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Hu F, Dzaye OD, Hahn A, Yu Y, Scavetta RJ, Dittmar G, Kaczmarek AK, Dunning KR, Ricciardelli C, Rinnenthal JL, Heppner FL, Lehnardt S, Synowitz M, Wolf SA, Kettenmann H. Glioma-derived versican promotes tumor expansion via glioma-associated microglial/macrophages Toll-like receptor 2 signaling. Neuro Oncol 2014; 17:200-10. [PMID: 25452390 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nou324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accumulation and infiltration of microglia/brain macrophages around and into glioma tissue promote tumor invasion and expansion. One tumor-promoting mechanism of microglia/brain macrophages is upregulation of membrane type 1 matrix metalloprotease (MT1-MMP), which promotes the degradation of extracellular matrix. MT1-MMP upregulation is induced by soluble factors released by glioma cells activating microglial Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2). METHODS Versican identified by proteomics was silenced in glioma cells by short interference RNA and short hairpin RNA approaches and studied in vitro and after injection into mouse brains or organotypic brain slices. RESULTS The splice variants V0/V1 of the endogenous TLR2 ligand versican are highly expressed in mouse and human glioma tissue. Versican-silenced gliomas induced less MT1-MMP expression in microglia both in vitro and in vivo, which resulted in smaller tumors and longer survival rates as compared with controls. Recombinant versican V1 induced significantly higher levels of MT1-MMP in wild-type microglia compared with untreated and treated TLR2 knockout microglial cells. Using glioma-injected organotypic brain slices, we found that the impact of versican signaling on glioma growth depended on the presence of microglia. Moreover, we found that TLR2 expression is upregulated in glioma-associated microglia but not in astrocytes. Additionally, an established TLR2 neutralizing antibody reduced glioma-induced microglial MT1-MMP expression as well as glioma growth ex vivo. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that versican released from glioma promotes tumor expansion through glioma-associated microglial/macrophage TLR2 signaling and subsequent expression of MT1-MMP. This signaling cascade might be a novel target for glioma therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Hu
- Cellular Neurosciences, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany (F.H., O.D.a D., A.H., S.A.W., H.K.); Cancer Genetics and Cellular Stress Responses, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany (Y.Y.); Mass Spectrometry, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany (R.J.S., G.D.); Robinson Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia (A.K.K., K.R.D., C.R.); Department of Neuropathology, Charité Medical University, Berlin, Germany (J.L.R., F.L.H.); Department of Neurology and Center for Anatomy, Charité Medical University, Berlin, Germany (S.L.); Department of Neurosurgery, Charité Medical University, 13353 Berlin, Germany (M.S.)Present affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030 Wuhan, People's Republic of China (F.H.)
| | - Omar Dildar Dzaye
- Cellular Neurosciences, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany (F.H., O.D.a D., A.H., S.A.W., H.K.); Cancer Genetics and Cellular Stress Responses, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany (Y.Y.); Mass Spectrometry, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany (R.J.S., G.D.); Robinson Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia (A.K.K., K.R.D., C.R.); Department of Neuropathology, Charité Medical University, Berlin, Germany (J.L.R., F.L.H.); Department of Neurology and Center for Anatomy, Charité Medical University, Berlin, Germany (S.L.); Department of Neurosurgery, Charité Medical University, 13353 Berlin, Germany (M.S.)Present affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030 Wuhan, People's Republic of China (F.H.)
| | - Alexander Hahn
- Cellular Neurosciences, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany (F.H., O.D.a D., A.H., S.A.W., H.K.); Cancer Genetics and Cellular Stress Responses, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany (Y.Y.); Mass Spectrometry, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany (R.J.S., G.D.); Robinson Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia (A.K.K., K.R.D., C.R.); Department of Neuropathology, Charité Medical University, Berlin, Germany (J.L.R., F.L.H.); Department of Neurology and Center for Anatomy, Charité Medical University, Berlin, Germany (S.L.); Department of Neurosurgery, Charité Medical University, 13353 Berlin, Germany (M.S.)Present affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030 Wuhan, People's Republic of China (F.H.)
| | - Yong Yu
- Cellular Neurosciences, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany (F.H., O.D.a D., A.H., S.A.W., H.K.); Cancer Genetics and Cellular Stress Responses, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany (Y.Y.); Mass Spectrometry, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany (R.J.S., G.D.); Robinson Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia (A.K.K., K.R.D., C.R.); Department of Neuropathology, Charité Medical University, Berlin, Germany (J.L.R., F.L.H.); Department of Neurology and Center for Anatomy, Charité Medical University, Berlin, Germany (S.L.); Department of Neurosurgery, Charité Medical University, 13353 Berlin, Germany (M.S.)Present affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030 Wuhan, People's Republic of China (F.H.)
| | - Rick Joey Scavetta
- Cellular Neurosciences, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany (F.H., O.D.a D., A.H., S.A.W., H.K.); Cancer Genetics and Cellular Stress Responses, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany (Y.Y.); Mass Spectrometry, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany (R.J.S., G.D.); Robinson Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia (A.K.K., K.R.D., C.R.); Department of Neuropathology, Charité Medical University, Berlin, Germany (J.L.R., F.L.H.); Department of Neurology and Center for Anatomy, Charité Medical University, Berlin, Germany (S.L.); Department of Neurosurgery, Charité Medical University, 13353 Berlin, Germany (M.S.)Present affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030 Wuhan, People's Republic of China (F.H.)
| | - Gunnar Dittmar
- Cellular Neurosciences, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany (F.H., O.D.a D., A.H., S.A.W., H.K.); Cancer Genetics and Cellular Stress Responses, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany (Y.Y.); Mass Spectrometry, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany (R.J.S., G.D.); Robinson Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia (A.K.K., K.R.D., C.R.); Department of Neuropathology, Charité Medical University, Berlin, Germany (J.L.R., F.L.H.); Department of Neurology and Center for Anatomy, Charité Medical University, Berlin, Germany (S.L.); Department of Neurosurgery, Charité Medical University, 13353 Berlin, Germany (M.S.)Present affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030 Wuhan, People's Republic of China (F.H.)
| | - Adrian Kamil Kaczmarek
- Cellular Neurosciences, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany (F.H., O.D.a D., A.H., S.A.W., H.K.); Cancer Genetics and Cellular Stress Responses, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany (Y.Y.); Mass Spectrometry, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany (R.J.S., G.D.); Robinson Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia (A.K.K., K.R.D., C.R.); Department of Neuropathology, Charité Medical University, Berlin, Germany (J.L.R., F.L.H.); Department of Neurology and Center for Anatomy, Charité Medical University, Berlin, Germany (S.L.); Department of Neurosurgery, Charité Medical University, 13353 Berlin, Germany (M.S.)Present affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030 Wuhan, People's Republic of China (F.H.)
| | - Kylie R Dunning
- Cellular Neurosciences, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany (F.H., O.D.a D., A.H., S.A.W., H.K.); Cancer Genetics and Cellular Stress Responses, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany (Y.Y.); Mass Spectrometry, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany (R.J.S., G.D.); Robinson Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia (A.K.K., K.R.D., C.R.); Department of Neuropathology, Charité Medical University, Berlin, Germany (J.L.R., F.L.H.); Department of Neurology and Center for Anatomy, Charité Medical University, Berlin, Germany (S.L.); Department of Neurosurgery, Charité Medical University, 13353 Berlin, Germany (M.S.)Present affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030 Wuhan, People's Republic of China (F.H.)
