2751
|
Markman JL, Shiao SL. Impact of the immune system and immunotherapy in colorectal cancer. J Gastrointest Oncol 2015; 6:208-23. [PMID: 25830040 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2078-6891.2014.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of cancer is a multi-step process involving the gradual loss of regulation over the growth and functional capabilities of normal cells. Much research has been focused on the numerous cell intrinsic factors that govern this process; however, recent attention has turned to understanding the cell extrinsic factors in the tumor microenvironment that appear equally critical to the progression and treatment of cancer. One critical component of the tumor microenvironment is the immune system and it has become increasingly evident that the immune system plays an integral role in preventing and promoting the development of cancer. Understanding the immune cell types and pathways involved in this process has enabled the development of novel biomarkers for prognosis and accelerated the development of immune-based therapeutics, both of which have the potential to forever change the treatment paradigms for colorectal cancer (CRC). In this review, we discuss the impact of the immune system on the initiation, progression and treatment of cancer, specifically focusing on CRC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janet L Markman
- 1 Department of Biomedical Sciences, 2 Department of Radiation Oncology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Stephen L Shiao
- 1 Department of Biomedical Sciences, 2 Department of Radiation Oncology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2752
|
Rendleman J, Vogelsang M, Bapodra A, Adaniel C, Silva I, Moogk D, Martinez CN, Fleming N, Shields J, Shapiro R, Berman R, Pavlick A, Polsky D, Shao Y, Osman I, Krogsgaard M, Kirchhoff T. Genetic associations of the interleukin locus at 1q32.1 with clinical outcomes of cutaneous melanoma. J Med Genet 2015; 52:231-9. [PMID: 25604082 PMCID: PMC5166523 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2014-102832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Due to high melanoma immunogenicity, germline genetic variants in immune pathways have been studied for association with melanoma prognosis. However, limited candidate selection, inadequate power, or lack of independent validation have hampered the reproducibility of these prior findings, preventing personalised clinical applicability in melanoma prognostication. Our objective was to assess the prognostic utility of genetic variants in immunomodulatory pathways for prediction of melanoma clinical outcomes. METHODS We genotyped 72 tag single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 44 immunomodulatory genes in a population sample of 1022 melanoma patients and performed Cox regression analysis to test the association between SNPs and melanoma recurrence-free (RFS) and overall survival (OS). We have further investigated the most significant associations using a fine mapping strategy and followed with functional analyses in CD4+ T cells in a subset of 75 melanoma patients. RESULTS The most significant associations were found with melanoma OS for rs3024493 in IL10 at chromosome 1q32.1 (heterozygous HR 0.58, 95% CI 0.39 to 0.86; p=0.0006), a variant previously shown to be linked with autoimmune conditions. Multiple additional SNPs at 1q32.1 were also nominally associated with OS confirming at least two independent association signals in this locus. In addition, we found rs3024493 associated with the downregulation of interleukin 10 (IL10) secretion in CD4+ T cells. CONCLUSIONS We discovered novel associations of IL10 with melanoma survival at 1q32.1, suggesting this locus should be considered as a novel melanoma prognostic biomarker with potential for aiding melanoma patient management. Our findings also provide further support for an alternative role of IL10 in stimulation of anti-tumour immune response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Justin Rendleman
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
- Departments of Population Health and Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
- The Interdisciplinary Melanoma Cooperative Group, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Matjaz Vogelsang
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
- Departments of Population Health and Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
- The Interdisciplinary Melanoma Cooperative Group, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Anuj Bapodra
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
- The Interdisciplinary Melanoma Cooperative Group, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Christina Adaniel
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Ines Silva
- The Interdisciplinary Melanoma Cooperative Group, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
- Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, New York University, New York, USA
| | - Duane Moogk
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
- The Interdisciplinary Melanoma Cooperative Group, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Carlos N Martinez
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
- Departments of Population Health and Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
- The Interdisciplinary Melanoma Cooperative Group, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Nathaniel Fleming
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
- The Interdisciplinary Melanoma Cooperative Group, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Jerry Shields
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Richard Shapiro
- The Interdisciplinary Melanoma Cooperative Group, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
- Department of Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Russell Berman
- The Interdisciplinary Melanoma Cooperative Group, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
- Department of Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Anna Pavlick
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
- The Interdisciplinary Melanoma Cooperative Group, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
- Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, New York University, New York, USA
| | - David Polsky
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
- The Interdisciplinary Melanoma Cooperative Group, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
- Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, New York University, New York, USA
| | - Yongzhao Shao
- Departments of Population Health and Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
- The Interdisciplinary Melanoma Cooperative Group, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Iman Osman
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
- The Interdisciplinary Melanoma Cooperative Group, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
- Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, New York University, New York, USA
| | - Michelle Krogsgaard
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
- The Interdisciplinary Melanoma Cooperative Group, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Tomas Kirchhoff
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
- Departments of Population Health and Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
- The Interdisciplinary Melanoma Cooperative Group, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2753
|
Angelova M, Charoentong P, Hackl H, Fischer ML, Snajder R, Krogsdam AM, Waldner MJ, Bindea G, Mlecnik B, Galon J, Trajanoski Z. Characterization of the immunophenotypes and antigenomes of colorectal cancers reveals distinct tumor escape mechanisms and novel targets for immunotherapy. Genome Biol 2015; 16:64. [PMID: 25853550 PMCID: PMC4377852 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-015-0620-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 399] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background While large-scale cancer genomic projects are comprehensively characterizing the mutational spectrum of various cancers, so far little attention has been devoted to either define the antigenicity of these mutations or to characterize the immune responses they elicit. Here we present a strategy to characterize the immunophenotypes and the antigen-ome of human colorectal cancer. Results We apply our strategy to a large colorectal cancer cohort (n = 598) and show that subpopulations of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes are associated with distinct molecular phenotypes. The characterization of the antigenome shows that a large number of cancer-germline antigens are expressed in all patients. In contrast, neo-antigens are rarely shared between patients, indicating that cancer vaccination requires individualized strategy. Analysis of the genetic basis of the tumors reveals distinct tumor escape mechanisms for the patient subgroups. Hypermutated tumors are depleted of immunosuppressive cells and show upregulation of immunoinhibitory molecules. Non-hypermutated tumors are enriched with immunosuppressive cells, and the expression of immunoinhibitors and MHC molecules is downregulated. Reconstruction of the interaction network of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and immunomodulatory molecules followed by a validation with 11 independent cohorts (n = 1,945) identifies BCMA as a novel druggable target. Finally, linear regression modeling identifies major determinants of tumor immunogenicity, which include well-characterized modulators as well as a novel candidate, CCR8, which is then tested in an orthologous immunodeficient mouse model. Conclusions The immunophenotypes of the tumors and the cancer antigenome remain widely unexplored, and our findings represent a step toward the development of personalized cancer immunotherapies. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13059-015-0620-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
|
2754
|
Fernandez-Palomo C, Mothersill C, Bräuer-Krisch E, Laissue J, Seymour C, Schültke E. γ-H2AX as a marker for dose deposition in the brain of wistar rats after synchrotron microbeam radiation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119924. [PMID: 25799425 PMCID: PMC4370487 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Synchrotron radiation has shown high therapeutic potential in small animal models of malignant brain tumours. However, more studies are needed to understand the radiobiological effects caused by the delivery of high doses of spatially fractionated x-rays in tissue. The purpose of this study was to explore the use of the γ-H2AX antibody as a marker for dose deposition in the brain of rats after synchrotron microbeam radiation therapy (MRT). Methods Normal and tumour-bearing Wistar rats were exposed to 35, 70 or 350 Gy of MRT to their right cerebral hemisphere. The brains were extracted either at 4 or 8 hours after irradiation and immediately placed in formalin. Sections of paraffin-embedded tissue were incubated with anti γ-H2AX primary antibody. Results While the presence of the C6 glioma does not seem to modulate the formation of γ-H2AX in normal tissue, the irradiation dose and the recovery versus time are the most important factors affecting the development of γ-H2AX foci. Our results also suggest that doses of 350 Gy can trigger the release of bystander signals that significantly amplify the DNA damage caused by radiation and that the γ-H2AX biomarker does not only represent DNA damage produced by radiation, but also damage caused by bystander effects. Conclusion In conclusion, we suggest that the γ-H2AX foci should be used as biomarker for targeted and non-targeted DNA damage after synchrotron radiation rather than a tool to measure the actual physical doses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Fernandez-Palomo
- Stereotactic Neurosurgery and Laboratory for Molecular Neurosurgery, Freiburg University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
- Medical Physics and Applied Radiation Sciences Department, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Carmel Mothersill
- Medical Physics and Applied Radiation Sciences Department, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Jean Laissue
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Colin Seymour
- Medical Physics and Applied Radiation Sciences Department, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elisabeth Schültke
- Stereotactic Neurosurgery and Laboratory for Molecular Neurosurgery, Freiburg University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Radiotherapy/Laboratory of Radiobiology, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2755
|
Inflammation and prostate cancer: friends or foe? Inflamm Res 2015; 64:275-86. [PMID: 25788425 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-015-0812-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Revised: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Prostate cancer is the most common non-cutaneous malignancy diagnosed in men. Moving from histological observations since a long time, it has been recognized that innate and adaptive immunity actively participates in the pathogenesis, surveillance, and progression of prostate cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS A PubMed and Web of Science databases search was performed for studies providing evidence on the roles of the innate and adaptive immunity during the development and progression of prostate cancer. CONCLUSIONS There are growing evidences that chronic inflammation is involved in the regulation of cellular events in prostate carcinogenesis, including disruption of the immune response and regulation of the tumor microenvironment. This review discusses the role played by the innate and adaptive immune system in the local progression of prostate cancer, and the prognostic information that we can currently understand and exploit.
