events and liver-related death or liver transplantation, regardless of the presence of MASLD. This signifies a potential role for the PNPLA3 I148 M variant as a new AIH biomarker allowing to identify patients at increased risk of disease progression.

Cytoglobin attenuates melanoma malignancy but protects melanoma cells from ferroptosis

Cutaneous malignant melanoma is the most aggressive and the deadliest form of skin cancer. There are two types of limitations which universally exist in current melanoma therapy: Adverse effects and reduced efficiency. Cytoglobin (CYGB), an iron hexacoordinated globin, is highly enriched in melanocytes and frequently epigenetically silenced during melanoma genesis. The present study aimed to explore its potential role as a biomarker for ferroptosis treatment. It was observed that B16F10 and A375 melanoma cells with loss of CYGB expression were highly sensitive to ferroptosis inducers RSL3 and erastin, whereas G361 melanoma cells with highly enriched CYGB were resistant to RSL3 or erastin. Ectopically overexpressed CYGB rendered B16F10 and A375 cells resistant to RSL3 or erastin, accompanied by decreased proliferation and epithelial‑mesenchymal transition (EMT). By contrast, knockdown of CYGB expression made G361 cells sensitive to ferroptosis induction but induced proliferation and EMT progression of G361 cells. Mechanistically, CYGB‑induced resistance of melanoma cells to ferroptosis may have been associated, in part, with i) Suppression of EMT; ii) upregulation of glutathione peroxidase 4 expression; iii) decrease of labile iron pool. In vivo study also demonstrated that CYGB overexpression rendered xenograft melanoma much more resist to RSL3 treatment. Based on these findings, CYGB is a potential therapeutic biomarker to screen the melanoma patients who are most likely benefit from ferroptosis treatment.

Dopaminergic system and neurons: Role in multiple neurological diseases

The dopaminergic system is a complex and powerful neurotransmitter system in the brain. It plays an important regulatory role in motivation, reward, cognition, and motor control. In recent decades, research in the field of the dopaminergic system and neurons has increased exponentially and is gradually becoming a point of intervention in the study and understanding of a wide range of neurological diseases related to human health. Studies have shown that the dopaminergic system and neurons are involved in the development of many neurological diseases (including, but not limited to Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia, depression, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, etc.) and that dopaminergic neurons either have too much stress or too weak function in the dopaminergic system can lead to disease. Therefore, targeting dopaminergic neurons is considered key to treating these diseases. This article provides a comprehensive review of the dopaminergic system and neurons in terms of brain region distribution, physiological function and subtypes of dopaminergic neurons, as well as the role of the dopaminergic system and neurons in a variety of diseases.

A transcription factor ATF3 involves in the phagocytosis of granulocytes in oyster Crassostrea gigas

Phagocytosis is a major cellular mechanism for mollusk granulocytes to eliminate nonself substances and dead cells, and thus to preserve the immune homeostasis. The knowledge of the regulatory mechanisms controlling phagocytic capacity is vital to understanding the immune system. In the present study, an ATF3 homolog (CgATF3) with a typical bZIP domain was identified in the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas. Its highly conserved bZIP domain consisted of two structural features, a basic region for DNA binding and a leucine zipper region for dimerization. Its transcript was found to be abundantly expressed in haemocytes, which was induced by Vibrio splendidus stimulation and recombinant CgTNF-2 treatment, along with an increase of its protein content in the nucleus. Moreover, CgATF3 showed a consistent and specific high expression in granulocytes, and CgATF3+ granulocytes were characterized morphologically by the largest diameter, smaller nucleus to cytoplasmic ratio, and abundant cytoplasmic granules, and functionally by a higher capacity for phagocytosis. When CgATF3 expression was inhibited by RNAi, the expression levels of CgRab1, CgRab33 and CgCathepsin L1, as well as the phagocytic rate and index of granulocytes all decreased after V. splendidus stimulation. These results together demonstrated the involvement of CgATF3 in regulating the expressions of Rabs and Cathepsin L1, as well as the phagocytosis of granulocytes in oyster C. gigas.

The role of SUMOylation in biomolecular condensate dynamics and protein localization

As a type of protein post-translational modification, SUMOylation is the process that attaches a small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) to lysine residues of protein substrates. Not only do SUMO and ubiquitin exhibit structure similarity, but the enzymatic cascades for SUMOylation and ubiquitination are also similar. It is well established that protein ubiquitination triggers proteasomal degradation, but the function of SUMOylation remains poorly understood compared to ubiquitination. Recent studies reveal the role of SUMOylation in regulating protein localization, stability, and interaction networks. SUMO can be covalently attached to substrates either as an individual monomer (monoSUMOylation) or as a polymeric SUMO chain (polySUMOylation). Strikingly, mono- and polySUMOylation likely play distinct roles in protein subcellular localization and the assembly/disassembly of biomolecular condensates, which are membraneless cellular compartments with concentrated biomolecules. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in the understanding of the function and regulation of SUMOylation, which could reveal potential therapeutic targets in disease pathogenesis.

Multi-omics combined to investigate potential druggable therapeutic targets for stroke: A systematic Mendelian randomization study and transcriptome verification

OBJECTIVE

Stroke is a highly prevalent and disabling disease whose disease mechanisms are not fully understood. The discovery of disease-associated proteins with genetic evidence of pathogenicity provides an opportunity to identify new therapeutic targets.

METHOD

We examined the observed and causal associations of thousands of plasma and inflammatory proteins that were measured using affinity-based proteomic assays. First, we pooled >3000 relevant proteins using a fixed-effects meta-analysis of 2 population-based studies involving 48,383 participants, then investigated the causal effects of stroke and its subtype-associated proteins by forward Mendelian randomization using cis-protein quantitative locus genetic tools identified from genome-wide association studies of these >48,000 individuals. To improve the accuracy of causal estimation, we implemented a systematic Mendelian randomization model that accounts for cascading imbalances between instruments and tested the robustness of causal estimation through multi-method analyses. To further validate the hypothesis that ginsenoside Rg1 monomer acts on the five protein targets screened for drug-targeted regulation, we conducted a comparative analysis of the mRNA (gene) expression levels of a limited number of genes in the brain tissues of different groups of SD rats. The druggability of the candidate proteins was investigated and the mechanism of action and potential targeting side effects were explored by Phenome-wide MR.

RESULTS

Six circulating proteins were identified to have a significant genetic association with stroke (PFDR < 0.05). For example, in patients with cardioembolic stroke, higher genetically predicted APRT was associated with a lower risk of cardioembolic stroke (ORivw [95 % CI] = 0.641 [0.517, 0.795]; P = 5.25 × 10-5, ORSMR [95 % CI] = 0.572, [0.397, 0.825], PSMR = 0.003). Mediation analyses suggested that atrial fibrillation, angina pectoris, and heart failure may mediate the association of CD40L, LIFR, and UPA with stroke. Molecular docking revealed promising interactions between the identified proteins and glycosides. Transcriptomic sequencing in animal models indicated that ginsenoside Rg1 may act through APRT, IL15RA, and VSIR pathways, with APRT showing significant variability in mRNA sequencing expression. Phenome-wide MR of the six target proteins showed an overwhelming predominance of PFDR > 0.05, indicating less toxicity.

CONCLUSIONS

The present study provides genetic evidence to support the potential efficacy of targeting the three druggable protein targets for the treatment of stroke. This is achieved by triangulating population genomic and proteomic data. Furthermore, the study validates the pathway mechanisms by which APRT, IL15RA, and VSIR dock ginsenoside Rg1 in animal models. This will help to prioritize stroke drug development.

The clinical and genetic spectrum of mitochondrial diseases in China: A multicenter retrospective cross-sectional study

Mitochondrial diseases (MtDs) present diverse clinical phenotypes, yet large-scale studies are hindered by their rarity. This retrospective, multicenter study, conducted across five Chinese hospitals' neurology departments from 2009 to 2019, aimed to address this gap. Nationwide, 1351 patients were enrolled, with a median onset age of 14.0 (18.5) years. The predominant phenotype was mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes (MELAS) (45.0%). Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations were prevalent (87.4%), with m.3243A>G being the most common locus (48.7%). Meanwhile, POLG mutations in nuclear DNA (nDNA) accounted for 16.5%. Comparative analysis based on age groups (with a cut-off at 14 years) revealed the highest prevalence of MELAS, with Leigh syndrome (LS) and chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia (CPEO) being the second most common phenotypes in junior and senior groups, respectively. Notably, the most commonly mutated nuclear genes varied across age groups. In conclusion, MELAS predominated in this Chinese MtD cohort, underscored by m.3243A>G and POLG as principal mtDNA mutations and pathogenic nuclear genes. The phenotypic and genotypic disparities observed among different age cohorts highlight the complex nature of MtDs.