| | - Carmela Ricciardelli
- Cellular Neurosciences, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany (F.H., O.D.a D., A.H., S.A.W., H.K.); Cancer Genetics and Cellular Stress Responses, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany (Y.Y.); Mass Spectrometry, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany (R.J.S., G.D.); Robinson Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia (A.K.K., K.R.D., C.R.); Department of Neuropathology, Charité Medical University, Berlin, Germany (J.L.R., F.L.H.); Department of Neurology and Center for Anatomy, Charité Medical University, Berlin, Germany (S.L.); Department of Neurosurgery, Charité Medical University, 13353 Berlin, Germany (M.S.)Present affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030 Wuhan, People's Republic of China (F.H.)
| | - Jan L Rinnenthal
- Cellular Neurosciences, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany (F.H., O.D.a D., A.H., S.A.W., H.K.); Cancer Genetics and Cellular Stress Responses, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany (Y.Y.); Mass Spectrometry, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany (R.J.S., G.D.); Robinson Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia (A.K.K., K.R.D., C.R.); Department of Neuropathology, Charité Medical University, Berlin, Germany (J.L.R., F.L.H.); Department of Neurology and Center for Anatomy, Charité Medical University, Berlin, Germany (S.L.); Department of Neurosurgery, Charité Medical University, 13353 Berlin, Germany (M.S.)Present affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030 Wuhan, People's Republic of China (F.H.)
| | - Frank L Heppner
- Cellular Neurosciences, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany (F.H., O.D.a D., A.H., S.A.W., H.K.); Cancer Genetics and Cellular Stress Responses, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany (Y.Y.); Mass Spectrometry, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany (R.J.S., G.D.); Robinson Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia (A.K.K., K.R.D., C.R.); Department of Neuropathology, Charité Medical University, Berlin, Germany (J.L.R., F.L.H.); Department of Neurology and Center for Anatomy, Charité Medical University, Berlin, Germany (S.L.); Department of Neurosurgery, Charité Medical University, 13353 Berlin, Germany (M.S.)Present affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030 Wuhan, People's Republic of China (F.H.)
| | - Seija Lehnardt
- Cellular Neurosciences, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany (F.H., O.D.a D., A.H., S.A.W., H.K.); Cancer Genetics and Cellular Stress Responses, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany (Y.Y.); Mass Spectrometry, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany (R.J.S., G.D.); Robinson Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia (A.K.K., K.R.D., C.R.); Department of Neuropathology, Charité Medical University, Berlin, Germany (J.L.R., F.L.H.); Department of Neurology and Center for Anatomy, Charité Medical University, Berlin, Germany (S.L.); Department of Neurosurgery, Charité Medical University, 13353 Berlin, Germany (M.S.)Present affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030 Wuhan, People's Republic of China (F.H.)
| | - Michael Synowitz
- Cellular Neurosciences, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany (F.H., O.D.a D., A.H., S.A.W., H.K.); Cancer Genetics and Cellular Stress Responses, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany (Y.Y.); Mass Spectrometry, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany (R.J.S., G.D.); Robinson Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia (A.K.K., K.R.D., C.R.); Department of Neuropathology, Charité Medical University, Berlin, Germany (J.L.R., F.L.H.); Department of Neurology and Center for Anatomy, Charité Medical University, Berlin, Germany (S.L.); Department of Neurosurgery, Charité Medical University, 13353 Berlin, Germany (M.S.)Present affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030 Wuhan, People's Republic of China (F.H.)
| | - Susanne A Wolf
- Cellular Neurosciences, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany (F.H., O.D.a D., A.H., S.A.W., H.K.); Cancer Genetics and Cellular Stress Responses, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany (Y.Y.); Mass Spectrometry, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany (R.J.S., G.D.); Robinson Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia (A.K.K., K.R.D., C.R.); Department of Neuropathology, Charité Medical University, Berlin, Germany (J.L.R., F.L.H.); Department of Neurology and Center for Anatomy, Charité Medical University, Berlin, Germany (S.L.); Department of Neurosurgery, Charité Medical University, 13353 Berlin, Germany (M.S.)Present affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030 Wuhan, People's Republic of China (F.H.)
| | - Helmut Kettenmann
- Cellular Neurosciences, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany (F.H., O.D.a D., A.H., S.A.W., H.K.); Cancer Genetics and Cellular Stress Responses, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany (Y.Y.); Mass Spectrometry, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany (R.J.S., G.D.); Robinson Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia (A.K.K., K.R.D., C.R.); Department of Neuropathology, Charité Medical University, Berlin, Germany (J.L.R., F.L.H.); Department of Neurology and Center for Anatomy, Charité Medical University, Berlin, Germany (S.L.); Department of Neurosurgery, Charité Medical University, 13353 Berlin, Germany (M.S.)Present affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030 Wuhan, People's Republic of China (F.H.)
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252
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Abstract
Eph receptor tyrosine kinases and the corresponding ephrin ligands play a pivotal role in the glioma development and progression. Aberrant protein expression levels of the Eph receptors and ephrins are often associated with higher tumor grade and poor prognosis. Their function in tumorigenesis is complex due to the intricate network of possible co-occurring interactions between neighboring tumor cells and tumor microenvironment. Both Ephs and ephrins localize on the surface of tumor cells, tumor vasculature, glioma stem cells, tumor cells infiltrating brain, and immune cells infiltrating tumors. They can both promote and inhibit tumorigenicity depending on the downstream forward and reverse signalling generated. All the above-mentioned features make the Ephs/ephrins system an intriguing candidate for the development of new therapeutic strategies in glioma treatment. This review will give a general overview on the structure and the function of Ephs and ephrins, with a particular emphasis on the state of the knowledge of their role in malignant gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Ferluga
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Center of Excellence, Comprehensive Cancer Center of Wake Forest University, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Waldemar Debinski
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Center of Excellence, Comprehensive Cancer Center of Wake Forest University, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: Waldemar Debinski, M.D., Ph.D., Director of Brain Tumor Center of Excellence, Thomas K. Hearn Jr. Brain Tumor Research Center, Professor of Neurosurgery, Radiation Oncology, and Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, 1 Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, Phone: (336) 716-9712, Fax: (336) 713-7639,
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253
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Biasoli D, Sobrinho MF, da Fonseca ACC, de Matos DG, Romão L, de Moraes Maciel R, Rehen SK, Moura-Neto V, Borges HL, Lima FRS. Glioblastoma cells inhibit astrocytic p53-expression favoring cancer malignancy. Oncogenesis 2014; 3:e123. [PMID: 25329722 PMCID: PMC4216902 DOI: 10.1038/oncsis.2014.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2014] [Revised: 08/31/2014] [Accepted: 09/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment has a dynamic and usually cancer-promoting function during all tumorigenic steps. Glioblastoma (GBM) is a fatal tumor of the central nervous system, in which a substantial number of non-tumoral infiltrated cells can be found. Astrocytes neighboring these tumor cells have a particular reactive phenotype and can enhance GBM malignancy by inducing aberrant cell proliferation and invasion. The tumor suppressor p53 has a potential non-cell autonomous function by modulating the expression of secreted proteins that influence neighbor cells. In this work, we investigated the role of p53 on the crosstalk between GBM cells and astrocytes. We show that extracellular matrix (ECM) from p53(+/-) astrocytes is richer in laminin and fibronectin, compared with ECM from p53(+/+) astrocytes. In addition, ECM from p53(+/-) astrocytes increases the survival and the expression of mesenchymal markers in GBM cells, which suggests haploinsufficient phenotype of the p53(+/-) microenvironment. Importantly, conditioned medium from GBM cells blocks the expression of p53 in p53(+/+) astrocytes, even when DNA was damaged. These results suggest that GBM cells create a dysfunctional microenvironment based on the impairment of p53 expression that in turns exacerbates tumor endurance.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Biasoli
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - M F Sobrinho
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - A C C da Fonseca
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - D G de Matos
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - L Romão
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - R de Moraes Maciel
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - S K Rehen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - V Moura-Neto
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - H L Borges
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - F R S Lima
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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254
