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Thorburn AN, Macia L, Mackay CR. Diet, metabolites, and "western-lifestyle" inflammatory diseases. Immunity 2014; 40:833-42. [PMID: 24950203 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2014.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 621] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
One explanation for the increased incidence of allergies, asthma, and even some autoimmune diseases has been the hygiene hypothesis. However, recent studies also highlight an important role for diet and bacterial metabolites in controlling various immune pathways, including gut and immune homeostasis, regulatory T cell biology, and inflammation. Dietary-related metabolites engage "metabolite-sensing" G-protein-coupled receptors, such as GPR43, GPR41, GPR109A, GPR120, and GPR35. These receptors are expressed on immune cells and some gut epithelial cells and generally mediate a direct anti-inflammatory effect. Insufficient intake of "healthy foodstuffs" adversely affects the production of bacterial metabolites. These metabolites and those derived directly from food drive beneficial downstream effects on immune pathways. We propose that insufficient exposure to dietary and bacterial metabolites might underlie the development of inflammatory disorders in Western countries. This review highlights what is currently known about diet, metabolites, and their associated immune pathways in relation to the development of inflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison N Thorburn
- Department of Immunology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Laurence Macia
- Department of Immunology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Charles R Mackay
- Department of Immunology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
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253
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Lin CL, Williams L, Seki Y, Kaur H, Hartil K, Fiallo A, Glenn AS, Katz EB, Charron MJ, Vuguin PM. Effects of genetics and in utero diet on murine pancreatic development. J Endocrinol 2014; 222:217-27. [PMID: 24895417 PMCID: PMC4287255 DOI: 10.1530/joe-14-0114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Intrauterine (IU) malnutrition could alter pancreatic development. In this study, we describe the effects of high-fat diet (HFD) during pregnancy on fetal growth and pancreatic morphology in an 'at risk' animal model of metabolic disease, the glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) heterozygous mouse (G4+/-). WT female mice mated with G4+/- males were fed HFD or control diet (CD) for 2 weeks before mating and throughout pregnancy. At embryonic day 18.5, fetuses were killed and pancreata isolated for analysis of morphology and expression of genes involved in insulin (INS) cell development, proliferation, apoptosis, glucose transport and function. Compared with WT CD, WT HFD fetal pancreata had a 2.4-fold increase in the number of glucagon (GLU) cells (P=0.023). HFD also increased GLU cell size by 18% in WT pancreata compared with WT CD. Compared with WT CD, G4+/- CD had an increased number of INS cells and decreased INS and GLU cell size. Compared with G4+/- CD, G4+/- HFD fetuses had increased pancreatic gene expression of Igf2, a mitogen and inhibitor of apoptosis. The expression of genes involved in proliferation, apoptosis, glucose transport, and INS secretion was not altered in WT HFD compared with G4+/- HFD pancreata. In contrast to WT HFD pancreata, HFD exposure did not alter pancreatic islet morphology in fetuses with GLUT4 haploinsufficiency; this may be mediated in part by increased Igf2 expression. Thus, interactions between IU diet and fetal genetics may play a critical role in the developmental origins of health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Lei Lin
- Departments of PediatricsNeonatologyBiochemistryObstetrics and Gynecology and Women's HealthMedicineAlbert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, F312, Bronx, New York 10461, USADepartment of PediatricsHofstra School of Medicine, Cohen Children's Medical Center, 1991 Marcus Avenue, Lake Success, New York 11402, USA
| | - Lyda Williams
- Departments of PediatricsNeonatologyBiochemistryObstetrics and Gynecology and Women's HealthMedicineAlbert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, F312, Bronx, New York 10461, USADepartment of PediatricsHofstra School of Medicine, Cohen Children's Medical Center, 1991 Marcus Avenue, Lake Success, New York 11402, USA
| | - Yoshinori Seki
- Departments of PediatricsNeonatologyBiochemistryObstetrics and Gynecology and Women's HealthMedicineAlbert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, F312, Bronx, New York 10461, USADepartment of PediatricsHofstra School of Medicine, Cohen Children's Medical Center, 1991 Marcus Avenue, Lake Success, New York 11402, USA
| | - Harpreet Kaur
