2501
|
Abstract
The idea of enhancing or establishing effective immune response against endogenously developed tumor cells is not novel. More than a hundred years ago, bacterial components were used to develop antitumor immune response. Later, when a number of immune system-effecting cytokines had been discovered, they were used for systemic treatment of cancer patients. However, systemic treatment often resulted in even negative outcome. Recent developments of genetic approaches of cell modifications allowed developing of modern techniques of targeted tumor cell elimination. In the present paper, we review modern trends of the antitumor response enhancement based on immunoregulatory gene transfer into different cell types both in vivo and in vitro. Almost all these approaches are based on the activation of the adaptive arm of the immune system in response to tumor cells. However, recent studies indicate that the innate arm of the immune system, as well as adaptive arm, is involved in tumor suppression. The innate immune system uses nonrearranging germline receptors, which could trigger cellular effector responses that are conditional (or instructive) to the subsequent adaptive immune response. Last years' viewpoints on 'self' and 'non-self' recognition and primary induction of the immune response have changed. The key role of lymphocytes is pathogen recognition and, following immune response induction, switched on the central role of dendritic cells in 'non-self' recognition and induction of both innate and adaptive responses. Moreover, innate response is supposed to be an essential starting point in induction of successful and effective acquired response. Most cancer vaccines do not have 'non-self' marks presentation due to their endogenous origin, thus lacking their effectiveness in the induction of the specific long-lasting immune response. Taking this point into consideration, we can conclude that to make cancer vaccine more effective we have to present tumor antigens, together with the molecules that can potentially activate downstream 'non-self' recognition events not in parallel, but as a consequence of tumor antigen processing and presentation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S S Larin
- Institute of Gene Biology Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
2502
|
Hofer M, Hausmann J, Staeheli P, Pagenstecher A. Cerebral expression of interleukin-12 induces neurological disease via differential pathways and recruits antigen-specific T cells in virus-infected mice. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2004; 165:949-58. [PMID: 15331418 PMCID: PMC1618590 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)63356-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Transgenic expression of interleukin-12 (IL-12) in astrocytes causes a spontaneous inflammatory central nervous system disorder in aged mice. Here we show that spontaneous disorder developed only when both mature lymphocytes and interferon (IFN)-gamma were present. Infection with noncytolytic Borna disease virus (BDV) did not affect wild-type mice but accelerated disease of IL-12 transgenic mice. Infection of transgenic mice lacking lymphocytes did not result in neurological symptoms. In contrast, BDV infection of transgenic mice lacking IFN-gamma induced neurological disease with delayed onset of symptoms that resembled those in infected transgenic mice with a functional IFN-gamma gene. In BDV-infected transgenic mice devoid of IFN-gamma no cerebellar calcification was observed, and multiplication of BDV was not inhibited. To determine the antigen specificity of lymphocytes in brains of diseased animals, the IL-12 transgene was introduced into an H-2k genetic background. Infection of IL-12 transgenic H-2k mice resulted in extensive lymphocytic infiltration into the cerebellum but not into other brain regions that also contained viral antigen but expressed the transgene at lower levels. Tetramer analysis revealed that most CD8 T cells in the cerebellum of such mice were BDV-specific. Our results thus demonstrate that IFN-gamma secreting lymphocytes are responsible for disease of IL-12 transgenic mice. They further suggest that expression of IL-12 in the central nervous system may lead to localized recruitment of T cells that recognize antigens expressed in the brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Hofer
- Abteilung Neuropathologie, Institut für Medizinische and Hygiene, Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
2503
|
Liao YP, Wang CC, Butterfield LH, Economou JS, Ribas A, Meng WS, Iwamoto KS, McBride WH. Ionizing radiation affects human MART-1 melanoma antigen processing and presentation by dendritic cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 173:2462-9. [PMID: 15294960 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.4.2462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Radiation is generally considered to be an immunosuppressive agent that acts by killing radiosensitive lymphocytes. In this study, we demonstrate the noncytotoxic effects of ionizing radiation on MHC class I Ag presentation by bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (DCs) that have divergent consequences depending upon whether peptides are endogenously processed and loaded onto MHC class I molecules or are added exogenously. The endogenous pathway was examined using C57BL/6 murine DCs transduced with adenovirus to express the human melanoma/melanocyte Ag recognized by T cells (AdVMART1). Prior irradiation abrogated the ability of AdVMART1-transduced DCs to induce MART-1-specific T cell responses following their injection into mice. The ability of these same DCs to generate protective immunity against B16 melanoma, which expresses murine MART-1, was also abrogated by radiation. Failure of AdVMART1-transduced DCs to generate antitumor immunity following irradiation was not due to cytotoxicity or to radiation-induced block in DC maturation or loss in expression of MHC class I or costimulatory molecules. Expression of some of these molecules was affected, but because irradiation actually enhanced the ability of DCs to generate lymphocyte responses to the peptide MART-1(27-35) that is immunodominant in the context of HLA-A2.1, they were unlikely to be critical. The increase in lymphocyte reactivity generated by irradiated DCs pulsed with MART-1(27-35) also protected mice against growth of B16-A2/K(b) tumors in HLA-A2.1/K(b) transgenic mice. Taken together, these results suggest that radiation modulates MHC class I-mediated antitumor immunity by functionally affecting DC Ag presentation pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Pei Liao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Division of Surgical Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
2504
|
Steiner HH, Bonsanto MM, Beckhove P, Brysch M, Geletneky K, Ahmadi R, Schuele-Freyer R, Kremer P, Ranaie G, Matejic D, Bauer H, Kiessling M, Kunze S, Schirrmacher V, Herold-Mende C. Antitumor vaccination of patients with glioblastoma multiforme: a pilot study to assess feasibility, safety, and clinical benefit. J Clin Oncol 2004; 22:4272-81. [PMID: 15452186 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2004.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Prognosis of patients with glioblastoma is poor. Therefore, in glioblastoma patients, we analyzed whether antitumor vaccination with a virus-modified autologous tumor cell vaccine is feasible and safe. Also, we determined the influence on progression-free survival and overall survival and on vaccination-induced antitumor reactivity. PATIENTS AND METHODS In a nonrandomized study, 23 patients were vaccinated and compared with nonvaccinated controls (n = 87). Vaccine was prepared from patient's tumor cell cultures by infection of the cells with Newcastle Disease Virus, followed by gamma-irradiation, and applied up to eight times. Antitumor immune reactivity was determined in skin, blood, and relapsed tumor by delayed-type hypersensitivity skin reaction, ELISPOT assay, and immunohistochemistry, respectively. RESULTS Establishment of tumor cell cultures was successful in approximately 90% of patients. After vaccination, we observed no severe side effects. The median progression-free survival of vaccinated patients was 40 weeks (v 26 weeks in controls; log-rank test, P = .024), and the median overall survival of vaccinated patients was 100 weeks (v 49 weeks in controls; log-rank test, P < .001). Forty-five percent of the controls survived 1 year, 11% survived 2 years, and there were no long-term survivors (> or = 3 years). Ninety-one percent of vaccinated patients survived 1 year, 39% survived 2 years, and 4% were long-term survivors. In the vaccinated group, immune monitoring revealed significant increases of delayed-type hypersensitivity reactivity, numbers of tumor-reactive memory T cells, and numbers of CD8(+) tumor-infiltrating T-lymphocytes in secondary tumors. CONCLUSION Postoperative vaccination with virus-modified autologous tumor cells seems to be feasible and safe and to improve the prognosis of patients with glioblastomas. This could be substantiated by the observed antitumor immune response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hans Herbert Steiner
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
2505
|
Abstract
For patients with urological cancers, immunotherapy is currently a treatment option for metastatic renal cell carcinoma, and those with "high risk" superficial bladder cancers. In this review, our current understanding of tumour immune escape is discussed. The principles and role of current immunotherapies for these tumours are described, and new areas of immunotherapeutic promise are highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T R L Griffiths
- Department of Cancer Studies and Molecular Medicine, University of Leicester, Leicester General Hospital, Leicester, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
2506
|