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Glioma Stem Cells: Markers, Hallmarks and Therapeutic Targeting by Metformin. Pathol Oncol Res 2014; 20:789-97. [DOI: 10.1007/s12253-014-9837-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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255
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Garcia C, Gutmann DH. Using the neurofibromatosis tumor predisposition syndromes to understand normal nervous system development. SCIENTIFICA 2014; 2014:915725. [PMID: 25243094 PMCID: PMC4163293 DOI: 10.1155/2014/915725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Development is a tightly regulated process that involves stem cell self-renewal, differentiation, cell-to-cell communication, apoptosis, and blood vessel formation. These coordinated processes ensure that tissues maintain a size and architecture that is appropriate for normal tissue function. As such, tumors arise when cells acquire genetic mutations that allow them to escape the normal growth constraints. In this regard, the study of tumor predisposition syndromes affords a unique platform to better understand normal development and the process by which normal cells transform into cancers. Herein, we review the processes governing normal brain development, discuss how brain cancer represents a disruption of these normal processes, and highlight insights into both normal development and cancer made possible by the study of tumor predisposition syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Garcia
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, Box 8111, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - David H. Gutmann
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, Box 8111, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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256
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Simon T, Coquerel B, Petit A, Kassim Y, Demange E, Le Cerf D, Perrot V, Vannier JP. Direct effect of bevacizumab on glioblastoma cell lines in vitro. Neuromolecular Med 2014; 16:752-71. [PMID: 25113866 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-014-8324-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Bevacizumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody directed against the pro-angiogenic factor vascular and endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) used in the treatment of glioblastomas. Although most patients respond initially to this treatment, studies have shown that glioblastomas eventually recur. Several non-mutually exclusive theories based on the anti-angiogenic effect of bevacizumab have been proposed to explain these mechanisms of resistance. In this report, we studied whether bevacizumab can act directly on malignant glioblastoma cells. We observe changes in the expression profiles of components of the VEGF/VEGF-R pathway and in the response to a VEGF-A stimulus following bevacizumab treatment. In addition, we show that bevacizumab itself acts on glioblastoma cells by activating the Akt and Erks survival signaling pathways. Bevacizumab also enhances proliferation and invasiveness of glioblastoma cells in hyaluronic acid hydrogel. We propose that the paradoxical effect of bevacizumab on glioblastoma cells could be due to changes in the VEGF-A-dependent autocrine loop as well as in the intracellular survival pathways, leading to the enhancement of tumor aggressiveness. Investigation of how bevacizumab interacts with glioblastoma cells and the resulting downstream signaling pathways will help targeting populations of resistant glioblastoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Simon
- Groupe de Recherche «Micro-Environnement et Renouvellement Cellulaire Intégrés» MERCI UPRES EA 3829, Faculté de Médecine et Pharmacie, Université de Rouen, 22 Boulevard Gambetta, 76183, Rouen Cedex, France,
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257
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Blacher E, Ben Baruch B, Levy A, Geva N, Green KD, Garneau-Tsodikova S, Fridman M, Stein R. Inhibition of glioma progression by a newly discovered CD38 inhibitor. Int J Cancer 2014; 136:1422-33. [PMID: 25053177 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Glioma, the most common cancer of the central nervous system, has very poor prognosis and no effective treatment. It has been shown that activated microglia/macrophages in the glioma tumor microenvironment support progression. Hence, inhibition of the supporting effect of these cells may constitute a useful therapeutic approach. Recently, using a syngeneic mouse glioma progression model, we showed that the ectoenzyme CD38 regulated microglia activation and, in addition, that the loss of CD38 from the tumor microenvironment attenuated glioma progression and prolonged the life span of the tumor-bearing mice. These studies, which employed wild-type (WT) and Cd38(-/-) C57BL/6J mice, suggest that inhibition of CD38 in glioma microenvironment may be used as a new therapeutic approach to treat glioma. Our study tested this hypothesis. Initially, we found that the natural anthranoid, 4,5-dihydroxyanthraquinone-2-carboxylic acid (rhein), and its highly water-soluble tri-potassium salt form (K-rhein) are inhibitors of CD38 enzymatic (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide glycohydrolase) activity (IC50 = 1.24 and 0.84 μM, respectively, for recombinant mouse CD38). Treatment of WT, but not Cd38(-/-) microglia with rhein and K-rhein inhibited microglia activation features known to be regulated by CD38 (lipopolysaccharide/IFN-γ-induced activation, induced cell death and NO production). Furthermore, nasal administration of K-rhein into WT, but not Cd38(-/-) C57BL/6J, mice intracranially injected with GL261 cells substantially and significantly inhibited glioma progression. Hence, these results serve as a proof of concept, demonstrating that targeting CD38 at the tumor microenvironment by small-molecule inhibitors of CD38, for example, K-rhein, may serve as a useful therapeutic approach to treat glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eran Blacher
- Department of Neurobiology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Israel
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258
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Ott M, Litzenburger UM, Rauschenbach KJ, Bunse L, Ochs K, Sahm F, Pusch S, Opitz CA, Blaes J, von Deimling A, Wick W, Platten M. Suppression of TDO-mediated tryptophan catabolism in glioblastoma cells by a steroid-responsive FKBP52-dependent pathway. Glia 2014; 63:78-90. [PMID: 25132599 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Tryptophan catabolism is increasingly recognized as a key and druggable molecular mechanism active in cancer, immune, and glioneural cells and involved in the modulation of antitumor immunity, autoimmunity and glioneural function. In addition to the pivotal rate limiting enzyme indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase, expression of tryptophan-2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) has recently been described as an alternative pathway responsible for constitutive tryptophan degradation in malignant gliomas and other types of cancer. In addition, TDO has been implicated as a key regulator of neurotoxicity involved in neurodegenerative diseases and ageing. The pathways regulating TDO expression, however, are largely unknown. Here, a siRNA-based transcription factor profiling in human glioblastoma cells revealed that the expression of human TDO is suppressed by endogenous glucocorticoid signaling. Similarly, treatment of glioblastoma cells with the synthetic glucocorticoid dexamethasone led to a reduction of TDO expression and activity in vitro and in vivo. TDO inhibition was dependent on the immunophilin FKBP52, whose FK1 domain physically interacted with the glucocorticoid receptor as demonstrated by bimolecular fluorescence complementation and in situ proximity ligation assays. Accordingly, gene expression profile analyses revealed negative correlation of FKBP52 and TDO in glial and neural tumors and in normal brain. Knockdown of FKBP52 and treatment with the FK-binding immunosuppressant FK506 enhanced TDO expression and activity in glioblastoma cells. In summary, we identify a novel steroid-responsive FKBP52-dependent pathway suppressing the expression and activity of TDO, a central and rate-limiting enzyme in tryptophan metabolism, in human gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Ott
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuroimmunology and Brain Tumor Immunology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurooncology, University Hospital Heidelberg and National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg, Germany
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259
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Brevican knockdown reduces late-stage glioma tumor aggressiveness. J Neurooncol 2014; 120:63-72. [PMID: 25052349 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-014-1541-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Growing evidence supports the important role of the tumor microenvironment (TME) in cancer biology. A defining aspect of the glioma TME is the unique composition and structure of its extracellular matrix (ECM), which enables tumor cells to overcome the inhibitory barriers of the adult central nervous system (CNS). In this way, the TME plays a role in glioma invasion and the cellular heterogeneity that distinguishes these tumors. Brain Enriched Hyaluronan Binding (BEHAB)/brevican (B/b), is a CNS-specific ECM constituent and is upregulated in the glioma TME. Previous studies have shown B/b exerts a pro-invasive function, suggesting it may represent a target to reduce glioma pathogenesis. Herein, we also provide evidence that B/b expression is enriched in the glioma initiating cell (GIC) niche. We demonstrate that B/b plays roles in the pathological progression, aggressiveness, and lethality of tumors derived from human GICs and traditional glioma cell lines. Interestingly, we found that B/b is not required to maintain the defining phenotypic properties of GICs and thereby acts primarily in late stages of glioma progression. This study suggests that the increased expression of B/b in the TME is a valuable therapeutic target for glioma.