In search of epigenetic hallmarks of different tissues: an integrative omics study of horse liver, lung, and heart

DNA methylation and microRNA (miRNA) expression are epigenetic mechanisms essential for regulating tissue-specific gene expression and metabolic processes. However, high-resolution transcriptome, methylome, or miRNAome data is only available for a few model organisms and selected tissues. Up to date, only a few studies have reported on gene expression, DNA methylation, or miRNA expression in adult equine tissues at the genome-wide level. In the present study, we used RNA-Seq, miRNA-seq, and reduced representation bisulfite sequencing (RRBS) data from the heart, lung, and liver tissues of healthy cold-blooded horses to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs), differentially expressed miRNA (DE miRNA) and differentially methylated sites (DMSs) between three types of horse tissues. Additionally, based on integrative omics analysis, we described the observed interactions of epigenetic mechanisms with tissue-specific gene expression alterations. The obtained data allowed identification from 4067 to 6143 DMSs, 9733 to 11,263 mRNAs, and 155 to 185 microRNAs, differentially expressed between various tissues. We pointed out specific genes whose expression level displayed a negative correlation with the level of CpG methylation and miRNA expression and revealed biological processes that they enrich. Furthermore, we confirmed and validated the accuracy of the Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) results with bisulfite sequencing PCR (BSP) and quantitative PCR (qPCR). This comprehensive analysis forms a strong foundation for exploring the epigenetic mechanisms involved in tissue differentiation, especially the growth and development of the equine heart, lungs, and liver.

CRISPR/Cas9-mediated Nap knockout affects female reproduction and egg shape in Bombyx mori

Insect reproductive capacity can affect effective pest control and infertility studies and has become an important focus in recent molecular genetic research. Nucleosome assembly protein (Nap) is highly conserved across multiple species and is involved in forming the sperm nucleus in many species. We used clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats/Cas9 technology to knockout BmNap in Bombyx mori and observed that the mutations caused female infertility, whereas male fertility was not affected. BmNap mutants grew and mated normally; however, female mutants laid smaller eggs that could not be fertilised and did not hatch. In addition, female sterility produced by the mutation could be inherited stably via male mutants; therefore, Nap could be used as a potential target for lepidopteran pest control through population regulation. In the current study, we elucidated a new function of BmNap, increased the understanding of the oogenesis regulation network in Lepidoptera and promoted the development of insect sterility technologies.

Occurrence of cancer in Marfan syndrome: Report of two patients with neuroblastoma and review of the literature

Marfan syndrome (MFS) is an autosomal dominant connective tissue disorder caused by pathogenic variants in FBN1, with a hitherto unknown association with cancer. Here, we present two females with MFS who developed pediatric neuroblastoma. Patient 1 presented with neonatal MFS and developed an adrenal neuroblastoma with unfavorable tumor genetics at 10 months of age. Whole genome sequencing revealed a germline de novo missense FBN1 variant (NP_000129.3:p.(Asp1322Asn)), resulting in intron 32 inclusion and exon 32 retention. Patient 2 was diagnosed with classic MFS, caused by a germline de novo frameshift variant in FBN1 (NP_000129.3:p.(Cys805Ter)). At 18 years, she developed high-risk neuroblastoma with a somatic ALK pathogenic variant (NP_004295.2:p.(Arg1275Gln)). We identified 32 reported cases of MFS with cancer in PubMed, yet none with neuroblastoma. Among patients, we observed an early cancer onset and high frequency of MFS complications. We also queried cancer databases for somatic FBN1 variants, finding 49 alterations reported in PeCan, and variants in 2% of patients in cBioPortal. In conclusion, we report the first two patients with MFS and neuroblastoma and highlight an early age at cancer diagnosis in reported patients with MFS. Further epidemiological and functional studies are needed to clarify the growing evidence linking MFS and cancer.

Optical genome mapping with genome sequencing identifies subtelomeric Xq28 deletion and inserted 7p22.3 duplication in a male with multisystem developmental disorder

We report a 17-year-old male with supravalvular stenosis, initial failure to thrive and delayed early development, short stature, acromelia, dysmorphic facial features, hypertelorism, macrocephaly, syringomyelia, hypertension, and anxiety disorder. Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA), and exome sequencing (ES) were nondiagnostic. Combined optical genome mapping (OGM) and genome sequencing (GS) showed a complex rearrangement including an X chromosome with a 22.5 kb deletion in band Xq28 replaced by a 61.4 kb insertion of duplicated chromosome 7p22.3 material. The deletion removes the distal 3' untranslated region (UTR) of FUNDC2, the entire CMC4 and MTCP1, and the first five exons of BRCC3. Transcriptome analysis revealed absent expression of CMC4 and MTCP1 and BRCC3 with normal transcript level of FUNDC2. The inserted duplication includes only one known gene: UNCX. Similar overlapping Xq28 deletions have been reported to be associated with Moyamoya disease (MMD), short stature, hypergonadotropic hypogonadism (HH), and facial dysmorphism. Although he has short stature, our patient does not have signs of Moyamoya arteriopathy or hypogonadism. The structurally abnormal X chromosome was present in his mother, but not in his unaffected brother, maternal uncle, or maternal grandparents. We propose that the combination of his absent Xq28 and duplicated 7p22.3 genomic material is responsible for his phenotype. This case highlights the potential of combined OGM and GS for detecting complex structural variants compared with standard of care genetic testing such as CMA and ES.

Prevalence, diagnostic features, and medical outcomes of females with Turner syndrome with a trisomy X cell line (45,X/47,XXX): Results from the InsighTS Registry

Turner syndrome (TS) is defined by partial or complete absence of a sex chromosome. Little is known about the phenotype of individuals with TS mosaic with trisomy X (45,X/47,XXX or 45,X/46,XX/47,XXX) (~3% of TS). We compared the diagnostic, perinatal, medical, and neurodevelopmental comorbidities of mosaic 45,X/47,XXX (n = 35, 9.4%) with nonmosaic 45,X (n = 142) and mosaic 45,X/46,XX (n = 66). Females with 45,X/47,XXX had fewer neonatal concerns and lower prevalence of several TS-related diagnoses compared with 45,X; however the prevalence of neurodevelopmental and psychiatric diagnoses were not different. Compared to females with 45,X/46,XX, the 45,X/47,XXX group was significantly more likely to have structural renal anomalies (18% vs. 3%; p = 0.03). They were twice as likely to have congenital heart disease (32% vs. 15%, p = 0.08) and less likely to experience spontaneous menarche (46% vs. 75% of those over age 10, p = 0.06), although not statistically significant. Congenital anomalies, hypertension, and hearing loss were primarily attributable to a higher proportion of 45,X cells, while preserved ovarian function was most associated with a higher proportion of 46,XX cells. In this large TS cohort, 45,X/47,XXX was more common than previously reported, individuals were phenotypically less affected than those with 45,X, but did have trends for several more TS-related diagnoses than individuals with 45,X/46,XX.

Upregulation of ACSL, ND75, Vha26 and sesB genes by antiepileptic drugs resulted in genotoxicity in drosophila

Clobazam (CLB) and Vigabatrin (VGB) are commonly used antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) in the treatment of epilepsy. Here, we have examined the genotoxic effect of these AEDs in Drosophila melanogaster. The Drosophila larvae were exposed to different concentrations of CLB and VGB containing food media. The assessment encompassed oxidative stress, DNA damage, protein levels, and gene expression profiles. In the CLB-treated group, a reduction in reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipid peroxidation (LPO) levels was observed, alongside increased levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and nitric oxide (NO). Conversely, the VGB-treated group displayed contrasting results, with increased ROS and LPO and decreased SOD, CAT, and NO levels. However, both CLB and VGB induced DNA damage in Drosophila. Proteomic analysis (SDS-PAGE and OHRLCMS) in the CLB and VGB groups identified numerous proteins, including Acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain, NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase 75 kDa subunit, V-type proton ATPase subunit E, ADP/ATP carrier protein, malic enzyme, and DNA-binding protein modulo. These proteins were found to be associated with pathways like growth promotion, notch signaling, Wnt signaling, neuromuscular junction (NMJ) signaling, bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling, and other GABAergic mechanisms. Furthermore, mRNA levels of ACSL, ND75, Vha26, sesB, and Men genes were upregulated in both CLB and VGB-treated groups. These findings suggest that CLB and VGB could have the potential to induce genotoxicity and post-transcriptional modifications in humans, highlighting the importance of monitoring their effects when used as AEDs.