West MA, Wallin RPA, Matthews SP, Svensson HG, Zaru R, Ljunggren HG, Prescott AR, Watts C. Enhanced dendritic cell antigen capture via toll-like receptor-induced actin remodeling. Science 2004; 305:1153-7. [PMID: 15326355 DOI: 10.1126/science.1099153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 383] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Microbial products are sensed through Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and trigger a program of dendritic cell (DC) maturation that enables DCs to activate T cells. Although an accepted hallmark of this response is eventual down-regulation of DC endocytic capacity, we show that TLR ligands first acutely stimulate antigen macropinocytosis, leading to enhanced presentation on class I and class II major histocompatibility complex molecules. Simultaneously, actin-rich podosomes disappear, which suggests a coordinated redeployment of actin to fuel endocytosis. These reciprocal changes are transient and require p38 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase activation. Thus, the DC actin cytoskeleton can be rapidly mobilized in response to innate immune stimuli to enhance antigen capture and presentation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michele A West
- Division of Cell Biology and Immunology, Wellcome Trust Biocentre, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
2507
|
Abstract
Uric acid released from dying cells has been shown recently to act as a danger signal for the immune system, stimulating dendritic cell maturation and enhancing T-cell responses to foreign antigens. Stimulation of dendritic cell maturation by uric acid has been proposed as a mechanism by which the immune system could generate responses against tumors. We show here that uric acid levels are elevated in tumors undergoing immune rejection and that the inhibition of uric acid production, by systemic administration of allopurinol, or the removal of uric acid, by administration of uricase, delayed tumor immune rejection, whereas subcutaneous administration of crystalline uric acid enhanced the rejection process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- De-En Hu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
2508
|
Mevorach D. The role of death-associated molecular patterns in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 2004; 30:487-504, viii. [PMID: 15261338 DOI: 10.1016/j.rdc.2004.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
This article describes apoptotic cell clearance mechanisms and discusses altered mechanisms for clearance of dying material, which represents a central pathogenic process in the development and acceleration of systemic lupus erythematosus. The article also explores ways to use this perspective for a potential direction for future treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dror Mevorach
- Laboratory for Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University, POB 12000, Kiryat Hadassah, Jerusalem 91200, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
2509
|
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a major role in innate immunity to recognize specific molecular patterns derived from pathogens, including lipid, protein, DNA, and RNA, and to fight against pathogens. Each TLR displays a difference in the expression pattern, intracellular localization, and signaling pathway, resulting in the distinct immune responses. The resultant immune activation augments host resistance to a variety of infectious organisms. However, such responses may exceed the threshold to maintain host homeostasis in the case of sepsis. TLR-mediated innate immune activation also induces several molecules shown to negatively regulate TLR signaling. Thus, TLRs may play an important role in positive and negative regulation of immune responses during sepsis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ken J Ishii
- Akira Innate Immunity Project, ERATO, Japan Science and Technology Agency; Department of Host Defense, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | | |
Collapse
|
2510
|
Carlring J, Barr TA, McCormick AL, Heath AW. CD40 antibody as an adjuvant induces enhanced T cell responses. Vaccine 2004; 22:3323-8. [PMID: 15308355 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2004.02.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2003] [Accepted: 02/29/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies against CD40, conjugated to antigen, act as potent immunological adjuvants for primary antibody responses. We show here that CD40mAbs can also act as strong adjuvants for memory antibody responses, and for T cell responses as measured by ex vivo T cell proliferation to antigen, and delayed type hypersensitivity. Interferon gamma secretion in response to antigen is also enhanced. Finally, the adjuvant effect of CD40mAbs for secondary antibody responses is transferred with T cells rather than B cells. CD40mAb apparently have potent adjuvant effects on both Th1-like cells, and on T cells able to promote B cell antibody production. It is possible that the adjuvant effects of CD40 are mediated at least in part, indirectly, through enhanced antigen presentation by specific B cells, to T cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Carlring
- Infection and Immunity: Division of Genomic Medicine, F Floor, University of Sheffield Medical School, Beech Hill Rd, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
2511
|
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Bevan
- Department of Immunology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, Washington 98195-7650 USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2512
|
Pirenne J, Kawai M. Tolerogenic protocols for intestinal transplantation. Transpl Immunol 2004; 13:131-7. [PMID: 15380543 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2004.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2004] [Accepted: 05/21/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The intestine has long been considered as a "forbidden" organ to transplant [Ann. Surg. 216 (1992) 223-33]. This is due to the particularly challenging nature of the immunological conflict that an intestinal graft may cause: a particularly vigorous rejection response, in addition to the capacity to mount a graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) [Transplantation 37 (1984) 429]. Currently, the short-term success of intestinal transplantation (Itx) depends upon the chronic delivery of profound immunosuppression but this causes infection, malignancies--in particular posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD)--and direct drug toxicity. For these reasons, the results of Itx remain inferior to those of other solid organ transplants in the middle and in the long term (Intestinal Transplant Registry: www.small-bowel-transplant.org). Improved results and wider application of Itx requires the development of protocols that would facilitate acceptance of the new intestine thereby allowing to reduce the need for immunosuppression with its attending complications. Relevant experimental data and the recent evolution in the clinical strategies used to promote acceptance of intestinal grafts are reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Pirenne
- Abdominal Transplant Surgery Department, University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | | |
Collapse
|
2513
|
Bendiksen S, Rekvig OP. Interleukin-2, but not interleukin-15, is required to terminate experimentally induced clonal T-cell anergy. Scand J Immunol 2004; 60:64-73. [PMID: 15238074 DOI: 10.1111/j.0300-9475.2004.01446.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
It has been demonstrated that T cells stimulated with nucleosome-polyomavirus T-antigen (self-nonself) complexes, but not nucleosomes, activate autoimmune nucleosome-specific T cells. As these cells may be naïve, such observations do not show that anergic T cells are reactivated. To understand the regulation of autoimmunity, this is important to assess, and this is the focus of this study. T-cell anergy was induced by antigen stimulation in the presence of antibodies to the costimulatory molecules CD80/CD86. Requirements for the reactivation of anergic T cells were analysed by the ability of antigen and interleukin-2 (IL-2) or IL-15 to increase T-cell proliferation and IL-2 transcription. Data demonstrate that stimulation of T cells with T-antigen and anti-CD80/86 antibodies promotes long-lasting clonal T-cell anergy. While T-antigen did not reactivate anergic T cells, proliferation and upregulation of IL-2 gene transcription was initiated by stimulation with antigen, costimulation and IL-2 added to the cultures. Proliferation per se was not sufficient to promote the reactivation of anergic T cells, as both IL-2 and IL-15 induced proliferation, while antigen and IL-2, but not IL-15, upregulated IL-2 mRNA levels. These data demonstrate that the innate immune system and IL-2 are central to the initiation and termination of T-cell anergy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Bendiksen
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Medical Biology, Medical Faculty, University of Tromsø, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | | |
Collapse
|
2514
|
Dembic Z. Response to Cohn: The immune system rejects the harmful, protects the useful and neglects the rest of microorganisms. Scand J Immunol 2004; 60:3-5; discussion 6-8. [PMID: 15238065 DOI: 10.1111/j.0300-9475.2004.01451.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The immune system is seen as a guardian of tissue integrity. It would analyse the extent and quality of damage and respond adequately. If no ill effects were found, the system would ignore disturbance, but if beneficial effects were found, it could protect certain microorganisms (establishing commensalism), perhaps via regulatory cells. The Integrity hypothesis proposes three basic groups of intercellular signals for cells of all tissues and assumes that they govern communication between dendritic cells, T cells and B cells. Signal-1 would be the main information source resulting with generation of intracellular mediators that are bound to travel into the nucleus to achieve reaction. Signal-2 represents the generation of additional signal transducers representing a modifier at the level of cytosol. And, signal-3 would be a modifier at nuclear level, perhaps guarding accessibility to chromosome or genetic locus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Z Dembic
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Oslo, PB 1052 Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway.