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260
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Marfia G, Campanella R, Navone SE, Di Vito C, Riccitelli E, Hadi LA, Bornati A, de Rezende G, Giussani P, Tringali C, Viani P, Rampini P, Alessandri G, Parati E, Riboni L. Autocrine/paracrine sphingosine-1-phosphate fuels proliferative and stemness qualities of glioblastoma stem cells. Glia 2014; 62:1968-81. [PMID: 25042636 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2014] [Revised: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating reports suggest that human glioblastoma contains glioma stem-like cells (GSCs) which act as key determinants driving tumor growth, angiogenesis, and contributing to therapeutic resistance. The proliferative signals involved in GSC proliferation and progression remain unclear. Using GSC lines derived from human glioblastoma specimens with different proliferative index and stemness marker expression, we assessed the hypothesis that sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) affects the proliferative and stemness properties of GSCs. The results of metabolic studies demonstrated that GSCs rapidly consume newly synthesized ceramide, and export S1P in the extracellular environment, both processes being enhanced in the cells exhibiting high proliferative index and stemness markers. Extracellular S1P levels reached nM concentrations in response to increased extracellular sphingosine. In addition, the presence of EGF and bFGF potentiated the constitutive capacity of GSCs to rapidly secrete newly synthesized S1P, suggesting that cooperation between S1P and these growth factors is of central importance in the maintenance and proliferation of GSCs. We also report for the first time that S1P is able to act as a proliferative and pro-stemness autocrine factor for GSCs, promoting both their cell cycle progression and stemness phenotypic profile. These results suggest for the first time that the GSC population is critically modulated by microenvironmental S1P, this bioactive lipid acting as an autocrine signal to maintain a pro-stemness environment and favoring GSC proliferation, survival and stem properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Marfia
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurosurgery and Cell Therapy, Neurosurgery Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Milan, University of Milan, Italy
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261
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De I, Nikodemova M, Steffen MD, Sokn E, Maklakova VI, Watters JJ, Collier LS. CSF1 overexpression has pleiotropic effects on microglia in vivo. Glia 2014; 62:1955-67. [PMID: 25042473 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Revised: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Macrophage colony stimulating factor (CSF1) is a cytokine that is upregulated in several diseases of the central nervous system (CNS). To examine the effects of CSF1 overexpression on microglia, transgenic mice that overexpress CSF1 in the glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) compartment were generated. CSF1 overexpressing mice have increased microglial proliferation and increased microglial numbers compared with controls. Treatment with PLX3397, a small molecule inhibitor of the CSF1 receptor CSF1R and related kinases, decreases microglial numbers by promoting microglial apoptosis in both CSF1 overexpressing and control mice. Microglia in CSF1 overexpressing mice exhibit gene expression profiles indicating that they are not basally M1 or M2 polarized, but they do have defects in inducing expression of certain genes in response to the inflammatory stimulus lipopolysaccharide. These results indicate that the CSF1 overexpression observed in CNS pathologies likely has pleiotropic influences on microglia. Furthermore, small molecule inhibition of CSF1R has the potential to reverse CSF1-driven microglial accumulation that is frequently observed in CNS pathologies, but can also promote apoptosis of normal microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishani De
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center and the Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53705
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262
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Amor S, Woodroofe MN. Innate and adaptive immune responses in neurodegeneration and repair. Immunology 2014; 141:287-91. [PMID: 23758741 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Revised: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests important roles of the innate and adaptive immune responses in the central nervous system (CNS) in neurodegenerative diseases. In this special review issue, five leading researchers discuss the evidence for the beneficial as well as the detrimental impact of the immune system in the CNS in disorders including Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis and CNS injury. Several common pathological mechanisms emerge indicating that these pathways could provide important targets for manipulating the immune reposes in neurodegenerative disorders. The articles highlight the role of the traditional resident immune cell of the CNS - the microglia - as well as the role of other glia astrocytes and oligodendrocytes in immune responses and their interplay with other immune cells including, mast cells, T cells and B cells. Future research should lead to new discoveries which highlight targets for therapeutic interventions which may be applicable to a range of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Amor
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Neuroimmunology Unit, Blizard Institute Bart's and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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263
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Miller IS, Didier S, Murray DW, Turner TH, Issaivanan M, Ruggieri R, Al-Abed Y, Symons M. Semapimod sensitizes glioblastoma tumors to ionizing radiation by targeting microglia. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95885. [PMID: 24816734 PMCID: PMC4015930 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most malignant and lethal form of astrocytoma, with patients having a median survival time of approximately 15 months with current therapeutic modalities. It is therefore important to identify novel therapeutics. There is mounting evidence that microglia (specialized brain-resident macrophages) play a significant role in the development and progression of glioblastoma tumors. In this paper we show that microglia, in addition to stimulating glioblastoma cell invasion, also promote glioblastoma cell proliferation and resistance to ionizing radiation in vitro. We found that semapimod, a drug that selectively interferes with the function of macrophages and microglia, potently inhibits microglia-stimulated GL261 invasion, without affecting serum-stimulated glioblastoma cell invasion. Semapimod also inhibits microglia-stimulated resistance of glioblastoma cells to radiation, but has no significant effect on microglia-stimulated glioblastoma cell proliferation. We also found that intracranially administered semapimod strongly increases the survival of GL261 tumor-bearing animals in combination with radiation, but has no significant benefit in the absence of radiation. In conclusion, our observations indicate that semapimod sensitizes glioblastoma tumors to ionizing radiation by targeting microglia and/or infiltrating macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian S. Miller
- Center for Oncology and Cell Biology, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research at North Shore-LIJ, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
| | - Sebastien Didier
- Center for Oncology and Cell Biology, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research at North Shore-LIJ, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
| | - David W. Murray
- Center for Oncology and Cell Biology, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research at North Shore-LIJ, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
| | - Tia H. Turner
- Center for Oncology and Cell Biology, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research at North Shore-LIJ, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
| | - Magimairajan Issaivanan
- Center for Oncology and Cell Biology, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research at North Shore-LIJ, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
| | - Rosamaria Ruggieri
- Center for Oncology and Cell Biology, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research at North Shore-LIJ, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
| | - Yousef Al-Abed
- Center for Molecular Innovation, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research at North Shore-LIJ, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
| | - Marc Symons
- Center for Oncology and Cell Biology, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research at North Shore-LIJ, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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264
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Proinflammatory-activated glioma cells induce a switch in microglial polarization and activation status, from a predominant M2b phenotype to a mixture of M1 and M2a/B polarized cells. ASN Neuro 2014; 6:171-83. [PMID: 24689533 PMCID: PMC4013688 DOI: 10.1042/an20130045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant gliomas are primary brain tumors characterized by morphological and genetic complexities, as well as diffuse infiltration into normal brain parenchyma. Within gliomas, microglia/macrophages represent the largest tumor-infiltrating cell population, contributing by at least one-third to the total tumor mass. Bi-directional interactions between glioma cells and microglia may therefore play an important role on tumor growth and biology. In the present study, we have characterized the influence of glioma-soluble factors on microglial function, comparing the effects of media harvested under basal conditions with those of media obtained after inducing a pro-inflammatory activation state in glioma cells. We found that microglial cells undergo a different pattern of activation depending on the stimulus; in the presence of activated glioma-derived factors, i.e. a condition mimicking the late stage of pathology, microglia presents as a mixture of polarization phenotypes (M1 and M2a/b), with up-regulation of iNOS (inducible nitric oxide synthase), ARG (arginase) and IL (interleukine)-10. At variance, microglia exposed to basal glioma-derived factors, i.e. a condition resembling the early stage of pathology, shows a more specific pattern of activation, with increased M2b polarization status and up-regulation of IL-10 only. As far as viability and cell proliferation are concerned, both LI-CM [LPS (lipopolysaccharide)–IFNγ (interferon γ) conditioned media] and C-CM (control-conditioned media) induce similar effects on microglial morphology. Finally, in human glioma tissue obtained from surgical resection of patients with IV grade glioblastoma, we detected a significant amount of CD68 positive cells, which is a marker of macrophage/microglial phagocytic activity, suggesting that in vitro findings presented here might have a relevance in the human pathology as well. We have characterized the influence of glioma-soluble factors on microglial, comparing the effects of media harvested under-basal conditions to those of media obtained after inducing a pro-inflammatory activation in glioma cells. Our data suggest that microglia might exert different effects on glioma depending on the stage of disease.
