251
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Armstrong J, Chowdhry B, Mitchell J, Beezer A, Leharne S. Effect of Cosolvents and Cosolutes upon Aggregation Transitions in Aqueous Solutions of the Poloxamer F87 (Poloxamer P237): A High Sensitivity Differential Scanning Calorimetry Study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/jp951390s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Armstrong
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, University of Greenwich, Wellington Street, Woolwich, London SE18 6PF, U.K., The Chemical Laboratory, The University, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NH, U.K., and School of Environmental Sciences, University of Greenwich, Creek Road, Deptford, London SE8 3BW, U.K
| | - Babur Chowdhry
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, University of Greenwich, Wellington Street, Woolwich, London SE18 6PF, U.K., The Chemical Laboratory, The University, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NH, U.K., and School of Environmental Sciences, University of Greenwich, Creek Road, Deptford, London SE8 3BW, U.K
| | - John Mitchell
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, University of Greenwich, Wellington Street, Woolwich, London SE18 6PF, U.K., The Chemical Laboratory, The University, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NH, U.K., and School of Environmental Sciences, University of Greenwich, Creek Road, Deptford, London SE8 3BW, U.K
| | - Anthony Beezer
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, University of Greenwich, Wellington Street, Woolwich, London SE18 6PF, U.K., The Chemical Laboratory, The University, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NH, U.K., and School of Environmental Sciences, University of Greenwich, Creek Road, Deptford, London SE8 3BW, U.K
| | - Stephen Leharne
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, University of Greenwich, Wellington Street, Woolwich, London SE18 6PF, U.K., The Chemical Laboratory, The University, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NH, U.K., and School of Environmental Sciences, University of Greenwich, Creek Road, Deptford, London SE8 3BW, U.K
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252
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Cau F, Lacelle S. 1H NMR Relaxation Studies of the Micellization of a Poly(ethylene oxide)−Poly(propylene oxide)−Poly(ethylene oxide) Triblock Copolymer in Aqueous Solution. Macromolecules 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/ma950976+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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253
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Armstrong JK, Meiselman HJ, Fisher TC. Inhibition of red blood cell-induced platelet aggregation in whole blood by a nonionic surfactant, poloxamer 188 (RheothRx injection). Thromb Res 1995; 79:437-50. [PMID: 7502270 DOI: 10.1016/0049-3848(95)00134-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
RheothRx Injection, an aqueous solution of a nonionic block copolymer (poloxamer 188) formulated for intravenous administration, was investigated as an inhibitor of red blood cell (RBC)-induced platelet aggregation at plasma concentrations of 0.05-5mgmL-1. Platelet aggregation was determined by measuring the fall in single platelet counts after mechanical agitation of 2mL aliquots of citrated whole blood in a 37 degrees C shaking waterbath. Inhibition of RBC-induced platelet aggregation of > 95% was observed for poloxamer 188 at a concentration of 1mgmL-1, and 41% inhibition was observed at 0.05mgmL-1. Poloxamer 188 was observed to be a more effective inhibitor of RBC-induced platelet aggregation than 2-chloradenosine (2-ClAd) or phosphoenolpyruvate/pyruvate kinase (PEP/PK). Studies using platelet rich plasma (PRP) showed that platelet aggregation could not be induced by shaking in the absence of RBC, though aggregation was induced by the addition of exogenous adenosine diphosphate (ADP). Poloxamer 188 did not inhibit ADP-induced platelet aggregation. We propose that poloxamer 188 protects RBC from mechanical trauma by non-specific adsorption of copolymer to the RBC surface (via the hydrophobic polyoxypropylene moiety), and that this effect prevents mechanical damage and hence leakage of ADP from RBC. RheothRx Injection has been shown to have value in the treatment of acute ischemic disorders such as myocardial infarction. The observation of significant inhibition of RBC-induced platelet aggregation at clinically relevant concentrations suggests that RheothRx Injection may have antithrombotic properties in vivo, and may therefore have potential not only in acute ischemia but also to prevent thrombosis within vascular prostheses or to prevent rethrombosis after angioplasty or endarterectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Armstrong
