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Kumar A, Ganini D, Mason RP. Role of cytochrome c in α-synuclein radical formation: implications of α-synuclein in neuronal death in Maneb- and paraquat-induced model of Parkinson's disease. Mol Neurodegener 2016; 11:70. [PMID: 27884192 PMCID: PMC5122029 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-016-0135-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The pathological features of Parkinson’s disease (PD) include an abnormal accumulation of α-synuclein in the surviving dopaminergic neurons. Though PD is multifactorial, several epidemiological reports show an increased incidence of PD with co-exposure to pesticides such as Maneb and paraquat (MP). In pesticide-related PD, mitochondrial dysfunction and α-synuclein oligomers have been strongly implicated, but the link between the two has not yet been understood. Similarly, the biological effects of α-synuclein or its radical chemistry in PD is largely unknown. Mitochondrial dysfunction during PD pathogenesis leads to release of cytochrome c in the cytosol. Once in the cytosol, cytochrome c has one of two fates: It either binds to apaf1 and initiates apoptosis or can act as a peroxidase. We hypothesized that as a peroxidase, cytochrome c leaked out from mitochondria can form radicals on α-synuclein and initiate its oligomerization. Method Samples from controls, and MP co-exposed wild-type and α-synuclein knockout mice were studied using immuno-spin trapping, confocal microscopy, immunohistochemistry, and microarray experiments. Results Experiments with MP co-exposed mice showed cytochrome c release in cytosol and its co-localization with α-synuclein. Subsequently, we used immuno-spin trapping method to detect the formation of α-synuclein radical in samples from an in vitro reaction mixture consisting of cytochrome c, α-synuclein, and hydrogen peroxide. These experiments indicated that cytochrome c plays a role in α-synuclein radical formation and oligomerization. Experiments with MP co-exposed α-synuclein knockout mice, in which cytochrome c-α synuclein co-localization and interaction cannot occur, mice showed diminished protein radical formation and neuronal death, compared to wild-type MP co-exposed mice. Microarray data from MP co-exposed wild-type and α-synuclein knockout mice further showed that the absence of α-synuclein per se or its co-localization with cytochrome c confers protection from MP co-exposure, as several important pathways were unaffected in α-synuclein knockout mice. Conclusions Altogether, these results show that peroxidase activity of cytochrome c contributes to α-synuclein radical formation and oligomerization, and that α-synuclein, through its co-localization with cytochrome c or on its own, affects several biological pathways which contribute to increased neuronal death in an MP-induced model of PD. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13024-016-0135-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashutosh Kumar
- Free Radical Biology Group, Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 111 T.W. Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, 27709, USA.
| | - Douglas Ganini
- Free Radical Biology Group, Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 111 T.W. Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Ronald P Mason
- Free Radical Biology Group, Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 111 T.W. Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, 27709, USA
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Singh S, Srivastava A, Srivastava P, Dhuriya YK, Pandey A, Kumar D, Rajpurohit CS. Advances in Stem Cell Research- A Ray of Hope in Better Diagnosis and Prognosis in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Mol Biosci 2016; 3:72. [PMID: 27878120 PMCID: PMC5099954 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2016.00072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegeneration and neurodegenerative disorders have been a global health issue affecting the aging population worldwide. Recent advances in stem cell biology have changed the current face of neurodegenerative disease modeling, diagnosis, and transplantation therapeutics. Stem cells also serve the purpose of a simple in-vitro tool for screening therapeutic drugs and chemicals. We present the application of stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) in the field of neurodegeneration and address the issues of diagnosis, modeling, and therapeutic transplantation strategies for the most prevalent neurodegenerative disorders. We have discussed the progress made in the last decade and have largely focused on the various applications of stem cells in the neurodegenerative research arena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shripriya Singh
- System Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Toxicology ResearchLucknow, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative ResearchLucknow, India
| | - Akriti Srivastava
- System Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Toxicology ResearchLucknow, India
| | - Pranay Srivastava
- System Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Toxicology ResearchLucknow, India
| | - Yogesh K. Dhuriya
- System Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Toxicology ResearchLucknow, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative ResearchLucknow, India
| | - Ankita Pandey
- System Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Toxicology ResearchLucknow, India
| | - Dipak Kumar
- System Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Toxicology ResearchLucknow, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative ResearchLucknow, India
| | - Chetan S. Rajpurohit
- System Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Toxicology ResearchLucknow, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative ResearchLucknow, India
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253
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Role of sulfiredoxin as a peroxiredoxin-2 denitrosylase in human iPSC-derived dopaminergic neurons. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E7564-E7571. [PMID: 27821734 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1608784113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have pointed to protein S-nitrosylation as a critical regulator of cellular redox homeostasis. For example, S-nitrosylation of peroxiredoxin-2 (Prx2), a peroxidase widely expressed in mammalian neurons, inhibits both enzymatic activity and protective function against oxidative stress. Here, using in vitro and in vivo approaches, we identify a role and reaction mechanism of the reductase sulfiredoxin (Srxn1) as an enzyme that denitrosylates (thus removing -SNO) from Prx2 in an ATP-dependent manner. Accordingly, by decreasing S-nitrosylated Prx2 (SNO-Prx2), overexpression of Srxn1 protects dopaminergic neural cells and human-induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived neurons from NO-induced hypersensitivity to oxidative stress. The pathophysiological relevance of this observation is suggested by our finding that SNO-Prx2 is dramatically increased in murine and human Parkinson's disease (PD) brains. Our findings therefore suggest that Srxn1 may represent a therapeutic target for neurodegenerative disorders such as PD that involve nitrosative/oxidative stress.
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254
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Lulla A, Barnhill L, Bitan G, Ivanova MI, Nguyen B, O’Donnell K, Stahl MC, Yamashiro C, Klärner FG, Schrader T, Sagasti A, Bronstein JM. Neurotoxicity of the Parkinson Disease-Associated Pesticide Ziram Is Synuclein-Dependent in Zebrafish Embryos. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2016; 124:1766-1775. [PMID: 27301718 PMCID: PMC5089875 DOI: 10.1289/ehp141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2015] [Revised: 02/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to the commonly used dithiocarbamate (DTC) pesticides is associated with an increased risk of developing Parkinson disease (PD), although the mechanisms by which they exert their toxicity are not completely understood. OBJECTIVE We studied the mechanisms of ziram's (a DTC fungicide) neurotoxicity in vivo. METHODS Zebrafish (ZF) embryos were utilized to determine ziram's effects on behavior, neuronal toxicity, and the role of synuclein in its toxicity. RESULTS Nanomolar-range concentrations of ziram caused selective loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons and impaired swimming behavior. Because ziram increases α-synuclein (α-syn) concentrations in rat primary neuronal cultures, we investigated the effect of ziram on ZF γ-synuclein 1 (γ1). ZF express 3 synuclein isoforms, and ZF γ1 appears to be the closest functional homologue to α-syn. We found that recombinant ZF γ1 formed fibrils in vitro, and overexpression of ZF γ1 in ZF embryos led to the formation of neuronal aggregates and neurotoxicity in a manner similar to that of α-syn. Importantly, knockdown of ZF γ1 with morpholinos and disruption of oligomers with the molecular tweezer CLR01 prevented ziram's DA toxicity. CONCLUSIONS These data show that ziram is selectively toxic to DA neurons in vivo, and this toxicity is synuclein-dependent. These findings have important implications for understanding the mechanisms by which pesticides may cause PD. Citation: Lulla A, Barnhill L, Bitan G, Ivanova MI, Nguyen B, O'Donnell K, Stahl MC, Yamashiro C, Klärner FG, Schrader T, Sagasti A, Bronstein JM. 2016. Neurotoxicity of the Parkinson disease-associated pesticide ziram is synuclein-dependent in zebrafish embryos. Environ Health Perspect 124:1766-1775; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/EHP141.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Lulla
- Department of Neurology, University of Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Lisa Barnhill
- Department of Neurology, University of Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Gal Bitan
- Department of Neurology, University of Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California, USA
- Brain Research Institute, and
- Molecular Biology Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Magdalena I. Ivanova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
- UCLA-DOE Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Binh Nguyen
- Department of Neurology, University of Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Kelley O’Donnell
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Mark C. Stahl
- Department of Neurology, University of Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Chase Yamashiro
- Department of Neurology, University of Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California, USA
| | | | - Thomas Schrader
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Alvaro Sagasti
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jeff M. Bronstein
- Department of Neurology, University of Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California, USA
- Brain Research Institute, and
- Parkinson’s Disease Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
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255
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Dai S, Li R, Long Y, Titus S, Zhao J, Huang R, Xia M, Zheng W. One-Step Seeding of Neural Stem Cells with Vitronectin-Supplemented Medium for High-Throughput Screening Assays. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 21:1112-1124. [PMID: 27647668 DOI: 10.1177/1087057116670068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Human neuronal cells differentiated from induced pluripotent cells have emerged as a new model system for the study of disease pathophysiology and evaluation of drug efficacy. Differentiated neuronal cells are more similar in genetics and biological content to human brain cells than other animal disease models. However, culture of neuronal cells in assay plates requires a labor-intensive procedure of plate precoating, hampering its applications in high-throughput screening (HTS). We developed a simplified method with one-step seeding of neural stem cells in assay plates by supplementing the medium with a recombinant human vitronectin (VTN), thus avoiding plate precoating. Robust results were obtained from cell viability, calcium response, and neurite outgrowth assays using this new method. Our data demonstrate that this approach greatly simplifies high-throughput assays using neuronal cells differentiated from human stem cells for translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Dai