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265
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Wang C, Tong X, Yang F. Bioengineered 3D Brain Tumor Model To Elucidate the Effects of Matrix Stiffness on Glioblastoma Cell Behavior Using PEG-Based Hydrogels. Mol Pharm 2014; 11:2115-25. [DOI: 10.1021/mp5000828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christine Wang
- Department
of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Xinming Tong
- Department
of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Fan Yang
- Department
of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department
of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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266
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Gagliardi F, Narayanan A, Reni M, Franzin A, Mazza E, Boari N, Bailo M, Zordan P, Mortini P. The role of CXCR4 in highly malignant human gliomas biology: current knowledge and future directions. Glia 2014; 62:1015-23. [PMID: 24715652 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Revised: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Given the extensive histomorphological heterogeneity of high-grade gliomas, in terms of extent of invasiveness, angiogenesis, and necrosis and the poor prognosis for patients despite the advancements made in therapeutic management. The identification of genes associated with these phenotypes will permit a better definition of glioma heterogeneity, which may ultimately lead to better treatment strategies. CXCR4, a cell surface chemokine receptor, is implicated in the growth, invasion, angiogenesis and metastasis in a wide range of malignant tumors, including gliomas. It is overexpressed in glioma cells according to tumor grade and in glioma tumor initiating cells. There have been various reports suggesting that CXCR4 is required for tumor proliferation, invasion, angiogenesis, and modulation of the immune response. It may also serve as a prognostic factor in characterizing subsets of glioblastoma multiforme, as patients with CXCR4-positive gliomas seem to have poorer prognosis after surgery. Aim of this review was to analyze the current literature on biological effects of CXCR4 activity and its role in glioma pathogenesis. A better understanding of CXCR4 pathway in glioma will lead to further investigation of CXCR4 as a novel putative therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Gagliardi
- Department of Neurosurgery, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute University, Milan, Italy
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267
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Galan-Moya EM, Treps L, Oliver L, Chneiweiss H, Vallette FM, Bidère N, Gavard J. Endothelial secreted factors suppress mitogen deprivation-induced autophagy and apoptosis in glioblastoma stem-like cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93505. [PMID: 24682219 PMCID: PMC3969309 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapidly growing and highly vascularized tumors, such as glioblastoma multiforme, contain heterogeneous areas within the tumor mass, some of which are inefficiently supplied with nutrients and oxygen. While the cell death rate is elevated in such zones, tumor cells are still suspected to grow and survive independently of extracellular growth factors. In line with this, glioblastoma stem-like cells (GSCs) are found closely associated with brain vasculature in situ, and as such are most likely in a protected microenvironment. However, the behavior of GSCs under deprived conditions has not been explored in detail. Using a panel of 14 patient-derived GSCs, we report that ex vivo mitogen deprivation impaired self-renewal capability, abolished constitutive activation of the mTor pathway, and impinged on GSC survival via the engagement of autophagic and apoptotic cascades. Moreover, pharmacological inhibition of the mTor pathway recapitulated the mitogen deprivation scenario. In contrast, blocking either apoptosis or autophagy, or culturing GSCs with endothelial-secreted factors partly restored mTor pathway activation and rescued GSC survival. Overall, our data suggest that GSCs are addicted to mTor, as their survival and self-renewal are profoundly dependent on this signaling axis. Thus, as mTor governs the fate of GSCs under both deprivation conditions and in the presence of endothelial factors, it could be a key target for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Maria Galan-Moya
- UMR 8104, Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France
- U1016, Institut National de la Sante Et de la Recherche Medicale, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Paris Cite, Universite Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Lucas Treps
- UMR 8104, Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France
- U1016, Institut National de la Sante Et de la Recherche Medicale, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Paris Cite, Universite Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Lisa Oliver
- UMR 892, Institut National de la Sante Et de la Recherche Medicale, Nantes, France
- UMR 6299, Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique, Nantes, France
- Faculte de Medecine, Universite de Nantes, Nantes, France
- Institut de Cancerologie de l'Ouest, Nantes, France
- Equipe Labellisee Ligue contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Hervé Chneiweiss
- UMRS 1130 Neuroscience Paris Seine, Institut National de la Sante Et de la Recherche Medicale, Paris, France
- UMR 8246, Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France
- UMCR18, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - François M. Vallette
- UMR 892, Institut National de la Sante Et de la Recherche Medicale, Nantes, France
- UMR 6299, Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique, Nantes, France
- Faculte de Medecine, Universite de Nantes, Nantes, France
- Institut de Cancerologie de l'Ouest, Nantes, France
- Equipe Labellisee Ligue contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Bidère
- Equipe Labellisee Ligue contre le Cancer, Paris, France
- UMR_S1014, Institut National de la Sante Et de la Recherche Medicale, Villejuif, France
- Universite Paris-Sud P11, Orsay, France
| | - Julie Gavard
- UMR 8104, Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France
- U1016, Institut National de la Sante Et de la Recherche Medicale, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Paris Cite, Universite Paris Descartes, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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268
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Schlaff CD, Krauze A, Belard A, O'Connell JJ, Camphausen KA. Bringing the heavy: carbon ion therapy in the radiobiological and clinical context. Radiat Oncol 2014; 9:88. [PMID: 24679134 PMCID: PMC4002206 DOI: 10.1186/1748-717x-9-88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 03/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy for the treatment of cancer is undergoing an evolution, shifting to the use of heavier ion species. For a plethora of malignancies, current radiotherapy using photons or protons yields marginal benefits in local control and survival. One hypothesis is that these malignancies have acquired, or are inherently radioresistant to low LET radiation. In the last decade, carbon ion radiotherapy facilities have slowly been constructed in Europe and Asia, demonstrating favorable results for many of the malignancies that do poorly with conventional radiotherapy. However, from a radiobiological perspective, much of how this modality works in overcoming radioresistance, and extending local control and survival are not yet fully understood. In this review, we will explain from a radiobiological perspective how carbon ion radiotherapy can overcome the classical and recently postulated contributors of radioresistance (α/β ratio, hypoxia, cell proliferation, the tumor microenvironment and metabolism, and cancer stem cells). Furthermore, we will make recommendations on the important factors to consider, such as anatomical location, in the future design and implementation of clinical trials. With the existing data available we believe that the expansion of carbon ion facilities into the United States is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Kevin A Camphausen
- Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, 10 Center Drive Magnuson Clinical Center Room B3B100, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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269
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Adult neurogenesis and glial oncogenesis: when the process fails. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:438639. [PMID: 24738058 PMCID: PMC3971505 DOI: 10.1155/2014/438639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Malignant brain tumors, including glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), are known for their high degree of invasiveness, aggressiveness, and lethality. These tumors are made up of heterogeneous cell populations and only a small part of these cells (known as cancer stem cells) is responsible for the initiation and recurrence of the tumor. The biology of cancer stem cells and their role in brain tumor growth and therapeutic resistance has been extensively investigated. Recent work suggests that glial tumors arise from neural stem cells that undergo a defective process of differentiation. The understanding of this process might permit the development of novel treatment strategies targeting cancer stem cells. In the present review, we address the mechanisms underlying glial tumor formation, paying special attention to cancer stem cells and the role of the microenvironment in preserving them and promoting tumor growth. Recent advancements in cancer stem cell biology, especially regarding tumor initiation and resistance to chemo- or radiotherapy, have led to the development of novel treatment strategies that focus on the niche of the stem cells that make up the tumor. Encouraging results from preclinical studies predict that these findings will be translated into the clinical field in the near future.