Vitamin C enhances co-localization of novel TET1 nuclear bodies with both Cajal and PML bodies in colorectal cancer cells

Deregulation of ten-eleven Translocation protein 1 (TET1) is commonly reported to induce imbalances in gene expression and subsequently to colorectal cancer development (CRC). On the other hand, vitamin C (VitC) improves the prognosis of colorectal cancer by reprogramming the cancer epigenome and limiting chemotherapeutic drug resistance events. In this study, we aimed to characterize TET1-specific subcellular compartments and evaluate the effect of VitC on TET1 compartmentalization in colonic tumour cells. We demonstrated that TET1 is concentrated in coarse nuclear bodies (NB) and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) in foci in colorectal cancer cells (HCT116, Caco-2, and HT-29). To our knowledge, this is the first report of a novel intracellular localization profile of TET1 and its demethylation marker, 5hmC, in CRC cells. Interestingly, we found that TET1-NBs frequently interacted with Cajal bodies, but not with promyelocytic leukaemia (PML) bodies. In addition, we report that VitC treatment of HCT116 cells induces 5hmC foci biogenesis and triggers 5hmC marks to form active complexes with nuclear body components, including both Cajal and PML proteins. Our data highlight novel NB-concentrating TET1 in CRC cells and demonstrate that VitC modulates TET1-NBs' interactions with other nuclear structures. These findings reveal novel TET1-dependent cellular functions and potentially provide new insights for CRC management.

Molecular methods in cancer diagnostics: a short review

BACKGROUND

One of the ailments with the greatest fatality rates in the 21st century is cancer. Globally, molecular methods are widely employed to treat cancer-related disorders, and the body of research on this subject is growing yearly. A thorough and critical summary of the data supporting molecular methods for illnesses linked to cancer is required.

OBJECTIVE

In order to guide clinical practice and future research, it is important to examine and summarize the systematic reviews (SRs) that evaluate the efficacy and safety of molecular methods for disorders associated to cancer.

METHODS

We developed a comprehensive search strategy to find relevant articles from electronic databases like PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science (WoS), or Scopus. We looked through the literature and determined which diagnostic methods in cancer genetics were particularly reliable. We used phrases like 'cancer genetics', genetic susceptibility, Hereditary cancer, cancer risk assessment, 'cancer diagnostic tools', cancer screening', biomarkers, and molecular diagnostics, reviews and meta-analyses evaluating the efficacy and safety of molecular therapies for cancer-related disorders. Research that only consider treatment modalities that don't necessitate genetic or molecular diagnostics fall under the exclusion criteria.

RESULTS

The results of this comprehensive review clearly demonstrate the transformative impact of molecular methods in the realm of cancer genetics.This review underscores how these technologies have empowered researchers and clinicians to identify and understand key genetic alterations that drive malignancy, ranging from point mutations to structural variations. Such insights are instrumental in pinpointing critical oncogenic drivers and potential therapeutic targets, thus opening the door for methods in precision medicine that can significantly improve patient outcomes.

LIMITATION

The search does not specify a timeframe for publication inclusion, it may have missed recent advancements or changes in the field's landscape of molecular methods for cancer. As a result, it may not have included the most recent developments in the field.

CONCLUSION

After conducting an in-depth study on the molecular methods in cancer genetics, it is evident that these cutting-edge technologies have revolutionized the field of oncology, providing researchers and clinicians with powerful tools to unravel the complexities of cancer at the genetic level. The integration of molecular methods techniques has not only enhanced our understanding of cancer etiology, progression, and treatment response but has also opened new avenues for personalized medicine and targeted therapies, leading to improved patient outcomes.

Amyloid-Driven Allostery

The fields of allostery and amyloid-related pathologies, such as Parkinson's disease (PD), have been extensively explored individually, but less is known about how amyloids control allostery. Recent advancements have revealed that amyloids can drive allosteric effects in both intrinsically disordered proteins, such as alpha-synuclein (αS), and multi-domain signaling proteins, such as protein kinase A (PKA). Amyloid-driven allostery plays a central role in explaining the mechanisms of gain-of-pathological-function mutations in αS (e.g. E46K, which causes early PD onset) and loss-of-physiological-function mutations in PKA (e.g. A211D, which predisposes to tumors). This review highlights allosteric effects of disease-related mutations and how they can cause exposure of amyloidogenic regions, leading to amyloids that are either toxic or cause aberrant signaling. We also discuss multiple potential modulators of these allosteric effects, such as MgATP and kinase substrates, opening future opportunities to improve current pharmacological interventions against αS and PKA-related pathologies. Overall, we show that amyloid-driven allosteric models are useful to explain the mechanisms underlying disease-related mutations.

Causal association between metabolites and upper gastrointestinal tumors: A Mendelian randomization study

Upper gastrointestinal (UGI) tumors, notably gastric cancer (GC) and esophageal cancer (EC), are significant global health concerns due to their high morbidity and mortality rates. However, only a limited number of metabolites have been identified as biomarkers for these cancers. To explore the association between metabolites and UGI tumors, the present study conducted a comprehensive two‑sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis using publicly available genetic data. In the present study, the causal relationships were examined between 1,400 metabolites and UGI cancer using methods such as inverse variance weighting and weighted medians, along with sensitivity analyses for heterogeneity and pleiotropy. Functional experiments were conducted to validate the MR results. The analysis identified 57 metabolites associated with EC and 58 with GC. Key metabolites included fructosyllysine [EC: Odds ratio (OR)=1.450, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.087‑1.934, P=0.011; GC: OR=1.728, 95% CI=1.202‑2.483, P=0.003], 2'‑deoxyuridine to cytidine ratio (EC: OR=1.464, 95% CI=1.111‑1.929, P=0.007; GC: OR=1.464, 95% CI=1.094‑1.957, P=0.010) and carnitine to protonylcarnitine (C3) ratio (EC: OR=0.655, 95% CI=0.499‑0.861, P=0.002; GC: OR=0.664, 95% CI=0.486‑0.906, P=0.010). Notably, fructosyllysine levels and the 2'‑deoxyuridine to cytidine ratio were identified as risk factors for both EC and GC, while the C3 ratio served as a protective factor. Functional experiments demonstrated that fructosyllysine and the 2'‑deoxyuridine to cytidine ratio promoted the proliferation of EC and GC cells, whereas carnitine inhibited their proliferation. In conclusion, the present findings provide insights into the causal factors and biomarkers associated with UGI tumors, which may be instrumental in guiding targeted dietary and pharmacological interventions, thereby contributing to the prevention and treatment of UGI cancer.

Involvement of a battery of investigated genes in lipid droplet pathophysiology and associated comorbidities

Lipid droplets (LDs) are highly specialized energy storage organelles involved in the maintenance of lipid homoeostasis by regulating lipid flux within white adipose tissue (WAT). The physiological function of adipocytes and LDs can be compromised by mutations in several genes, leading to NEFA-induced lipotoxicity, which ultimately manifests as metabolic complications, predominantly in the form of dyslipidemia, ectopic fat accumulation, and insulin resistance. In this review, we delineate the effects of mutations and deficiencies in genes - CIDEC, PPARG, BSCL2, AGPAT2, PLIN1, LIPE, LMNA, CAV1, CEACAM1, and INSR - involved in lipid droplet metabolism and their associated pathophysiological impairments, highlighting their roles in the development of lipodystrophies and metabolic dysfunction.

The role of moderate to vigorous physical activity level and number of treatments/medications in mediating the effect of body mass index on diabetic nephropathy: a Mendelian randomization study

BACKGROUND

Body mass index (BMI) is associated with diabetic nephropathy (DN). However, the mediator factors in the BMI-DN effects remain unclear.

METHODS

Univariate and multivariate Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis were performed to estimate the association between six lifestyles (moderate to vigorous physical activity levels, years of schooling, BMI, nap during day, number of treatments/medications taken and coffee intake) and DN. MR Egger, Weighted median, Simple mode, and Weighted mode was supplemental methods to Inverse variance weighted. Sensitivity analysis included heterogeneity test, horizontal pleiotropy test, and Leave-One-Out. Additionally, mediation MR was conducted to evaluate the mediating role of lifestyles between BMI and DN. Finally, functional enrichment analysis based on the mediation MR results was performed.