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Southern California, School of Medicine, Los Angeles 90033, USA
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254
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Trubetskoy VS, Torchilin VP. Use of polyoxyethylene-lipid conjugates as long-circulating carriers for delivery of therapeutic and diagnostic agents. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0169-409x(95)00032-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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255
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256
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A correlation for the estimation of critical micellization concentrations and temperatures of polyols in aqueous solutions. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 1995. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02541032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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257
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Fresta M, Puglisi G, Giammona G, Cavallaro G, Micali N, Furneri PM. Pefloxacine mesilate- and ofloxacin-loaded polyethylcyanoacrylate nanoparticles: characterization of the colloidal drug carrier formulation. J Pharm Sci 1995; 84:895-902. [PMID: 7562444 DOI: 10.1002/jps.2600840721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The entrapment of fluoroquinolones, perfloxacine mesilate (PFX) and ofloxacin (OFX), in polyalkylcyanoacrylate (PECA) nanoparticles could offer some advantages for their biological application; for examples, increasing their bioavailability, controlling the drug time-release in blood, and reducing the formation of bacterial resistance. To load these two drugs in PECA polymeric bulk, the incorporation or adsorption method was performed. These two methods were capable of influencing nanoparticle size, molecular weight, release profile, and drug-polymer association. The incorporation method, particularly for the OFX system, achieved PECA nanoparticle suspensions with a mean size value three times higher than that obtained in the absence of the drug. In contrast, negligible changes were observed for PFX systems. This preparation process also influenced the nanoparticle storage stability. The molecular weight values of the various nanoparticle preparations were also influenced; that is, the PFX-loaded systems showed an enhancement in the average molecular weight values, whereas a reduction was observed for OFX-loaded systems. The adsorption method showed no particular difference in particle size, molecular weight, and storage stability compared with nanoparticles prepared without the drugs. The nanoparticle loading capacity was higher for the colloidal systems obtained following the incorporation preparation procedure. The release of drug from the nanoparticles was biphasic for both preparation processes. The fluoro-quinolone-loaded nanoparticles showed an enhancement of the antimicrobial activity against standard bacteria strains from 2- to 50-fold compared with the free drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Fresta
- Istituto di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica, Università di Catania, Italy
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258
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Hecht E, Hoffmann H. Kinetic and calorimetric investigations on micelle formation of block copolymers of the poloxamer type. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0927-7757(94)03044-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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259
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Alexandridis P, Alan Hatton T. Poly(ethylene oxide)poly(propylene oxide)poly(ethylene oxide) block copolymer surfactants in aqueous solutions and at interfaces: thermodynamics, structure, dynamics, and modeling. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0927-7757(94)03028-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1523] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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260
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Lowe KC, Furmidge BA, Thomas S. Haemolytic properties of pluronic surfactants and effects of purification. ARTIFICIAL CELLS, BLOOD SUBSTITUTES, AND IMMOBILIZATION BIOTECHNOLOGY 1995; 23:135-9. [PMID: 7719443 DOI: 10.3109/10731199509117673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The effects of incubating blood from mice, rats, rabbits or hamsters with either a commercial grade or a silica-purified fraction of Pluronic F-68 or Pluronic F-38 have been studied. Incubation of blood with up to 4.0% (w/v) of commercial or purified Pluronic F-68 produced no detectable haemolysis (< 0.1%). Haemolysis did occur with concentrations of commercial Pluronic F-68 above 4.0% (w/v). This was maximal with rat blood incubated with 10.0% (w/v) Pluronic F-68, where the mean haemolysis was 4.7 +/- 1.5%; the mean haemolysis in rat blood was reduced to 0.5 +/- 0.3% (P < 0.05) following incubation with the purified Pluronic F-68 fraction. Neither commercial grade or purified Pluronic F-38 produced any significant haemolysis when incubated with rat or hamster blood. Incubation of rabbit blood with 10.0% (w/v) commercial Pluronic F-38 produced only 0.5% haemolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K C Lowe