- 1 National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.,2 Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Rong Li
- 1 National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yan Long
- 1 National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.,3 Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Steve Titus
- 1 National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jinghua Zhao
- 1 National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ruili Huang
- 1 National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Menghang Xia
- 1 National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Wei Zheng
- 1 National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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256
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Zhang Q, Chen W, Tan S, Lin T. Stem Cells for Modeling and Therapy of Parkinson's Disease. Hum Gene Ther 2016; 28:85-98. [PMID: 27762639 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2016.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most frequent neurodegenerative disease after Alzheimer's disease, which is characterized by a low level of dopamine being expressing in the striatum and a deterioration of dopaminergic neurons (DAn) in the substantia nigra pars compacta. Generation of PD-derived DAn, including differentiation of human embryonic stem cells, human neural stem cells, human-induced pluripotent stem cells, and direct reprogramming, provides an ideal tool to model PD, creating the possibility of mimicking key essential pathological processes and charactering single-cell changes in vitro. Furthermore, thanks to the understanding of molecular neuropathogenesis of PD and new advances in stem-cell technology, it is anticipated that optimal functionally transplanted DAn with targeted correction and transgene-free insertion will be generated for use in cell transplantation. This review elucidates stem-cell technology for modeling PD and offering desired safe cell resources for cell transplantation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingxi Zhang
- 1 Center for Regenerative and Translational Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine (Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine) , Guangzhou, China .,2 Department of Neurology, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University , Guangzhou, China
| | - Wanling Chen
- 1 Center for Regenerative and Translational Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine (Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine) , Guangzhou, China .,2 Department of Neurology, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University , Guangzhou, China
| | - Sheng Tan
- 2 Department of Neurology, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University , Guangzhou, China
| | - Tongxiang Lin
- 1 Center for Regenerative and Translational Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine (Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine) , Guangzhou, China .,3 Stem Cell Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University , Fuzhou, China
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257
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Bose A, Beal MF. Mitochondrial dysfunction in Parkinson's disease. J Neurochem 2016; 139 Suppl 1:216-231. [PMID: 27546335 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 548] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2016] [Revised: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease. About 2% of the population above the age of 60 is affected by the disease. The pathological hallmarks of the disease include the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and the presence of Lewy bodies that are made of α-synuclein. Several theories have been suggested for the pathogenesis of PD, of which mitochondrial dysfunction plays a pivotal role in both sporadic and familial forms of the disease. Dysfunction of the mitochondria that is caused by bioenergetic defects, mutations in mitochondrial DNA, nuclear DNA gene mutations linked to mitochondria, and changes in dynamics of the mitochondria such fusion or fission, changes in size and morphology, alterations in trafficking or transport, altered movement of mitochondria, impairment of transcription, and the presence of mutated proteins associated with mitochondria are implicated in PD. In this review, we provide a detailed overview of the mechanisms that can cause mitochondrial dysfunction in PD. We bring to the forefront, new signaling pathways such as the retromer-trafficking pathway and its implication in the disease and also provide a brief overview of therapeutic strategies to improve mitochondrial defects in PD. Bioenergetic defects, mutations in mitochondrial DNA, nuclear DNA gene mutations, alterations in mitochondrial dynamics, alterations in trafficking/transport and mitochondrial movement, abnormal size and morphology, impairment of transcription and the presence of mutated proteins associated with mitochondria are implicated in PD. In this review, we focus on the mechanisms underlying mitochondrial dysfunction in PD and bring to the forefront new signaling pathways that may be involved in PD. We also provide an overview of therapeutic strategies to improve mitochondrial defects in PD. This article is part of a special issue on Parkinson disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anindita Bose
- Appel Alzheimer's Disease Research Institute, Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York City, New York, USA.
| | - M Flint Beal
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York City, New York, USA.
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258
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Burke C, Trinh K, Nadar V, Sanyal S. AxGxE: Using Flies to Interrogate the Complex Etiology of Neurodegenerative Disease. Curr Top Dev Biol 2016; 121:225-251. [PMID: 28057301 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2016.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Progressive and late-onset neurological disorders such as Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease affect up to 50 million people globally-a number postulated to double every 20 years in a continually aging population. While predisposing allelic variants in several genes clearly confer risk, individual age and specific environmental influences are equally important discriminators of disease onset age and progression. However, none of these factors can independently predict disease with significant precision. Therefore, we must actively develop models that accommodate contributions from all factors, potentially resulting in an A × G × E (age-gene-environment) metric that reflects individual cumulative risk and reliably forecasts disease outcomes. This effort can only be enabled by a deep quantitative understanding of the contribution of these factors to neurodegenerative disease, both individually and in combination. This is also an important consideration because neuronal loss typically precedes clinical presentation and disease-modifying therapies are contingent on early diagnosis that is likely to be informed by an accurate estimation of individual risk. Although epidemiological studies continue to make strong advances in these areas with the advent of powerful "omics"-based approaches, systematic phenotypic modeling of AxGxE interactions is currently more feasible in model organisms such as Drosophila melanogaster where all three parameters can be manipulated with manageable experimental burden. Here, we outline the advantages of using fruit flies for investigating these complex interactions and highlight potential approaches that might help synthesize existing information from diverse fields into a cogent description of age-dependent, environmental, and genetic risk factors in the pathophysiology of neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Burke
- Neurology Research, Biogen, Cambridge, MA United States
| | - K Trinh
- Neurology Research, Biogen, Cambridge, MA United States
| | - V Nadar
- Neurology Research, Biogen, Cambridge, MA United States
| | - S Sanyal
- Neurology Research, Biogen, Cambridge, MA United States.
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259
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Singh A, Verma P, Balaji G, Samantaray S, Mohanakumar KP. Nimodipine, an L-type calcium channel blocker attenuates mitochondrial dysfunctions to protect against 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-induced Parkinsonism in mice. Neurochem Int 2016; 99:221-232. [PMID: 27395789 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2016.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD), the most common progressive neurodegenerative movement disorder, results from loss of dopaminergic neurons of substantia nigra pars compacta. These neurons exhibit Cav1.3 channel-dependent pacemaking activity. Epidemiological studies suggest reduced risk for PD in population under long-term antihypertensive therapy with L-type calcium channel antagonists. These prompted us to investigate nimodipine, an L-type calcium channel blocker for neuroprotective effect in cellular and animal models of PD. Nimodipine (0.1-10 μM) significantly attenuated 1-methyl-4-phenyl pyridinium ion-induced loss in mitochondrial morphology, mitochondrial membrane potential and increases in intracellular calcium levels in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cell line as measured respectively employing Mitotracker green staining, TMRM, and Fura-2 fluorescence, but only a feeble neuroprotective effect was observed in MTT assay. Nimodipine dose-dependently reduced 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced parkinsonian syndromes (akinesia and catalepsy) and loss in swimming ability in Balb/c mice. It attenuated MPTP-induced loss of dopaminergic tyrosine hydroxylase positive neurons in substantia nigra, improved mitochondrial oxygen consumption and inhibited reactive oxygen species production in the striatal mitochondria measured using dichlorodihydrofluorescein fluorescence, but failed to block striatal dopamine depletion. These results point to an involvement of L-type calcium channels in MPTP-induced dopaminergic neuronal death in experimental parkinsonism and more importantly provide evidences for nimodipine to improve mitochondrial integrity and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alpana Singh
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Neuroscience, Division of Cell Biology and Physiology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology Kolkata, 4, Raja Subodh Mullick Road, Jadavpur, 700032, India
| | - Poonam Verma
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Neuroscience, Division of Cell Biology and Physiology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology Kolkata, 4, Raja Subodh Mullick Road, Jadavpur, 700032, India
| | - Gillela Balaji
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Neuroscience, Division of Cell Biology and Physiology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology Kolkata, 4, Raja Subodh Mullick Road, Jadavpur, 700032, India
| | - Supriti Samantaray
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Kochupurackal P Mohanakumar
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Neuroscience, Division of Cell Biology and Physiology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology Kolkata, 4, Raja Subodh Mullick Road, Jadavpur, 700032, India; Inter University Centre for Biomedical Research & Super Specialty Hospital, Mahatma Gandhi University Campus at Thalappady, Rubber Board PO, Kottayam, 686009, Kerala State, India.