RESULTS

univariate and multivariate Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis were performed to estimate the association between six lifestyles (moderate to vigorous physical activity levels, years of schooling, BMI, nap during day, number of treatments/medications taken and coffee intake) and DN. MR Egger, Weighted median, Simple mode, and Weighted mode was supplemental methods to Inverse variance weighted. Sensitivity analysis included heterogeneity test, horizontal pleiotropy test, and Leave-One-Out. Additionally, mediation MR was conducted to evaluate the mediating role of lifestyles between BMI and DN. Finally, functional enrichment analysis based on the mediation MR results was performed.

CONCLUSION

our results supported mediation role of vigorous physical activity level and number of treatments/medications in BMI-DN effects.

miR-374 family is a key regulator of chronic primary pain onset

Introduction

Chronic primary pain conditions (CPPCs) are linked to catecholamine activation of peripheral adrenergic receptors. Yet, catecholamine-dependent epigenetic mechanisms, such as microRNA (miRNA) regulation of mRNA transcripts, remain largely unknown.

Objectives

We sought to identify RNA species correlated with case status in 3 pain cohorts, to validate RNAs found to be dysregulated in a mouse model of CPPC onset, and to directly test the role of adrenergic receptors in miRNA regulation. Furthermore, we tested antinociceptive effects of miR-374 overexpression.

Methods

We used RNA-seq and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction to measure RNA expression in 3 pain cohorts. Next, we validated identified RNAs with quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction in a mouse model of CPPC onset, measuring expression in plasma, peripheral (adipose, muscle, dorsal root ganglia [DRG]), and central (spinal cord) tissues. Then, we stimulated adrenergic receptors in primary adipocyte and DRG cultures to directly test regulation of microRNAs by adrenergic signaling. Furthermore, we used in vitro calcium imaging to measure the antinociceptive effects of miR-374 overexpression.

Results

We found that one miRNA family, miR-374, was downregulated in the plasma of individuals with temporomandibular disorder, fibromyalgia syndrome, or widespread pain following a motor vehicle collision. miR-374 was also downregulated in plasma, white adipose tissue, and spinal cord from mice with multisite mechanical sensitivity. miR-374 downregulation in plasma and spinal cord was female specific. Norepinephrine stimulation of primary adipocytes, but not DRG, led to decreased miR-374 expression. Furthermore, we identified tissue-specific and sex-specific changes in the expression of predicted miR-374 mRNA targets, including known (HIF1A, NUMB, TGFBR2) and new (ATXN7, CRK-II) pain targets. Finally, we demonstrated that miR-374 overexpression in DRG neurons reduced capsaicin-induced nociceptor activity.

Conclusions

Downregulation of miR-374 occurs between adrenergic receptor activation and mechanical hypersensitivity, and its adipocyte source implicates adipose signaling in nociception. Further study of miR-374 may inform therapeutic strategies for the millions worldwide who experience CPPCs.

Lipoprotein(a) and the atherosclerotic burden - Should we wait for clinical trial evidence before taking action?

The fact that lipoprotein(a) levels should be regarded as a causal residual risk factor in the atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases (ASCVD) is now a no-brainer. This review article aims to summarize the latest evidence supporting the causal role of lipoprotein(a) in ASCVD and the potential strategies to reduce the lipoprotein(a) burden until clinical trial results are available. Epidemiological and genetic data demonstrate the causal link between lipoprotein(a) and increased ASCVD risk. That being said, a specific question comes to mind: "must we wait for outcome trials in order to take action?". Given that lipoprotein(a) levels predict incident ASCVD in both primary and secondary prevention contexts, with a linear risk gradient across its distribution, measuring lipoprotein(a) can unequivocally help identify patients who may later benefit from specific lipoprotein(a)-lowering therapies. This understanding has led various National Societies to recommend dosing lipoprotein(a) in high-risk individuals and to support the recommendation of measuring lipoprotein(a) levels at least once in every adult for risk stratification.

Vitamin D Level Between Calcium-Phosphorus Homeostasis and Immune System: New Perspective in Osteoporosis

Vitamin D is a key molecule in calcium and phosphate homeostasis; however, increasing evidence has recently shown that it also plays a crucial role in the immune system, both innate and adaptive. A deregulation of vitamin D levels, due also to mutations and polymorphisms in the genes of the vitamin D pathway, determines severe alterations in the homeostasis of the organism, resulting in a higher risk of onset of some diseases, including osteoporosis. This review gives an overview of the influence of vitamin D levels on the pathogenesis of osteoporosis, between bone homeostasis and immune system.

Common and divergent pathways in early stages of glutamate and tau-mediated toxicities in neurodegeneration

It has been shown that excitotoxicity and tau-mediated toxicities are major contributing factors to neuronal death in Alzheimer's disease (AD). The excitatory amino acid transporter 2 (EAAT2 or GLT-1), the major glutamate transporter in the brain that regulates glutamate levels synaptically and extrasynaptically, has been shown to be deficient in AD brains, leading to excitotoxicity and subsequent cell death. Similarly, buildup of neurofibrillary tangles, which consist of hyperphosphorylated tau protein, correlates with cognitive decline and neuronal atrophy in AD. However, common genes and pathways that are critical in the aforementioned toxicities have not been well elucidated. To investigate the impact of glutamate dyshomeostasis and tau accumulation on translational profiles of affected hippocampal neurons, we used mouse models of excitotoxicity and tau-mediated toxicities (GLT-1-/- and P301S, respectively) in conjunction with BAC-TRAP technology. Our data show that GLT-1 deficiency in CA3 pyramidal neurons leads to translational signatures characterized by dysregulation of pathways associated with synaptic plasticity and neuronal survival, while the P301S mutation induces changes in endocytic pathways and mitochondrial dysfunction. Finally, the commonly dysregulated pathways include impaired ion homeostasis and metabolic pathways. These common pathways may shed light on potential therapeutic targets for ameliorating glutamate and tau-mediated toxicities in AD.

Human cranial bone-derived mesenchymal stem cells cultured under simulated microgravity can improve cerebral infarction in rats

The efficacy of transplanting human cranial bone-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hcMSCs) cultured under simulated microgravity (sMG) conditions has been previously reported; however, their effect on cerebral infarction remains unknown. Here, we examined the efficacy of transplanting hcMSCs cultured in an sMG environment into rat models of cerebral infarction. For evaluating neurological function, hcMSCs cultured in either a normal gravity (1G) or an sMG environment were transplanted in rats 1 day after inducing cerebral infarction. The expression of endogenous neurotrophic, axonal, neuronal, synaptogenic, angiogenic, and apoptosis-related factors in infarcted rat brain tissue was examined using real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blotting 35 days after stroke induction. The RNAs of hcMSCs cultured under 1G or sMG environments were sequenced. The results showed that neurological function was significantly improved after transplantation of hcMSCs from the sMG group compared with that from the 1G group. mRNA expressions of nerve growth factor, fibroblast growth factor 2, and synaptophysin were significantly higher in the sMG group than in the 1G group, whereas sortilin 1 expression was significantly lower. RNA sequencing analysis revealed that genes related to cell proliferation, angiogenesis, neurotrophy, neural and synaptic organization, and inhibition of cell differentiation were significantly upregulated in the sMG group. In contrast, genes promoting microtubule and extracellular matrix formation and cell adhesion, signaling, and differentiation were downregulated. These results demonstrate that hcMSCs cultured in the sMG environment may be a useful source of stem cells for the recovery of neurological function after cerebral infarction.