Collapse
|
2756
|
Immunotherapy for lung cancer: for whom the bell tolls? Tumour Biol 2015; 36:1411-22. [PMID: 25736929 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3285-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death and accounts for approximately 30% of all cancer deaths. Despite the recent developments in personalized therapy, the prognosis in lung cancer is still very poor. Immunotherapy is now emerging as a new hope for patients with lung cancer. It is well known that standard chemotherapeutic regimens have devastating effects for the patient's immune system. Therefore, the aim of immunotherapy is to specifically enhance the immune response against the tumour. Recently, many trials addressed the role of such therapies for metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treatment: ipilimumab, tremelimumab, nivolumab and pembrolizumab are immunotherapeutic agents of high relevance in this field. Anti-tumour vaccines, as well as dendritic cell-based therapies, have emerged as potent inducers of immune response against the tumour. Herein, we will review some of the most promising cancer immunotherapies, highlighting their advantages and try to understand, in an immunological perspective, the missteps associated with the current treatments for cancer.
Collapse
|
2757
|
Grigore AD, Ben-Jacob E, Farach-Carson MC. Prostate cancer and neuroendocrine differentiation: more neuronal, less endocrine? Front Oncol 2015; 5:37. [PMID: 25785244 PMCID: PMC4347593 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2015.00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroendocrine differentiation (NED) marks a structural and functional feature of certain cancers, including prostate cancer (PCa), whereby the malignant tissue contains a significant proportion of cells displaying neuronal, endocrine, or mixed features. NED cells produce, and can secrete, a cocktail of mediators commonly encountered in the nervous system, which may stimulate and coordinate cancer growth. In PCa, NED appears during advanced stages, subsequent to treatment, and accompanies treatment resistance and poor prognosis. However, the term “neuroendocrine” in this context is intrinsically vague. This article seeks to provide a framework on which a unified view of NED might emerge. First, we review the mutually beneficial interplay between PCa and neural structures, mainly supported by cell biology experiments and neurological conditions. Next, we address the correlations between PCa and neural functions, as described in the literature. Based upon the integration of clinical and basic observations, we suggest that it is legitimate to seek for true neural differentiation, or neuromimicry, in cancer progression, most notably in PCa cells exhibiting what is commonly described as NED.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandru Dan Grigore
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University , Houston, TX , USA ; Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University , Houston, TX , USA
| | - Eshel Ben-Jacob
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University , Houston, TX , USA ; Sackler School of Physics and Astronomy, Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv , Israel ; Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv , Israel
| | - Mary C Farach-Carson
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University , Houston, TX , USA ; Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University , Houston, TX , USA ; Department of Bioengineering, Rice University , Houston, TX , USA
| |
Collapse
|
2758
|
Arina A, Bronte V. Myeloid-derived suppressor cell impact on endogenous and adoptively transferred T cells. Curr Opin Immunol 2015; 33:120-5. [PMID: 25728992 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2015.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2014] [Revised: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Novel models of autochthonous tumorigenesis and adoptive T cell therapy (ATT) are providing new clues regarding the pro-tumorigenic and immunosuppressive effects of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC), and their interaction with T cells. New findings are shifting the perception of the main level at which MDSC act, from direct cell-to-cell suppression to others, such as limiting T cell infiltration. Adoptively transferred, high-avidity T cells recognizing peptides with high-affinity for MHC-I eliminated large tumors. However, low-avidity T cells or low-affinity peptides resulted in failure to eradicate tumors. Manipulation of intratumoral myeloid cells improved the outcome of otherwise unsuccessful ATT. Therefore, therapeutic intervention directed at the tumor stroma might be required when using suboptimal T cells for ATT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ainhoa Arina
- Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology, The Ludwig Center for Metastasis Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Vincenzo Bronte
- Verona University Hospital, Department of Pathology and Diagnostics, 37134 Verona, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
2759
|
The interplay of effector and regulatory T cells in cancer. Curr Opin Immunol 2015; 33:101-11. [PMID: 25728990 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2015.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Revised: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory T (Treg) cells suppress effector T (Teff) cells and prevent immune-mediated rejection of cancer. Much less appreciated are mechanisms by which Teff cells antagonize Treg cells. Herein, we consider how complex reciprocal interactions between Teff and Treg cells shape their population dynamics within tumors. Under states of tolerance, including during tumor escape, suppressed Teff cells support Treg cell populations through antigen-dependent provision of interleukin (IL)-2. During immune activation, Teff cells can lose this supportive capacity and directly antagonize Treg cell populations to neutralize their immunosuppressive function. While this latter state is rarely achieved spontaneously within tumors, we propose that therapeutic induction of immune activation has the potential to stably disrupt immunosuppressive population states resulting in durable cancer regression.
Collapse
|
2760
|
Exosomes and their roles in immune regulation and cancer. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2015; 40:72-81. [PMID: 25724562 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2015.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 441] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Revised: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes, a subset of extracellular vesicles (EVs), function as a mode of intercellular communication and molecular transfer. Exosomes facilitate the direct extracellular transfer of proteins, lipids, and miRNA/mRNA/DNAs between cells in vitro and in vivo. The immunological activities of exosomes affect immunoregulation mechanisms including modulating antigen presentation, immune activation, immune suppression, immune surveillance, and intercellular communication. Besides immune cells, cancer cells secrete immunologically active exosomes that influence both physiological and pathological processes. The observation that exosomes isolated from immune cells such as dendritic cells (DCs) modulate the immune response has enforced the way these membranous vesicles are being considered as potential immunotherapeutic reagents. Indeed, tumour- and immune cell-derived exosomes have been shown to carry tumour antigens and promote immunity, leading to eradication of established tumours by CD8(+) T cells and CD4(+) T cells, as well as directly suppressing tumour growth and resistance to malignant tumour development. Further understanding of these areas of exosome biology, and especially of molecular mechanisms involved in immune cell targeting, interaction and manipulation, is likely to provide significant insights into immunorecognition and therapeutic intervention. Here, we review the emerging roles of exosomes in immune regulation and the therapeutic potential in cancer.
Collapse
|
2761
|
Benito-Martin A, Di Giannatale A, Ceder S, Peinado H. The new deal: a potential role for secreted vesicles in innate immunity and tumor progression. Front Immunol 2015; 6:66. [PMID: 25759690 PMCID: PMC4338782 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumors must evade the immune system to survive and metastasize, although the mechanisms that lead to tumor immunoediting and their evasion of immune surveillance are far from clear. The first line of defense against metastatic invasion is the innate immune system that provides immediate defense through humoral immunity and cell-mediated components, mast cells, neutrophils, macrophages, and other myeloid-derived cells that protect the organism against foreign invaders. Therefore, tumors must employ different strategies to evade such immune responses or to modulate their environment, and they must do so prior metastasizing. Exosomes and other secreted vesicles can be used for cell–cell communication during tumor progression by promoting the horizontal transfer of information. In this review, we will analyze the role of such extracellular vesicles during tumor progression, summarizing the role of secreted vesicles in the crosstalk between the tumor and the innate immune system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Benito-Martin
- Children's Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medical College , New York, NY , USA
| | - Angela Di Giannatale
- Children's Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medical College , New York, NY , USA
| | - Sophia Ceder
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Héctor Peinado
- Children's Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medical College , New York, NY , USA ; Microenvironment and Metastasis Laboratory, Department of Molecular Oncology, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO) , Madrid , Spain
| |
Collapse
|
2762
|
Chang J, Jiang L, Wang Y, Yao B, Yang S, Zhang B, Zhang MZ. 12/15 Lipoxygenase regulation of colorectal tumorigenesis is determined by the relative tumor levels of its metabolite 12-HETE and 13-HODE in animal models. Oncotarget 2015; 6:2879-88. [PMID: 25576922 PMCID: PMC4413624 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) continues to be a major cause of morbidity and mortality. The arachidonic acid (AA) pathway and linoleic acid (LA) pathway have been implicated as important contributors to CRC development and growth. Human 15-lipoxygenase 1 (15-LOX-1) converts LA to anti-tumor 13-S-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid (13-HODE)and 15-LOX-2 converts AA to 15-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (15-HETE). In addition, human 12-LOX metabolizes AA to pro-tumor 12-HETE. In rodents, the function of 12-LOX and 15-LOX-1 and 15-LOX-2 is carried out by a single enzyme, 12/15-LOX. As a result, conflicting conclusions concerning the role of 12-LOX and 15-LOX have been obtained in animal studies. In the present studies, we determined that PD146176, a selective 15-LOX-1 inhibitor, markedly suppressed 13-HODE generation in human colon cancer HCA-7 cells and HCA-7 tumors, in association with increased tumor growth. In contrast, PD146176 treatment led to decreases in 12-HETE generation in mouse colon cancer MC38 cells and MC38 tumors, in association with tumor inhibition. Surprisingly, deletion of host 12/15-LOX alone led to increased MC38 tumor growth, in association with decreased tumor 13-HODE levels, possibly due to inhibition of 12/15-LOX activity in stroma. Therefore, the effect of 12/15-LOX on colorectal tumorigenesis in mouse models could be affected by tumor cell type (human or mouse), relative 12/15 LOX activity in tumor cells and stroma as well as the relative tumor 13-HODE and 12-HETE levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Chang
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Li Jiang
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Biliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yinqiu Wang
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Bing Yao
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Shilin Yang
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Bixiang Zhang
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ming-Zhi Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
- Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
- Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
2763
|