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260
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Xiao B, Ng HH, Takahashi R, Tan EK. Induced pluripotent stem cells in Parkinson's disease: scientific and clinical challenges. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2016; 87:697-702. [PMID: 26833176 PMCID: PMC4941130 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2015-312036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), which greatly circumvent the ethical issue of human embryonic stem cells (ESCs), can be induced to differentiate to dopaminergic (DA) neurons, and hence be used as a human disease model for Parkinson's disease (PD). iPSCs can be also utilised to probe the mechanism, and serve as an 'in vivo' platform for drug screening and for cell-replacement therapies. However, any clinical trial approaches should be extensively supported by validated robust biological evidence (based on previous experience with fetal mesencephalic transplantation), in particular, the production and selection of the 'ideal' neurons (functional units with no oncological risk), together with the careful screening of appropriate candidates (such as genetic carriers), with inbuilt safeguards (safety studies) in the evaluation and monitoring (functional neuroimaging of both DA and non-DA system) of trial subjects. While iPSCs hold great promise for PD, there are still numerous scientific and clinical challenges that need to be surmounted before any clinical application can be safely introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Xiao
- National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Huck Hui Ng
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ryosuke Takahashi
- Department of Neurology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Eng-King Tan
- National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, Singapore Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore Department of Neurology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
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261
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Glucose Metabolism and AMPK Signaling Regulate Dopaminergic Cell Death Induced by Gene (α-Synuclein)-Environment (Paraquat) Interactions. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:3825-3842. [PMID: 27324791 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-9906-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
While environmental exposures are not the single cause of Parkinson's disease (PD), their interaction with genetic alterations is thought to contribute to neuronal dopaminergic degeneration. However, the mechanisms involved in dopaminergic cell death induced by gene-environment interactions remain unclear. In this work, we have revealed for the first time the role of central carbon metabolism and metabolic dysfunction in dopaminergic cell death induced by the paraquat (PQ)-α-synuclein interaction. The toxicity of PQ in dopaminergic N27 cells was significantly reduced by glucose deprivation, inhibition of hexokinase with 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG), or equimolar substitution of glucose with galactose, which evidenced the contribution of glucose metabolism to PQ-induced cell death. PQ also stimulated an increase in glucose uptake, and in the levels of glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4) and Na+-glucose transporters isoform 1 (SGLT1) proteins, but only inhibition of GLUT-like transport with STF-31 or ascorbic acid reduced PQ-induced cell death. Importantly, while autophagy protein 5 (ATG5)/unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1 (ULK1)-dependent autophagy protected against PQ toxicity, the inhibitory effect of glucose deprivation on cell death progression was largely independent of autophagy or mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling. PQ selectively induced metabolomic alterations and adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation in the midbrain and striatum of mice chronically treated with PQ. Inhibition of AMPK signaling led to metabolic dysfunction and an enhanced sensitivity of dopaminergic cells to PQ. In addition, activation of AMPK by PQ was prevented by inhibition of the inducible nitric oxide syntase (iNOS) with 1400W, but PQ had no effect on iNOS levels. Overexpression of wild type or A53T mutant α-synuclein stimulated glucose accumulation and PQ toxicity, and this toxic synergism was reduced by inhibition of glucose metabolism/transport and the pentose phosphate pathway (6-aminonicotinamide). These results demonstrate that glucose metabolism and AMPK regulate dopaminergic cell death induced by gene (α-synuclein)-environment (PQ) interactions.
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262
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Utility of Lymphoblastoid Cell Lines for Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Generation. Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:2349261. [PMID: 27375745 PMCID: PMC4914736 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2349261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A large number of EBV immortalized LCLs have been generated and maintained in genetic/epidemiological studies as a perpetual source of DNA and as a surrogate in vitro cell model. Recent successes in reprograming LCLs into iPSCs have paved the way for generating more relevant in vitro disease models using this existing bioresource. However, the overall reprogramming efficiency and success rate remain poor and very little is known about the mechanistic changes that take place at the transcriptome and cellular functional level during LCL-to-iPSC reprogramming. Here, we report a new optimized LCL-to-iPSC reprogramming protocol using episomal plasmids encoding pluripotency transcription factors and mouse p53DD (p53 carboxy-terminal dominant-negative fragment) and commercially available reprogramming media. We achieved a consistently high reprogramming efficiency and 100% success rate using this optimized protocol. Further, we investigated the transcriptional changes in mRNA and miRNA levels, using FC-abs ≥ 2.0 and FDR ≤ 0.05 cutoffs; 5,228 mRNAs and 77 miRNAs were differentially expressed during LCL-to-iPSC reprogramming. The functional enrichment analysis of the upregulated genes and activation of human pluripotency pathways in the reprogrammed iPSCs showed that the generated iPSCs possess transcriptional and functional profiles very similar to those of human ESCs.
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Korecka J, Levy S, Isacson O. In vivo modeling of neuronal function, axonal impairment and connectivity in neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders using induced pluripotent stem cells. Mol Cell Neurosci 2016; 73:3-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2015.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Revised: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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Mungenast AE, Siegert S, Tsai LH. Modeling Alzheimer's disease with human induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells. Mol Cell Neurosci 2016; 73:13-31. [PMID: 26657644 PMCID: PMC5930170 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2015.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last decade, induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells have revolutionized the utility of human in vitro models of neurological disease. The iPS-derived and differentiated cells allow researchers to study the impact of a distinct cell type in health and disease as well as performing therapeutic drug screens on a human genetic background. In particular, clinical trials for Alzheimer's disease (AD) have been failing. Two of the potential reasons are first, the species gap involved in proceeding from initial discoveries in rodent models to human studies, and second, an unsatisfying patient stratification, meaning subgrouping patients based on the disease severity due to the lack of phenotypic and genetic markers. iPS cells overcome this obstacles and will improve our understanding of disease subtypes in AD. They allow researchers conducting in depth characterization of neural cells from both familial and sporadic AD patients as well as preclinical screens on human cells. In this review, we briefly outline the status quo of iPS cell research in neurological diseases along with the general advantages and pitfalls of these models. We summarize how genome-editing techniques such as CRISPR/Cas9 will allow researchers to reduce the problem of genomic variability inherent to human studies, followed by recent iPS cell studies relevant to AD. We then focus on current techniques for the differentiation of iPS cells into neural cell types that are relevant to AD research. Finally, we discuss how the generation of three-dimensional cell culture systems will be important for understanding AD phenotypes in a complex cellular milieu, and how both two- and three-dimensional iPS cell models can provide platforms for drug discovery and translational studies into the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison E Mungenast
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Sandra Siegert
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Li-Huei Tsai
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
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265
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Shen Y, Huang J, Liu L, Xu X, Han C, Zhang G, Jiang H, Li J, Lin Z, Xiong N, Wang T. A Compendium of Preparation and Application of Stem Cells in Parkinson's Disease: Current Status and Future Prospects. Front Aging Neurosci 2016; 8:117. [PMID: 27303288 PMCID: PMC4885841 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2016.00117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's Disease (PD) is a progressively neurodegenerative disorder, implicitly characterized by a stepwise loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) and explicitly marked by bradykinesia, rigidity, resting tremor and postural instability. Currently, therapeutic approaches available are mainly palliative strategies, including L-3,4-dihydroxy-phenylalanine (L-DOPA) replacement therapy, DA receptor agonist and deep brain stimulation (DBS) procedures. As the disease proceeds, however, the pharmacotherapeutic efficacy is inevitably worn off, worse still, implicated by side effects of motor response oscillations as well as L-DOPA induced dyskinesia (LID). Therefore, the frustrating status above has propeled the shift to cell replacement therapy (CRT), a promising restorative therapy intending to secure a long-lasting relief of patients' symptoms. By far, stem cell lines of multifarious origins have been established, which can be further categorized into embryonic stem cells (ESCs), neural stem cells (NSCs), induced neural stem cells (iNSCs), mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). In this review, we intend to present a compendium of preparation and application of multifarious stem cells, especially in relation to PD research and therapy. In addition, the current status, potential challenges and future prospects for practical CRT in PD patients will be elaborated as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Shen
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Medical College, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan, China
| | - Jinsha Huang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Medical College, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan, China
| | - Ling Liu
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Medical College, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoyun Xu
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Medical College, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan, China
| | - Chao Han
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Medical College, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan, China
| | - Guoxin Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Medical College, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan, China
| | - Haiyang Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Medical College, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan, China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Medical College, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan, China
| | - Zhicheng Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Division of Alcohol and Drug Abuse, and Mailman Neuroscience Research Center, McLean Hospital Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Nian Xiong
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Medical College, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Medical College, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan, China
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De Vos J, Bouckenheimer J, Sansac C, Lemaître JM, Assou S. Human induced pluripotent stem cells: A disruptive innovation. Curr Res Transl Med 2016; 64:91-6. [PMID: 27316392 DOI: 10.1016/j.retram.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
This year (2016) will mark the 10th anniversary of the discovery of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). The finding that the transient expression of four transcription factors can radically remodel the epigenome, transcriptome and metabolome of differentiated cells and reprogram them into pluripotent stem cells has been a major and groundbreaking technological innovation. In this review, we discuss the major applications of this technology that we have grouped in nine categories: a model to study cell fate control; a model to study pluripotency; a model to study human development; a model to study human tissue and organ physiology; a model to study genetic diseases in a dish; a tool for cell rejuvenation; a source of cells for drug screening; a source of cells for regenerative medicine; a tool for the production of human organs in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- J De Vos
- CHU Montpellier, Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Biotherapy, Hôpital Saint-Eloi, 34000 Montpellier, France; INSERM, U1183, 34000 Montpellier, France; Université de Montpellier, UFR de Médecine, 34000 Montpellier, France; Institut de Biologie Computationnelle, 34000 Montpellier, France; CHU Montpellier, SAFE-IPS Reprogramming Platform, Institute of Research in Biotherapy, 34000 Montpellier, France; CHU Montpellier, Unit for Cellular Therapy, Hospital Saint-Eloi, 34000 Montpellier, France.
| | - J Bouckenheimer
- CHU Montpellier, Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Biotherapy, Hôpital Saint-Eloi, 34000 Montpellier, France; INSERM, U1183, 34000 Montpellier, France; Université de Montpellier, UFR de Pharmacie, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - C Sansac
- CHU Montpellier, Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Biotherapy, Hôpital Saint-Eloi, 34000 Montpellier, France; INSERM, U1183, 34000 Montpellier, France; Université de Montpellier, UFR de Pharmacie, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - J-M Lemaître
- CHU Montpellier, Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Biotherapy, Hôpital Saint-Eloi, 34000 Montpellier, France; INSERM, U1183, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - S Assou
- CHU Montpellier, Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Biotherapy, Hôpital Saint-Eloi, 34000 Montpellier, France; INSERM, U1183, 34000 Montpellier, France; Université de Montpellier, UFR de Médecine, 34000 Montpellier, France.