CYP1B1 and MYOC Gene Analysis of Patients with Primary Congenital Glaucoma in the Cukurova Region of Türkiye

The aim of this study was to investigate the CYP1B1 and MYOC genes in patients with primary congenital glaucoma (PCG) from the Cukurova region (located in the south of Türkiye) and reveal the relationship between gene mutations and clinical severity of the disease. Molecular genetic and clinical study was conducted in 42 eyes of 26 patients who were followed for a diagnosis of PCG. The clinical diagnosis was concluded by ophthalmological examination under general anesthesia or slit-lamp biomicroscopy, gonioscopy, and measurement of the intraocular pressure. A CYP1B1 gene mutation was detected in 12 patients (46.2%). Two of these patients had a combination of CYP1B1 and MYOC mutations. The most common pathogenic variant, c.1405C > T (p.R469W) ( n  = 5), was present in patients with mutations, and the prognosis was poor compared with other modifications ( p  = 0.014). The second most common variant was c.3987G > A (p.G61E) ( n  = 3), which was associated with a good prognosis. The incidence of buphthalmos and the mean horizontal corneal diameter were higher in patients with mutations in the CYP1B1 and MYOC genes. All parents were found to be carriers of the mutation gene. This is the report on molecular genetic analysis of PCG in the southern region of Türkiye. Some specific genetic variants may have an effect on the prognosis of the disease. However, patients without mutations in these case groups may have mutations in genes yet to be identified.

Serum/glucocorticoid regulated kinase 1 (SGK1) in neurological disorders: pain or gain

Serum/Glucocorticoid Regulated Kinase 1 (SGK1), a serine/threonine kinase, is ubiquitous across a wide range of tissues, orchestrating numerous signaling pathways and associated with various human diseases. SGK1 has been extensively explored in diverse types of immune and inflammatory diseases, cardiovascular disorders, as well as cancer metastasis. These studies link SGK1 to cellular proliferation, survival, metabolism, membrane transport, and drug resistance. Recently, increasing research has focused on SGK1's role in neurological disorders, including a variety of neurodegenerative diseases (e.g., Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease and Parkinson's disease), brain injuries (e.g., cerebral ischemia and traumatic brain injury), psychiatric conditions (e.g., depression and drug addiction). SGK1 is emerging as an increasingly compelling therapeutic target across the spectrum of neurological disorders, supported by the availability of several effective agents. However, the conclusions of many studies observing the prevalence and function of SGK1 in neurological disorders are contradictory, necessitating a review of the SGK1 research within neurological disorders. Herein, we review recent literature on SGK1's primary functions within the nervous system and its impacts within different neurological disorders. We summarize significant findings, identify research gaps, and outline possible future research directions based on the current understanding of SGK1 to help further progress the understanding and treatment of neurological disorders.

Nuclear pore dysfunction and disease: a complex opportunity

The separation of genetic material from bulk cytoplasm has enabled the evolution of increasingly complex organisms, allowing for the development of sophisticated forms of life. However, this complexity has created new categories of dysfunction, including those related to the movement of material between cellular compartments. In eukaryotic cells, nucleocytoplasmic trafficking is a fundamental biological process, and cumulative disruptions to nuclear integrity and nucleocytoplasmic transport are detrimental to cell survival. This is particularly true in post-mitotic neurons, where nuclear pore injury and errors to nucleocytoplasmic trafficking are strongly associated with neurodegenerative disease. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of nuclear pore biology in physiological and pathological contexts and discuss potential therapeutic approaches for addressing nuclear pore injury and dysfunctional nucleocytoplasmic transport.

A case-control study of bleeding risk in children with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome undergoing cardiac surgery

Previous research suggests that individuals with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (DS) have an increased risk of bleeding following cardiac surgery. However, current guidelines for management of patients with 22q11.2DS do not provide specific recommendations for perioperative management. This study sought to identify specific risk factors for bleeding in this patient population. Examine the factors determining bleeding and transfusion requirements in patients with 22q11.2DS undergoing cardiac surgery. This was a single center review of patients who underwent cardiac surgery at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia from 2000 to 2016. Data was extracted from the medical record. Frequency of bleeding events, laboratory values, and transfusion requirements were compared. We included 226 patients with 22q11.2DS and 506 controls. Bleeding events were identified in 13 patients with 22q11.2DS (5.8%) and 27 controls (5.3%). Platelet counts were lower among patients with 22q11.2DS than in control patients, but not statistically different comparing bleeding to not bleeding. Patients with 22q11.2DS received more transfusions (regardless of bleeding status). However, multivariate analysis showed only procedure type was associated with increased risk of bleeding (p = .012). The overall risk of bleeding when undergoing cardiac surgery is not different in patients with 22q11.2DS compared to non-deleted patients. Though platelet counts were lower in patients with 22q11.2DS, only procedure type was significantly associated with an increased risk of bleeding.

Gene regulatory network analysis identifies MYL1, MDH2, GLS, and TRIM28 as the principal proteins in the response of mesenchymal stem cells to Mg2+ ions

Magnesium (Mg)-based implants have emerged as a promising alternative for orthopedic applications, owing to their bioactive properties and biodegradability. As the implants degrade, Mg2+ ions are released, influencing all surrounding cell types, especially mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). MSCs are vital for bone tissue regeneration, therefore, it is essential to understand their molecular response to Mg2+ ions in order to maximize the potential of Mg-based biomaterials. In this study, we conducted a gene regulatory network (GRN) analysis to examine the molecular responses of MSCs to Mg2+ ions. We used time-series proteomics data collected at 11 time points across a 21-day period for the GRN construction. We studied the impact of Mg2+ ions on the resulting networks and identified the key proteins and protein interactions affected by the application of Mg2+ ions. Our analysis highlights MYL1, MDH2, GLS, and TRIM28 as the primary targets of Mg2+ ions in the response of MSCs during 1-21 days phase. Our results also identify MDH2-MYL1, MDH2-RPS26, TRIM28-AK1, TRIM28-SOD2, and GLS-AK1 as the critical protein relationships affected by Mg2+ ions. By offering a comprehensive understanding of the regulatory role of Mg2+ ions on MSCs, our study contributes valuable insights into the molecular response of MSCs to Mg-based materials, thereby facilitating the development of innovative therapeutic strategies for orthopedic applications.

Mutations in human prion-like domains: pathogenic but not always amyloidogenic

Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins (hnRNPs) are multifunctional proteins with integral roles in RNA metabolism and the regulation of alternative splicing. These proteins typically contain prion-like domains of low complexity (PrLDs or LCDs) that govern their assembly into either functional or pathological amyloid fibrils. To date, over 60 mutations targeting the LCDs of hnRNPs have been identified and associated with a spectrum of neurodegenerative diseases including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), frontotemporal dementia (FTD), and Alzheimer's disease (AD). The cryo-EM structures of pathological and functional fibrils formed by different hnRNPs have been recently elucidated, including those of hnRNPA1, hnRNPA2, hnRNPDL-2, TDP-43, and FUS. In this review, we discuss the structural features of these amyloid assemblies, placing particular emphasis on scrutinizing the impact of prevalent disease-associated mutations mapping within their LCDs. By performing systematic energy calculations, we reveal a prevailing trend of destabilizing effects induced by these mutations in the amyloid structure, challenging the traditionally assumed correlation between pathogenicity and amyloidogenic propensity. Understanding the molecular basis of this discrepancy might provide insights for developing targeted therapeutic strategies to combat hnRNP-associated diseases.

Depression and the risk of non-alcohol fatty liver disease: Results from a cross-sectional study and a Mendelian randomization analysis

BACKGROUND

Previous studies have suggested that psychiatric factors may be pathogenic for NAFLD. However, the association between depression and NAFLD is not been consistent, and whether depression plays a causal role in the development of NAFLD remains unclear.

METHODS

We extracted data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2017-2018 to assess the correlation between depression and NAFLD risk. Based on previous genome-wide association studies (GWAS) meta-analyses on NAFLD and depression, we performed a Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis to explore the causal effect of depression on NAFLD. The primary analysis method used in the MR analysis was inverse variance weighted.

RESULTS

We ultimately extracted the data from 3878 individuals in the NHANES database to perform the cross-sectional study. Multivariable-adjusted logistic regression showed that depressed individuals had a higher risk of NAFLD than controls (odds ratio [OR] 1.33, 95 % CI 1.03-1.72, p = 0.027) among women. Based on GWAS data, we included 36 genetic variants as instrumental variables to estimate the causal effect of depression on NAFLD risk. The MR analysis revealed a causal association between genetically predicted depression and an increased risk of NAFLD (OR = 1.504, 95 % CI 1.13-2.00, p = 0.005).

LIMITATIONS

The consistency of these findings in Eastern populations requires further longitudinal studies.

CONCLUSIONS

This cross-sectional study suggested that depression might increase the risk of NAFLD in women. The MR analysis demonstrated that there exists a causal association between genetically predicated depression and NAFLD risk.