- Department of Life Science, University of Nottingham, U.K
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261
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Rapoport N, Caldwell K. Structural transitions in micellar solutions of pluronic P-105 and their effect on the conformation of dissolved cytochrome C: An electron paramagnetic resonance investigation. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0927-7765(94)01125-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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262
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Effects and measurements of polyoxyethylene block length in polyoxyethylene-polyoxybutylene copolymers. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 1994. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02541438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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263
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264
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Kataoka K. Design of Nanoscopic Vehicles for Drug Targeting Based on Micellization of Amphiphiuc Block Copolymers. JOURNAL OF MACROMOLECULAR SCIENCE PART A-PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY 1994. [DOI: 10.1080/10601329408545880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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265
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Bahadur P, Pandya K, Almgren M, Li P, Stilbs P. Effect of inorganic salts on the micellar behaviour of ethylene oxide-propylene oxide block copolymers in aqueous solution. Colloid Polym Sci 1993. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00652828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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266
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Kazunori K, Glenn S. K, Masayuki Y, Teruo O, Yasuhisa S. Block copolymer micelles as vehicles for drug delivery. J Control Release 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0168-3659(93)90172-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 536] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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267
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Pandya K, Bahadur P, Nagar T, Bahadur A. Micellar and solubilizing behaviour of Pluronic L-64 in water. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0927-7757(93)80295-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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268
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Khmelnitsky YL, Neverova IN, Gedrovich AV, Polyakov VA, Levashov AV, Martinek K. Catalysis by alpha-chymotrypsin entrapped into surface-modified polymeric nanogranules in organic solvent. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1992; 210:751-7. [PMID: 1483459 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1992.tb17477.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Physicochemical characteristics of previously suggested surface-modified polymeric nanogranules (SMPN) and catalytic and stability properties of alpha-chymotrypsin entrapped into such nanogranules in a nonpolar solvent were investigated in more details. SMPN were obtained by polymerization of an acrylamide/N,N'-methylene-bisacrylamide mixture in a mixed reversed micellar system composed of Aerosol OT [sodium di(2-ethylhexyl)sulfosuccinate] and the polymeric surfactant Pluronic F-108 modified with polymerizable groups, followed by the chromatographic removal of the auxiliary surfactant, Aerosol OT. An optimal solvent system was found providing the required orientation of the polymeric surfactant in starting mixed micelles, i.e. with polar fragments immersed into the micellar interior and apolar fragments protruding into organic solvent. The hydrodynamic diameter of SMPN in benzene solution was estimated by means of quasi-elastic light scattering to be 84 +/- 1 nm. Catalytic and stability properties of alpha-chymotrypsin entrapped into SMPN strongly depended on conditions of preparation of SMPN. The optimal concentration of acrylamide monomers in the micellar interior and hydration degree of starting reversed micelles were found to be 20% by mass and wo = 15, respectively. alpha-Chymotrypsin-containing SMPN were used as a catalyst in the synthesis of N-acetyl-L-tyrosine ethyl ester from N-acetyl-L-tyrosine and ethanol, performed in a membrane reactor.