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270
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Sarkisian MR, Siebzehnrubl D, Hoang-Minh L, Deleyrolle L, Silver DJ, Siebzehnrubl FA, Guadiana SM, Srivinasan G, Semple-Rowland S, Harrison JK, Steindler DA, Reynolds BA. Detection of primary cilia in human glioblastoma. J Neurooncol 2014; 117:15-24. [PMID: 24510433 PMCID: PMC4433742 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-013-1340-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common malignant adult brain tumor and carries a poor prognosis due to primary and acquired resistance. While many cellular features of GBM have been documented, it is unclear if cells within these tumors extend a primary cilium, an organelle whose associated signaling pathways may regulate proliferation, migration, and survival of neural precursor and tumor cells. Using immunohistochemical and electron microscopy (EM) techniques, we screened human GBM tumor biopsies and primary cell lines for cilia. Immunocytochemical staining of five primary GBM cell lines revealed that between 8 and 25 % of the cells in each line possessed gamma tubulin-positive basal bodies from which extended acetylated, alpha-tubulin-positive axonemes. EM analyses confirmed the presence of cilia at the cell surface and revealed that their axonemes contained organized networks of microtubules, a structural feature consistent with our detection of IFT88 and Arl13b, two trafficked cilia proteins, along the lengths of the axonemes. Notably, cilia were detected in each of 23 tumor biopsies (22 primary and 1 recurrent) examined. These cilia were distributed across the tumor landscape including regions proximal to the vasculature and within necrotic areas. Moreover, ciliated cells within these tumors co-stained with Ki67, a marker for actively dividing cells, and ZEB1, a transcription factor that is upregulated in GBM and linked to tumor initiation, invasion, and chemoresistance. Collectively, our data show that subpopulations of cells within human GBM tumors are ciliated. In view of mounting evidence supporting roles of primary cilia in tumor initiation and propagation, it is likely that further study of the effects of cilia on GBM tumor cell function will improve our understanding of GBM pathogenesis and may provide new directions for GBM treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Sarkisian
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA,
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271
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Study and evaluation of mechanisms of dual targeting drug delivery system with tumor microenvironment assays compared with normal assays. Acta Biomater 2014; 10:858-67. [PMID: 24239900 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2013.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Revised: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A dual targeting delivery system was developed to completely conquer the two barriers that glioma treatment faces: the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the brain-glioma barrier. Recently, a system comprising AS1411 aptamer (for glioma targeting) and TGN peptide (for BBB targeting) modified nanoparticles (AsTNPs) was developed, which can effectively target brain glioma and improve the survival of glioma-bearing mice. However, the in vitro models currently used are far too different from the in vivo tumor microenvironment that the glioma targeting delivery system actually faces. In this study, the pharmacology mechanisms of AsTNPs were explored in several models that imitated the tumor microenvironment. AsTNPs can be selectively taken up by endothelial and glioma cells, effectively penetrating the BBB and brain-glioma barriers to reach glioma cells and display their anti-glioma effect. The cell monolayers, tumor spheroids and coculture systems were more suitable in vitro models for the pharmacology evaluation of targeted drug delivery systems.
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272
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Li XQ, Ouyang ZG, Zhang SH, Liu H, Shang Y, Li Y, Zhen YS. Synergistic inhibition of angiogenesis and glioma cell-induced angiogenesis by the combination of temozolomide and enediyne antibiotic lidamycin. Cancer Biol Ther 2014; 15:398-408. [PMID: 24424202 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.27626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Present work mainly evaluated the inhibitory effects of lidamycin (LDM), an enediyne antibiotic, on angiogenesis or glioma-induced angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo, especially its synergistic anti-angiogenesis with temozolomide (TMZ). LDM alone efficiently inhibited proliferations and induced apoptosis of rat brain microvessel endothelial cells (rBMEC). LDM also interrupted the tube formation of rat brain microvessel endothelial cells (rBMEC) and rat aortic ring spreading. The blockade of rBMEC invasion and C6 cell-induced rBMEC migration by LDM was associated with decrease of VEGF secretion in a co-culture system. TMZ dramatically potentiated the effects of LDM on anti-proliferation, apoptosis induction, and synergistically inhibited angiogenesis events. As determined by western blot and ELISA, the interaction of tumor cells and the rBMEC was markedly interrupted by LDM plus TMZ with synergistic regulations of VEGF induced angiogenesis signal pathway, tumor cell invasion/migration, and apoptosis signal pathway. Immunofluorohistochemistry of CD31 and VEGF showed that LDM plus TMZ resulted in synergistic decrease of microvessel density (MVD) and VEGF expression in human glioma U87 cell subcutaneous xenograft. This study indicates that the high efficacy of LDM and the synergistic effects of LDM plus TMZ against glioma are mediated, at least in part, by the potentiated anti-angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Qi Li
- College of Life Science & Technology; Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University; Daqing, PR China; Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College; Beijing, PR China
| | - Zhi-Gang Ouyang
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College; Beijing, PR China
| | - Sheng-Hua Zhang
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College; Beijing, PR China
| | - Hong Liu
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College; Beijing, PR China
| | - Yue Shang
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College; Beijing, PR China
| | - Yi Li
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College; Beijing, PR China
| | - Yong-Su Zhen
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College; Beijing, PR China
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273
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Sowers JL, Johnson KM, Conrad C, Patterson JT, Sowers LC. The role of inflammation in brain cancer. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 816:75-105. [PMID: 24818720 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-0348-0837-8_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Malignant brain tumors are among the most lethal of human tumors, with limited treatment options currently available. A complex array of recurrent genetic and epigenetic changes has been observed in gliomas that collectively result in derangements of common cell signaling pathways controlling cell survival, proliferation, and invasion. One important determinant of gene expression is DNA methylation status, and emerging studies have revealed the importance of a recently identified demethylation pathway involving 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC). Diminished levels of the modified base 5hmC is a uniform finding in glioma cell lines and patient samples, suggesting a common defect in epigenetic reprogramming. Within the tumor microenvironment, infiltrating immune cells increase oxidative DNA damage, likely promoting both genetic and epigenetic changes that occur during glioma evolution. In this environment, glioma cells are selected that utilize multiple metabolic changes, including changes in the metabolism of the amino acids glutamate, tryptophan, and arginine. Whereas altered metabolism can promote the destruction of normal tissues, glioma cells exploit these changes to promote tumor cell survival and to suppress adaptive immune responses. Further understanding of these metabolic changes could reveal new strategies that would selectively disadvantage tumor cells and redirect host antitumor responses toward eradication of these lethal tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- James L Sowers
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, TX, USA
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274
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Sarkar S, Döring A, Zemp FJ, Silva C, Lun X, Wang X, Kelly J, Hader W, Hamilton M, Mercier P, Dunn JF, Kinniburgh D, van Rooijen N, Robbins S, Forsyth P, Cairncross G, Weiss S, Yong VW. Therapeutic activation of macrophages and microglia to suppress brain tumor-initiating cells. Nat Neurosci 2013; 17:46-55. [PMID: 24316889 DOI: 10.1038/nn.3597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Brain tumor initiating cells (BTICs) contribute to the genesis and recurrence of gliomas. We examined whether the microglia and macrophages that are abundant in gliomas alter BTIC growth. We found that microglia derived from non-glioma human subjects markedly mitigated the sphere-forming capacity of glioma patient-derived BTICs in culture by inducing the expression of genes that control cell cycle arrest and differentiation. This sphere-reducing effect was mimicked by macrophages, but not by neurons or astrocytes. Using a drug screen, we validated amphotericin B (AmpB) as an activator of monocytoid cells and found that AmpB enhanced the microglial reduction of BTIC spheres. In mice harboring intracranial mouse or patient-derived BTICs, daily systemic treatment with non-toxic doses of AmpB substantially prolonged life. Notably, microglia and monocytes cultured from glioma patients were inefficient at reducing the sphere-forming capacity of autologous BTICs, but this was rectified by AmpB. These results provide new insights into the treatment of gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susobhan Sarkar