Di Maggio FM, Minafra L, Forte GI, Cammarata FP, Lio D, Messa C, Gilardi MC, Bravatà V. Portrait of inflammatory response to ionizing radiation treatment. J Inflamm (Lond) 2015; 12:14. [PMID: 25705130 PMCID: PMC4336767 DOI: 10.1186/s12950-015-0058-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Ionizing radiation (IR) activates both pro-and anti-proliferative signal pathways producing an imbalance in cell fate decision. IR is able to regulate several genes and factors involved in cell-cycle progression, survival and/or cell death, DNA repair and inflammation modulating an intracellular radiation-dependent response. Radiation therapy can modulate anti-tumour immune responses, modifying tumour and its microenvironment. In this review, we report how IR could stimulate inflammatory factors to affect cell fate via multiple pathways, describing their roles on gene expression regulation, fibrosis and invasive processes. Understanding the complex relationship between IR, inflammation and immune responses in cancer, opens up new avenues for radiation research and therapy in order to optimize and personalize radiation therapy treatment for each patient.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Federica Maria Di Maggio
- />Department of Pathobiology and Medical and Forensic Biotechnologies, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
- />IBFM CNR – LATO, Contrada Pietrapollastra Pisciotto, Cefalù, PA Italy
| | - Luigi Minafra
- />IBFM CNR – LATO, Contrada Pietrapollastra Pisciotto, Cefalù, PA Italy
| | - Giusi Irma Forte
- />IBFM CNR – LATO, Contrada Pietrapollastra Pisciotto, Cefalù, PA Italy
| | | | - Domenico Lio
- />Department of Pathobiology and Medical and Forensic Biotechnologies, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Cristina Messa
- />IBFM CNR – LATO, Contrada Pietrapollastra Pisciotto, Cefalù, PA Italy
- />Department of Health Sciences, Tecnomed Foundation, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
- />Nuclear Medicine Center, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy
| | - Maria Carla Gilardi
- />IBFM CNR – LATO, Contrada Pietrapollastra Pisciotto, Cefalù, PA Italy
- />Department of Health Sciences, Tecnomed Foundation, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
- />Nuclear Medicine, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Bravatà
- />IBFM CNR – LATO, Contrada Pietrapollastra Pisciotto, Cefalù, PA Italy
| |
Collapse
|
2764
|
Kroesen M, Brok IC, Reijnen D, van Hout-Kuijer MA, Zeelenberg IS, Den Brok MH, Hoogerbrugge PM, Adema GJ. Intra-adrenal murine TH-MYCN neuroblastoma tumors grow more aggressive and exhibit a distinct tumor microenvironment relative to their subcutaneous equivalents. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2015; 64:563-72. [PMID: 25687736 PMCID: PMC4412512 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-015-1663-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In around half of the patients with neuroblastoma (NBL), the primary tumor is located in one of the adrenal glands. We have previously reported on a transplantable TH-MYCN model of subcutaneous (SC) growing NBL in C57Bl/6 mice for immunological studies. In this report, we describe an orthotopic TH-MYCN transplantable model where the tumor cells were injected intra-adrenally (IA) by microsurgery. Strikingly, 9464D cells grew out much faster in IA tumors compared to the subcutis. Tumors were infiltrated by equal numbers of lymphocytes and myeloid cells. Within the myeloid cell population, however, tumor-infiltrating macrophages were more abundant in IA tumors compared to SC tumors and expressed lower levels of MHC class II, indicative of a more immunosuppressive phenotype. Using 9464D cells stably expressing firefly luciferase, enhanced IA tumor growth could be confirmed using bioluminescence. Collectively, these data show that the orthotopic IA localization of TH-MYCN cells impacts the NBL tumor microenvironment, resulting in a more stringent NBL model to study novel immunotherapeutic approaches for NBL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michiel Kroesen
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences/278 TIL, Radboud University Medical Center, Post Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ingrid C. Brok
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences/278 TIL, Radboud University Medical Center, Post Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Daphne Reijnen
- Central Animal Laboratory, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Maaike A. van Hout-Kuijer
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences/278 TIL, Radboud University Medical Center, Post Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ingrid S. Zeelenberg
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences/278 TIL, Radboud University Medical Center, Post Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Present Address: Institute of Applied Sciences, HAN University of Applied Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn H. Den Brok
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences/278 TIL, Radboud University Medical Center, Post Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter M. Hoogerbrugge
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Princes Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, De Bilt, The Netherlands
| | - Gosse J. Adema
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences/278 TIL, Radboud University Medical Center, Post Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
2765
|
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy has become a popular anticancer approach, with the goal of stimulating immune responses against tumor cells. Recent evidence has demonstrated that the use of monoclonal antibodies targeting the programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1)/programmed death-1 (PD-1) checkpoint pathway can result in well-tolerated clinical responses in a wide variety of tumor types. This review summarizes the safety, clinical activity and biomarker data for the anti-PD-L1 antibody, MPDL3280A, from a phase Ia multicenter, dose-escalation and -expansion trial. The data to date suggest that MPDL3280A is most effective in patients with pre-existing immunity suppressed by PD-L1 and reinvigorated upon antibody treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edward Cha
- Product Development Oncology, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA.
| | - Jeffrey Wallin
- Oncology Biomarker Development, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA
| | - Marcin Kowanetz
- Oncology Biomarker Development, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA
| |
Collapse
|
2766
|
Abstract
Ageing is the main risk factor for major non-communicable chronic lung diseases, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, most forms of lung cancer and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. While the prevalence of these diseases continually increases with age, their respective incidence peaks at different times during the lifespan, suggesting specific effects of ageing on the onset and/or pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lung cancer and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Recently, the nine hallmarks of ageing have been defined as cell-autonomous and non-autonomous pathways involved in ageing. Here, we review the available evidence for the involvement of each of these hallmarks in the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lung cancer, or idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Importantly, we propose an additional hallmark, “dysregulation of the extracellular matrix”, which we argue acts as a crucial modifier of cell-autonomous changes and functions, and as a key feature of the above-mentioned lung diseases.
Collapse
|
2767
|
Workenhe ST, Verschoor ML, Mossman KL. The role of oncolytic virus immunotherapies to subvert cancer immune evasion. Future Oncol 2015; 11:675-89. [DOI: 10.2217/fon.14.254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Despite huge economic and intellectual investments, developing effective cancer treatments continues to be an overarching challenge. Engineered oncolytic viruses (OVs) present self-amplifying immunotherapy platforms capable of preferential cytotoxicity to cancer cells and simultaneous activation of host anti-tumor immunity. In preclinical studies, OVs are showing potent therapeutic effects when used in combination with other immune therapy strategies. In the clinic, the immunotherapeutic effects of OVs are showing promising results. Here we review current strategies for engineering OVs, and present a perspective of future directions within a discussion of the current outcomes of combinatorial approaches with other cancer immunotherapy platforms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel T Workenhe
- Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Meghan L Verschoor
- Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Karen L Mossman
- Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
2768
|
Salgado R, Denkert C, Demaria S, Sirtaine N, Klauschen F, Pruneri G, Wienert S, Van den Eynden G, Baehner FL, Penault-Llorca F, Perez EA, Thompson EA, Symmans WF, Richardson AL, Brock J, Criscitiello C, Bailey H, Ignatiadis M, Floris G, Sparano J, Kos Z, Nielsen T, Rimm DL, Allison KH, Reis-Filho JS, Loibl S, Sotiriou C, Viale G, Badve S, Adams S, Willard-Gallo K, Loi S. The evaluation of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in breast cancer: recommendations by an International TILs Working Group 2014. Ann Oncol 2015; 26:259-271. [PMID: 25214542 PMCID: PMC6267863 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdu450 10.1097/pai.0000000000000594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The morphological evaluation of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in breast cancer (BC) is gaining momentum as evidence strengthens for the clinical relevance of this immunological biomarker. Accumulating evidence suggests that the extent of lymphocytic infiltration in tumor tissue can be assessed as a major parameter by evaluation of hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)-stained tumor sections. TILs have been shown to provide prognostic and potentially predictive value, particularly in triple-negative and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-overexpressing BC. DESIGN A standardized methodology for evaluating TILs is now needed as a prerequisite for integrating this parameter in standard histopathological practice, in a research setting as well as in clinical trials. This article reviews current data on the clinical validity and utility of TILs in BC in an effort to foster better knowledge and insight in this rapidly evolving field, and to develop a standardized methodology for visual assessment on H&E sections, acknowledging the future potential of molecular/multiplexed approaches. CONCLUSIONS The methodology provided is sufficiently detailed to offer a uniformly applied, pragmatic starting point and improve consistency and reproducibility in the measurement of TILs for future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Salgado
- Breast Cancer Translational Research Laboratory/Breast International Group, Institut Jules Bordet, Brussels Department of Pathology and TCRU, GZA, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - C Denkert
- Institute of Pathology, Charité -University Hospital, Berlin, Germany
| | - S Demaria
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Medical School, New York, USA
| | - N Sirtaine
- Department of Pathology, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - F Klauschen
- Institute of Pathology, Charité -University Hospital, Berlin, Germany
| | - G Pruneri
- European Institute of Oncology (IEO) and University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - S Wienert
- Institute of Pathology, Charité -University Hospital, Berlin, Germany
| | - G Van den Eynden
- Department of Pathology GZA, TCRU Hospitals and CORE Antwerp University, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - F L Baehner
- Genomic Health, Inc., Redwood City, USA University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, USA
| | - F Penault-Llorca
- Clermont-Ferrand Biopathology, University of Auvergne, Jean Perrin Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - E A Perez
- Division of Haematology/Medical Oncology and
| | - E A Thompson
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville
| | - W F Symmans
- Department of Pathology, The UT M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Boston
| | - A L Richardson
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston Department of Cancer Biology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston
| | - J Brock
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston Department of Cancer Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | | | - H Bailey
- Genomic Health, Inc., Redwood City, USA
| | - M Ignatiadis
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels
| | - G Floris
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - J Sparano
- Department of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Women's Health, Albert Einstein Medical Center, Bronx, USA
| | - Z Kos
- Laboratory Medicine Program, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto
| | - T Nielsen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Genetic Pathology Evaluation Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - D L Rimm
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven
| | - K H Allison
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University Medical Centre, Stanford
| | - J S Reis-Filho