Bibliometric analysis and description of research trends in the treatment of psoriasis with biologic agents in the past two decades (2004-2023)

BACKGROUND

Biologics are essential in treating psoriasis. In recent years, the pathogenesis exploration and development of new target drugs have provided a more complete evidence-based foundation for the biological treatment of psoriasis. This study aims to use bibliometrics to analyze the research status and development trends of biologics in psoriasis.

METHODS

The bibliometric analysis of publications related to biologics in psoriasis from 2004 to 2023 was conducted using the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) database as the search data source. To perform the bibliometric analysis and create visual knowledge graphs, CiteSpace, the Bibliometrix R package, and VOSviewers were utilized.

RESULTS

The study included a total of 3800 articles. The United States had the highest number of publications. The leading authors and institutions were Steven R. Feldman and the University of Manchester, respectively, in the global partnership. The cluster plot divided all keywords into 11 categories. Currently, Secukinumab and Guselkumab are representative biological agents being studied due to their considerable efficacy and long-term safety.

CONCLUSIONS

Targeted therapy has emerged as a significant trend in the current treatment of psoriasis. Early and active use of biologics can effectively control disease progression, prevent or delay the occurrence of comorbidities, and may even alter the natural course of psoriasis. However, further investigation is required to fully understand the specific mechanisms of psoriasis and the use of biological agents.

IL21R hypomethylation as a biomarker for distinguishing benign and malignant breast tumours

Some benign and malignant breast tumours are similar in pathological morphology, which are difficult to be distinguished in clinical diagnosis. In this study, we intended to explore novel biomarkers for differential diagnosis of benign and malignant breast tumours. Methylation EPIC 850K beadchip and RNA-sequencing were used to analyse 29 tissue samples from patients with early-stage breast cancer (BC) and benign breast tumours for differently methylated and expressed genes. The altered methylation of IL21R was semi-quantitatively validated in an independent study with 566 tissue samples (279 BC vs. 287 benign breast tumours) using mass spectrometry. Binary logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate the association between IL21R methylation and BC. BC-associated IL21R hypomethylation and overexpression were identified in the discovery round. In the validation round, BC patients presented significant IL21R hypomethylation compared to women with benign breast tumours (ORs ≥1.29 per-10% methylation, p-values ≤ 5.69E-14), and this hypomethylation was even enhanced in BC patients with ER-negative and PR-negative tumours as well as with triple-negative tumours. The methylation of IL21R showed efficient discriminatory power to distinguish benign breast tumours from BC (area under curve (AUC) = 0.88), and especially from ER-negative BC (AUC = 0.95), PR-negative BC (AUC = 0.93) and triple-negative BC (AUC = 0.96). We disclosed significant IL21R hypomethylation in patients with BC compared to women with benign breast tumours, and revealed the somatic change of DNA methylation could be a potential biomarker for molecular pathology of BC.

Multifunctional scaffolds for bone repair following age-related biological decline: Promising prospects for smart biomaterial-driven technologies

The repair of large bone defects due to trauma, disease, and infection can be exceptionally challenging in the elderly. Despite best clinical practice, bone regeneration within contemporary, surgically implanted synthetic scaffolds is often problematic, inconsistent, and insufficient where additional osteobiological support is required to restore bone. Emergent smart multifunctional biomaterials may drive important and dynamic cellular crosstalk that directly targets, signals, stimulates, and promotes an innate bone repair response following age-related biological decline and when in the presence of disease or infection. However, their role remains largely undetermined. By highlighting their mechanism/s and mode/s of action, this review spotlights smart technologies that favorably align in their conceivable ability to directly target and enhance bone repair and thus are highly promising for future discovery for use in the elderly. The four degrees of interactive scaffold smartness are presented, with a focus on bioactive, bioresponsive, and the yet-to-be-developed autonomous scaffold activity. Further, cell- and biomolecular-assisted approaches were excluded, allowing for contemporary examination of the capabilities, demands, vision, and future requisites of next-generation biomaterial-induced technologies only. Data strongly supports that smart scaffolds hold significant promise in the promotion of bone repair in patients with a reduced osteobiological response. Importantly, many techniques have yet to be tested in preclinical models of aging. Thus, greater clarity on their proficiency to counteract the many unresolved challenges within the scope of aging bone is highly warranted and is arguably the next frontier in the field. This review demonstrates that the use of multifunctional smart synthetic scaffolds with an engineered strategy to circumvent the biological insufficiencies associated with aging bone is a viable route for achieving next-generation therapeutic success in the elderly population.

Current perspectives and trends of the research on hypertensive nephropathy: a bibliometric analysis from 2000 to 2023

Hypertensive nephropathy continues to be a major cause of end-stage renal disease and poses a significant global health burden. Despite the staggering development of research in hypertensive nephropathy, scientists and clinicians can only seek out useful information through articles and reviews, it remains a hurdle for them to quickly track the trend in this field. This study uses the bibliometric method to identify the evolutionary development and recent hotspots of hypertensive nephropathy. The Web of Science Core Collection database was used to extract publications on hypertensive nephropathy from January 2000 to November 2023. CiteSpace was used to capture the patterns and trends from multi-perspectives, including countries/regions, institutions, keywords, and references. In total, 557 publications on hypertensive nephropathy were eligible for inclusion. China (n = 208, 37.34%) was the most influential contributor among all the countries. Veterans Health Administration (n = 19, 3.41%) was found to be the most productive institution. Keyword bursting till now are renal fibrosis, outcomes, and mechanisms which are predicted to be the potential frontiers and hotspots in the future. The top seven references were listed, and their burst strength was shown. A comprehensive overview of the current status and research frontiers of hypertensive nephropathy has been provided through the bibliometric perspective. Recent advancements and challenges in hypertensive nephropathy have been discussed. These findings can offer informative instructions for researchers and scholars.

Oleanonic acid ameliorates mutant Aβ precursor protein-induced oxidative stress, autophagy deficits, ferroptosis, mitochondrial damage, and ER stress in vitro

Accumulation in the brain of amyloid-β (Aβ), derived from cleavage of Aβ precursor protein (APP), is a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Oleanonic acid (OA), a phytochemical from several plants, has proven anti-inflammatory effects, but its role in AD remains unknown. Here we found that OA reduced APP expression and inhibited oxidative stress via Nrf2/HO-1 signaling in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells stably overexpressing APP. OA suppressed phosphorylated mTOR but increased autophagy markers ATG5 and LC3-II. Moreover, OA rescued ferroptosis-related factors GPX4, NCOA, and COX2 and ER stress markers GRP78, CHOP, and three main induction pathways of ER stress including IRE1/XBP1s, PERK/EIF2α, and ATF6. OA alleviated mitochondrial damage through MFN1, MFN2, OPA1, FIS1, and DRP1. Furthermore, OA upregulated GDF11 expression and downregulated phosphorylation of ErbB4 and TrkB without affecting BDNF levels. Thus, OA might protect neurons from APP-induced neurotoxicity by inhibiting oxidative stress, autophagy deficits, ferroptosis, mitochondrial damage, and ER stress in AD, providing a new promising therapeutic strategy in patients with AD.

The causal impact of gut microbiota on circulating adipokine concentrations: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study

PURPOSE

Evidence from previous experimental and observational research demonstrates that the gut microbiota is related to circulating adipokine concentrations. Nevertheless, the debate as to whether gut microbiome composition causally influences circulating adipokine concentrations remains unresolved. This study aimed to take an essential step in elucidating this issue.

METHODS

We used two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) to causally analyze genetic variation statistics for gut microbiota and four adipokines (including adiponectin, leptin, soluble leptin receptor [sOB-R], and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 [PAI-1]) from large-scale genome-wide association studies (GWAS) datasets. A range of sensitivity analyses was also conducted to assess the stability and reliability of the results.

RESULTS

The composite results of the MR and sensitivity analyses revealed 22 significant causal associations. In particular, there is a suggestive causality between the family Clostridiaceae1 (IVW: β = 0.063, P = 0.034), the genus Butyrivibrio (IVW: β = 0.029, P = 0.031), and the family Alcaligenaceae (IVW: β=-0.070, P = 0.014) and adiponectin. Stronger causal effects with leptin were found for the genus Enterorhabdus (IVW: β=-0.073, P = 0.038) and the genus Lachnospiraceae (NK4A136 group) (IVW: β=-0.076, P = 0.01). Eight candidate bacterial groups were found to be associated with sOB-R, with the phylum Firmicutes (IVW: β = 0.235, P = 0.03) and the order Clostridiales (IVW: β = 0.267, P = 0.028) being of more interest. In addition, the genus Roseburia (IVW: β = 0.953, P = 0.022) and the order Lactobacillales (IVW: β=-0.806, P = 0.042) were suggestive of an association with PAI-1.