| |
Collapse
|
2515
|
Marino S, Pawar S, Fuller CL, Reinhart TA, Flynn JL, Kirschner DE. Dendritic cell trafficking and antigen presentation in the human immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 173:494-506. [PMID: 15210810 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.1.494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is an extraordinarily successful human pathogen, one of the major causes of death by infectious disease worldwide. A key issue for the study of tuberculosis is to understand why individuals infected with Mtb experience different clinical outcomes. To better understand the dynamics of Mtb infection and immunity, we coupled nonhuman primate experiments with a mathematical model we previously developed that qualitatively and quantitatively captures important processes of cellular priming and activation. These processes occur between the lung and the nearest draining lymph node where the key cells mediating this process are the dendritic cells (DC). The nonhuman primate experiments consist of bacteria and cell numbers from tissues of 17 adult cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis) that were infected with Mtb strain Erdman ( approximately 25 CFU/animal via bronchoscope). The main result of this work is that delays in either DC migration to the draining lymph node or T cell trafficking to the site of infection can alter the outcome of Mtb infection, defining progression to primary disease or latent infection and reactivated tuberculosis. Our results also support the idea that the development of a new generation of treatment against Mtb should optimally elicit a fast DC turnover at the site of infection, as well as strong activation of DCs for maximal Ag presentation and production of key cytokines. This will induce the most protective T cell response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simeone Marino
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, 6730 Medical Science Building II, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
2516
|
Vossenaar ER, van Boekel MAM, van Venrooij WJ, López-Hoyoz M, Merino J, Merino R, Joosten LAB. Absence of citrulline-specific autoantibodies in animal models of autoimmunity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 50:2370-2. [PMID: 15248238 DOI: 10.1002/art.20296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
|
2517
|
Dermime S, Gilham DE, Shaw DM, Davidson EJ, Meziane EK, Armstrong A, Hawkins RE, Stern PL. Vaccine and antibody-directed T cell tumour immunotherapy. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2004; 1704:11-35. [PMID: 15238242 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2004.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2003] [Revised: 01/22/2004] [Accepted: 03/31/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Clearer evidence for immune surveillance in malignancy and the identification of many new tumour-associated antigens (TAAs) have driven novel vaccine and antibody-targeted responses for therapy in cancer. The exploitation of active immunisation may be particularly favourable for TAA where tolerance is incomplete but passive immunisation may offer an additional strategy where the immune repertoire is affected by either tolerance or immune suppression. This review will consider how to utilise both active and passive types of therapy delivered by T cells in the context of the failure of tumour-specific immunity by presenting cancer patients. This article will outline the progress, problems and prospects of several different vaccine and antibody-targeted approaches for immunotherapy of cancer where proof of principle pre-clinical studies have been or will soon be translated into the clinic. Two examples of vaccination-based therapies where both T cell- and antibody-mediated anti-tumour responses are likely to be relevant and two examples of oncofoetal antigen-specific antibody-directed T cell therapies are described in the following sections: (1) therapeutic vaccination against human papillomavirus (HPV) antigens in cervical neoplasia; (2) B cell lymphoma vaccines including against immunoglobulin idiotype; (3) oncofoetal antigens as tumour targets for redirecting T cells with antibody strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Said Dermime
- Immunology, Cancer Research UK Groups, Paterson Institute for Cancer Research and University of Manchester, Christie Hospital NHS Trust, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
2518
|
Abstract
The purpose of immunological memory is to protect the host from reinfection, to control persistent infections, and, through maternal antibody, to protect the host's immunologically immature offspring from primary infections. Immunological memory is an exclusive property of the acquired immune system, where in the presence of CD4 T cell help, T cells and B cells clonally expand and differentiate to provide effector systems that protect the host from pathogens. Here we describe how T and B cell memory is generated in response to virus infections and how these cells respond when the host is infected again by similar or different viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raymond M Welsh
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
2519
|
Cavazza A, Adamina M, Ausiello CM, Giardina B, Marini M, Palazzo R, Roda LG, Spagnoli GC. Hydrolysis of the tumor-associated antigen epitope gp100(280-288) by membrane-associated and soluble enzymes expressed by immature and mature dendritic cells. Clin Immunol 2004; 111:252-61. [PMID: 15183146 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2004.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2003] [Accepted: 02/18/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The hydrolysis of the tumor-associated HLA-A2.1-restricted gp100(280-288) epitope by in vitro generated immature and mature dendritic cells (iDCs and mDCs) and by soluble supernatants prepared from these same cells, as well as the effect of the hydrolysis on in vitro immunorecognition, was studied by chromatographic and functional analyses. The results obtained indicate that exposure to iDCs induced a very rapid hydrolysis of the model peptide (half life, 62 s), resulting in complete loss of immunorecognition within 60 min. In the presence of mDCs, the hydrolysis kinetics were even faster (half life, 54 s), and the pattern of hydrolysis by-products was different from that observed for iDCs. Gp100(280-288) was also degraded in the presence of cell-free supernatants prepared both from iDCs and mDCS; in this case, degradation kinetics were slower, and the pattern of hydrolysis by-products was different from that observed in the presence of intact cells. The model epitope was degraded to non-immunogenic products by membrane and soluble enzymes expressed both by iDCs and by mDCs within periods of time that appear to be physiologically relevant. Development of antigenic formulations capable of protecting synthetic epitopes from these effects appears to represent a prerequisite for effective immunization procedures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Cavazza
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Università degli Studi di Roma "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
2520
|
Affiliation(s)
- P L F Giangrande
- Oxford Haemophilia Centre, Thrombosis Unit, Churchill Hospital, Oxford OX3 7LK, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
2521
|