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269
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Kabanov AV, Batrakova EV, Melik-Nubarov NS, Fedoseev NA, Dorodnich TY, Alakhov VY, Chekhonin VP, Nazarova IR, Kabanov VA. A new class of drug carriers: micelles of poly(oxyethylene)-poly(oxypropylene) block copolymers as microcontainers for drug targeting from blood in brain. J Control Release 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0168-3659(92)90199-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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270
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Affiliation(s)
- P Schneider
- Centre de Transfusion Sanguine, Croix-Rouge suisse, Lausanne, Switzerland
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271
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Emulsion polymerization with oligomeric diblock macromonomer stabilizers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-89397-0.50007-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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272
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Ohno M, Esumi K, Meguro K. Aqueous solution properties of a silicone surfactant and its mixed surfactant systems. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 1992. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02635881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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273
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Riess JG, Postel M. Stability and stabilization of fluorocarbon emulsions destined for injection. BIOMATERIALS, ARTIFICIAL CELLS, AND IMMOBILIZATION BIOTECHNOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR ARTIFICIAL CELLS AND IMMOBILIZATION BIOTECHNOLOGY 1992; 20:819-30. [PMID: 1391516 DOI: 10.3109/10731199209119723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The factors that have an impact on the stability, and the mechanisms of degradation of fluorocarbon emulsions suited for intravascular use, are briefly reviewed. Various ways of prolonging shelf stability are discussed. The effectiveness of perfluoroalkylated surfactants and/or co-surfactants as stabilizers is demonstrated. New means of stabilizing fluorocarbon-in-water emulsions using molecular dowels are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Riess
- Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire, Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, France
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274
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Abstract
Recent advances in the development and assessment of synthetic oxygen transport fluids based on perfluorochemicals (PFCs) are reviewed. The basic properties of PFCs are outlined, together with the selection criteria for biomedical applications. PFCs must be emulsified for intravascular use and attention is focussed on the formulation and biocompatibility testing of both first- and second-generation emulsions and their components in man and other species. The multidisciplinary applications for PFCs in medicine and basic biomedical research are described, including the clinical use of Fluosol-DA 20% as an oxygen-carrying perfusate in percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty.
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Affiliation(s)
- K C Lowe
- Department of Zoology, University of Nottingham, UK
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275
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276
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277
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Cheng HY, Holl WW. Micellar aggregation of poloxamer 213 and its interaction with cholesterol derivatives. J Pharm Sci 1990; 79:907-12. [PMID: 2177790 DOI: 10.1002/jps.2600791013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The micellar properties of Poloxamer 213 (1), a Pluronic copolymer shown to affect lipid absorption and serum cholesterol level in experimental animals, are investigated by surface tension measurements, photon correlation spectroscopy (PCS), Reichardt's dye solubilization technique, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectrometry, and fluorescence spectroscopy. The clear inflection point at 3 x 10(-6) M (25 degrees C) observed in the surface tension-concentration curve may not represent the CMC for the formation of multimolecular aggregates. In the 10(-4) to 10(-2) M concentration range, the temperature-dependent transition (as the concentration of 1 increases) from the larger (hydrodynamic radius, Rh approximately 20-40 nm), highly hydrated aggregates to the contracted (Rh approximately 6-7 nm), less polar form occurs as a discontinuity. This process is endothermic, with an average delta H of 34.5 kcal/mol. At 25 degrees C, both the 25-(NBD-methylamino)-27-norcholesterol (fluorescence probe) and 3-Doxyl-5 alpha-cholestane (EPR spin probe) begin to show significant interaction with 1 in the 10(-3) M range. The sequestration of the fluorescent cholesterol probe by 1 aggregates begins at approximately 2 x 10(-4) M at 35 degrees C. Analysis of EPR and fluorescence data indicates that the cholesterol analogues are in a nonpolar micellar environment of low fluidity. The significance and implication of the data are discussed in the context of the hypothesized cholesterol sequestration by 1 under physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Y Cheng
- Physical and Structural Chemistry Department, Smith Kline and French Laboratories, King of Prussia, PA 19406
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278
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Mitchard N, Beezer A, Rees N, Mitchell J, Leharne S, Chowdhry B, Buckton G. Polyoxyethylene–polyoxypropylene block copolymers: a novel phase transition in aqueous solutions of pluronic F87 (poloxamer 237). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1039/c39900000900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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279
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280
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Carlsson A, Karlström G, Lindman B. Thermal gelation of nonionic cellulose ethers and ionic surfactants in water. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/0166-6622(90)80069-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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281