- 1] Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. [2] Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Axinia Döring
- 1] Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. [2] Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. [3]
| | - Franz J Zemp
- 1] The Southern Alberta Cancer Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. [2]
| | - Claudia Silva
- 1] Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. [2] Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Xueqing Lun
- The Southern Alberta Cancer Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Xiuling Wang
- The Southern Alberta Cancer Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - John Kelly
- 1] Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. [2] Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Walter Hader
- 1] Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. [2] Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Mark Hamilton
- 1] Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. [2] Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Philippe Mercier
- 1] Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. [2] Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jeff F Dunn
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Dave Kinniburgh
- Centre for Toxicology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Nico van Rooijen
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stephen Robbins
- The Southern Alberta Cancer Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Peter Forsyth
- The Southern Alberta Cancer Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Gregory Cairncross
- 1] Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. [2] The Southern Alberta Cancer Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Samuel Weiss
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - V Wee Yong
- 1] Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. [2] Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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275
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Abstract
Patients with glioblastoma typically present when tumors are at an advanced stage. Surgical resection, radiotherapy and adjuvant chemotherapy are currently the standard of care for glioblastoma. However, due to the infiltrative and dispersive nature of the tumor, recurrence rate remains high and typically results in very poor prognosis. Efforts to treat the primary tumor are, therefore, palliative rather than curative. From a practical perspective, controlling growth and dispersal of the recurrence may have a greater impact on disease-free survival. In order for cells to disperse, they must first detach from the mass. Preventing detachment may keep tumors that recur more localized and perhaps more amenable to therapy. Here we introduce a new perspective in which a quantifiable mechanical property, namely tissue surface tension, can provide novel information on tumor behavior. The overall theme of the discussion will attempt to integrate how adhesion molecules can alter a tumor's mechanical properties and how, in turn, these properties can be modified to prevent tumor cell detachment and dispersal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramsey A Foty
- Department of Surgery, University of Medicine & Dentistry, New Jersey Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA.
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276
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Coniglio SJ, Segall JE. Review: molecular mechanism of microglia stimulated glioblastoma invasion. Matrix Biol 2013; 32:372-80. [PMID: 23933178 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2013.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Revised: 07/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme is one of the deadliest human cancers and is characterized by a high degree of microglia and macrophage infiltration. The role of these glioma infiltrating macrophages (GIMs) in disease progression has been the subject of recent investigation. While initially thought to reflect an immune response to the tumor, the balance of evidence clearly suggests GIMs can have potent tumor-tropic functions and assist in glioma cell growth and infiltration into normal brain. In this review, we focus on the evidence for GIMs aiding mediating glioblastoma motility and invasion. We survey the literature for molecular pathways that are involved in paracrine interaction between glioma cells and GIMs and assess which of these might serve as attractive targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore J Coniglio
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Bronx, NY 10461, United States.
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277
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D'Alessandro G, Catalano M, Sciaccaluga M, Chece G, Cipriani R, Rosito M, Grimaldi A, Lauro C, Cantore G, Santoro A, Fioretti B, Franciolini F, Wulff H, Limatola C. KCa3.1 channels are involved in the infiltrative behavior of glioblastoma in vivo. Cell Death Dis 2013; 4:e773. [PMID: 23949222 PMCID: PMC3763441 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2013.279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Revised: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a diffuse brain tumor characterized by high infiltration in the brain parenchyma rendering the tumor difficult to eradicate by neurosurgery. Efforts to identify molecular targets involved in the invasive behavior of GBM suggested ion channel inhibition as a promising therapeutic approach. To determine if the Ca(2+)-dependent K(+) channel KCa3.1 could represent a key element for GBM brain infiltration, human GL-15 cells were xenografted into the brain of SCID mice that were then treated with the specific KCa3.1 blocker TRAM-34 (1-((2-chlorophenyl) (diphenyl)methyl)-1H-pyrazole). After 5 weeks of treatment, immunofluorescence analyses of cerebral slices revealed reduced tumor infiltration and astrogliosis surrounding the tumor, compared with untreated mice. Significant reduction of tumor infiltration was also observed in the brain of mice transplanted with KCa3.1-silenced GL-15 cells, indicating a direct effect of TRAM-34 on GBM-expressed KCa3.1 channels. As KCa3.1 channels are also expressed on microglia, we investigated the effects of TRAM-34 on microglia activation in GL-15 transplanted mice and found a reduction of CD68 staining in treated mice. Similar results were observed in vitro where TRAM-34 reduced both phagocytosis and chemotactic activity of primary microglia exposed to GBM-conditioned medium. Taken together, these results indicate that KCa3.1 activity has an important role in GBM invasiveness in vivo and that its inhibition directly affects glioma cell migration and reduces astrocytosis and microglia activation in response to tumor-released factors. KCa3.1 channel inhibition therefore constitutes a potential novel therapeutic approach to reduce GBM spreading into the surrounding tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- G D'Alessandro
- Institute Pasteur, Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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278
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Thomas AA, Fisher JL, Ernstoff MS, Fadul CE. Vaccine-based immunotherapy for glioblastoma. CNS Oncol 2013; 2:331-49. [PMID: 25054578 PMCID: PMC6166520 DOI: 10.2217/cns.13.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma remains the most lethal human brain tumor, despite the advent of multimodal treatment approaches. Because immune tolerance plays an important role in tumor progression, adding immunotherapy has become an attractive and innovative treatment approach for these aggressive tumors. Several early-phase clinical trials have demonstrated that vaccine-based immunotherapies, including dendritic cell therapy, peptide-based vaccines and vaccines containing autologous tumor lysates, are feasible and well tolerated. These trials have revealed promising trends in overall survival and progression-free survival for patients with glioblastoma, and have paved the way for ongoing randomized controlled trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alissa A Thomas
- Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, 1 Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | - Jan L Fisher
- Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, 1 Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | - Marc S Ernstoff
- Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, 1 Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | - Camilo E Fadul
- Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, 1 Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
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279
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Kopatz J, Beutner C, Welle K, Bodea LG, Reinhardt J, Claude J, Linnartz-Gerlach B, Neumann H. Siglec-h on activated microglia for recognition and engulfment of glioma cells. Glia 2013; 61:1122-33. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.22501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jens Kopatz