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA
| | - S Loibl
- German Breast Group, Neu-Isenburg, Germany
| | - C Sotiriou
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels
| | - G Viale
- Department of Pathology, Istituto Europeo di Oncologia, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - S Badve
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, USA
| | - S Adams
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Medical School, New York, USA
| | - K Willard-Gallo
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - S Loi
- Division of Research and Cancer Medicine, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
2769
|
Perez C, Jukica A, Listopad JJ, Anders K, Kühl AA, Loddenkemper C, Blankenstein T, Charo J. Permissive expansion and homing of adoptively transferred T cells in tumor-bearing hosts. Int J Cancer 2015; 137:359-71. [PMID: 25530110 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Activated T cells expressing endogenous or transduced TCRs are two cell types currently used in clinical adoptive T-cell therapy. The ability of these cells to recognize their antigen, expand and traffic to the tumor site are the initial steps necessary for successful therapy. In this study, we used in vivo bioluminescent imaging (BLI) of Renilla luciferase (RLuc) expressing T cells to evaluate the ability of adoptively transferred T cells to survive, expand and home to tumor site in vivo. Using this method, termed RT-Rack (Rluc T cell tracking), we followed T-cell response against tumors in vivo. Expansion and homing of adoptively transferred T cells were antigen dependent, but independent of the host immune status. Moreover, we successfully detected T-cell response to small and large tumors, including autochthonous liver tumors. The adoptively transferred T cells were not ignorant or excluded in a partially tolerant host, which expressed low level of the target in the periphery. Using T cell receptor (TCR)-engineered T cells, we showed the ability of these cells to respond in tumor-bearing hosts by expanding and homing to the tumor site. In all these models, the host immune status, the nature of the tumor or of the antigen, the tumor size and the presence of the targeted antigen in the periphery did not prevent the adoptively transferred T cells from responding by expanding and homing to the tumor. However, T cells had higher expression of the inhibitory receptor PD1 and reduced functional activity when a self-antigen was targeted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Perez
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, 13125, Germany
| | - A Jukica
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, 13125, Germany
| | - J J Listopad
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, 13125, Germany
| | - K Anders
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, 13125, Germany
| | - A A Kühl
- Department of Medicine I for Gastroenterology, Infectious Disease and Rheumatology, Berlin, 12200, Germany
| | - C Loddenkemper
- Institute of Pathology, Charité Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, 12200, Germany
| | - T Blankenstein
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, 13125, Germany.,Institute of Immunology, Charité Campus Buch, Berlin, 13125, Germany
| | - J Charo
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, 13125, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2770
|
Shao K, Singha S, Clemente-Casares X, Tsai S, Yang Y, Santamaria P. Nanoparticle-based immunotherapy for cancer. ACS NANO 2015; 9:16-30. [PMID: 25469470 DOI: 10.1021/nn5062029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 313] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The design of nanovaccines capable of triggering effective antitumor immunity requires an understanding of how the immune system senses and responds to threats, including pathogens and tumors. Equally important is an understanding of the mechanisms employed by tumor cells to evade immunity and an appreciation of the deleterious effects that antitumor immune responses can have on tumor growth, such as by skewing tumor cell composition toward immunologically silent tumor cell variants. The immune system and tumors engage in a tug-of-war driven by competition where promoting antitumor immunity or tumor cell death alone may be therapeutically insufficient. Nanotechnology affords a unique opportunity to develop therapeutic compounds than can simultaneously tackle both aspects, favoring tumor eradication. Here, we review the current status of nanoparticle-based immunotherapeutic strategies for the treatment of cancer, ranging from antigen/adjuvant delivery vehicles (to professional antigen-presenting cell types of the immune system) to direct tumor antigen-specific T-lymphocyte-targeting compounds and their combinations thereof.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kun Shao
- Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre (JMDRC) and Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cummings School of Medicine, University of Calgary , Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1 Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
2771
|
Abstract
The observation that a subset of cancer patients show evidence for spontaneous CD8+ T cell priming against tumor-associated antigens has generated renewed interest in the innate immune pathways that might serve as a bridge to an adaptive immune response to tumors. Manipulation of this endogenous T cell response with therapeutic intent-for example, using blocking antibodies inhibiting PD-1/PD-L1 (programmed death-1/programmed death ligand 1) interactions-is showing impressive clinical results. As such, understanding the innate immune mechanisms that enable this T cell response has important clinical relevance. Defined innate immune interactions in the cancer context include recognition by innate cell populations (NK cells, NKT cells, and γδ T cells) and also by dendritic cells and macrophages in response to damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Recent evidence has indicated that the major DAMP driving host antitumor immune responses is tumor-derived DNA, sensed by the stimulator of interferon gene (STING) pathway and driving type I IFN production. A deeper knowledge of the clinically relevant innate immune pathways involved in the recognition of tumors is leading toward new therapeutic strategies for cancer treatment.
Collapse
|
2772
|
Modification of Antitumor Immunity and Tumor Microenvironment by Resveratrol in Mouse Renal Tumor Model. Cell Biochem Biophys 2015; 72:617-25. [DOI: 10.1007/s12013-015-0513-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
2773
|
Swoboda RK, Somasundaram R, Caputo-Gross L, Marincola FM, Robbins P, Herlyn M, Herlyn D. Antimelanoma CTL recognizes peptides derived from an ORF transcribed from the antisense strand of the 3' untranslated region of TRIT1. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2015; 1:14009. [PMID: 27119099 PMCID: PMC4782943 DOI: 10.1038/mto.2014.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Noncoding regions of the genome play an important role in tumorigenesis of cancer. Using expression cloning, we have identified a cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL)-defined antigen that recognizes a protein sequence derived from an open reading frame transcribed from the reverse strand in the 3' untranslated region of tRNA isopentenyltransferase 1 (TRIT1). A peptide derived from this open reading frame (ORF) sequence and predicted to bind to HLA-B57, sensitized HLA-B57(+) tumor cells to lysis by CTL793. The peptide also induced a CTL response in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of patient 793 and in two other melanoma patients. The CTL lysed peptide-pulsed HLA-B57(+) target cells and melanoma cells with endogenous antigen expression. The recognition of this antigen is not limited to HLA-B57-restricted CTLs. An HLA-A2 peptide derived from the ORF was able to induce CTLs in PBMC of 2 HLA-A2(+) patients. This study describes for the first time a CTL-defined melanoma antigen that is derived from an ORF on the reverse strand of the putative tumor suppressor gene TRIT1. This antigen has potential use as a vaccine or its ability to induce CTLs in vitro could be used as a predictive biomarker.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Francesco M Marincola
- Department of Transfusion Medicine Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Paul Robbins
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
2774
|
Desbois M, Champiat S, Chaput N. [Breaking immune tolerance in cancer]. Bull Cancer 2015; 102:34-52. [PMID: 25609492 DOI: 10.1016/j.bulcan.2014.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The discovery and understanding of complex cellular interactions that govern the immune system contributed to the pharmacological targeting of anti-tumor immunity. The activity of immune effector cells, such as NK and T-cells, is regulated by a wide range of activating and inhibiting receptors or ligands. Drugs that target these receptors or ligands can modulate the immune response by exerting antagonistic or agonistic effects. Over the past decade, several immunomodulators have demonstrated clinical effectiveness, and three of them have already been approved for use in oncology. The development of these immunotherapy approaches presented unique challenges for safety and efficacy, requiring revising clinical response criteria and the establishment of guidelines to help oncologists to manage properly inflammatory toxicities. The introduction of these immunotherapies is a revolution in oncology. However, additional efforts in terms of optimizing treatment administration and identification of biomarkers are needed. Identifying the immunodynamics of various immunomodulators should allow a better understanding of anti-tumor and inflammatory mechanisms, and certainly give the opportunity to develop effective therapeutic combinations without potentiating adverse events.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Desbois
- Gustave-Roussy cancer campus, 39, rue Camille-Desmoulins, 94805 Villejuif, France; Gustave-Roussy cancer campus, centre d'investigation clinique biothérapie 1428, Inserm, 39, rue Camille-Desmoulins, 94805 Villejuif, France; Université Paris-Sud, faculté de médecine, 63, rue Gabriel-Péri, 94270 Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Gustave-Roussy cancer campus, laboratoire d'immunomonitoring en oncologie, UMS 3655 CNRS et US 23 Inserm, 39, rue Camille-Desmoulins, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Stéphane Champiat
- Gustave-Roussy cancer campus, 39, rue Camille-Desmoulins, 94805 Villejuif, France; Gustave-Roussy cancer campus, département des innovations thérapeutiques et d'essais précoces (DITEP), 39, rue Camille-Desmoulins, 94805 Villejuif, France; Institut de cancérologie de l'Ouest, boulevard Jacques-Monod, 44800 Saint-Herblain, France
| | - Nathalie Chaput
- Gustave-Roussy cancer campus, 39, rue Camille-Desmoulins, 94805 Villejuif, France; Gustave-Roussy cancer campus, centre d'investigation clinique biothérapie 1428, Inserm, 39, rue Camille-Desmoulins, 94805 Villejuif, France; Gustave-Roussy cancer campus, laboratoire d'immunomonitoring en oncologie, UMS 3655 CNRS et US 23 Inserm, 39, rue Camille-Desmoulins, 94805 Villejuif, France.
| |
Collapse
|
2775
|
Abstract
Although type I IFNs were initially described based on their anti-viral properties, it was quickly realized that these cytokines had anti-proliferative and anti-cancer activities. These observations ultimately led to the clinical development and utility of IFN-α2b for the treatment of patients with melanoma, renal cell carcinoma, and chronic myelogenous leukemia, among others. However, the mechanism of action of type I IFNs in vivo was never fully elucidated, and the pleiotropic effects of IFNs on multiple cell types had made it challenging to decipher. Advancement of genetically engineered mouse models has provided new tools for interrogating these mechanisms. Recent evidence has indicated that spontaneous innate immune sensing of cancers that leads to adaptive immune responses is dependent on host type I IFN production and signaling. The major innate immune receptor pathway that leads to type I IFN production in response to a growing tumor appears to be the STING pathway of cytosolic DNA sensing. STING agonists drive type I IFN production and are impressively therapeutic in mouse tumor models. Targeting low doses of type I IFNs to the tumor microenvironment also promotes anti-tumor activity via host adaptive immunity that is T cell-dependent. However, high doses of intratumoral type I IFNs largely function via an anti-angiogenic effect. Understanding these mechanistic details should enable improved clinical manipulation of the type I IFN system in cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas F Gajewski
- Department of Pathology and Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology/Oncology, The University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Ave., MC2115, Chicago, IL 60637, United States.