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267
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Paul KC, Sinsheimer JS, Rhodes SL, Cockburn M, Bronstein J, Ritz B. Organophosphate Pesticide Exposures, Nitric Oxide Synthase Gene Variants, and Gene-Pesticide Interactions in a Case-Control Study of Parkinson's Disease, California (USA). ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2016; 124:570-7. [PMID: 26383258 PMCID: PMC4858402 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1408976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) genes are candidates for Parkinson's disease (PD) because NOS enzymes produce nitric oxide (NO), a pro-oxidant that can damage neurons. Widely used organophosphate (OP) pesticides can induce oxidative stress and are reported to increase PD risk. Additionally, two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from the PON1 (paraoxonase 1) gene influence the ability to metabolize OPs. OBJECTIVE Here, we investigated contributions of NOS genes and OP pesticides to PD risk, controlling for PON1 status. METHODS In 357 incident PD cases and 495 population controls, we investigated eight NOS SNPs and interactions with both household and ambient agricultural OP exposures assessed with geographic information system (GIS). RESULTS In comparing PD in homozygous variant carriers of NOS2A rs1060826 versus homozygous wild-type or heterozygotes, we estimate an adjusted odds ratio (OR) of 1.51 (95% CI: 0.95, 2.41). When considering interactions between NOS1 rs2682826 and OP exposure from household use, the OR for frequent OP use alone was 1.30 (95% CI: 0.72, 2.34) and for the CT+TT genotype alone was 0.89 (95% CI: 0.58, 1.39), and for frequent OP use combined with the CT+TT genotype the OR was 2.84 (95% CI: 1.49, 5.40) (interaction p-value 0.04). Similar results were seen for ambient OP exposure. Interactions between OP exposure and three other NOS1 SNPs and a genetic risk score combining all NOS1 SNPs reached statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS We found that OP pesticides were more strongly associated with PD among participants with variant genotypes in NOS1, consistent with the importance of oxidative stress-inducing mechanisms. Our data provide evidence for NOS1 modifying PD risk in OP exposed populations. CITATION Paul KC, Sinsheimer JS, Rhodes SL, Cockburn M, Bronstein J, Ritz B. 2016. Organophosphate pesticide exposures, nitric oxide synthase gene variants, and gene-pesticide interactions in a case-control study of Parkinson's disease, California (USA). Environ Health Perspect 124:570-577; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1408976.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly C. Paul
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Janet S. Sinsheimer
- Department of Human Genetics, and
- Department of Biomathematics, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Fielding School of Public Health, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Shannon L. Rhodes
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Myles Cockburn
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jeff Bronstein
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Beate Ritz
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Fielding School of Public Health, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Address correspondence to B. Ritz, UCLA, Epidemiology, Box 951772, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. Telephone: (310) 206-7438. E-mail:
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268
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Csöbönyeiová M, Danišovič Ľ, Polák Š. Induced pluripotent stem cells for modeling and cell therapy of Parkinson's disease. Neural Regen Res 2016; 11:727-8. [PMID: 27335549 PMCID: PMC4904456 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.182692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mária Csöbönyeiová
- Institute of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Ľuboš Danišovič
- Institute of Medical Biology, Genetics and Clinical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Štefan Polák
- Institute of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
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269
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Seo J, Singh NN, Ottesen EW, Sivanesan S, Shishimorova M, Singh RN. Oxidative Stress Triggers Body-Wide Skipping of Multiple Exons of the Spinal Muscular Atrophy Gene. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0154390. [PMID: 27111068 PMCID: PMC4844106 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans carry two nearly identical copies of Survival Motor Neuron gene: SMN1 and SMN2. Loss of SMN1 leads to spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), the most frequent genetic cause of infant mortality. While SMN2 cannot compensate for the loss of SMN1 due to predominant skipping of exon 7, correction of SMN2 exon 7 splicing holds the promise of a cure for SMA. Previously, we used cell-based models coupled with a multi-exon-skipping detection assay (MESDA) to demonstrate the vulnerability of SMN2 exons to aberrant splicing under the conditions of oxidative stress (OS). Here we employ a transgenic mouse model and MESDA to examine the OS-induced splicing regulation of SMN2 exons. We induced OS using paraquat that is known to trigger production of reactive oxygen species and cause mitochondrial dysfunction. We show an overwhelming co-skipping of SMN2 exon 5 and exon 7 under OS in all tissues except testis. We also show that OS increases skipping of SMN2 exon 3 in all tissues except testis. We uncover several new SMN2 splice isoforms expressed at elevated levels under the conditions of OS. We analyze cis-elements and transacting factors to demonstrate the diversity of mechanisms for splicing misregulation under OS. Our results of proteome analysis reveal downregulation of hnRNP H as one of the potential consequences of OS in brain. Our findings suggest SMN2 as a sensor of OS with implications to SMA and other diseases impacted by low levels of SMN protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joonbae Seo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States of America
| | - Natalia N. Singh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States of America
| | - Eric W. Ottesen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States of America
| | - Senthilkumar Sivanesan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States of America
| | - Maria Shishimorova
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States of America
| | - Ravindra N. Singh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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270
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Paré B, Deschênes LT, Pouliot R, Dupré N, Gros-Louis F. An Optimized Approach to Recover Secreted Proteins from Fibroblast Conditioned-Media for Secretomic Analysis. Front Cell Neurosci 2016; 10:70. [PMID: 27064649 PMCID: PMC4814560 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2016.00070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The proteins secreted by a particular type of cell, the secretome, play important roles in the regulation of many physiological processes via paracrine/autocrine mechanisms, and they are of increasing interest to help understanding rare diseases and to identify potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets. To facilitate ongoing research involving secreted proteins, we revisited cell culture protocols and whole secreted protein enrichment protocols. A reliable method for culturing and precipitating secreted protein from patient-derived fibroblast conditioned-medium was established. The method is based on the optimization of cell confluency and incubation time conditions. The well-established carrier-based TCA-DOC protein precipitation method was consistently found to give higher protein recovery yield. According to our results, we therefore propose that protein enrichment should be performed by TCA-DOC precipitation method after 48 h at 95% of confluence in a serum-deprived culture medium. Given the importance of secreted proteins as a source to elucidate the pathogenesis of rare diseases, especially neurological disorders, this approach may help to discover novel candidate biomarkers with potential clinical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastien Paré
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Laval University Experimental Organogenesis Research Center/LOEX, CHU de Québec Research Center - Enfant-Jésus HospitalQuébec, QC, Canada; Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Laval UniversityQuébec, QC, Canada
| | - Lydia T Deschênes
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Laval University Experimental Organogenesis Research Center/LOEX, CHU de Québec Research Center - Enfant-Jésus Hospital Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Roxane Pouliot
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Laval University Experimental Organogenesis Research Center/LOEX, CHU de Québec Research Center - Enfant-Jésus HospitalQuébec, QC, Canada; Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval UniversityQuébec, QC, Canada
| | - Nicolas Dupré
- Neuroscience Division of the CHU de Québec, Department of Medicine of the Faculty of Medicine, Laval University Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Francois Gros-Louis
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Laval University Experimental Organogenesis Research Center/LOEX, CHU de Québec Research Center - Enfant-Jésus HospitalQuébec, QC, Canada; Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Laval UniversityQuébec, QC, Canada
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271
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A Feed-Forward Circuit of Endogenous PGC-1α and Estrogen Related Receptor α Regulates the Neuronal Electron Transport Chain. PARKINSONS DISEASE 2016; 2016:2405176. [PMID: 27088034 PMCID: PMC4818948 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2405176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α) is a central regulator of cellular and mitochondrial metabolism. Cellular bioenergetics are critically important in “energy-guzzling” neurons, but the components and wiring of the transcriptional circuit through which PGC-1α regulates the neuronal electron transport chain have not been established. This information may be vital for restoring neuronal bioenergetics gene expression that is compromised during incipient Parkinson's neuropathology and in aging-dependent brain diseases. Here we delineate a neuronal transcriptional circuit controlled by endogenous PGC-1α. We show that a feed-forward circuit of endogenous neuronal PGC-1α and the orphan nuclear estrogen-related receptor α (ERRα) activates the nuclear-encoded mitochondrial electron transport chain. PGC-1α not only trans-activated expression of ERRα, but also coactivated ERRα target genes in complexes I, II, IV, and V of the neuronal electron transport chain via association with evolutionary conserved ERRα promoter binding motifs. Chemical activation of this transcriptional program induced transcription of the neuronal electron transport chain. These data highlight a neuronal transcriptional circuit regulated by PGC-1α that can be therapeutically targeted for Parkinson's and other neurodegenerative diseases.
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272
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Abstract
Cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases are major health threats in many
developed countries. Recently, target tissues derived from human embryonic stem
(hES) cells and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), such as cardiomyocytes
(CMs) or neurons, have been actively mobilized for drug screening. Knowledge of
drug toxicity and efficacy obtained using stem cell-derived tissues could
parallel that obtained from human trials. Furthermore, iPSC disease models could
be advantageous in the development of personalized medicine in various parts of
disease sectors. To obtain the maximum benefit from iPSCs in disease modeling,
researchers are now focusing on aging, maturation, and metabolism to
recapitulate the pathological features seen in patients. Compared to pediatric
disease modeling, adult-onset disease modeling with iPSCs requires proper
maturation for full manifestation of pathological features. Herein, the success
of iPSC technology, focusing on patient-specific drug treatment,
maturation-based disease modeling, and alternative approaches to compensate for
the current limitations of patient iPSC modeling, will be further discussed.