- Neural Regeneration Group; Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology; Medical Faculty; University Bonn; Bonn; Germany
| | - Clara Beutner
- Neural Regeneration Group; Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology; Medical Faculty; University Bonn; Bonn; Germany
| | - Kristian Welle
- Neural Regeneration Group; Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology; Medical Faculty; University Bonn; Bonn; Germany
| | - Liviu G. Bodea
- Neural Regeneration Group; Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology; Medical Faculty; University Bonn; Bonn; Germany
| | - Julia Reinhardt
- Neural Regeneration Group; Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology; Medical Faculty; University Bonn; Bonn; Germany
| | - Janine Claude
- Neural Regeneration Group; Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology; Medical Faculty; University Bonn; Bonn; Germany
| | - Bettina Linnartz-Gerlach
- Neural Regeneration Group; Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology; Medical Faculty; University Bonn; Bonn; Germany
| | - Harald Neumann
- Neural Regeneration Group; Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology; Medical Faculty; University Bonn; Bonn; Germany
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280
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Hellmann-Regen J, Kronenberg G, Uhlemann R, Freyer D, Endres M, Gertz K. Accelerated degradation of retinoic acid by activated microglia. J Neuroimmunol 2013; 256:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2012.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2012] [Revised: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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281
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Galvão RP, Zong H. Inflammation and Gliomagenesis: Bi-Directional Communication at Early and Late Stages of Tumor Progression. CURRENT PATHOBIOLOGY REPORTS 2013; 1:19-28. [PMID: 23538742 DOI: 10.1007/s40139-012-0006-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation has been closely linked to various forms of cancer. Less is known about the role of inflammation in glioma, especially at the initiation stage. In this review, we first describe the unique features of the immune system in the brain. We then discuss the current understanding of the mechanisms by which glioma cells modulate the immune system, especially how bi-directional communications between immune cells and glioma cells create an immunosuppressed microenvironment that promotes tumor survival and growth. We also address the potential tumor-initiating roles of inflammation in glioma. Finally, we describe several immunotherapy approaches currently being developed to reverse these interactions and stimulate the immune system to eliminate glioma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Pedro Galvão
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
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282
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Smith SJ, Wilson M, Ward JH, Rahman CV, Peet AC, Macarthur DC, Rose FRAJ, Grundy RG, Rahman R. Recapitulation of tumor heterogeneity and molecular signatures in a 3D brain cancer model with decreased sensitivity to histone deacetylase inhibition. PLoS One 2012; 7:e52335. [PMID: 23272238 PMCID: PMC3525561 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Accepted: 11/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Physiologically relevant pre-clinical ex vivo models recapitulating CNS tumor micro-environmental complexity will aid development of biologically-targeted agents. We present comprehensive characterization of tumor aggregates generated using the 3D Rotary Cell Culture System (RCCS). Methods CNS cancer cell lines were grown in conventional 2D cultures and the RCCS and comparison with a cohort of 53 pediatric high grade gliomas conducted by genome wide gene expression and microRNA arrays, coupled with immunohistochemistry, ex vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy and drug sensitivity evaluation using the histone deacetylase inhibitor, Vorinostat. Results Macroscopic RCCS aggregates recapitulated the heterogeneous morphology of brain tumors with a distinct proliferating rim, necrotic core and oxygen tension gradient. Gene expression and microRNA analyses revealed significant differences with 3D expression intermediate to 2D cultures and primary brain tumors. Metabolic profiling revealed differential profiles, with an increase in tumor specific metabolites in 3D. To evaluate the potential of the RCCS as a drug testing tool, we determined the efficacy of Vorinostat against aggregates of U87 and KNS42 glioblastoma cells. Both lines demonstrated markedly reduced sensitivity when assaying in 3D culture conditions compared to classical 2D drug screen approaches. Conclusions Our comprehensive characterization demonstrates that 3D RCCS culture of high grade brain tumor cells has profound effects on the genetic, epigenetic and metabolic profiles of cultured cells, with these cells residing as an intermediate phenotype between that of 2D cultures and primary tumors. There is a discrepancy between 2D culture and tumor molecular profiles, and RCCS partially re-capitulates tissue specific features, allowing drug testing in a more relevant ex vivo system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart J. Smith
- Children’s Brain Tumour Research Centre, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Wilson
- Division of Reproductive and Child Health, School of Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer H. Ward
- Children’s Brain Tumour Research Centre, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Cheryl V. Rahman
- Division of Drug Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew C. Peet
- Division of Reproductive and Child Health, School of Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Donald C. Macarthur
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nottingham University Hospitals, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Felicity R. A. J. Rose
- Division of Drug Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Richard G. Grundy
- Children’s Brain Tumour Research Centre, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (RGG); (RR)
| | - Ruman Rahman
- Children’s Brain Tumour Research Centre, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (RGG); (RR)
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283
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Glioma revisited: from neurogenesis and cancer stem cells to the epigenetic regulation of the niche. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2012; 2012:537861. [PMID: 22973309 PMCID: PMC3438806 DOI: 10.1155/2012/537861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2012] [Revised: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Gliomas are the most incident brain tumor in adults. This malignancy has very low survival rates, even when combining radio- and chemotherapy. Among the gliomas, glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common and aggressive type, and patients frequently relapse or become refractory to conventional therapies. The fact that such an aggressive tumor can arise in such a carefully orchestrated organ, where cellular proliferation is barely needed to maintain its function, is a question that has intrigued scientists until very recently, when the discovery of the existence of proliferative cells in the brain overcame such challenges. Even so, the precise origin of gliomas still remains elusive. Thanks to new advents in molecular biology, researchers have been able to depict the first steps of glioma formation and to accumulate knowledge about how neural stem cells and its progenitors become gliomas. Indeed, GBM are composed of a very heterogeneous population of cells, which exhibit a plethora of tumorigenic properties, supporting the presence of cancer stem cells (CSCs) in these tumors. This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of how gliomas initiate and progress, taking into account the role of epigenetic modulation in the crosstalk of cancer cells with their environment.
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284
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Huszthy PC, Daphu I, Niclou SP, Stieber D, Nigro JM, Sakariassen PØ, Miletic H, Thorsen F, Bjerkvig R. In vivo models of primary brain tumors: pitfalls and perspectives. Neuro Oncol 2012; 14:979-93. [PMID: 22679124 PMCID: PMC3408261 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nos135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal modeling for primary brain tumors has undergone constant development over the last 60 years, and significant improvements have been made recently with the establishment of highly invasive glioblastoma models. In this review we discuss the advantages and pitfalls of model development, focusing on chemically induced models, various xenogeneic grafts of human cell lines, including stem cell–like cell lines and biopsy spheroids. We then discuss the development of numerous genetically engineered models available to study mechanisms of tumor initiation and progression. At present it is clear that none of the current animal models fully reflects human gliomas. Yet, the various model systems have provided important insight into specific mechanisms of tumor development. In particular, it is anticipated that a combined comprehensive knowledge of the various models currently available will provide important new knowledge on target identification and the validation and development of new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter C Huszthy
- NorLux, Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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