Nieto Y, Shpall EJ, McNiece IK, Nawaz S, Beaudet J, Rosinski S, Pellom J, Slat-Vasquez V, McSweeney PA, Bearman SI, Murphy J, Jones RB. Prognostic analysis of early lymphocyte recovery in patients with advanced breast cancer receiving high-dose chemotherapy with an autologous hematopoietic progenitor cell transplant. Clin Cancer Res 2004; 10:5076-86. [PMID: 15297410 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-04-0117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prognostic effect of early posttransplant lymphocyte recovery in patients with advanced breast cancer receiving high-dose chemotherapy with autologous hematopoietic progenitor cell transplantation. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We analyzed the effect of the absolute lymphocyte count on day +15 posttransplant on freedom from relapse and overall survival in patients with high-risk primary breast cancer or metastatic breast cancer, enrolled between 1990 and 2001 in prospective high-dose chemotherapy trials, using a uniform regimen of cyclophosphamide, cisplatin, and 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea. RESULTS Four hundred and seventy-six patients (264 high-risk primary breast cancer and 212 metastatic breast cancer patients) were evaluated at median follow-up of 8 years (range, 1.5-11 years). The disease-free survival and overall survival rates in the high-risk primary breast cancer group were 67% and 70%, respectively. Patients with metastatic breast cancer patients had 21.8% disease-free survival and 31.5% overall survival rates. Day +15 absolute lymphocyte count correlated with freedom from relapse (P = 0.007) and overall survival (P = 0.04) in the metastatic breast cancer group, but not in the high-risk primary breast cancer group (P = 0.5 and 0.8, respectively). The prognostic effect of absolute lymphocyte count in metastatic breast cancer was restricted to those patients receiving unmanipulated peripheral blood progenitor cells (P = 0.04). In contrast, absolute lymphocyte count had no significant effect in those metastatic breast cancer patients receiving bone marrow or a CD34-selected product. In multivariate analyses, the prognostic effect of day +15 absolute lymphocyte count in metastatic breast cancer was independent of other predictors, such as disease status, pre-high-dose chemotherapy treatment, number of tumor sites, or HER2. CONCLUSIONS Early lymphocyte recovery is an independent outcome predictor in metastatic breast cancer patients receiving high-dose chemotherapy and an autologous peripheral blood progenitor cell transplant. These observations suggest that immune strategies targeting minimal posttransplant residual disease may prove worthwhile.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yago Nieto
- Bone Marrow Transplant Program and Departments of Pathology and Biostatistics, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado 80262, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
2522
|
Plowden J, Renshaw-Hoelscher M, Engleman C, Katz J, Sambhara S. Innate immunity in aging: impact on macrophage function. Aging Cell 2004; 3:161-7. [PMID: 15268749 DOI: 10.1111/j.1474-9728.2004.00102.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate and adaptive immune functions decline with age, leading to increased susceptibility to infectious diseases and cancer, and reduced responses to preventive vaccination in the elderly population. Macrophages function as 'pathogen sensors' and play an important role in the initiation of inflammatory responses, elimination of pathogens, manipulation of the adaptive immune response and reparation of damaged tissue. In this paper, we review the literature addressing the impact of aging on the macrophage population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julie Plowden
- Influenza Branch, Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
2523
|
Allen A, Zheng Y, Gardner L, Safford M, Horton MR, Powell JD. The novel cyclophilin binding compound, sanglifehrin A, disassociates G1 cell cycle arrest from tolerance induction. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 172:4797-803. [PMID: 15067056 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.8.4797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
T cell anergy has been demonstrated to play a role in maintaining peripheral tolerance to self Ags as well as a means by which tumors can evade immune destruction. Although the precise pathways involved in anergy induction have yet to be elucidated, it has been linked to TCR engagement in the setting of cell cycle arrest. Indeed, rapamycin, which inhibits T cell proliferation in G(1), has the ability to promote tolerance even in the presence of costimulation. To better define the role of the cell cycle in regulating anergy induction, we used the novel cyclophilin-binding ligand, sanglifehrin A (SFA). We demonstrate that SFA can inhibit TCR-induced cytokine and chemokine production without preventing TCR-induced anergy. Our data also indicate that despite its ability to induce G(1) arrest, SFA does not induce anergy in the presence of costimulation. Furthermore, although SFA blocks proliferation to exogenous IL-2, it does not prevent IL-2-induced reversal of anergy. When we examined the phosphorylation of 4EBP-1, a downstream substrate of the mammalian target of rapamycin, we found that rapamycin, but not SFA, inhibited the mammalian target of rapamycin activity. Based on these data, we propose that the decision as to whether TCR engagement will lead to productive activation or tolerance is dictated by a rapamycin -inhibitable pathway, independent of the G(1)-->S phase cell cycle progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy Allen
- Division of Immunology and Hematopoeisis, Department of Oncology, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
2524
|
Morales-Montor J, Chavarria A, De León MA, Del Castillo LI, Escobedo EG, Sánchez EN, Vargas JA, Hernández-Flores M, Romo-González T, Larralde C. Host gender in parasitic infections of mammals: an evaluation of the female host supremacy paradigm. J Parasitol 2004; 90:531-46. [PMID: 15270097 DOI: 10.1645/ge-113r3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
A review of current literature on mammalian hosts' sexual dimorphism (SD) in parasitic infections revealed that (1) it is a scarcely and superficially studied biological phenomenon of considerable significance for individual health, behavior, and lifestyles and for the evolution of species; (2) there are many notable exceptions to the rule of a favorable female bias in susceptibility to infection; (3) a complex network of molecular and cellular reactions connecting the host's immuno-neuroendocrine systems with those of the parasite is responsible for the host-parasite relationship rather than just an adaptive immune response and sex hormones; (4) a lack of gender-specific immune profiles in response to different infections; (5) the direct effects of the host hormones on parasite physiology may significantly contribute to SD in parasitism; and (6) the need to enrich the reductionist approach to complex biological issues, like SD, with more penetrating approaches to the study of cause-effect relationships, i.e., network theory. The review concludes by advising against generalization regarding SD and parasitism and by pointing to some of the most promising lines of research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Morales-Montor
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, AP 70228, El Alto, Mexico DF 04510, Mexico
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
2525
|
Schirrmacher V, Feuerer M, Fournier P, Ahlert T, Umansky V, Beckhove P. T-cell priming in bone marrow: the potential for long-lasting protective anti-tumor immunity. Trends Mol Med 2004; 9:526-34. [PMID: 14659467 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2003.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Volker Schirrmacher
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
2526
|
Nickoloff BJ, Nestle FO. Recent insights into the immunopathogenesis of psoriasis provide new therapeutic opportunities. J Clin Invest 2004. [PMID: 15199399 DOI: 10.1172/jci200422147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 338] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic and excessive inflammation in skin and joints causes significant morbidity in psoriasis patients. As a prevalent T lymphocyte-mediated disorder, psoriasis, as well as the side effects associated with its treatment, affects patients globally. In this review, recent progress is discussed in the areas of genetics, the immunological synapse, the untangling of the cytokine web and signaling pathways, xenotransplantation models, and the growing use of selectively targeted therapies. Since psoriasis is currently incurable, new management strategies are proposed to replace previous serendipitous approaches. Such strategic transition from serendipity to the use of novel selective agents aimed at defined targets in psoriatic lesions is moving rapidly from research benches to the bedsides of patients with this chronic and debilitating disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Nickoloff
- Skin Disease Research Laboratory and Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, Loyola University of Chicago, Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois 60153, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
2527
|