[BMB Reports 2015; 48(5): 256-265]
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Affiliation(s)
- Changsung Kim
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Sejong University, Seoul 143-747, Korea
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273
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Patzke C, Südhof TC. The conditional KO approach: Cre/Lox technology in human neurons. Rare Dis 2016; 4:e1131884. [PMID: 27141410 PMCID: PMC4838317 DOI: 10.1080/21675511.2015.1131884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of human pluripotent stem cells to model human diseases has become a new standard in biomedical sciences. To this end, patient-derived somatic cells are studied in vitro to mimic human pathological conditions. Here, we describe an alternative experimental strategy, the ‘conditional KO approach’, which allows engineering disease-relevant mutations in pluripotent stem cells from healthy donors. In combination with the Cre/Lox technology, this strategy enables us to study the molecular causes of human diseases independent of the genetic background or of genetic alterations induced by clonal selection. As a proof-of-principle, we generated pluripotent stem cells with conditional loss-of-function mutations in the human STXBP1 gene that encodes Munc18-1. Using neurons derived from these cells, we show that heterozygous disruption of STXBP1 produces a specific and selective impairment in synaptic transmission that may account for the severe neurological disease caused by such mutations in human patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Patzke
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University , Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Thomas C Südhof
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine; Stanford, CA, USA
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274
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Hatakeyama H, Goto YI. Concise Review: Heteroplasmic Mitochondrial DNA Mutations and Mitochondrial Diseases: Toward iPSC-Based Disease Modeling, Drug Discovery, and Regenerative Therapeutics. Stem Cells 2016; 34:801-8. [DOI: 10.1002/stem.2292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hideyuki Hatakeyama
- Department of Mental Retardation and Birth Defect Research; National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry; Tokyo Japan
- AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development; Tokyo Japan
| | - Yu-ichi Goto
- Department of Mental Retardation and Birth Defect Research; National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry; Tokyo Japan
- Medical Genome Center, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry; Tokyo Japan
- AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development; Tokyo Japan
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275
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Belaidi AA, Bush AI. Iron neurochemistry in Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease: targets for therapeutics. J Neurochem 2016; 139 Suppl 1:179-197. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 324] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Revised: 10/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abdel A. Belaidi
- The Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health; The University of Melbourne; Parkville Vic. Australia
| | - Ashley I. Bush
- The Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health; The University of Melbourne; Parkville Vic. Australia
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276
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Choi MS, Jung JY, Kim HJ, Ham MR, Lee TR, Shin DW. S-nitrosylation of fatty acid synthase regulates its activity through dimerization. J Lipid Res 2016; 57:607-15. [PMID: 26851298 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m065805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
NO regulates a variety of physiological processes, including cell proliferation, differentiation, and inflammation. S-nitrosylation, a NO-mediated reversible protein modification, leads to changes in the activity and function of proteins. In particular, the role of S-nitrosylation during adipogenesis is largely unknown. We hypothesized that the normal physiological levels of NO, but not the excess levels generated under severe conditions, such as inflammation, may be critically involved in the proper regulation of adipogenesis. We found that endogenous S-nitrosylation of proteins was required for adipocyte differentiation. By performing a biotin-switch assay, we identified FAS, a key lipogenic enzyme in adipocytes, as a target of S-nitrosylation during adipogenesis. Interestingly, we also observed that the dimerization of FAS increased in parallel with the amount of S-nitrosylated FAS during adipogenesis. In addition, we found that exogenous NO enhanced the dimerization and the enzymatic activity of FAS. Moreover, site-directed mutagenesis of three predicted S-nitrosylation sites indicated that S-nitrosylation of FAS at Cys(1471)and Cys(2091), but not at Cys(1127), increased its enzymatic activity. Taken together, these results suggest that the S-nitrosylation of FAS at normal physiological levels of NO increases its activity through dimerization and may contribute to the proper regulation of adipogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Sik Choi
- Basic Research and Innovation Division, Amorepacific Corporation R&D Center, 314-1, Bora-dong, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 446-729, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Yong Jung
- Basic Research and Innovation Division, Amorepacific Corporation R&D Center, 314-1, Bora-dong, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 446-729, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoung-June Kim
- Basic Research and Innovation Division, Amorepacific Corporation R&D Center, 314-1, Bora-dong, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 446-729, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Ra Ham
- Basic Research and Innovation Division, Amorepacific Corporation R&D Center, 314-1, Bora-dong, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 446-729, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Ryong Lee
- Basic Research and Innovation Division, Amorepacific Corporation R&D Center, 314-1, Bora-dong, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 446-729, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Wook Shin
- Basic Research and Innovation Division, Amorepacific Corporation R&D Center, 314-1, Bora-dong, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 446-729, Republic of Korea
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Avior Y, Sagi I, Benvenisty N. Pluripotent stem cells in disease modelling and drug discovery. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2016; 17:170-82. [DOI: 10.1038/nrm.2015.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 413] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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278
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Xu X, Huang J, Li J, Liu L, Han C, Shen Y, Zhang G, Jiang H, Lin Z, Xiong N, Wang T. Induced pluripotent stem cells and Parkinson's disease: modelling and treatment. Cell Prolif 2016; 49:14-26. [PMID: 26748765 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Many neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's disease (PD), are characterized by progressive neuronal loss in different regions of the central nervous system, contributing to brain dysfunction in the relevant patients. Stem cell therapy holds great promise for PD patients, including with foetal ventral mesencephalic cells, human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs). Moreover, stem cells can be used to model neurodegenerative diseases in order to screen potential medication and explore their mechanisms of disease. However, related ethical issues, immunological rejection and lack of canonical grafting protocols limit common clinical use of stem cells. iPSCs, derived from reprogrammed somatic cells, provide new hope for cell replacement therapy. In this review, recent development in stem cell treatment for PD, using hiPSCs, as well as the potential value of hiPSCs in modelling for PD, have been summarized for application of iPSCs technology to clinical translation for PD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Xu
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jinsha Huang
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ling Liu
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Chao Han
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yan Shen
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Guoxin Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Haiyang Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zhicheng Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Division of Alcohol and Drug Abuse, Mailman Neuroscience Research Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Nian Xiong
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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279
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Holmqvist S, Lehtonen Š, Chumarina M, Puttonen KA, Azevedo C, Lebedeva O, Ruponen M, Oksanen M, Djelloul M, Collin A, Goldwurm S, Meyer M, Lagarkova M, Kiselev S, Koistinaho J, Roybon L. Creation of a library of induced pluripotent stem cells from Parkinsonian patients. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2016; 2:16009. [PMID: 28725696 PMCID: PMC5516589 DOI: 10.1038/npjparkd.2016.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are becoming an important source of pre-clinical models for research focusing on neurodegeneration. They offer the possibility for better understanding of common and divergent pathogenic mechanisms of brain diseases. Moreover, iPSCs provide a unique opportunity to develop personalized therapeutic strategies, as well as explore early pathogenic mechanisms, since they rely on the use of patients' own cells that are otherwise accessible only post-mortem, when neuronal death-related cellular pathways and processes are advanced and adaptive. Neurodegenerative diseases are in majority of unknown cause, but mutations in specific genes can lead to familial forms of these diseases. For example, mutations in the superoxide dismutase 1 gene lead to the motor neuron disease amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), while mutations in the SNCA gene encoding for alpha-synuclein protein lead to familial Parkinson's disease (PD). The generations of libraries of familial human ALS iPSC lines have been described, and the iPSCs rapidly became useful models for studying cell autonomous and non-cell autonomous mechanisms of the disease. Here we report the generation of a comprehensive library of iPSC lines of familial PD and an associated synucleinopathy, multiple system atrophy (MSA). In addition, we provide examples of relevant neural cell types these iPSC can be differentiated into, and which could be used to further explore early disease mechanisms. These human cellular models will be a valuable resource for identifying common and divergent mechanisms leading to neurodegeneration in PD and MSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Staffan Holmqvist
- Stem Cell Laboratory for CNS Disease Modeling, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Department of Experimental Medical Science, BMC A10, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Strategic Research Area MultiPark, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Šárka Lehtonen
- Stem Cell Laboratory of Molecular Brain Research Group, Department of Neurobiology, A.I. Virtanen Institute, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Margarita Chumarina
- Stem Cell Laboratory for CNS Disease Modeling, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Department of Experimental Medical Science, BMC A10, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Strategic Research Area MultiPark, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Katja A Puttonen
- Stem Cell Laboratory of Molecular Brain Research Group, Department of Neurobiology, A.I. Virtanen Institute, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Carla Azevedo
- Stem Cell Laboratory for CNS Disease Modeling, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Department of Experimental Medical Science, BMC A10, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Strategic Research Area MultiPark, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Olga Lebedeva
- Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Moscow, Russia
| | - Marika Ruponen
- Stem Cell Laboratory of Molecular Brain Research Group, Department of Neurobiology, A.I. Virtanen Institute, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Minna Oksanen
- Stem Cell Laboratory of Molecular Brain Research Group, Department of Neurobiology, A.I. Virtanen Institute, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mehdi Djelloul
- Stem Cell Laboratory for CNS Disease Modeling, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Department of Experimental Medical Science, BMC A10, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Strategic Research Area MultiPark, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Anna Collin
- Department of Clinical Genetics and Biobanks, Office for Medical Services, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Lund, Sweden
| | - Stefano Goldwurm
- Parkinson Institute, Istituti Clinici di Perfezionamento, Milan, Italy
| | - Morten Meyer
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Maria Lagarkova
- Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergei Kiselev
- Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Moscow, Russia
| | - Jari Koistinaho
- Stem Cell Laboratory of Molecular Brain Research Group, Department of Neurobiology, A.I. Virtanen Institute, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- ()
| | - Laurent Roybon
- Stem Cell Laboratory for CNS Disease Modeling, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Department of Experimental Medical Science, BMC A10, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Strategic Research Area MultiPark, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- ()
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280
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Direct Lineage Reprogramming Reveals Disease-Specific Phenotypes of Motor Neurons from Human ALS Patients. Cell Rep 2015; 14:115-128. [PMID: 26725112 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Revised: 10/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Subtype-specific neurons obtained from adult humans will be critical to modeling neurodegenerative diseases, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Here, we show that adult human skin fibroblasts can be directly and efficiently converted into highly pure motor neurons without passing through an induced pluripotent stem cell stage. These adult human induced motor neurons (hiMNs) exhibit the cytological and electrophysiological features of spinal motor neurons and form functional neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) with skeletal muscles. Importantly, hiMNs converted from ALS patient fibroblasts show disease-specific degeneration manifested through poor survival, soma shrinkage, hypoactivity, and an inability to form NMJs. A chemical screen revealed that the degenerative features of ALS hiMNs can be remarkably rescued by the small molecule kenpaullone. Taken together, our results define a direct and efficient strategy to obtain disease-relevant neuronal subtypes from adult human patients and reveal their promising value in disease modeling and drug identification.