- Departments of PediatricsNeonatologyBiochemistryObstetrics and Gynecology and Women's HealthMedicineAlbert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, F312, Bronx, New York 10461, USADepartment of PediatricsHofstra School of Medicine, Cohen Children's Medical Center, 1991 Marcus Avenue, Lake Success, New York 11402, USADepartments of PediatricsNeonatologyBiochemistryObstetrics and Gynecology and Women's HealthMedicineAlbert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, F312, Bronx, New York 10461, USADepartment of PediatricsHofstra School of Medicine, Cohen Children's Medical Center, 1991 Marcus Avenue, Lake Success, New York 11402, USADepartments of PediatricsNeonatologyBiochemistryObstetrics and Gynecology and Women's HealthMedicineAlbert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, F312, Bronx, New York 10461, USADepartment of PediatricsHofstra School of Medicine, Cohen Children's Medical Center, 1991 Marcus Avenue, Lake Success, New York 11402, USA
| | - Kirsten Hartil
- Departments of PediatricsNeonatologyBiochemistryObstetrics and Gynecology and Women's HealthMedicineAlbert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, F312, Bronx, New York 10461, USADepartment of PediatricsHofstra School of Medicine, Cohen Children's Medical Center, 1991 Marcus Avenue, Lake Success, New York 11402, USA
| | - Ariana Fiallo
- Departments of PediatricsNeonatologyBiochemistryObstetrics and Gynecology and Women's HealthMedicineAlbert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, F312, Bronx, New York 10461, USADepartment of PediatricsHofstra School of Medicine, Cohen Children's Medical Center, 1991 Marcus Avenue, Lake Success, New York 11402, USA
| | - A Scott Glenn
- Departments of PediatricsNeonatologyBiochemistryObstetrics and Gynecology and Women's HealthMedicineAlbert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, F312, Bronx, New York 10461, USADepartment of PediatricsHofstra School of Medicine, Cohen Children's Medical Center, 1991 Marcus Avenue, Lake Success, New York 11402, USA
| | - Ellen B Katz
- Departments of PediatricsNeonatologyBiochemistryObstetrics and Gynecology and Women's HealthMedicineAlbert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, F312, Bronx, New York 10461, USADepartment of PediatricsHofstra School of Medicine, Cohen Children's Medical Center, 1991 Marcus Avenue, Lake Success, New York 11402, USA
| | - Maureen J Charron
- Departments of PediatricsNeonatologyBiochemistryObstetrics and Gynecology and Women's HealthMedicineAlbert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, F312, Bronx, New York 10461, USADepartment of PediatricsHofstra School of Medicine, Cohen Children's Medical Center, 1991 Marcus Avenue, Lake Success, New York 11402, USADepartments of PediatricsNeonatologyBiochemistryObstetrics and Gynecology and Women's HealthMedicineAlbert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, F312, Bronx, New York 10461, USADepartment of PediatricsHofstra School of Medicine, Cohen Children's Medical Center, 1991 Marcus Avenue, Lake Success, New York 11402, USADepartments of PediatricsNeonatologyBiochemistryObstetrics and Gynecology and Women's HealthMedicineAlbert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, F312, Bronx, New York 10461, USADepartment of PediatricsHofstra School of Medicine, Cohen Children's Medical Center, 1991 Marcus Avenue, Lake Success, New York 11402, USA
| | - Patricia M Vuguin
- Departments of PediatricsNeonatologyBiochemistryObstetrics and Gynecology and Women's HealthMedicineAlbert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, F312, Bronx, New York 10461, USADepartment of PediatricsHofstra School of Medicine, Cohen Children's Medical Center, 1991 Marcus Avenue, Lake Success, New York 11402, USADepartments of PediatricsNeonatologyBiochemistryObstetrics and Gynecology and Women's HealthMedicineAlbert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, F312, Bronx, New York 10461, USADepartment of PediatricsHofstra School of Medicine, Cohen Children's Medical Center, 1991 Marcus Avenue, Lake Success, New York 11402, USA
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Koch M, Horvath TL. Molecular and cellular regulation of hypothalamic melanocortin neurons controlling food intake and energy metabolism. Mol Psychiatry 2014; 19:752-61. [PMID: 24732669 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2014.