Nickoloff BJ, Nestle FO. Recent insights into the immunopathogenesis of psoriasis provide new therapeutic opportunities. J Clin Invest 2004; 113:1664-75. [PMID: 15199399 PMCID: PMC420513 DOI: 10.1172/jci22147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic and excessive inflammation in skin and joints causes significant morbidity in psoriasis patients. As a prevalent T lymphocyte-mediated disorder, psoriasis, as well as the side effects associated with its treatment, affects patients globally. In this review, recent progress is discussed in the areas of genetics, the immunological synapse, the untangling of the cytokine web and signaling pathways, xenotransplantation models, and the growing use of selectively targeted therapies. Since psoriasis is currently incurable, new management strategies are proposed to replace previous serendipitous approaches. Such strategic transition from serendipity to the use of novel selective agents aimed at defined targets in psoriatic lesions is moving rapidly from research benches to the bedsides of patients with this chronic and debilitating disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Nickoloff
- Skin Disease Research Laboratory and Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, Loyola University of Chicago, Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois 60153, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
2528
|
Mayer A, Sharma SK, Tolner B, Minton NP, Purdy D, Amlot P, Tharakan G, Begent RHJ, Chester KA. Modifying an immunogenic epitope on a therapeutic protein: a step towards an improved system for antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy (ADEPT). Br J Cancer 2004; 90:2402-10. [PMID: 15162148 PMCID: PMC2409521 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6601888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Carboxypeptidase G2 (CP) is a bacterial enzyme, which is targeted to tumours by an antitumour antibody for local prodrug activation in antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy (ADEPT). Repeated cycles of ADEPT are desirable but are hampered by human antibody response to CP (HACA). To address this, we aimed to identify and modify clinically important immunogenic sites on MFECP, a recombinant fusion protein of CP with MFE-23, a single chain Fv (scFv) antibody. A discontinuous conformational epitope at the C-terminus of the CP previously identified by the CM79 scFv antibody (CM79-identified epitope) was chosen for study. Modification of MFECP was achieved by mutations of the CM79-identified epitope or by addition of a hexahistidine tag (His-tag) to the C-terminus of MFECP, which forms part of the epitope. Murine immunisation experiments with modified MFECP showed no significant antibody response to the CM79-identified epitope compared to A5CP, an unmodified version of CP chemically conjugated to an F(ab)(2) antibody. Success of modification was also demonstrated in humans because patients treated with His-tagged MFECP had a significantly reduced antibody response to the CM79-identified epitope, compared to patients given A5CP. Moreover, the polyclonal antibody response to CP was delayed in both mice and patients given modified MFECP. This increases the prospect of repeated treatment with ADEPT for effective cancer treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Mayer
- Department of Oncology, Royal Free and University College Medical School, University College London, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
2529
|
Abstract
Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) has been the primary limitation to the wider application of allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT). The immunobiology of acute GVHD is complex and can be conceptualized to be a three-step process. In step 1, the conditioning regimen (irradiation and/or chemotherapy) leads to the damage and activation of host tissues and induces the secretion of inflammatory cytokines TNF-alpha and IL-1. As a consequence expression of MHC antigens and adhesion molecules is increased, thus enhancing the recognition of host alloantigens by donor T cells. Donor T-cell activation in step 2 is characterized by donor T-cell interaction with host APCs and subsequent proliferation, differentiation, and secretion of cytokines. Cytokines such as IL-2 and IFN-gamma enhance T-cell expansion, induce cytotoxic T cells (CTL) and natural killer (NK) cell responses, and prime additional mononuclear phagocytes to produce TNF-alpha and IL-1. These inflammatory cytokines in turn stimulate production of inflammatory chemokines, thus recruiting effector cells into target organs. In step 3, effector functions of mononuclear phagocytes are triggered via a secondary signal provided by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) that leaks through the intestinal mucosa damaged during step 1. This mechanism may result in the amplification of local tissue injury and further promotion of an inflammatory response, which, together with the CTL and NK components, leads to target tissue destruction in the transplant host.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pavan Reddy
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0942, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
2530
|
Lövgren T, Eloranta ML, Båve U, Alm GV, Rönnblom L. Induction of interferon-alpha production in plasmacytoid dendritic cells by immune complexes containing nucleic acid released by necrotic or late apoptotic cells and lupus IgG. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 50:1861-72. [PMID: 15188363 DOI: 10.1002/art.20254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 430] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the release of interferon-alpha (IFN alpha)-inducing material by necrotic or apoptotic cells, its properties, and the necessity of autoantibodies from systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients for the interferogenic activity. METHODS U937 monocytic leukemia cells or peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were rendered necrotic by freeze-thawing or apoptotic by treatment with ultraviolet light. Cell culture supernatants from these cells and IgG from SLE patients (SLE IgG) were added to cultures of normal PBMCs or purified plasmacytoid dendritic cells (PDCs). The importance of nucleic acids for IFN alpha induction was investigated by RNase and DNase treatment. The IFN alpha levels were measured by immunoassay. RESULTS Both necrotic and apoptotic U937 cells released material that, combined with SLE IgG, induced IFN alpha production in PDCs. The release from apoptotic cells occurred with a 16-hour delay, in late apoptosis. Also, normal PBMCs released IFN alpha-inducing material, but only during necrosis. The interferogenic activity of the necrotic material required the presence of RNA, while both RNA and DNA were important in the apoptotic material. In both cases, the presence of SLE IgG was necessary, and its activity correlated with the presence of antibodies to RNA-binding proteins, but not anti-DNA antibodies. CONCLUSION Necrotic and late apoptotic cells release material that, combined with SLE IgG, induces production of IFN alpha in PDCs. The IFN alpha inducers probably consist of immune complexes (ICs) containing RNA and possibly DNA as essential interferogenic components. The presence of such interferogenic ICs could explain the ongoing production of IFN alpha in SLE and could be of etiopathogenic importance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Lövgren
- Immunology V, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
2531
|
O'Neill DW, Adams S, Bhardwaj N. Manipulating dendritic cell biology for the active immunotherapy of cancer. Blood 2004; 104:2235-46. [PMID: 15231572 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2003-12-4392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are specialized antigen-presenting cells (APCs) that have an unequaled capacity to initiate primary immune responses, including tolerogenic responses. Because of the importance of DCs in the induction and control of immunity, an understanding of their biology is central to the development of potent immunotherapies for cancer, chronic infections, autoimmune disease, and induction of transplantation tolerance. This review discusses recent advances in DC research and the application of this knowledge toward new strategies for the clinical manipulation of DCs for cancer immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David W O'Neill
- New York University School of Medicine, 550 1st Ave, MSB 507, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
2532
|
Affiliation(s)
- Bert A 't Hart
- Department of Immunobiology, Biomedical Primate Research Center, P.O. Box 3306, 2280 GH, Rijswijk, The Netherlands.