CONCLUSION

This study reveals a causal relationship between the gut microbiota and circulating adipokines and may help to offer novel insights into the prevention of abnormal concentrations of circulating adipokines and obesity-related diseases.

Oxidative Stress Associated With Increased Reactive Nitrogen Species Generation in the Liver and Kidney Caused by a Major Metabolite Accumulating in Tyrosinemia Type 1

Tyrosinemia type 1 (TT1) is caused by fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase activity deficiency, resulting in tissue accumulation of upstream metabolites, including succinylacetone (SA), the pathognomonic compound of this disease. Since the pathogenesis of liver and kidney damage observed in the TT1-affected patients is practically unknown, this study assessed the effects of SA on important biomarkers of redox homeostasis in the liver and kidney of adolescent rats, as well as in hepatic (HepG2) and renal (HEK-293) cultured cells. SA significantly increased nitrate and nitrite levels and decreased the concentrations of reduced glutathione (GSH) in the liver and kidney, indicating induction of reactive nitrogen species (RNS) generation and disruption of antioxidant defenses. Additionally, SA decreased the GSH levels and the activities of glutathione peroxidase, glutathione S-transferase, glutathione reductase, and superoxide dismutase in hepatic and renal cells. Noteworthy, melatonin prevented the SA-induced increase of nitrate and nitrite levels in the liver. Therefore, SA-induced increase of RNS generation and impairment of enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidant defenses may contribute to hepatopathy and renal disease in TT1.

Mechanism of mitochondrial [2Fe-2S] cluster biosynthesis

Iron‑sulfur (Fe-S) clusters constitute ancient cofactors that accompany a versatile range of fundamental biological reactions across eukaryotes and prokaryotes. Several cellular pathways exist to coordinate iron acquisition and sulfur mobilization towards a scaffold protein during the tightly regulated synthesis of Fe-S clusters. The mechanism of mitochondrial eukaryotic [2Fe-2S] cluster synthesis is coordinated by the Iron-Sulfur Cluster (ISC) machinery and its aberrations herein have strong implications to the field of disease and medicine which is therefore of particular interest. Here, we describe our current knowledge on the step-by-step mechanism leading to the production of mitochondrial [2Fe-2S] clusters while highlighting the recent developments in the field alongside the challenges that are yet to be overcome.

New insights into the functions of ACBD4/5-like proteins using a combined phylogenetic and experimental approach across model organisms

Acyl-CoA binding domain-containing proteins (ACBDs) perform diverse but often uncharacterised functions linked to cellular lipid metabolism. Human ACBD4 and ACBD5 are closely related peroxisomal membrane proteins, involved in tethering of peroxisomes to the ER and capturing fatty acids for peroxisomal β-oxidation. ACBD5 deficiency causes neurological abnormalities including ataxia and white matter disease. Peroxisome-ER contacts depend on an ACBD4/5-FFAT motif, which interacts with ER-resident VAP proteins. As ACBD4/5-like proteins are present in most fungi and all animals, we combined phylogenetic analyses with experimental approaches to improve understanding of their evolution and functions. Notably, all vertebrates exhibit gene sequences for both ACBD4 and ACBD5, while invertebrates and fungi possess only a single ACBD4/5-like protein. Our analyses revealed alterations in domain structure and FFAT sequences, which help understanding functional diversification of ACBD4/5-like proteins. We show that the Drosophila melanogaster ACBD4/5-like protein possesses a functional FFAT motif to tether peroxisomes to the ER via Dm_Vap33. Depletion of Dm_Acbd4/5 caused peroxisome redistribution in wing neurons and reduced life expectancy. In contrast, the ACBD4/5-like protein of the filamentous fungus Ustilago maydis lacks a FFAT motif and does not interact with Um_Vap33. Loss of Um_Acbd4/5 resulted in an accumulation of peroxisomes and early endosomes at the hyphal tip. Moreover, lipid droplet numbers increased, and mitochondrial membrane potential declined, implying altered lipid homeostasis. Our findings reveal differences between tethering and metabolic functions of ACBD4/5-like proteins across evolution, improving our understanding of ACBD4/5 function in health and disease. The need for a unifying nomenclature for ACBD proteins is discussed.

Bioprospection of rattlesnake venom peptide fractions with anti-adipose and anti-insulin resistance activity in vitro

Animal venoms are natural products that have served as a source of novel molecules that have inspired novel drugs for several diseases, including for metabolic diseases such as type-2 diabetes and obesity. From venoms, toxins such as exendin-4 (Heloderma suspectum) and crotamine (Crotalus durissus terrificus) have demonstrated their potential as treatments for obesity. Moreover, other toxins such as Phospholipases A2 and Disintegrins have shown their potential to modulate insulin secretion in vitro. This suggests an unexplored diversity of venom peptides with a potential anti-obesogenic in Mexican rattlesnake venoms. For that reason, this study explored the in vitro effect of Crotalus venom peptide-rich fractions on models for insulin resistance, adipocyte lipid accumulation, antioxidant activity, and inflammation process through nitric oxide production inhibition. Our results demonstrated that the peptide-rich fractions of C. aquilus, C. ravus, and C. scutulatus scutulatus were capable of reverting insulin resistance, enhancing glucose consumption to normal control; C. culminatus, C. molossus oaxacus, and C. polystictus diminished the lipid accumulation on adipocytes by 20%; C. aquilus, C. ravus, and C. s. salvini had the most significant cellular antioxidant activity, having nearly 80% of ROS inhibition. C. aquilus, C. pyrrhus, and C. s. salvini inhibited nitric oxide production by about 85%. We demonstrated the potential of these peptides from Crotalus venoms to develop novel drugs to treat type-2 diabetes and obesity. Moreover, we described for the first time that Crotalus venom peptide fractions have antioxidant and inflammatory properties in vitro models.

Genetics and Genomics of Gestational Trophoblastic Disease

This article focuses on hydatidiform mole (HM), which is the most common form of gestational trophoblastic disease and the most studied at the genomic and genetic levels. We summarize current laboratory methods to diagnose HM, discuss their limitations and advantages, and share the lessons we have learned. We also provide an overview of the history of recurrent HM, their known genetic etiologies, and the mechanisms of their formation.

The relationship between the secondary vascular system and the lymphatic vascular system in fish

New technologies have resulted in a better understanding of blood and lymphatic vascular heterogeneity at the cellular and molecular levels. However, we still need to learn more about the heterogeneity of the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems among different species at the anatomical and functional levels. Even the deceptively simple question of the functions of fish lymphatic vessels has yet to be conclusively answered. The most common interpretation assumes a similar dual setup of the vasculature in zebrafish and mammals: a cardiovascular circulatory system, and a lymphatic vascular system (LVS), in which the unidirectional flow is derived from surplus interstitial fluid and returned into the cardiovascular system. A competing interpretation questions the identity of the lymphatic vessels in fish as at least some of them receive their flow from arteries via specialised anastomoses, neither requiring an interstitial source for the lymphatic flow nor stipulating unidirectionality. In this alternative view, the 'fish lymphatics' are a specialised subcompartment of the cardiovascular system, called the secondary vascular system (SVS). Many of the contradictions found in the literature appear to stem from the fact that the SVS develops in part or completely from an embryonic LVS by transdifferentiation. Future research needs to establish the extent of embryonic transdifferentiation of lymphatics into SVS blood vessels. Similarly, more insight is needed into the molecular regulation of vascular development in fish. Most fish possess more than the five vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) genes and three VEGF receptor genes that we know from mice or humans, and the relative tolerance of fish to whole-genome and gene duplications could underlie the evolutionary diversification of the vasculature. This review discusses the key elements of the fish lymphatics versus the SVS and attempts to draw a picture coherent with the existing data, including phylogenetic knowledge.

Updated Genetic Analysis of Japanese Familial ALS Patients Carrying SOD1 Variants Revealed Phenotypic Differences for Common Variants

Background and Objectives

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is an adult-onset progressive neurodegenerative disease. Approximately 10% of ALS cases are familial, and more than 20 causative genes have been identified. As we have previously reported, SOD1 variants are the most common causes of familial ALS in Japan. Because antisense oligonucleotides for SOD1-linked ALS are being used in practical applications, the types of variants and the clinical features of patients need to be updated.