| | - Leticia Corrales
- Department of Pathology and Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology/Oncology, The University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Ave., MC2115, Chicago, IL 60637, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2776
|
Baert T, Timmerman D, Vergote I, Coosemans A. Immunological parameters as a new lead in the diagnosis of ovarian cancer. Facts Views Vis Obgyn 2015; 7:67-72. [PMID: 25897373 PMCID: PMC4402445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is the leading cause of pelvic gynecological cancer death in Europe. Prognosis is poor in women diagnosed at stage III to IV or in case disease recurs. Platin-based chemotherapy and radical surgery have already improved prognosis significantly. Novel strategies in the treatment of ovarian cancer are being searched for. The study of the immune system as a valuable parameter in the development of ovarian cancer has been neglected for a long time. Nevertheless, this is a field in full progression and might open new perspectives in the diagnosis and prognosis of ovarian cancer patients and could lead to a more motivated choice of targeted therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Baert
- UZ Leuven, Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium. ; Department of Oncology, Leuven Cancer Institute, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - D Timmerman
- UZ Leuven, Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium. ; Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - I Vergote
- UZ Leuven, Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium. ; Department of Oncology, Leuven Cancer Institute, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - A Coosemans
- UZ Leuven, Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium. ; Department of Oncology, Leuven Cancer Institute, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
2777
|
Abstract
Metastatic disease is responsible for 90% of death from solid tumors. However, only a minority of metastasis-specific targets has been exploited therapeutically, and effective prevention and suppression of metastatic disease is still an elusive goal. In this review, we will first summarize the current state of knowledge about the molecular features of the disease, with particular focus on steps and targets potentially amenable to therapeutic intervention. We will then discuss the reasons underlying the paucity of metastatic drugs in the current oncological arsenal and potential ways to overcome this therapeutic gap. We reason that the discovery of novel promising targets, an increased understanding of the molecular features of the disease, the effect of disruptive technologies, and a shift in the current preclinical and clinical settings have the potential to create more successful drug development endeavors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yari Fontebasso
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Steven M Dubinett
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
| |
Collapse
|
2778
|
Resistance of Cancer Stem Cells to Cell-Mediated Immune Responses. RESISTANCE TO TARGETED ANTI-CANCER THERAPEUTICS 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-17807-3_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
2779
|
Liu Y, Cao X. The origin and function of tumor-associated macrophages. Cell Mol Immunol 2015; 12:1-4. [PMID: 25220733 PMCID: PMC4654376 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2014.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
|
2780
|
Improvement of IFNg ELISPOT Performance Following Overnight Resting of Frozen PBMC Samples Confirmed Through Rigorous Statistical Analysis. Cells 2014; 4:1-18. [PMID: 25546016 PMCID: PMC4381205 DOI: 10.3390/cells4010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune monitoring of functional responses is a fundamental parameter to establish correlates of protection in clinical trials evaluating vaccines and therapies to boost antigen-specific responses. The IFNg ELISPOT assay is a well-standardized and validated method for the determination of functional IFNg-producing T-cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC); however, its performance greatly depends on the quality and integrity of the cryopreserved PBMC. Here, we investigate the effect of overnight (ON) resting of the PBMC on the detection of CD8-restricted peptide-specific responses by IFNg ELISPOT. The study used PBMC from healthy donors to evaluate the CD8 T-cell response to five pooled or individual HLA-A2 viral peptides. The results were analyzed using a modification of the existing distribution free resampling (DFR) recommended for the analysis of ELISPOT data to ensure the most rigorous possible standard of significance. The results of the study demonstrate that ON resting of PBMC samples prior to IFNg ELISPOT increases both the magnitude and the statistical significance of the responses. In addition, a comparison of the results with a 13-day preculture of PBMC with the peptides before testing demonstrates that ON resting is sufficient for the efficient evaluation of immune functioning.
Collapse
|
2781
|
Zhang S, Guo Y, Zhang C, Gao W, Wen S, Huangfu H, Wang B. Primary laryngeal cancer-derived miR-193b induces interleukin-10-expression monocytes. Cancer Invest 2014; 33:29-33. [PMID: 25517434 DOI: 10.3109/07357907.2014.988344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of laryngeal cancer (LC) is unclear. Published data indicate that micro RNAs (miRNA) play an important role in the pathogenesis of cancer. This study aims to elucidate the role of miR-193b in the tumor tolerance of LC. High levels of miR-193b were detected in LC cells as well as in the culture supernatant. Interleukin (IL)-10-expressing Mos were detected in the LC tissue-derived single cells. Treating naïve Mos with a miR-193b induced expression of IL-10 in the Mos. Culturing the IL-10(+) Mos with effector CD8(+) T cells resulted in the suppression of CD8(+) T-cell activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sen Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, the First Hospital, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China,1
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
2782
|
Sucker A, Zhao F, Real B, Heeke C, Bielefeld N, Maβen S, Horn S, Moll I, Maltaner R, Horn PA, Schilling B, Sabbatino F, Lennerz V, Kloor M, Ferrone S, Schadendorf D, Falk CS, Griewank K, Paschen A. Genetic evolution of T-cell resistance in the course of melanoma progression. Clin Cancer Res 2014; 20:6593-604. [PMID: 25294904 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-0567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE CD8(+) T lymphocytes can kill autologous melanoma cells, but their activity is impaired when poorly immunogenic tumor phenotypes evolve in the course of disease progression. Here, we analyzed three consecutive melanoma lesions obtained within one year of developing stage IV disease for their recognition by autologous T cells. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN One skin (Ma-Mel-48a) and two lymph node (Ma-Mel-48b, Ma-Mel-48c) metastases were analyzed for T-cell infiltration. Melanoma cell lines established from the respective lesions were characterized, determining the T-cell-stimulatory capacity, expression of surface molecules involved in T-cell activation, and specific genetic alterations affecting the tumor-T-cell interaction. RESULTS Metastases Ma-Mel-48a and Ma-Mel-48b, in contrast with Ma-Mel-48c, were infiltrated by T cells. The T-cell-stimulatory capacity was found to be strong for Ma-Mel-48a, lower for Ma-Mel-48b, and completely abrogated for Ma-Mel-48c cells. The latter proved to be HLA class I-negative due to an inactivating mutation in one allele of the beta-2-microglobulin (B2M) gene and concomitant loss of the other allele by a deletion on chromosome 15q. The same deletion was already present in Ma-Mel-48a and Ma-Mel-48b cells, pointing to an early acquired genetic event predisposing to development of β2m deficiency. Notably, the same chronology of genetic alterations was also observed in a second β2m-deficient melanoma model. CONCLUSION Our study reveals a progressive loss in melanoma immunogenicity during the course of metastatic disease. The genetic evolvement of T-cell resistance suggests screening tumors for genetic alterations affecting immunogenicity could be clinically relevant in terms of predicting patient responses to T-cell-based immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antje Sucker
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany. German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Germany
| | - Fang Zhao
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany. German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Germany
| | - Birgit Real
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany. German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Germany
| | - Christina Heeke
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany. German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Germany
| | - Nicola Bielefeld
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany. German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Germany
| | - Stefan Maβen
- Institute of Transplant Immunology, IFB-Tx, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Susanne Horn
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany. German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Germany
| | - Iris Moll
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany. German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Germany
| | - Raffaela Maltaner
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany. German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Germany
| | - Peter A Horn
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Germany. Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Bastian Schilling
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany. German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Germany
| | - Francesco Sabbatino
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Volker Lennerz
- Medical Oncology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Matthias Kloor
- Department of Applied Tumor Biology, Institute of Pathology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Soldano Ferrone
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Dirk Schadendorf
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany. German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Germany
| | - Christine S Falk
- Institute of Transplant Immunology, IFB-Tx, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Klaus Griewank
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany. German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Germany
| | - Annette Paschen
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany. German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
2783
|
Michaud HA, Eliaou JF, Lafont V, Bonnefoy N, Gros L. Tumor antigen-targeting monoclonal antibody-based immunotherapy: Orchestrating combined strategies for the development of long-term antitumor immunity. Oncoimmunology 2014; 3:e955684. [PMID: 25941618 DOI: 10.4161/21624011.2014.955684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor antigen (TA)-targeting monoclonal antibody (mAb)-based treatments are considered to be one of the most successful strategies in cancer therapy. Besides targeting TAs and inducing tumor cell death, such antibodies interact with immune cells through Fc-dependent mechanisms to induce adaptive memory immune responses. However, multiple inhibitory/immunosuppressive pathways can be induced by tumor cells to limit the establishment of an efficient antitumor response and consequently a sustained clinical response to TA-targeting mAbs. Here, we provide an overview on how TA-targeting mAbs in combination with conventional cancer therapies and/or inhibitors of key immunosuppressive pathways might represent promising approaches to achieve long-term tumor control.