| | | |
Collapse
|
2533
|
McBride WH, Chiang CS, Olson JL, Wang CC, Hong JH, Pajonk F, Dougherty GJ, Iwamoto KS, Pervan M, Liao YP. A Sense of Danger from Radiation1. Radiat Res 2004; 162:1-19. [PMID: 15222781 DOI: 10.1667/rr3196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Tissue damage caused by exposure to pathogens, chemicals and physical agents such as ionizing radiation triggers production of generic "danger" signals that mobilize the innate and acquired immune system to deal with the intrusion and effect tissue repair with the goal of maintaining the integrity of the tissue and the body. Ionizing radiation appears to do the same, but less is known about the role of "danger" signals in tissue responses to this agent. This review deals with the nature of putative "danger" signals that may be generated by exposure to ionizing radiation and their significance. There are a number of potential consequences of "danger" signaling in response to radiation exposure. "Danger" signals could mediate the pathogenesis of, or recovery from, radiation damage. They could alter intrinsic cellular radiosensitivity or initiate radioadaptive responses to subsequent exposure. They may spread outside the locally damaged site and mediate bystander or "out-of-field" radiation effects. Finally, an important aspect of classical "danger" signals is that they link initial nonspecific immune responses in a pathological site to the development of specific adaptive immunity. Interestingly, in the case of radiation, there is little evidence that "danger" signals efficiently translate radiation-induced tumor cell death into the generation of tumor-specific immunity or normal tissue damage into autoimmunity. The suggestion is that radiation-induced "danger" signals may be inadequate in this respect or that radiation interferes with the generation of specific immunity. There are many issues that need to be resolved regarding "danger" signaling after exposure to ionizing radiation. Evidence of their importance is, in some areas, scant, but the issues are worthy of consideration, if for no other reason than that manipulation of these pathways has the potential to improve the therapeutic benefit of radiation therapy. This article focuses on how normal tissues and tumors sense and respond to danger from ionizing radiation, on the nature of the signals that are sent, and on the impact on the eventual consequences of exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William H McBride
- Department of Radiation Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095-1714, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
2534
|
van den Berg HA, Rand DA. Dynamics of T cell activation threshold tuning. J Theor Biol 2004; 228:397-416. [PMID: 15135038 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2004.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2003] [Revised: 01/23/2004] [Accepted: 02/04/2004] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
T lymphocytes are believed to alter their sensitivity to TCR stimulation by means of a tunable cellular activation threshold. We present two modelling examples which show that the concept of a tunable threshold can be made mechanistically plausible. The tunable threshold is treated as an emergent property of the dynamics of the T cell's signalling machinery. In addition, we discuss how the dynamic properties of activation threshold tuning can be determined experimentally with the aid of these two models. We propose a novel 'avidity selection' mechanism for the initial stages of the immune response, based on the properties of the T cell activation threshold tuning mechanism we propose for the commitment to differentiation. Our main finding is that activation threshold tuning allows T cells to respond to relevant ligands with a detection threshold that is (i) uniform across both the T cell repertoire and the secondary lymphoid tissues, while (ii) retaining tolerance to autostimulation. Our analysis indicates that central tolerance enhances the efficiency of peripheral tolerance, casting new light on the role of negative selection in the thymus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hugo A van den Berg
- Interdisciplinary Programme for Cellular Regulation Mathematics Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
2535
|
Prohászka Z, Füst G. Immunological aspects of heat-shock proteins-the optimum stress of life. Mol Immunol 2004; 41:29-44. [PMID: 15140573 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2004.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2003] [Accepted: 02/04/2004] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes the complex role of heat-shock proteins (Hsp) in immune reactions, especially the cellular effects of heat-shock proteins during the recognition processes by innate immunity. The role of heat-shock proteins in the pathogenesis of two multifactorial diseases, i.e. inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and atherosclerosis is highlighted. A new hypothesis on "immunodeficiency burden" is presented. According to this hypothesis, susceptibility to any multifactorial disease in any given subject and in the presence of specific environmental factors is the aggregate effect of polymorphisms resulting in the failure of protective immunity with consequent disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán Prohászka
- 3rd Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, H-1125 Budapest, Kútvölgyi u.4., Budapest, Hungary.
| | | |
Collapse
|
2536
|
Zajac P, Oertli D, Marti W, Adamina M, Bolli M, Guller U, Noppen C, Padovan E, Schultz-Thater E, Heberer M, Spagnoli G. Phase I/II clinical trial of a nonreplicative vaccinia virus expressing multiple HLA-A0201-restricted tumor-associated epitopes and costimulatory molecules in metastatic melanoma patients. Hum Gene Ther 2004; 14:1497-510. [PMID: 14577912 DOI: 10.1089/104303403322495016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We performed a phase I/II clinical trial in metastatic melanoma patients with an ultraviolet (UV)-inactivated nonreplicating recombinant vaccinia virus enabling the expression, from a single construct, of endoplasmic reticulum-targeted HLA-A0201-restricted Melan-A/MART-1(27-35), gp100(280-288), and tyrosinase(1-9) epitopes, together with CD80 and CD86 costimulatory proteins. Corresponding soluble peptides were used to boost responses and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor was used as systemic adjuvant. Safety and immunogenicity, as monitored with in vitro-restimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells by cytotoxic T lymphocyte precursor (CTLp) frequency analysis and tetramer staining, were specifically addressed. Of 20 patients entering the protocol, 2 had to withdraw because of rapidly progressing disease. Immune responses were evaluated in 18 patients (stage III, n = 5; stage IV, n = 13) and increases in specific CTLp frequencies were observed in 15. In 16 patients responsiveness against all 3 antigens could be analyzed: 7 (43%), including all stage III cases, showed evidence of induction of CTLs specific for the three epitopes, and 2 (12%) and 4 (25%), respectively, showed reactivity against two or one tumor-associated antigen. In three stage IV patients no specific CTL reactivity could be induced. Increases in CTLp frequency were detected mostly after viral vaccine injections. However, in a majority of patients final CTLp levels were comparable to initial levels. Tetramer characterization of Melan-A/MART-1(27-35)-specific CTLs during the protocol also suggested preferential expansion after recombinant virus administration. Vector-specific humoral responses, frequently undetectable in stage IV patients, did not appear to prevent tumor-associated antigen-specific CTL induction. Aside from a single occurrence of transient grade 3 leukopenia, no major clinical toxicity was reported. Seventeen of 18 patients completed the 3-month trial (one patient died before the last delayed-type hypersensitivity test). Three displayed regression of individual metastases, seven had stable disease, and progressive disease was observed in seven patients. This is the first report on the administration of a UV-inactivated recombinant vaccinia virus coexpressing five transgenes in cancer patients. The results described here, in terms of safety and immunogenicity, support the use of this reagent in active specific immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Zajac
- Institute of Surgical Research and Hospital Management, Department of Research, University Hospital of Basel, ZLF, Laboratory 404, Hebelstrasse 20, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
2537
|
Dixon DR, Bainbridge BW, Darveau RP. Modulation of the innate immune response within the periodontium. Periodontol 2000 2004; 35:53-74. [PMID: 15107058 DOI: 10.1111/j.0906-6713.2004.003556.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas R Dixon
- United States Army Dental Corps and Department of Periodontics and Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
2538
|