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281
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Nakamura T, Lipton SA. Protein S-Nitrosylation as a Therapeutic Target for Neurodegenerative Diseases. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2015; 37:73-84. [PMID: 26707925 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Revised: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
At physiological levels, nitric oxide (NO) contributes to the maintenance of normal neuronal activity and survival, thus serving as an important regulatory mechanism in the central nervous system. By contrast, accumulating evidence suggests that exposure to environmental toxins or the normal aging process can trigger excessive production of reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (such as NO), contributing to the etiology of several neurodegenerative diseases. We highlight here protein S-nitrosylation, resulting from covalent attachment of an NO group to a cysteine thiol of the target protein, as a ubiquitous effector of NO signaling in both health and disease. We review our current understanding of this redox-dependent post-translational modification under neurodegenerative conditions, and evaluate how targeting dysregulated protein S-nitrosylation can lead to novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stuart A Lipton
- Scintillon Institute, San Diego, CA 92121, USA; Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92039, USA.
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282
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Abstract
Genome-editing tools, and in particular those based on CRISPR-Cas (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)-CRISPR-associated protein) systems, are accelerating the pace of biological research and enabling targeted genetic interrogation in almost any organism and cell type. These tools have opened the door to the development of new model systems for studying the complexity of the nervous system, including animal models and stem cell-derived in vitro models. Precise and efficient gene editing using CRISPR-Cas systems has the potential to advance both basic and translational neuroscience research.
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283
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Fernández-Santiago R, Carballo-Carbajal I, Castellano G, Torrent R, Richaud Y, Sánchez-Danés A, Vilarrasa-Blasi R, Sánchez-Pla A, Mosquera JL, Soriano J, López-Barneo J, Canals JM, Alberch J, Raya Á, Vila M, Consiglio A, Martín-Subero JI, Ezquerra M, Tolosa E. Aberrant epigenome in iPSC-derived dopaminergic neurons from Parkinson's disease patients. EMBO Mol Med 2015; 7:1529-46. [PMID: 26516212 PMCID: PMC4693505 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201505439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Revised: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The epigenomic landscape of Parkinson's disease (PD) remains unknown. We performed a genomewide DNA methylation and a transcriptome studies in induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived dopaminergic neurons (DAn) generated by cell reprogramming of somatic skin cells from patients with monogenic LRRK2-associated PD (L2PD) or sporadic PD (sPD), and healthy subjects. We observed extensive DNA methylation changes in PD DAn, and of RNA expression, which were common in L2PD and sPD. No significant methylation differences were present in parental skin cells, undifferentiated iPSCs nor iPSC-derived neural cultures not-enriched-in-DAn. These findings suggest the presence of molecular defects in PD somatic cells which manifest only upon differentiation into the DAn cells targeted in PD. The methylation profile from PD DAn, but not from controls, resembled that of neural cultures not-enriched-in-DAn indicating a failure to fully acquire the epigenetic identity own to healthy DAn in PD. The PD-associated hypermethylation was prominent in gene regulatory regions such as enhancers and was related to the RNA and/or protein downregulation of a network of transcription factors relevant to PD (FOXA1, NR3C1, HNF4A, and FOSL2). Using a patient-specific iPSC-based DAn model, our study provides the first evidence that epigenetic deregulation is associated with monogenic and sporadic PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén Fernández-Santiago
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Department of Neurology, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain Cell Therapy Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Iria Carballo-Carbajal
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Laboratory, Hospital Vall d'Hebron Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR) Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Giancarlo Castellano
- Department of Pathological Anatomy, Pharmacology and Microbiology, University of Barcelona (UB) Institut d'investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Roger Torrent
- Institute for Biomedicine (IBUB) University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Yvonne Richaud
- Control of Stem Cell Potency Group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona, Spain Centre for Networked Biomedical Research on Bioengineering Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | - Roser Vilarrasa-Blasi
- Department of Pathological Anatomy, Pharmacology and Microbiology, University of Barcelona (UB) Institut d'investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alex Sánchez-Pla
- Department of Statistics, University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain Department of Statistics, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Luis Mosquera
- Department of Statistics, University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Soriano
- Departament d'Estructura i Constituents de la Matèria (ECM), Facultat de Física, University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - José López-Barneo
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS) Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Josep M Canals
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain Cell Therapy Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain Department of Cell Biology, Immunology and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Alberch
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain Cell Therapy Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain Department of Cell Biology, Immunology and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ángel Raya
- Control of Stem Cell Potency Group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona, Spain Centre for Networked Biomedical Research on Bioengineering Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Zaragoza, Spain Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miquel Vila
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Laboratory, Hospital Vall d'Hebron Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR) Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonella Consiglio
- Institute for Biomedicine (IBUB) University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia and National Institute of Neuroscience, Brescia, Italy
| | - José I Martín-Subero
- Department of Pathological Anatomy, Pharmacology and Microbiology, University of Barcelona (UB) Institut d'investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mario Ezquerra
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Department of Neurology, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain Cell Therapy Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eduardo Tolosa
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Department of Neurology, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain Cell Therapy Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
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284
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Epigenetic Research of Neurodegenerative Disorders Using Patient iPSC-Based Models. Stem Cells Int 2015; 2016:9464591. [PMID: 26697081 PMCID: PMC4677257 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9464591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic mechanisms play a role in human disease but their involvement in pathologies from the central nervous system has been hampered by the complexity of the brain together with its unique cellular architecture and diversity. Until recently, disease targeted neural types were only available as postmortem materials after many years of disease evolution. Current in vitro systems of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) generated by cell reprogramming of somatic cells from patients have provided valuable disease models recapitulating key pathological molecular events. Yet whether cell reprogramming on itself implies a truly epigenetic reprogramming, the epigenetic mechanisms governing this process are only partially understood. Moreover, elucidating epigenetic regulation using patient-specific iPSC-derived neural models is expected to have a great impact to unravel the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases and to hopefully expand future therapeutic possibilities. Here we will critically review current knowledge of epigenetic involvement in neurodegenerative disorders focusing on the potential of iPSCs as a promising tool for epigenetic research of these diseases.
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285
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Zeltner N, Studer L. Pluripotent stem cell-based disease modeling: current hurdles and future promise. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2015; 37:102-10. [PMID: 26629748 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2015.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) can yield unlimited numbers of patient-specific cells of any type and may be an important tool in efforts to overcome current shortcomings in biomedical research. In vitro disease models based on the use of hiPSCs have been proposed for various applications. Those include drug discovery and validation, efficacy, safety and toxicity assays, the elucidation of previously unknown disease mechanisms, the enhancement of animal based assays, the promise of conducting clinical trials in the dish and the identification of cell types and stages suitable for cell replacement therapies. Here, we provide an overview of the current state of hiPSC-based disease modeling and discuss recent progress and remaining challenges on the road to realizing the full potential of this novel technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadja Zeltner
- Developmental Biology, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, USA; Center for Stem Cell Biology, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, USA
| | - Lorenz Studer
- Developmental Biology, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, USA; Center for Stem Cell Biology, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, USA.