Collapse
Key Words
- ADCC, antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity
- ADCP, antibody-dependent cell phagocytosis
- B-NHL, B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
- CDC, complement-dependent cytotoxicity
- CTLA4, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4
- DC, dendritic cell
- FDA, food and drug administration
- FcRn, neonatal Fc receptor
- HMGB1, high-mobility group box 1
- ICD, immunologic cell death
- IDO, indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase
- IFNγ, interferon γ
- MDSC, myeloid-derived suppressor cell
- NK, natural killer
- PD-1, programmed cell death 1
- TA, tumor antigen
- TA-targeting mAbs
- Treg, regulatory T cell
- combined therapies
- immunomodulation
- immunosuppressive pathways
- mAb, monoclonal antibody
- vaccine-like effects
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Henri-Alexandre Michaud
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier; Inserm U896 ; Institut Régional de Lutte contre le Cancer (ICM); Université Montpellier 1 ; Montpellier Cedex, France
| | - Jean-François Eliaou
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier; Inserm U896 ; Institut Régional de Lutte contre le Cancer (ICM); Université Montpellier 1 ; Montpellier Cedex, France ; Département d'Immunologie; CHRU Montpellier and Faculté de Médecine; Université Montpellier I ; Montpellier Cedex, France
| | - Virginie Lafont
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier; Inserm U896 ; Institut Régional de Lutte contre le Cancer (ICM); Université Montpellier 1 ; Montpellier Cedex, France
| | - Nathalie Bonnefoy
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier; Inserm U896 ; Institut Régional de Lutte contre le Cancer (ICM); Université Montpellier 1 ; Montpellier Cedex, France ; co-senior authors
| | - Laurent Gros
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier; Inserm U896 ; Institut Régional de Lutte contre le Cancer (ICM); Université Montpellier 1 ; Montpellier Cedex, France ; co-senior authors
| |
Collapse
|
2784
|
Abstract
Immunotherapy has demonstrated impressive outcomes for some patients with cancer. However, selecting patients who are most likely to respond to immunotherapy remains a clinical challenge. Here, we discuss immune escape mechanisms exploited by cancer and present strategies for applying this knowledge to improving the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory L Beatty
- Abramson Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
| | - Whitney L Gladney
- Abramson Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| |
Collapse
|
2785
|
Myeloid-derived suppressor activity is mediated by monocytic lineages maintained by continuous inhibition of extrinsic and intrinsic death pathways. Immunity 2014; 41:947-59. [PMID: 25500368 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2014.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Nonresolving inflammation expands a heterogeneous population of myeloid suppressor cells capable of inhibiting T cell function. This heterogeneity has confounded the functional dissection of individual myeloid subpopulations and presents an obstacle for antitumor immunity and immunotherapy. Using genetic manipulation of cell death pathways, we found the monocytic suppressor-cell subset, but not the granulocytic subset, requires continuous c-FLIP expression to prevent caspase-8-dependent, RIPK3-independent cell death. Development of the granulocyte subset requires MCL-1-mediated control of the intrinsic mitochondrial death pathway. Monocytic suppressors tolerate the absence of MCL-1 provided cytokines increase expression of the MCL-1-related protein A1. Monocytic suppressors mediate T cell suppression, whereas their granulocytic counterparts lack suppressive function. The loss of the granulocytic subset via conditional MCL-1 deletion did not alter tumor incidence implicating the monocytic compartment as the functionally immunosuppressive subset in vivo. Thus, death pathway modulation defines the development, survival, and function of myeloid suppressor cells.
Collapse
|
2786
|
Garaud S, Gu-Trantien C, Lodewyckx JN, Boisson A, De Silva P, Buisseret L, Migliori E, Libin M, Naveaux C, Duvillier H, Willard-Gallo K. A simple and rapid protocol to non-enzymatically dissociate fresh human tissues for the analysis of infiltrating lymphocytes. J Vis Exp 2014:52392. [PMID: 25548995 PMCID: PMC4396968 DOI: 10.3791/52392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of malignant cells to evade the immune system, characterized by tumor escape from both innate and adaptive immune responses, is now accepted as an important hallmark of cancer. Our research on breast cancer focuses on the active role that tumor infiltrating lymphocytes play in tumor progression and patient outcome. Toward this goal, we developed a methodology for the rapid isolation of intact lymphoid cells from normal and abnormal tissues in an effort to evaluate them proximate to their native state. Homogenates prepared using a mechanical dissociator show both increased viability and cell recovery while preserving surface receptor expression compared to enzyme-digested tissues. Furthermore, enzymatic digestion of the remaining insoluble material did not recover additional CD45(+) cells indicating that quantitative and qualitative measurements in the primary homogenate likely genuinely reflect infiltrating subpopulations in the tissue fragment. The lymphoid cells in these homogenates can be easily characterized using immunological (phenotype, proliferation, etc.) or molecular (DNA, RNA and/or protein) approaches. CD45(+) cells can also be used for subpopulation purification, in vitro expansion or cryopreservation. An additional benefit of this approach is that the primary tissue supernatant from the homogenates can be used to characterize and compare cytokines, chemokines, immunoglobulins and antigens present in normal and malignant tissues. This protocol functions extremely well for human breast tissues and should be applicable to a wide variety of normal and abnormal tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soizic Garaud
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Université Libre de Bruxelles; Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles
| | - Chunyan Gu-Trantien
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Université Libre de Bruxelles; Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles
| | - Jean-Nicolas Lodewyckx
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Université Libre de Bruxelles; Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles
| | - Anaïs Boisson
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Université Libre de Bruxelles; Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles
| | - Pushpamali De Silva
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Université Libre de Bruxelles; Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles
| | - Laurence Buisseret
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Université Libre de Bruxelles; Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles
| | - Edoardo Migliori
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Université Libre de Bruxelles; Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles
| | - Myriam Libin
- Institut d'Immunologie Médicale, Université Libre de Bruxelles
| | - Céline Naveaux
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Université Libre de Bruxelles; Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles
| | - Hugues Duvillier
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Université Libre de Bruxelles; Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Université Libre de Bruxelles
| | - Karen Willard-Gallo
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Université Libre de Bruxelles; Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles;
| |
Collapse
|
2787
|
Abstract
T cells are a crucial component of the immune response to infection and cancer. In addition to coordinating immunity in lymphoid tissue, T cells play a vital role at the disease site, which relies on their efficient and specific trafficking capabilities. The process of T-cell trafficking is highly dynamic, involving a series of distinct processes, which include rolling, adhesion, extravasation, and chemotaxis. Trafficking of T cells to the tumor microenvironment is critical for the success of cancer immunotherapies such as adoptive cellular transfer. Although this approach has achieved some remarkable responses in patients with advanced melanoma and hematologic malignancy, the success against solid cancers has been more moderate. One of the major challenges for adoptive immunotherapy is to be able to effectively target a higher frequency of T cells to the tumor microenvironment, overcoming hurdles associated with immunosuppression and aberrant vasculature. This review summarizes recent advances in our understanding of T-cell migration in solid cancer and immunotherapy based on the adoptive transfer of natural or genetically engineered tumor-specific T cells and discusses new strategies that may enhance the trafficking of these cells, leading to effective eradication of solid cancer and metastases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clare Y Slaney
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia. Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.
| | - Michael H Kershaw
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia. Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia. Department of Immunology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Phillip K Darcy
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia. Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia. Department of Immunology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
2788
|
Differential effects of agonistic 4-1BB (CD137) monoclonal antibody on the maturation and functions of hypoxic dendritic cells. Int Immunopharmacol 2014; 23:609-16. [PMID: 25466269 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2014.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Revised: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Agonistic 4-1BB monoclonal antibody (mAb), a promising approach for tumor immunotherapy, has entered clinical trials for some tumors due to its immunostimulatory effects on immune cells. Hypoxia, the hallmark of tumor microenvironment, influences functions of immune cells including dendritic cells (DCs). It remains unestablished whether 4-1BB mAb takes effects on DCs in hypoxic microenvironment. This study aims to examine the role of agonistic 4-1BB mAb in the maturation and functions of murine hypoxic DCs. As expected, hypoxia suppressed the maturation and activation of DCs, as suggested by down-regulation of class II MHC, co-stimulatory molecules and proinflammatory cytokines. These inhibitory effects of hypoxia were partially reversed by triggering 4-1BB on DCs with agonistic mAb, as evidenced by elevated co-stimulatory molecules CD80, CD86, and proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-6, TNF-α. Unexpectedly, the ability of hypoxic DCs to stimulate CD4+T cell proliferation seemed not to be affected by agonistic 4-1BB mAb. These data demonstrate that agonistic 4-1BB mAb partially restores the phenotypic maturation and proinflammatory function of hypoxic DCs, but fails to rescue their ability to stimulate T cell response. Collectively, our study provides evidence on the efficiency of agonistic 4-1BB mAb in hypoxic microenvironment, deserving of further consideration for clinic application.