Methods

We consecutively recruited 160 families with familial ALS in Japan. We performed genetic analyses, focusing on SOD1-linked ALS as the most common in our cohort, updated their genotypes, and characterized clinical phenotypes.

Results

A total of 26 SOD1 variants in 56 patients and 49 families (30.6%) were collected, with the 3 most common (p.His47Arg [the conventional numbering; H46R], p.Leu127Ser [L126S], p.Asn87Ser [N86S]) accounting for 38.8% of all families. We also identified 2 novel variants (p.Ile36Phe [I35F] and p.Asn132Argfs*3 [N131Rfs*3]). The mean age at onset was 48.9 ± 12.2 (mean ± SD) years for all patients with SOD1-linked ALS. Lower limb onset comprised 70% of cases. The mean disease duration was 64.7 ± 82 months, and the median survival was 71.5 months. Some variants led to a relatively homogeneous phenotype, although clinical characteristics differed among types of variants and families. Patients with p.His47Arg (H46R) showed slower progression with lower limb onset and a predominance of lower motor neuron involvement. The p.Leu127Ser (L126S) variant led to varying degrees of progression in heterozygous or homozygous states and presented incomplete penetrance. Intrafamilial phenotypic differences were observed in families carrying p.Asn87Ser (N86S). Four variants (p.Cys7Gly [C6G], p.His44Arg [H43R], p.Leu85Val [L84V], and p.Cys147Arg [C146R]) were found to be associated with rapid disease progression.

Discussion

The genetic basis of familial ALS, at least for SOD1 variants, still differed by geographic and ethnic background. Understanding these clinical profiles will help optimize evaluation in targeted gene therapy worldwide and benefit efficient diagnosis, leading to precise application in clinical practice.

Imprinted gene alterations in the kidneys of growth restricted offspring may be mediated by a long non-coding RNA

Altered epigenetic mechanisms have been previously reported in growth restricted offspring whose mothers experienced environmental insults during pregnancy in both human and rodent studies. We previously reported changes in the expression of the DNA methyltransferase Dnmt3a and the imprinted genes Cdkn1c (Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1C) and Kcnq1 (Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily Q member 1) in the kidney tissue of growth restricted rats whose mothers had uteroplacental insufficiency induced on day 18 of gestation, at both embryonic day 20 (E20) and postnatal day 1 (PN1). To determine the mechanisms responsible for changes in the expression of these imprinted genes, we investigated DNA methylation of KvDMR1, an imprinting control region (ICR) that includes the promoter of the antisense long non-coding RNA Kcnq1ot1 (Kcnq1 opposite strand/antisense transcript 1). Kcnq1ot1 expression decreased by 51% in growth restricted offspring compared to sham at PN1. Interestingly, there was a negative correlation between Kcnq1ot1 and Kcnq1 in the E20 growth restricted group (Spearman's ρ = 0.014). No correlation was observed between Kcnq1ot1 and Cdkn1c expression in either group at any time point. Additionally, there was a 11.25% decrease in the methylation level at one CpG site within KvDMR1 ICR. This study, together with others in the literature, supports that long non-coding RNAs may mediate changes seen in tissues of growth restricted offspring.

Impact of an irreversible β-galactosylceramidase inhibitor on the lipid profile of zebrafish embryos

Krabbe disease is a sphingolipidosis characterized by the genetic deficiency of the acid hydrolase β-galactosylceramidase (GALC). Most of the studies concerning the biological role of GALC performed on Krabbe patients and Galc-deficient twitcher mice (an authentic animal model of the disease) indicate that the pathogenesis of this disorder is the consequence of the accumulation of the neurotoxic GALC substrate β-galactosylsphingosine (psychosine), ignoring the possibility that this enzyme may exert a wider biological impact. Indeed, limited information is available about the effect of GALC downregulation on the cell lipidome in adult and developing organisms. The teleost zebrafish (Danio rerio) has emerged as a useful platform to model human genetic diseases, including sphingolipidoses, and two GALC co-orthologs have been identified in zebrafish (galca and galcb). Here, we investigated the effect of the competitive and irreversible GALC inhibitor β-galactose-cyclophellitol (GCP) on the lipid profile of zebrafish embryos. Molecular modelling indicates that GCP can be sequestered in the catalytic site of the enzyme and covalently binds human GALC, and the zebrafish Galca and Galcb proteins in a similar manner. Accordingly, GCP inhibits the β-galactosylceramide hydrolase activity of zebrafish in vitro and in vivo, leading to significant alterations of the lipidome of zebrafish embryos. These results indicate that the lack of GALC activity deeply affects the lipidome during the early stages of embryonic development, and thereby provide insights into the pathogenesis of Krabbe disease.

The interregulatory circuit between non-coding RNA and apoptotic signaling in diabetic cardiomyopathy

Diabetes mellitus has surged in prevalence, emerging as a prominent epidemic and assuming a foremost position among prevalent medical disorders. Diabetes constitutes a pivotal risk element for cardiovascular maladies, with diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) standing out as a substantial complication encountered by individuals with diabetes. Apoptosis represents a physiological phenomenon observed throughout the aging and developmental stages, giving rise to the programmed cell death, which is implicated in DCM. Non-coding RNAs assume significant functions in modulation of gene expression. Their deviant expression of ncRNAs is implicated in overseeing diverse cellular attributes such as proliferation, apoptosis, and has been postulated to play a role in the progression of DCM. Notably, ncRNAs and the process of apoptosis can mutually influence and cooperate in shaping the destiny of human cardiac tissues. Therefore, the exploration of the interplay between apoptosis and non-coding RNAs holds paramount importance in the formulation of efficacious therapeutic and preventive approaches for managing DCM. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the apoptotic signaling pathways relevant to DCM and subsequently delve into the reciprocal regulation between apoptosis and ncRNAs in DCM. These insights contribute to an enhanced comprehension of DCM and the development of therapeutic strategies.

The effect of histo-blood group ABO system transferase (BGAT) on pregnancy related outcomes：A Mendelian randomization study

Protein level of Histo-Blood Group ABO System Transferase (BGAT) has been reported to be associated with cardiometabolic diseases. But its effect on pregnancy related outcomes still remains unclear. Here we conducted a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) study to ascertain the putative causal roles of protein levels of BGAT in pregnancy related outcomes. Cis-acting protein quantitative trait loci (pQTLs) robustly associated with protein level of BGAT (P < 5 ×10-8) were used as instruments to proxy the BGAT protein level (N = 35,559, data from deCODE), with two additional pQTL datasets from Fenland (N = 10,708) and INTERVAL (N = 3301) used as validation exposures. Ten pregnancy related diseases and complications were selected as outcomes. We observed that a higher protein level of BGAT showed a putative causal effect on venous complications and haemorrhoids in pregnancy (VH) (odds ratio [OR]=1.19, 95% confidence interval [95% CI]=1.12-1.27, colocalization probability=91%), which was validated by using pQTLs from Fenland and INTERVAL. The Mendelian randomization results further showed effects of the BGAT protein on gestational hypertension (GH) (OR=0.97, 95% CI=0.96-0.99), despite little colocalization evidence to support it. Sensitivity analyses, including proteome-wide Mendelian randomization of the cis-acting BGAT pQTLs, showed little evidence of horizontal pleiotropy. Correctively, our study prioritised BGAT as a putative causal protein for venous complications and haemorrhoids in pregnancy. Future epidemiology and clinical studies are needed to investigate whether BGAT can be considered as a drug target to prevent adverse pregnancy outcomes.

Crosstalk between mitotic reassembly and repair of the nuclear envelope

In eukaryotic cells, the nuclear envelope (NE) is a membrane partition between the nucleus and the cytoplasm to compartmentalize nuclear contents. It plays an important role in facilitating nuclear functions including transcription, DNA replication and repair. In mammalian cells, the NE breaks down and then reforms during cell division, and in interphase it is restored shortly after the NE rupture induced by mechanical force. In this way, the partitioning effect is regulated through dynamic processes throughout the cell cycle. A failure in rebuilding the NE structure triggers the mixing of nuclear and cytoplasmic contents, leading to catastrophic consequences for the nuclear functions. Whereas the precise details of molecular mechanisms for NE reformation during cell division and NE restoration in interphase are still being investigated, here, we mostly focus on mammalian cells to describe key aspects that have been identified and to discuss the crosstalk between them.