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286
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Oliveira LMA, Falomir-Lockhart LJ, Botelho MG, Lin KH, Wales P, Koch JC, Gerhardt E, Taschenberger H, Outeiro TF, Lingor P, Schüle B, Arndt-Jovin DJ, Jovin TM. Elevated α-synuclein caused by SNCA gene triplication impairs neuronal differentiation and maturation in Parkinson's patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells. Cell Death Dis 2015; 6:e1994. [PMID: 26610207 PMCID: PMC4670926 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2015.318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We have assessed the impact of α-synuclein overexpression on the differentiation potential and phenotypic signatures of two neural-committed induced pluripotent stem cell lines derived from a Parkinson's disease patient with a triplication of the human SNCA genomic locus. In parallel, comparative studies were performed on two control lines derived from healthy individuals and lines generated from the patient iPS-derived neuroprogenitor lines infected with a lentivirus incorporating a small hairpin RNA to knock down the SNCA mRNA. The SNCA triplication lines exhibited a reduced capacity to differentiate into dopaminergic or GABAergic neurons and decreased neurite outgrowth and lower neuronal activity compared with control cultures. This delayed maturation phenotype was confirmed by gene expression profiling, which revealed a significant reduction in mRNA for genes implicated in neuronal differentiation such as delta-like homolog 1 (DLK1), gamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptor subunit 2 (GABABR2), nuclear receptor related 1 protein (NURR1), G-protein-regulated inward-rectifier potassium channel 2 (GIRK-2) and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). The differentiated patient cells also demonstrated increased autophagic flux when stressed with chloroquine. We conclude that a two-fold overexpression of α-synuclein caused by a triplication of the SNCA gene is sufficient to impair the differentiation of neuronal progenitor cells, a finding with implications for adult neurogenesis and Parkinson's disease progression, particularly in the context of bioenergetic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M A Oliveira
- Laboratory of Cellular Dynamics, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, Göttingen, Germany
| | - L J Falomir-Lockhart
- Laboratory of Cellular Dynamics, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, Göttingen, Germany
| | - M G Botelho
- Laboratory of Cellular Dynamics, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, Göttingen, Germany
| | - K-H Lin
- Group of Membrane Biophysics, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, Göttingen, Germany
| | - P Wales
- Department of Neurodegeneration and Restorative Research, University Medical Center Göttingen, Waldweg 33, Göttingen, Germany
| | - J C Koch
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, Göttingen, Germany
| | - E Gerhardt
- Department of Neurodegeneration and Restorative Research, University Medical Center Göttingen, Waldweg 33, Göttingen, Germany
| | - H Taschenberger
- Group of Membrane Biophysics, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, Göttingen, Germany
- DFG-Research Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Göttingen, Germany
| | - T F Outeiro
- Department of Neurodegeneration and Restorative Research, University Medical Center Göttingen, Waldweg 33, Göttingen, Germany
- DFG-Research Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Göttingen, Germany
| | - P Lingor
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, Göttingen, Germany
- DFG-Research Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Göttingen, Germany
| | - B Schüle
- The Parkinson's Institute, 675 Almanor Ave., Sunnyvale, CA, USA
| | - D J Arndt-Jovin
- Laboratory of Cellular Dynamics, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, Göttingen, Germany
| | - T M Jovin
- Laboratory of Cellular Dynamics, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, Göttingen, Germany
- Laboratory of Cellular Dynamics, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am FaÃberg 11, Göttingen 37077, Germany. Tel: +49 551 201 1381; Fax: +49 551 201 1467; E-mail:
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287
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Qu Z, Greenlief CM, Gu Z. Quantitative Proteomic Approaches for Analysis of Protein S-Nitrosylation. J Proteome Res 2015; 15:1-14. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.5b00857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - C. Michael Greenlief
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Missouri College of Arts and Science, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Zezong Gu
- Harry S. Truman Veterans’ Hospital, Columbia, Missouri 65201, United States
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288
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Johnson JZ, Hockemeyer D. Human stem cell-based disease modeling: prospects and challenges. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2015; 37:84-90. [PMID: 26546888 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2015.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Revised: 10/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Human stem cell-based disease models have great promise to advance our understanding of human disease. These models can be derived from patients with genetic disorders and manipulated with genome editing and myriad differentiation protocols to model pathologies in vitro. However, several challenges have impeded the full potential of stem cell-based in vitro disease modeling. Many genetically predisposed diseases take time to manifest and occur in specific tissue microenvironments, and these parameters are often not adequately modeled using conventional shorter-term monolayer cultures. These challenges must be overcome especially for cases where animal models also incompletely recapitulate the complex pathologies found in humans. As prominent ways to tackle these challenges we discuss here how advanced genome editing tools in human stem cells and human organoid cultures, specifically the example of intestinal organoids, contribute genetically defined models that recapitulate phenotypes of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Z Johnson
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Dirk Hockemeyer
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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289
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Kong Y, Liang X, Liu L, Zhang D, Wan C, Gan Z, Yuan L. High Throughput Sequencing Identifies MicroRNAs Mediating α-Synuclein Toxicity by Targeting Neuroactive-Ligand Receptor Interaction Pathway in Early Stage of Drosophila Parkinson's Disease Model. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0137432. [PMID: 26361355 PMCID: PMC4567341 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a prevalent neurodegenerative disorder with pathological features including death of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and intraneuronal accumulations of Lewy bodies. As the main component of Lewy bodies, α-synuclein is implicated in PD pathogenesis by aggregation into insoluble filaments. However, the detailed mechanisms underlying α-synuclein induced neurotoxicity in PD are still elusive. MicroRNAs are ~20nt small RNA molecules that fine-tune gene expression at posttranscriptional level. A plethora of miRNAs have been found to be dysregulated in the brain and blood cells of PD patients. Nevertheless, the detailed mechanisms and their in vivo functions in PD still need further investigation. By using Drosophila PD model expressing α-synuclein A30P, we examined brain miRNA expression with high-throughput small RNA sequencing technology. We found that five miRNAs (dme-miR-133-3p, dme-miR-137-3p, dme-miR-13b-3p, dme-miR-932-5p, dme-miR-1008-5p) were upregulated in PD flies. Among them, miR-13b, miR-133, miR-137 are brain enriched and highly conserved from Drosophila to humans. KEGG pathway analysis using DIANA miR-Path demonstrated that neuroactive-ligand receptor interaction pathway was most likely affected by these miRNAs. Interestingly, miR-137 was predicted to regulate most of the identified targets in this pathway, including dopamine receptor (DopR, D2R), γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor (GABA-B-R1, GABA-B-R3) and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor (Nmdar2). The validation experiments showed that the expression of miR-137 and its targets was negatively correlated in PD flies. Further experiments using luciferase reporter assay confirmed that miR-137 could act on specific sites in 3’ UTR region of D2R, Nmdar2 and GABA-B-R3, which downregulated significantly in PD flies. Collectively, our findings indicate that α-synuclein could induce the dysregulation of miRNAs, which target neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction pathway in vivo. We believe it will help us further understand the contribution of miRNAs to α-synuclein neurotoxicity and provide new insights into the pathogenesis driving PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Kong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210009, China
- * E-mail: (YK); (LY)
| | - Xijun Liang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210061, China
| | - Lin Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210061, China
| | - Dongdong Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Ministry of Education, Institute of Life Science, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Chao Wan
- The Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Ministry of Education, Institute of Life Science, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Zhenji Gan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210061, China
| | - Liudi Yuan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210009, China
- The Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Ministry of Education, Institute of Life Science, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
- * E-mail: (YK); (LY)
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290
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Patzke C, Han Y, Covy J, Yi F, Maxeiner S, Wernig M, Südhof TC. Analysis of conditional heterozygous STXBP1 mutations in human neurons. J Clin Invest 2015; 125:3560-71. [PMID: 26280581 PMCID: PMC4588304 DOI: 10.1172/jci78612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterozygous mutations in the syntaxin-binding protein 1 (STXBP1) gene, which encodes Munc18-1, a core component of the presynaptic membrane-fusion machinery, cause infantile early epileptic encephalopathy (Ohtahara syndrome), but it is unclear how a partial loss of Munc18-1 produces this severe clinical presentation. Here, we generated human ES cells designed to conditionally express heterozygous and homozygous STXBP1 loss-of-function mutations and studied isogenic WT and STXBP1-mutant human neurons derived from these conditionally mutant ES cells. We demonstrated that heterozygous STXBP1 mutations lower the levels of Munc18-1 protein and its binding partner, the t-SNARE-protein Syntaxin-1, by approximately 30% and decrease spontaneous and evoked neurotransmitter release by nearly 50%. Thus, our results confirm that using engineered human embryonic stem (ES) cells is a viable approach to studying disease-associated mutations in human neurons on a controlled genetic background, demonstrate that partial STXBP1 loss of function robustly impairs neurotransmitter release in human neurons, and suggest that heterozygous STXBP1 mutations cause early epileptic encephalopathy specifically through a presynaptic impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yan Han
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology
| | - Jason Covy
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology
| | - Fei Yi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology
| | | | - Marius Wernig
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine and Department of Pathology, and
| | - Thomas C. Südhof
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
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291
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Meneghello G, Verheyen A, Van Ingen M, Kuijlaars J, Tuefferd M, Van Den Wyngaert I, Nuydens R. Evaluation of established human iPSC-derived neurons to model neurodegenerative diseases. Neuroscience 2015; 301:204-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.05.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2014] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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292
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Brichta L, Shin W, Jackson-Lewis V, Blesa J, Yap EL, Walker Z, Zhang J, Roussarie JP, Alvarez MJ, Califano A, Przedborski S, Greengard P. Identification of neurodegenerative factors using translatome-regulatory network analysis. Nat Neurosci 2015. [PMID: 26214373 PMCID: PMC4763340 DOI: 10.1038/nn.4070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
For degenerative disorders of the CNS, the main obstacle to therapeutic advancement has been the challenge of identifying the key molecular mechanisms underlying neuronal loss. We developed a combinatorial approach including translational profiling and brain regulatory network analysis to search for key determinants of neuronal survival or death. Following the generation of transgenic mice for cell type-specific profiling of midbrain dopaminergic neurons, we established and compared translatome libraries reflecting the molecular signature of these cells at baseline or under degenerative stress. Analysis of these libraries by interrogating a context-specific brain regulatory network led to the identification of a repertoire of intrinsic upstream regulators that drive the dopaminergic stress response. The altered activity of these regulators was not associated with changes in their expression levels. This strategy can be generalized for the identification of molecular determinants involved in the degeneration of other classes of neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Brichta
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - William Shin
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Vernice Jackson-Lewis
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.,Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Disease, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.,Columbia Translational Neuroscience Initiative, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Javier Blesa
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.,Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Disease, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.,Columbia Translational Neuroscience Initiative, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ee-Lynn Yap
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Zachary Walker
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jack Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jean-Pierre Roussarie
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Mariano J Alvarez
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Andrea Califano
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Serge Przedborski
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.,Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Disease, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.,Columbia Translational Neuroscience Initiative, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Paul Greengard
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
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293
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Nakamura T, Lipton SA. Nitrosative Stress in the Nervous System: Guidelines for Designing Experimental Strategies to Study Protein S-Nitrosylation. Neurochem Res 2015; 41:510-4. [PMID: 26118537 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-015-1640-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Revised: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Reactive nitrogen species, such as nitric oxide (NO), exert their biological activity in large part through post-translational modification of cysteine residues, forming S-nitrosothiols. This chemical reaction proceeds via a process that we and our colleagues have termed protein S-nitrosylation. Under conditions of normal NO production, S-nitrosylation regulates the activity of many normal proteins. However, in degenerative conditions characterized by nitrosative stress, increased levels of NO lead to aberrant S-nitrosylation that contributes to the pathology of the disease. Thus, S-nitrosylation has been implicated in a wide range of cellular mechanisms, including mitochondrial function, proteostasis, transcriptional regulation, synaptic activity, and cell survival. In recent years, the research area of protein S-nitrosylation has become prominent due to improvements in the detection systems as well as the demonstration that protein S-nitrosylation plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative and other neurological disorders. To further promote our understanding of how protein S-nitrosylation affects cellular systems, guidelines for the design and conduct of research on S-nitrosylated (or SNO-)proteins would be highly desirable, especially for those newly entering the field. In this review article, we provide a strategic overview of designing experimental approaches to study protein S-nitrosylation. We specifically focus on methods that can provide critical data to demonstrate that an S-nitrosylated protein plays a (patho-)physiologically-relevant role in a biological process. Hence, the implementation of the approaches described herein will contribute to further advancement of the study of S-nitrosylated proteins, not only in neuroscience but also in other research fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Nakamura
- Neuroscience and Aging Research Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- The Scintillon Institute, 6868 Nancy Ridge Drive, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Stuart A Lipton
- Neuroscience and Aging Research Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
- The Scintillon Institute, 6868 Nancy Ridge Drive, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA.