Collapse
|
2789
|
Vatner RE, Cooper BT, Vanpouille-Box C, Demaria S, Formenti SC. Combinations of immunotherapy and radiation in cancer therapy. Front Oncol 2014; 4:325. [PMID: 25506582 PMCID: PMC4246656 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system has the ability to recognize and specifically reject tumors, and tumors only become clinically apparent once they have evaded immune destruction by creating an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Radiotherapy (RT) can cause immunogenic tumor cell death resulting in cross-priming of tumor-specific T-cells, acting as an in situ tumor vaccine; however, RT alone rarely induces effective anti-tumor immunity resulting in systemic tumor rejection. Immunotherapy can complement RT to help overcome tumor-induced immune suppression, as demonstrated in pre-clinical tumor models. Here, we provide the rationale for combinations of different immunotherapies and RT, and review the pre-clinical and emerging clinical evidence for these combinations in the treatment of cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ralph E Vatner
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine , New York, NY , USA
| | - Benjamin T Cooper
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine , New York, NY , USA
| | - Claire Vanpouille-Box
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine , New York, NY , USA
| | - Sandra Demaria
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine , New York, NY , USA
| | - Silvia C Formenti
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine , New York, NY , USA
| |
Collapse
|
2790
|
Herbst RS, Soria JC, Kowanetz M, Fine GD, Hamid O, Gordon MS, Sosman JA, McDermott DF, Powderly JD, Gettinger SN, Kohrt HEK, Horn L, Lawrence DP, Rost S, Leabman M, Xiao Y, Mokatrin A, Koeppen H, Hegde PS, Mellman I, Chen DS, Hodi FS. Predictive correlates of response to the anti-PD-L1 antibody MPDL3280A in cancer patients. Nature 2014; 515:563-7. [PMID: 25428504 PMCID: PMC4836193 DOI: 10.1038/nature14011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3999] [Impact Index Per Article: 399.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The development of human cancer is a multistep process characterized by the accumulation of genetic and epigenetic alterations that drive or reflect tumour progression. These changes distinguish cancer cells from their normal counterparts, allowing tumours to be recognized as foreign by the immune system. However, tumours are rarely rejected spontaneously, reflecting their ability to maintain an immunosuppressive microenvironment. Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1; also called B7-H1 or CD274), which is expressed on many cancer and immune cells, plays an important part in blocking the 'cancer immunity cycle' by binding programmed death-1 (PD-1) and B7.1 (CD80), both of which are negative regulators of T-lymphocyte activation. Binding of PD-L1 to its receptors suppresses T-cell migration, proliferation and secretion of cytotoxic mediators, and restricts tumour cell killing. The PD-L1-PD-1 axis protects the host from overactive T-effector cells not only in cancer but also during microbial infections. Blocking PD-L1 should therefore enhance anticancer immunity, but little is known about predictive factors of efficacy. This study was designed to evaluate the safety, activity and biomarkers of PD-L1 inhibition using the engineered humanized antibody MPDL3280A. Here we show that across multiple cancer types, responses (as evaluated by Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumours, version 1.1) were observed in patients with tumours expressing high levels of PD-L1, especially when PD-L1 was expressed by tumour-infiltrating immune cells. Furthermore, responses were associated with T-helper type 1 (TH1) gene expression, CTLA4 expression and the absence of fractalkine (CX3CL1) in baseline tumour specimens. Together, these data suggest that MPDL3280A is most effective in patients in which pre-existing immunity is suppressed by PD-L1, and is re-invigorated on antibody treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roy S Herbst
- Yale Comprehensive Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, WWW221, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Jean-Charles Soria
- Gustave Roussy South-Paris University, 114 Rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villefuij, Cedex, France
| | - Marcin Kowanetz
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Gregg D Fine
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Omid Hamid
- The Angeles Clinic and Research Institute, 11818 Wilshire Blvd, Los Angeles, California 90025, USA
| | - Michael S Gordon
- Pinnacle Oncology Hematology, 9055 E Del Camino Dr 100, Scottsdale, Arizona 85258, USA
| | - Jeffery A Sosman
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, 2220 Pierce Avenue, Nashville, Tennessee 37212, USA
| | - David F McDermott
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Avenue, Shapiro 9, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - John D Powderly
- Carolina BioOncology Institute, 9801 W. Kincey Ave, Suite 145, Huntersville, North Carolina 28078, USA
| | - Scott N Gettinger
- Yale Comprehensive Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, WWW221, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Holbrook E K Kohrt
- Stanford University, CCSR Bldg Room 1110, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Leora Horn
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, 1301 Medical Center Dr, Suite 1710, Nashville, Tennessee 37212, USA
| | - Donald P Lawrence
- Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, YAW 9E, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Sandra Rost
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Maya Leabman
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Yuanyuan Xiao
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Ahmad Mokatrin
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Hartmut Koeppen
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Priti S Hegde
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Ira Mellman
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Daniel S Chen
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - F Stephen Hodi
- Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2791
|
Conniot J, Silva JM, Fernandes JG, Silva LC, Gaspar R, Brocchini S, Florindo HF, Barata TS. Cancer immunotherapy: nanodelivery approaches for immune cell targeting and tracking. Front Chem 2014; 2:105. [PMID: 25505783 PMCID: PMC4244808 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2014.00105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the most common diseases afflicting people globally. New therapeutic approaches are needed due to the complexity of cancer as a disease. Many current treatments are very toxic and have modest efficacy at best. Increased understanding of tumor biology and immunology has allowed the development of specific immunotherapies with minimal toxicity. It is important to highlight the performance of monoclonal antibodies, immune adjuvants, vaccines and cell-based treatments. Although these approaches have shown varying degrees of clinical efficacy, they illustrate the potential to develop new strategies. Targeted immunotherapy is being explored to overcome the heterogeneity of malignant cells and the immune suppression induced by both the tumor and its microenvironment. Nanodelivery strategies seek to minimize systemic exposure to target therapy to malignant tissue and cells. Intracellular penetration has been examined through the use of functionalized particulates. These nano-particulate associated medicines are being developed for use in imaging, diagnostics and cancer targeting. Although nano-particulates are inherently complex medicines, the ability to confer, at least in principle, different types of functionality allows for the plausible consideration these nanodelivery strategies can be exploited for use as combination medicines. The development of targeted nanodelivery systems in which therapeutic and imaging agents are merged into a single platform is an attractive strategy. Currently, several nanoplatform-based formulations, such as polymeric nanoparticles, micelles, liposomes and dendrimers are in preclinical and clinical stages of development. Herein, nanodelivery strategies presently investigated for cancer immunotherapy, cancer targeting mechanisms and nanocarrier functionalization methods will be described. We also intend to discuss the emerging nano-based approaches suitable to be used as imaging techniques and as cancer treatment options.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- João Conniot
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Universidade de Lisboa Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Joana M Silva
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Universidade de Lisboa Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Joana G Fernandes
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Universidade de Lisboa Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Liana C Silva
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Universidade de Lisboa Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Rogério Gaspar
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Universidade de Lisboa Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Steve Brocchini
- EPSRC Centre for Innovative Manufacturing in Emergent Macromolecular Therapies, UCL School of Pharmacy London, UK
| | - Helena F Florindo
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Universidade de Lisboa Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Teresa S Barata
- EPSRC Centre for Innovative Manufacturing in Emergent Macromolecular Therapies, UCL School of Pharmacy London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
2792
|
Lo Presti E, Dieli F, Meraviglia S. Tumor-Infiltrating γδ T Lymphocytes: Pathogenic Role, Clinical Significance, and Differential Programing in the Tumor Microenvironment. Front Immunol 2014; 5:607. [PMID: 25505472 PMCID: PMC4241840 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
There is increasing clinical evidence indicating that the immune system may either promote or inhibit tumor progression. Several studies have demonstrated that tumors undergoing remission are largely infiltrated by T lymphocytes [tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs)], but on the other hand, several studies have shown that tumors may be infiltrated by TILs endowed with suppressive features, suggesting that TILs are rather associated with tumor progression and unfavorable prognosis. γδ T lymphocytes are an important component of TILs that may contribute to tumor immunosurveillance, as also suggested by promising reports from several small phase-I clinical trials. Typically, γδ T lymphocytes perform effector functions involved in anti-tumor immune responses (cytotoxicity, production of IFN-γ and TNF-α, and dendritic cell maturation), but under appropriate conditions they may divert from the typical Th1-like phenotype and polarize to Th2, Th17, and Treg cells thus acquiring the capability to inhibit anti-tumor immune responses and promote tumor growth. Recent studies have shown a high frequency of γδ T lymphocytes infiltrating different types of cancer, but the nature of this association and the exact mechanisms underlying it remain uncertain and whether or not the presence of tumor-infiltrating γδ T lymphocytes is a definite prognostic factor remains controversial. In this paper, we will review studies of tumor-infiltrating γδ T lymphocytes from patients with different types of cancer, and we will discuss their clinical relevance. Moreover, we will also discuss on the complex interplay between cancer, tumor stroma, and γδ T lymphocytes as a major determinant of the final outcome of the γδ T lymphocyte response. Finally, we propose that targeting γδ T lymphocyte polarization and skewing their phenotype to adapt to the microenvironment might hold great promise for the treatment of cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Lo Presti
- Dipartimento di Biopatologia e Metodologie Biomediche, University of Palermo , Palermo , Italy ; Central Laboratory of Advanced Diagnosis and Biomedical Research (CLADIBIOR), University of Palermo , Palermo , Italy
| | - Franceso Dieli
- Dipartimento di Biopatologia e Metodologie Biomediche, University of Palermo , Palermo , Italy ; Central Laboratory of Advanced Diagnosis and Biomedical Research (CLADIBIOR), University of Palermo , Palermo , Italy
| | - Serena Meraviglia
- Dipartimento di Biopatologia e Metodologie Biomediche, University of Palermo , Palermo , Italy ; Central Laboratory of Advanced Diagnosis and Biomedical Research (CLADIBIOR), University of Palermo , Palermo , Italy
| |
Collapse
|
2793
|
Abstract
Melanoma, the deadliest form of skin cancer, is an aggressive disease that is rising in incidence. Although melanoma is a historically treatment-resistant malignancy, in recent years unprecedented breakthroughs in targeted therapies and immunotherapies have revolutionized the standard of care for patients with advanced disease. Here, we provide an overview of recent developments in our understanding of melanoma risk factors, genomics, and molecular pathogenesis and how these insights have driven advances in melanoma treatment. In addition, we review benefits and limitations of current therapies and look ahead to continued progress in melanoma prevention and therapy. Remarkable achievements in the field have already produced a paradigm shift in melanoma treatment: Metastatic melanoma, once considered incurable, can now be treated with potentially curative rather than palliative intent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Lo
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Department of Dermatology and MGH Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - David E Fisher
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Department of Dermatology and MGH Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2794
|
Protti MP, De Monte L, Monte LD, Di Lullo G, Lullo GD. Tumor antigen-specific CD4+ T cells in cancer immunity: from antigen identification to tumor prognosis and development of therapeutic strategies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 83:237-46. [PMID: 24641502 DOI: 10.1111/tan.12329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