Hanley PJ, Musset B, Renigunta V, Limberg SH, Dalpke AH, Sus R, Heeg KM, Preisig-Müller R, Daut J. Extracellular ATP induces oscillations of intracellular Ca2+ and membrane potential and promotes transcription of IL-6 in macrophages. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:9479-84. [PMID: 15194822 PMCID: PMC439002 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0400733101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of low concentrations of extracellular ATP on cytosolic Ca(2+), membrane potential, and transcription of IL-6 were studied in monocyte-derived human macrophages. During inflammation or infection many cells secrete ATP. We show here that application of 10 microM ATP or 10 microM UTP induces oscillations in cytosolic Ca(2+) with a frequency of approximately 12 min(-1) and oscillations in membrane potential. RT-PCR analysis showed expression of P2Y(1), P2Y(2), P2Y(11), P2X(1), P2X(4), and P2X(7) receptors, large-conductance (KCNMA1 and KCNMB1-4), and intermediate-conductance (KCNN4) Ca(2+)-activated K(+) channels. The Ca(2+)oscillations were unchanged after removal of extracellular Ca(2+), indicating that they were mainly due to movements of Ca(2+) between intracellular compartments. Comparison of the effects of different nucleotides suggests that the Ca(2+) oscillations were elicited by activation of P2Y(2) receptors coupled to phospholipase C. Patch-clamp experiments showed that ATP induced a transient depolarization, probably mediated by activation of P2X(4) receptors, followed by membrane potential oscillations due to opening of Ca(2+)-activated K(+) channels. We also found that 10 microM ATP gamma S increased transcription of IL-6 approximately 40-fold within 2 h. This effect was abolished by blockade of P2Y receptors with 100 microM suramin. Our results suggest that ATP released from inflamed, damaged, or metabolically impaired cells represents a "danger signal" that plays a major role in activating the innate immune system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Hanley
- Institute of Physiology, Marburg University, Deutschhausstrasse 2, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
2539
|
Abstract
Extensive work has suggested that a number of endogenous molecules such as heat shock proteins (hsp) may be potent activators of the innate immune system capable of inducing proinflammatory cytokine production by the monocyte-macrophage system and the activation and maturation of dendritic cells. The cytokine-like effects of these endogenous molecules are mediated via the Toll-like receptor (TLR) signal-transduction pathways in a manner similar to lipopolysaccharide (LPS; via TLR4) and bacterial lipoproteins (via TLR2). However, recent evidence suggests that the reported cytokine effects of hsp may be a result of the contaminating LPS and LPS-associated molecules. The reasons for previous failure to recognize the contaminant(s) being responsible for the putative TLR ligands of hsp include failure to use highly purified hsp free of LPS contamination; failure to recognize the heat sensitivity of LPS; and failure to consider contaminant(s) other than LPS. Whether other reported putative endogenous ligands of TLR2 and TLR4 are a result of contamination of pathogen-associated molecular patterns is not clear. It is essential that efforts should be directed to conclusively determine whether the reported putative endogenous ligands of TLRs are a result of the endogenous molecules or of contaminant(s), before exploring further the implication and therapeutic potential of these putative TLR ligands.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min-Fu Tsan
- Office of Research Oversight, Department of Veterans Affairs, 50 Irving Street, NW, Washington, DC 20422, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
2540
|
Philpott DJ, Viala J. Towards an understanding of the role of NOD2/CARD15 in the pathogenesis of Crohn's disease. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2004; 18:555-68. [PMID: 15157827 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpg.2003.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
With the recent discovery of NOD2 as the first susceptibility gene linked with Crohn's disease, research is now focused on attempting to explain the biological role of NOD2 and how mutations can contribute to the development of this inflammatory disease. Biochemical studies have revealed that NOD2 is in fact a protein involved in the innate immune detection of bacterial products. More specifically, NOD2 recognizes a fragment of peptidoglycan, called muramyl dipeptide, that is found in the cell walls of both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. This recognition event triggers a pro-inflammatory signalling cascade regulated by the transcription factor NF-kappa B. The complex cellular responses emanating from the interaction of NOD2 and its ligand are thought to touch on many aspects of immune function, including bacterial killing, cytokine release, stimulation and maturation of antigen-presenting cells, and the regulation of the adaptive immune response. Defining these NOD2-regulated responses, and how mutations in the gene encoding this protein disrupt these responses, will be key to understanding the pathogenesis of Crohn's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dana J Philpott
- Immunité Innée et Signalisation, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France.
| | | |
Collapse
|
2541
|
Mobini R, Maschke H, Waagstein F. New insights into the pathogenesis of dilated cardiomyopathy: possible underlying autoimmune mechanisms and therapy. Autoimmun Rev 2004; 3:277-84. [PMID: 15246023 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2003.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2003] [Revised: 10/13/2003] [Accepted: 10/13/2003] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, autoimmune processes involved in the pathogenesis of dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) are discussed. Genetic predisposition, persistent viral infection, and molecular mimicry have previously been described as the underlying mechanisms of the disease, and prevalence of autoantibodies (AABs) against several intra- and extracellular cardiotropic targets has been confirmed. These autoantibodies are able to disturb the normal physiological activity of the cardiomyocytes. They also could function as mediators in an activated immune system and direct a great deal of attention to injured tissue via (1) complement activation and (2) genesis of circulatory immunocomplexes (CICs) in association with self-antigens. The number as well as duration of accessible autoantigens or CICs seem to play an important role in activation of the antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and, consequently, promotion of autoimmunity. Since AABs play such a decisive role, their exclusion by immunoadsorption (IA) therapy has been discussed as a new approach in DCM treatment. Hitherto, all performed pilot studies using this approach have shown improvement in cardiac function and quality of life in the vast majority of treated DCM patients. The removal of circulating AABs may downregulate the autoimmune system, moderate the inflammatory signals, and hasten the recovery of the affected tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reza Mobini
- Wallenberg Laboratory for Cardiovascular Research, Cardiovascular Institute, Göteborg University, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 41345, Göteborg, Sweden
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
2542
|
|
2543
|
Abstract
Tissue injury evokes highly conserved, tightly regulated inflammatory responses and less well-understood host repair responses. Both inflammation and repair involve the recruitment, activation, apoptosis, and eventual clearance of key effector cells. In this review, we propose the concept of pulmonary fibrosis as a dysregulated repair process that is perpetually "turned on" even though classical inflammatory pathways may be dampened or "switched off." Significant regional heterogeneity, with varied histopathological patterns of inflammation and fibrosis, has been observed in individual patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. We discuss environmental factors and host response factors, such as genetic susceptibility and age, that may influence these varied manifestations. Better understanding of the mechanisms of lung repair, which include alveolar reepithelialization, myofibroblast differentiation/activation, and apoptosis, should offer more effective therapeutic options for progressive pulmonary fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victor J Thannickal
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
2544
|
Frelin L, Ahlén G, Alheim M, Weiland O, Barnfield C, Liljeström P, Sällberg M. Codon optimization and mRNA amplification effectively enhances the immunogenicity of the hepatitis C virus nonstructural 3/4A gene. Gene Ther 2004; 11:522-33. [PMID: 14999224 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3302184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We have recently shown that the NS3-based genetic immunogens should contain also hepatitis C virus (HCV) nonstructural (NS) 4A to utilize fully the immunogenicity of NS3. The next step was to try to enhance immunogenicity by modifying translation or mRNA synthesis. To enhance translation efficiency, a synthetic NS3/4A-based DNA (coNS3/4A-DNA) vaccine was generated in which the codon usage was optimized (co) for human cells. In a second approach, expression of the wild-type (wt) NS3/4A gene was enhanced by mRNA amplification using the Semliki forest virus (SFV) replicon (wtNS3/4A-SFV). Transient tranfections of human HepG2 cells showed that the coNS3/4A gene gave 11-fold higher levels of NS3 as compared to the wtNS3/4A gene when using the CMV promoter. We have previously shown that the presence of NS4A enhances the expression by SFV. Both codon optimization and mRNA amplification resulted in an improved immunogenicity as evidenced by higher levels of NS3-specific antibodies. This improved immunogenicity also resulted in a more rapid priming of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). Since HCV is a noncytolytic virus, the functionality of the primed CTL responses was evaluated by an in vivo challenge with NS3/4A-expressing syngeneic tumor cells. The priming of a tumor protective immunity required an endogenous production of the immunogen and CD8+ CTLs, but was independent of B and CD4+ T cells. This model confirmed the more rapid in vivo activation of an NS3/4A-specific tumor-inhibiting immunity by codon optimization and mRNA amplification. Finally, therapeutic vaccination with the coNS3/4A gene using gene gun 6-12 days after injection of tumors significantly reduced the tumor growth in vivo. Codon optimization and mRNA amplification effectively enhances the overall immunogenicity of NS3/4A. Thus, either, or both, of these approaches should be utilized in an NS3/4A-based HCV genetic vaccine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Frelin