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294
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Parkinson's disease iron deposition caused by nitric oxide-induced loss of β-amyloid precursor protein. J Neurosci 2015; 35:3591-7. [PMID: 25716857 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3439-14.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevation of both neuronal iron and nitric oxide (NO) in the substantia nigra are associated with Parkinson's disease (PD) pathogenesis. We reported previously that the Alzheimer-associated β-amyloid precursor protein (APP) facilitates neuronal iron export. Here we report markedly decreased APP expression in dopaminergic neurons of human PD nigra and that APP(-/-) mice develop iron-dependent nigral cell loss. Conversely, APP-overexpressing mice are protected in the MPTP PD model. NO suppresses APP translation in mouse MPTP models, explaining how elevated NO causes iron-dependent neurodegeneration in PD.
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295
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Abstract
ABSTRACT
Midbrain dopaminergic (mDA) neuron development has been an intense area of research during recent years. This is due in part to a growing interest in regenerative medicine and the hope that treatment for diseases affecting mDA neurons, such as Parkinson's disease (PD), might be facilitated by a better understanding of how these neurons are specified, differentiated and maintained in vivo. This knowledge might help to instruct efforts to generate mDA neurons in vitro, which holds promise not only for cell replacement therapy, but also for disease modeling and drug discovery. In this Primer, we will focus on recent developments in understanding the molecular mechanisms that regulate the development of mDA neurons in vivo, and how they have been used to generate human mDA neurons in vitro from pluripotent stem cells or from somatic cells via direct reprogramming. Current challenges and future avenues in the development of a regenerative medicine for PD will be identified and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernest Arenas
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Dept. Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Center of Developmental Biology for Regenerative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
| | - Mark Denham
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Dept. Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Center of Developmental Biology for Regenerative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience, Nordic EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
| | - J. Carlos Villaescusa
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Dept. Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Center of Developmental Biology for Regenerative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
- Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno 61137, Czech Republic
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296
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Khurana V, Tardiff DF, Chung CY, Lindquist S. Toward stem cell-based phenotypic screens for neurodegenerative diseases. Nat Rev Neurol 2015; 11:339-50. [PMID: 25986505 DOI: 10.1038/nrneurol.2015.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In the absence of a single preventive or disease-modifying strategy, neurodegenerative diseases are becoming increasingly prevalent in our ageing population. The mechanisms underlying neurodegeneration are poorly understood, making the target-based drug screening strategies that are employed by the pharmaceutical industry fraught with difficulty. However, phenotypic screening in neurons and glia derived from patients is now conceivable through unprecedented developments in reprogramming, transdifferentiation, and genome editing. We outline progress in this nascent field, but also consider the formidable hurdles to identifying robust, disease-relevant and screenable cellular phenotypes in patient-derived cells. We illustrate how analysis in the simple baker's yeast cell Saccharaomyces cerevisiae is driving discovery in patient-derived neurons, and how approaches in this model organism can establish a paradigm to guide the development of stem cell-based phenotypic screens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikram Khurana
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, WACC-835, 15 Parkman Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Daniel F Tardiff
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 9 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Chee Yeun Chung
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 9 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Susan Lindquist
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 9 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
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297
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Kumar A, Leinisch F, Kadiiska MB, Corbett J, Mason RP. Formation and Implications of Alpha-Synuclein Radical in Maneb- and Paraquat-Induced Models of Parkinson's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:2983-2994. [PMID: 25952542 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9179-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a debilitating, progressive, neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons and motor deficits. Alpha-synuclein-containing aggregates represent a feature of a variety of neurodegenerative disorders, including PD; however, the mechanism that initiates and promotes intraneuronal alpha-synuclein aggregation remains unknown. We hypothesized protein radical formation as an initiating mechanism for alpha-synuclein aggregation. Therefore, we used the highly sensitive immuno-spin trapping technique to investigate protein radical formation as a possible mechanism of alpha-synuclein aggregation as well as to investigate the source of protein radical formation in the midbrains of Maneb- and paraquat-coexposed mice. Coexposure to Maneb and paraquat for 6 weeks resulted in active microgliosis, NADPH oxidase activation, and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) induction, which culminated in protein radical formation in the midbrains of mice. Results obtained with immuno-spin trapping and immunoprecipitation experiments confirmed formation of alpha-synuclein radicals in dopaminergic neurons of exposed mice. Free radical formation requires NADPH oxidase and iNOS, as indicated by decreased protein radical formation in knockout mice (P47phox(-/-) and iNOS(-/-)) and in mice treated with inhibitors such as FeTPPS (a peroxynitrite decomposition catalyst), 1400 W (an iNOS inhibitor), or apocynin (a NADPH oxidase inhibitor). Concurrence of protein radical formation with dopaminergic neuronal death indicated a link between protein radicals and disease progression. Taken together, these results show for the first time the formation and detection of the alpha-synuclein radical and suggest that NADPH oxidase and iNOS play roles in peroxynitrite-mediated protein radical formation and subsequent neuronal death in the midbrains of Maneb- and paraquat-coexposed mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashutosh Kumar
- Free Radical Metabolism Group, Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA.
| | - Fabian Leinisch
- Free Radical Metabolism Group, Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Maria B Kadiiska
- Free Radical Metabolism Group, Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Jean Corbett
- Free Radical Metabolism Group, Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Ronald P Mason
- Free Radical Metabolism Group, Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
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298
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Guardia-Laguarta C, Area-Gomez E, Schon EA, Przedborski S. A new role for α-synuclein in Parkinson's disease: Alteration of ER-mitochondrial communication. Mov Disord 2015; 30:1026-33. [DOI: 10.1002/mds.26239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Revised: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Estela Area-Gomez
- Department of Neurology; Columbia University Medical Center; New York NY USA
| | - Eric A. Schon
- Department of Neurology; Columbia University Medical Center; New York NY USA
- Department of Genetics and Development; Columbia University Medical Center; New York NY USA
| | - Serge Przedborski
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology; Columbia University Medical Center; New York NY USA
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299
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Ichida JK, Kiskinis E. Probing disorders of the nervous system using reprogramming approaches. EMBO J 2015; 34:1456-77. [PMID: 25925386 PMCID: PMC4474524 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201591267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The groundbreaking technologies of induced pluripotency and lineage conversion have generated a genuine opportunity to address fundamental aspects of the diseases that affect the nervous system. These approaches have granted us unrestricted access to the brain and spinal cord of patients and have allowed for the study of disease in the context of human cells, expressing physiological levels of proteins and under each patient's unique genetic constellation. Along with this unprecedented opportunity have come significant challenges, particularly in relation to patient variability, experimental design and data interpretation. Nevertheless, significant progress has been achieved over the past few years both in our ability to create the various neural subtypes that comprise the nervous system and in our efforts to develop cellular models of disease that recapitulate clinical findings identified in patients. In this Review, we present tables listing the various human neural cell types that can be generated and the neurological disease modeling studies that have been reported, describe the current state of the field, highlight important breakthroughs and discuss the next steps and future challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin K Ichida
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Eli and Edythe Broad, CIRM Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research at USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Evangelos Kiskinis
- The Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology & Clinical Neurological Sciences and Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
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300
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Drouin-Ouellet J. The potential of alternate sources of cells for neural grafting in Parkinson's and Huntington's disease. Neurodegener Dis Manag 2015; 4:297-307. [PMID: 25313986 DOI: 10.2217/nmt.14.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-based therapies for Parkinson's and Huntington's disease have provided mixed clinical outcomes and one of the reasons underlying this is the use of primary fetal tissue as the source of grafted cells. An alternate source of cells, such as stem cells, could overcome many of the issues associated with primary fetal tissue and would help bring forward cell replacement therapy as a reliable and effective treatment for these two neurodegenerative disorders. This review will discuss which stem cells are likely to go to clinic in the next generation of cells, based on trials for Parkinson's and Huntington's disease.
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