CD4(+) T cells comprise a large fraction of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes and it is now established that they may exert an important role in tumor immune-surveillance. Several CD4(+) T cell subsets [i.e. T helper (Th)1, Th2, T regulatory (Treg), Th17, Th22 and follicular T helper (Tfh)] have been described and differentiation of each subset depends on both the antigen presenting cells responsible for its activation and the cytokine environment present at the site of priming. Tumor antigen-specific CD4(+) T cells with different functional activity have been found in the blood of cancer patients and different CD4(+) T cell subsets have been identified at the tumor site by the expression of specific transcription factors and the profile of secreted cytokines. Importantly, depending on the subset, CD4(+) T cells may exert antitumor versus pro-tumor functions. Here we review the studies that first identified the presence of tumor-specific CD4(+) T cells in cancer patients, the techniques used to identify the tumor antigens recognized, the role of the different CD4(+) T cell subsets in tumor immunity and in cancer prognosis and the development of therapeutic strategies aimed at activating efficient antitumor CD4(+) T cell effectors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M P Protti
- Tumor Immunology Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
2795
|
|
2796
|
Hersey P, Kakavand H, Wilmott J, van der Westhuizen A, Gallagher S, Gowrishankar K, Scolyer R. How anti-PD1 treatments are changing the management of melanoma. Melanoma Manag 2014; 1:165-172. [PMID: 30190821 PMCID: PMC6094707 DOI: 10.2217/mmt.14.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The introduction of immunotherapy based on the blockade of the PD1/PD-L1 checkpoints has been associated with high response rates and durable remissions of disease in patients with metastatic melanoma, to the extent that it is now considered the standard of care for a wide range of patients, irrespective of their BRAF or NRAS mutation status. In addition, more frequent follow-up of patients who are at high risk of recurrence after surgical treatment appears to be justified, as does neoadjuvant treatments in order to render patients treatable by surgery. The limitations of this treatment include failure of some patients to respond, a low rate of complete responses and relapses of the disease during treatment. New initiatives in order to overcome these limitations include the identification of biomarkers for the selection responders and evaluations of treatment combinations that will increase responses and their durability. The latter includes combinations with antibodies against other checkpoints on T cells and cotreatments with inhibitors of resistance pathways in melanoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Hersey
- Kolling Institute, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia
- Melanoma Institute of Australia, Rocklands Road, North Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Hojabr Kakavand
- Melanoma Institute of Australia, Rocklands Road, North Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - James Wilmott
- Melanoma Institute of Australia, Rocklands Road, North Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Stuart Gallagher
- Kolling Institute, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia
| | | | - Richard Scolyer
- Melanoma Institute of Australia, Rocklands Road, North Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
2797
|
Baghdadi M, Takeuchi S, Wada H, Seino KI. Blocking monoclonal antibodies of TIM proteins as orchestrators of anti-tumor immune response. MAbs 2014; 6:1124-32. [PMID: 25517298 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.32107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibody (mAb)-based treatment of cancer has a significant effect on current practice in medical oncology, and is considered now as one of the most successful therapeutic strategies for cancer treatment. MAbs are designed to initiate or enhance anti-tumor immune responses, which can be achieved by either blocking inhibitory immune checkpoint molecules or triggering activating receptors. TIM gene family members are type-I surface molecules expressed in immune cells, and play important roles in the regulation of both innate and adaptive arms of the immune system. Therapeutic strategies based on anti-TIMs mAbs have shown promising results in experimental tumor models, and synergistic combinations of anti-TIMs mAbs with cancer vaccines, adoptive T-cell therapy, radiotherapy and chemotherapy will have great impact on cancer treatment in future clinical development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Baghdadi
- a Division of Immunobiology; Institute for Genetic Medicine ; Hokkaido University ; Sapporo , Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
2798
|
Ascierto PA, Grimaldi AM, Anderson AC, Bifulco C, Cochran A, Garbe C, Eggermont AM, Faries M, Ferrone S, Gershenwald JE, Gajewski TF, Halaban R, Hodi FS, Kefford R, Kirkwood JM, Larkin J, Leachman S, Maio M, Marais R, Masucci G, Melero I, Palmieri G, Puzanov I, Ribas A, Saenger Y, Schilling B, Seliger B, Stroncek D, Sullivan R, Testori A, Wang E, Ciliberto G, Mozzillo N, Marincola FM, Thurin M. Future perspectives in melanoma research: meeting report from the "Melanoma Bridge", Napoli, December 5th-8th 2013. J Transl Med 2014; 12:277. [PMID: 25348889 PMCID: PMC4232645 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-014-0277-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The fourth "Melanoma Bridge Meeting" took place in Naples, December 5 to 8th, 2013. The four topics discussed at this meeting were: Diagnosis and New Procedures, Molecular Advances and Combination Therapies, News in Immunotherapy, and Tumor Microenvironment and Biomarkers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paolo A Ascierto
- />Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Fondazione “G. Pascale”, Napoli, Italy
| | | | | | - Carlo Bifulco
- />Translational Molecular Pathology, Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Center, Portland, OR USA
| | - Alistair Cochran
- />Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), John Wayne Cancer Institute, Santa Monica, CA USA
| | - Claus Garbe
- />Center for Dermato Oncology, Department of Dermatology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Mark Faries
- />Donald L. Morton Melanoma Research Program, John Wayne Cancer Institute, Santa Monica, CA USA
| | - Soldano Ferrone
- />Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Jeffrey E Gershenwald
- />Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX USA
| | - Thomas F Gajewski
- />Departments of Medicine and of Pathology, Immunology and Cancer Program, The University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Ruth Halaban
- />Department of Dermatology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT USA
| | - F Stephen Hodi
- />Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA USA
| | - Richard Kefford
- />Westmead Institute for Cancer Research, Westmead Millennium Institute and Melanoma Institute Australia, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW Australia
| | - John M Kirkwood
- />Division of Hematology/Oncology, Departments of Medicine, Dermatology, and Translational Science, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and Melanoma Program of the Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - James Larkin
- />Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Sancy Leachman
- />Department of Dermatology, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, OR USA
| | - Michele Maio
- />Medical Oncology and Immunotherapy, Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Siena, Istituto Toscano Tumori, Siena, Italy
| | - Richard Marais
- />Molecular Oncology Group, The Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 4BX UK
| | - Giuseppe Masucci
- />Department of Oncology-Pathology, The Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ignacio Melero
- />Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra Spain
| | - Giuseppe Palmieri
- />Unit of Cancer Genetics, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council, Sassari, Italy
| | - Igor Puzanov
- />Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN USA
| | - Antoni Ribas
- />Tumor Immunology Program, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center (JCCC), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Yvonne Saenger
- />Division of Hematology and Oncology, Tisch Cancer Institute, Department of Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY USA
| | - Bastian Schilling
- />Department of Dermatology, University Hospital, West German Cancer Center, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- />German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Barbara Seliger
- />Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Institute of Medical Immunology, Halle, Germany
| | - David Stroncek
- />Cell Processing Section, Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Ryan Sullivan
- />Center for Melanoma, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | | | - Ena Wang
- />Division Chief of Translational Medicine, Sidra Medical and Research Centre, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Nicola Mozzillo
- />Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Fondazione “G. Pascale”, Napoli, Italy
| | | | - Magdalena Thurin
- />Cancer Diagnosis Program, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD USA
| |
Collapse
|
2799
|
Knaack SA, Siahpirani AF, Roy S. A pan-cancer modular regulatory network analysis to identify common and cancer-specific network components. Cancer Inform 2014; 13:69-84. [PMID: 25374456 PMCID: PMC4213198 DOI: 10.4137/cin.s14058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Revised: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Many human diseases including cancer are the result of perturbations to transcriptional regulatory networks that control context-specific expression of genes. A comparative approach across multiple cancer types is a powerful approach to illuminate the common and specific network features of this family of diseases. Recent efforts from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) have generated large collections of functional genomic data sets for multiple types of cancers. An emerging challenge is to devise computational approaches that systematically compare these genomic data sets across different cancer types that identify common and cancer-specific network components. We present a module- and network-based characterization of transcriptional patterns in six different cancers being studied in TCGA: breast, colon, rectal, kidney, ovarian, and endometrial. Our approach uses a recently developed regulatory network reconstruction algorithm, modular regulatory network learning with per gene information (MERLIN), within a stability selection framework to predict regulators for individual genes and gene modules. Our module-based analysis identifies a common theme of immune system processes in each cancer study, with modules statistically enriched for immune response processes as well as targets of key immune response regulators from the interferon regulatory factor (IRF) and signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) families. Comparison of the inferred regulatory networks from each cancer type identified a core regulatory network that included genes involved in chromatin remodeling, cell cycle, and immune response. Regulatory network hubs included genes with known roles in specific cancer types as well as genes with potentially novel roles in different cancer types. Overall, our integrated module and network analysis recapitulated known themes in cancer biology and additionally revealed novel regulatory hubs that suggest a complex interplay of immune response, cell cycle, and chromatin remodeling across multiple cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara A Knaack
- Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Alireza Fotuhi Siahpirani
- Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA. ; Department of Computer Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Sushmita Roy
- Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA. ; Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2800
|
Baxevanis CN, Anastasopoulou EA, Voutsas IF, Papamichail M, Perez SA. Immune biomarkers: how well do they serve prognosis in human cancers? Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2014; 15:49-59. [PMID: 25345403 DOI: 10.1586/14737159.2015.965684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In order to be optimally efficacious, therapeutic cancer vaccines must induce robust tumor-specific CD8(+) cytotoxic T cells, which are responsible for tumor cell lysis. Unlike cytotoxic drugs, which act directly on the tumor, cancer vaccines demonstrate new kinetics involving the generation of specific cellular immune responses, which need to be translated into antitumor responses to delay tumor progression and improve survival. These delayed kinetics of action establish a new concept of benefit in the long term, which implies a slow down in tumor growth rates, than a marked reduction in tumor size. Therefore, there is a significant need to identify intermediate biomarkers so that clinical responses can be evaluated in a timely manner. Therapeutic vaccination as a modality for cancer treatment has received significant attention with multiple clinical trials demonstrating improvements in overall survival. Significant challenges to this modality remain, including increasing vaccine potency and minimizing treatment-related toxicities and identifying prognostic and predictive biomarkers of clinical benefit that may guide to select and optimize the therapeutic strategies for patients most likely to gain benefit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Constantin N Baxevanis
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Center, Saint Savas Cancer Hospital, 171 Alexandras avenue, Athens 11522, Greece
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|