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King AT, Davey MR, Mulligan BJ, Lowe KC. Effects of Pluronic F-68 on plant cells in suspension culture. Biotechnol Lett 1990. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01028488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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282
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Surface-modified polymeric nanogranules containing entrapped enzymes: A novel biocatalyst for use in organic media. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01876064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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283
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Murhammer DW, Goochee CF. Scaleup of Insect Cell Cultures: Protective Effects of Pluronic F-68. Nat Biotechnol 1988. [DOI: 10.1038/nbt1288-1411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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284
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Synthesis and surface activity of maleic anhydride-polyethylene glycol-phthalic anhydride polymeric surfactants. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 1988. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02542419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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285
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Abstract
A number of adjuvants of importance in veterinary vaccines are reviewed. These include mineral salt adjuvants, oil adjuvants, hydrophilic and hydrophobic bloc polymers, hydrocarbons and surface active agents. The current and future applications of these substances and their possible modes of action are discussed. Creation of an adjuvant register by the newly formed European Adjuvant Group should facilitate accumulation of information on adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Dalsgaard
- State Veterinary Institute for Virus Research, Lindholm, Kalvehave, Denmark
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286
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287
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Illum L, Davis SS, Müller RH, Mak E, West P. The organ distribution and circulation time of intravenously injected colloidal carriers sterically stabilized with a block copolymer--poloxamine 908. Life Sci 1987; 40:367-74. [PMID: 3807638 DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(87)90138-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Colloidal carriers injected intravenously are normally removed rapidly and efficiently by the liver and this represents a major barrier to drug targeting. By coating model microspheres and emulsions with a block co-polymer (poloxamine) it has been possible to keep the carrier circulating in the vascular compartment with little or no uptake by the reticuloendothelial system.
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288
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Allison AC, Byars NE. An adjuvant formulation that selectively elicits the formation of antibodies of protective isotypes and of cell-mediated immunity. J Immunol Methods 1986; 95:157-68. [PMID: 3540125 DOI: 10.1016/0022-1759(86)90402-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Adjuvants are required to elicit protective immune responses with bacterial toxoids, inactivated viruses and subunit antigens produced by recombinant DNA technology. Some adjuvants, such as muramyl dipeptide (MDP) analog formulations, preferentially induce the formation of antibodies of isotypes that interact with complement and antibody-dependent effector cells, and do not elicit reaginic antibodies. Aluminum salts and mineral oil emulsions increase antibody formation but not cell-mediated immunity (CMI), whereas MDP formulations also elicit CMI. Adjuvants such as MDP and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulate the production by accessory cells of IL-1 that increases the circulation of lymphocytes through draining lymph nodes and act as a growth factor for lymphocytes. Vehicles such as mineral oil emulsions, liposomes and Pluronic polymer formulations provide large surface areas on which antigens can be retained in a two-dimensional matrix, from which they can readily be transferred to antigen-presenting cells. The development of an adjuvant formulation able to elicit the formation of protective antibodies and CMI without unacceptable side effects is described.
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289
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Douglas SJ, Davis SS, Holding SR. Molecular weights of poly(butyl 2-cyanoacrylate) produced during nanoparticle formation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1985. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.4980170404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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290
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A new ultrasonic differential method for measuring diffusion coefficients of drugs inside small gel samples. application to the diffusion of lidocaine hydrochloride and lidocaine base inside a 25% pluronic® F-127 gel. J Control Release 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/0168-3659(85)90014-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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291
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PluciŃski P. The influence of solubilization upon the permeation of aromatic hydrocarbons through liquid membranes. J Memb Sci 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/s0376-7388(00)83138-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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292
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293
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294
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Ultrasonic velocity and light-scattering studies on the polyoxyethylene—polyoxypropylene copolymer Pluronic F127 in aqueous solution. Int J Pharm 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/0378-5173(82)90141-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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295
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296
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Szymanowski J, Wiániewski M. Hydrophilicity and Solubility in Water of Block Copolymers of Ethylene and Butylene Oxides of Type EBE. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1982. [DOI: 10.1002/lipi.19820841207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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