- Division of Clinical Virology, Karolinska Institutet at Huddinge University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
2545
|
Corrigall VM, Bodman-Smith MD, Brunst M, Cornell H, Panayi GS. Inhibition of antigen-presenting cell function and stimulation of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells to express an antiinflammatory cytokine profile by the stress protein BiP: relevance to the treatment of inflammatory arthritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 50:1164-71. [PMID: 15077298 DOI: 10.1002/art.20134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The stress protein and endoplasmic reticulum chaperone, immunoglobulin binding protein (BiP), is an autoantigen in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Stress proteins, however, may have extracellular functions, mediated via cell surface receptors, that may include immunomodulatory functions. We sought to determine whether cell-free BiP is present in the synovial fluid (SF) of patients with RA and to further investigate the possible extracellular antiinflammatory and immunomodulatory properties of BiP in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in vitro. METHODS The presence of BiP in SF was established by Western blotting. PBMCs were stimulated with exogenous recombinant human BiP, and cytokine production and cell proliferation were measured in the presence and absence of cell signaling inhibitors or neutralizing anti-interleukin-10 (anti-IL-10) monoclonal antibody. Cytokine levels were quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, cell proliferation by tritiated thymidine uptake, and cell surface molecule expression by flow cytometry. RESULTS PBMCs responded to BiP with secretion of an antiinflammatory profile of cytokines. Although BiP stimulated the early production of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha), the major cytokine induced was IL-10. Soluble TNF receptor II and IL-1 receptor antagonist secretion was also increased. Addition of SB203580, the MAPK p38 pathway inhibitor, partially inhibited the production of IL-10 and TNF alpha, whereas they were unaffected by the MAPK ERK-1/2 inhibitor PD98059. BiP also inhibited the recall antigen response by PBMCs to tuberculin purified protein derivative. Further investigation showed that incubation of monocytes in the presence of either BiP or IL-10 down-regulated CD86 and HLA-DR expression. The effect observed with IL-10 was transient compared with the long-lasting reduction induced by BiP. CONCLUSION Extracellular BiP may stimulate immunomodulatory and antiinflammatory pathways, which are only partly due to the production of IL-10. These properties may be of relevance for the treatment of diseases such as RA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valerie M Corrigall
- Department of Rheumatology, Guy's, King's, and St. Thomas' School of Medicine, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, London, UK.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
2546
|
Pradeu T, Carosella ED. Analyse critique du modèle immunologique du soi et du non-soi et de ses fondements métaphysiques implicites. C R Biol 2004; 327:481-92. [PMID: 15255478 DOI: 10.1016/j.crvi.2004.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An examination of the concepts used in immunology prompts us to wonder about the origins and the legitimacy of the notions of self and non-self, which constitute the core of the dominant theoretical model in this science. All theoretical reflection concerning immunology must aim at determining a criterion of immunogenicity, that is, an operational definition of the conditions in which an immune reaction occurs or does not occur. By criticizing both conceptually and experimentally the self/non-self vocabulary, we can demonstrate the inaccuracy and even the inadequacy of the dichotomy of self/non-self. Accordingly, the self/non-self model must be reexamined, or even rejected. On the basis of this critique, we can suggest an alternative theoretical hypothesis for immunology, based on the notion of continuity. The 'continuity hypothesis' developed here attempts to give a criterion of immunogenicity that avoids the reproaches leveled at the self model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Pradeu
- Agrégé de philosophie, département de philosophie de l'Ecole normale supérieure Ulm-Paris, France.
| | | |
Collapse
|
2547
|
|
2548
|
Vossenaar ER, van Venrooij WJ. Citrullinated proteins: sparks that may ignite the fire in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 2004; 6:107-11. [PMID: 15142259 PMCID: PMC416453 DOI: 10.1186/ar1184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2004] [Revised: 04/05/2004] [Accepted: 04/05/2004] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies directed to citrullinated proteins (e.g. anti-CCP [cyclic citrullinated peptide] antibodies) are highly specific for rheumatoid arthritis (RA). These antibodies are produced at the site of inflammation in RA, and therefore citrullinated antigens are also expected to be present in the inflamed synovium. We discuss literature showing that the presence of citrullinated proteins in the synovium is not specific for RA. The RA-specific antibodies are therefore most likely the result of an abnormal immune response that specifically occurs in RA patients. It was recently shown that presence of anti-CCP antibodies precedes the onset of clinical symptoms of RA by years. It thus appears that it may take years for initial events that cause the generation of anti-CCP antibodies to develop into full-blown disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erik R Vossenaar
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | | |
Collapse
|
2549
|
Barsness KA, Arcaroli J, Harken AH, Abraham E, Banerjee A, Reznikov L, McIntyre RC. Hemorrhage-induced acute lung injury is TLR-4 dependent. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2004; 287:R592-9. [PMID: 15072965 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00412.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4), initially identified as an LPS receptor, is critical to the signaling of a variety of danger signals, including heat shock protein 60, fibrinogen, and fibronectin. Recent data also suggest that TLR-4 plays a role in determining survival in both endotoxemia and hemorrhagic shock. We hypothesized that a functional TLR-4 would be required for hemorrhage and endotoxin-induced acute lung injury. Hemorrhage- and endotoxin-induced lung TNF-alpha mRNA and protein production, neutrophil accumulation, and protein permeability were dependent on a functional TLR-4. Hemorrhage-induced nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB activation was independent of functional TLR-4, whereas endotoxin-induced activation of NF-kappaB requires a functional TLR-4 for full response. Therefore, we conclude that 1) hemorrhage-induced acute lung injury is TLR-4 dependent and 2) hemorrhage has a different and distinct TLR-4-dependent intracellular activation mechanism compared with endotoxemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Barsness
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, 4200 E. Ninth Ave., Box C320, Denver, CO 80262, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
2550
|
Philpott NJ, Nociari M, Elkon KB, Falck-Pedersen E. Adenovirus-induced maturation of dendritic cells through a PI3 kinase-mediated TNF-alpha induction pathway. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:6200-5. [PMID: 15071185 PMCID: PMC395946 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0308368101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic administration of adenovirus and adenovirus vectors induces a robust innate and adaptive immune response in a variety of animal models. In tumor necrosis factor (TNF)(-/-) mice, a diminished immune response to adenovirus (Ad) infection has been attributed to compromised dendritic cell (DC) maturation. In this report, we investigated the mechanisms responsible for Ad-mediated activation and maturation of DC. Ad infection induced high levels of TNF-alpha expression by murine bone marrow-derived DC, comparable to levels observed with lipopolysaccharide exposure. Ad-induced TNF-alpha production was necessary for DC maturation and acts in an autocrine manner. Unlike TNF-alpha production associated with exposure to lipopolysaccharide, Ad induction of TNF-alpha was not dependent on the MyD88 signaling pathway. In contrast, Ad-induced TNF-alpha production and DC maturation were dependent on signaling by phosphoinositide-3-OH kinase (PI3K), as determined by wortmannin and LY294002 blocking experiments. The adenovirus capsid protein penton contains a well characterized arginine-glycine-aspartic acid integrin-binding domain that stimulates PI3K in fibroblast cell lines. When this region of the penton was mutated, TNF-alpha expression and bone marrow-derived DC maturation were attenuated. We propose that integrin-mediated PI3K induction of NF-kappaB activates an autocrine TNF-alpha pathway required for DC maturation in response to Ad.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicola J Philpott
- Molecular Biology Graduate Program, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hearst Research Foundation, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|