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Revised: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The brain receives and integrates environmental and metabolic information, transforms these signals into adequate neuronal circuit activities, and generates physiological behaviors to promote energy homeostasis. The responsible neuronal circuitries show lifetime plasticity and guaranty metabolic health and survival. However, this highly evolved organization has become challenged nowadays by chronic overload with nutrients and reduced physical activity, which results in an ever-increasing number of obese individuals worldwide. Research within the last two decades has aimed to decipher the responsible molecular and cellular mechanisms for regulation of the hypothalamic melanocortin neurons, which have a key role in the control of food intake and energy metabolism. This review maps the central connections of the melanocortin system and highlights its global position and divergent character in physiological and pathological metabolic events. Moreover, recently uncovered molecular and cellular processes in hypothalamic neurons and glial cells that drive plastic morphological and physiological changes in these cells, and account for regulation of food intake and energy metabolism, are brought into focus. Finally, potential functional interactions between metabolic disorders and psychiatric diseases are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Koch
- 1] Program in Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA [2] Institute of Anatomy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - T L Horvath
- Program in Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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256
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Melo AM, Benatti RO, Ignacio-Souza LM, Okino C, Torsoni AS, Milanski M, Velloso LA, Torsoni MA. Hypothalamic endoplasmic reticulum stress and insulin resistance in offspring of mice dams fed high-fat diet during pregnancy and lactation. Metabolism 2014; 63:682-92. [PMID: 24636055 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2014.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Revised: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The goal of this study was to determine the presence early of markers of endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) and insulin resistance in the offspring from dams fed HFD (HFD-O) or standard chow diet (SC-O) during pregnancy and lactation. MATERIALS/METHODS To address this question, we evaluated the hypothalamic and hepatic tissues in recently weaned mice (d28) and the hypothalamus of newborn mice (d0) from dams fed HFD or SC during pregnancy and lactation. RESULTS Body weight, adipose tissue mass, and food intake were more accentuated in HFD-O mice than in SC-O mice. In addition, intolerance to glucose and insulin was higher in HFD-O mice than in SC-O mice. Compared with SC-O mice, levels of hypothalamic IL1-β mRNA, NFκB protein, and p-JNK were increased in HFD-O mice. Furthermore, compared with SC-O mice, hypothalamic AKT phosphorylation after insulin challenge was reduced, while markers of ERS (p-PERK, p-eIF2α, XBP1s, GRP78, and GRP94) and p-AMPK were increased in the hypothalamic tissue of HFD-O at d28 but not at d0. These damages to hypothalamic signaling were accompanied by increased triglyceride deposits, activation of NFκB, p-JNK, p-PERK and p-eIF2α. CONCLUSION These point out lactation period as maternal trigger for metabolic changes in the offspring. These changes may occur early and quietly contribute to obesity and associated pathologies in adulthood. Although in rodents the establishment of ARC neuronal projections occurs during the lactation period, in humans it occurs during the third trimester. Gestational diabetes and obesity in this period may contribute to impairment of energy homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arine M Melo
- Laboratory of Metabolic Disorders, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas -UNICAMP, Limeira, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Rafaela O Benatti
- Laboratory of Metabolic Disorders, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas -UNICAMP, Limeira, São Paulo, Brasil
| | | | - Caroline Okino
- Laboratory of Metabolic Disorders, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas -UNICAMP, Limeira, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Adriana S Torsoni
- Laboratory of Metabolic Disorders, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas -UNICAMP, Limeira, São Paulo, Brasil; Center for Studies of lipid in Nutrigenomic, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas -UNICAMP, Limeira, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Marciane Milanski
- Laboratory of Metabolic Disorders, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas -UNICAMP, Limeira, São Paulo, Brasil; Center for Studies of lipid in Nutrigenomic, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas -UNICAMP, Limeira, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Licio A Velloso
- Laboratoty of Cell Signaling, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Marcio Alberto Torsoni
- Laboratory of Metabolic Disorders, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas -UNICAMP, Limeira, São Paulo, Brasil; Center for Studies of lipid in Nutrigenomic, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas -UNICAMP, Limeira, São Paulo, Brasil.
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