251
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Gingell JJ, Hendrikse ER, Hay DL. New Insights into the Regulation of CGRP-Family Receptors. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2019; 40:71-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2018.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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252
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Landomiel F, De Pascali F, Raynaud P, Jean-Alphonse F, Yvinec R, Pellissier LP, Bozon V, Bruneau G, Crépieux P, Poupon A, Reiter E. Biased Signaling and Allosteric Modulation at the FSHR. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:148. [PMID: 30930853 PMCID: PMC6425863 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Knowledge on G protein-coupled receptor (GPCRs) structure and mechanism of activation has profoundly evolved over the past years. The way drugs targeting this family of receptors are discovered and used has also changed. Ligands appear to bind a growing number of GPCRs in a competitive or allosteric manner to elicit balanced signaling or biased signaling (i.e., differential efficacy in activating or inhibiting selective signaling pathway(s) compared to the reference ligand). These novel concepts and developments transform our understanding of the follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) receptor (FSHR) biology and the way it could be pharmacologically modulated in the future. The FSHR is expressed in somatic cells of the gonads and plays a major role in reproduction. When compared to classical GPCRs, the FSHR exhibits intrinsic peculiarities, such as a very large NH2-terminal extracellular domain that binds a naturally heterogeneous, large heterodimeric glycoprotein, namely FSH. Once activated, the FSHR couples to Gαs and, in some instances, to other Gα subunits. G protein-coupled receptor kinases and β-arrestins are also recruited to this receptor and account for its desensitization, trafficking, and intracellular signaling. Different classes of pharmacological tools capable of biasing FSHR signaling have been reported and open promising prospects both in basic research and for therapeutic applications. Here we provide an updated review of the most salient peculiarities of FSHR signaling and its selective modulation.
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253
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Turu G, Balla A, Hunyady L. The Role of β-Arrestin Proteins in Organization of Signaling and Regulation of the AT1 Angiotensin Receptor. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:519. [PMID: 31447777 PMCID: PMC6691095 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
AT1 angiotensin receptor plays important physiological and pathophysiological roles in the cardiovascular system. Renin-angiotensin system represents a target system for drugs acting at different levels. The main effects of ATR1 stimulation involve activation of Gq proteins and subsequent IP3, DAG, and calcium signaling. It has become evident in recent years that besides the well-known G protein pathways, AT1R also activates a parallel signaling pathway through β-arrestins. β-arrestins were originally described as proteins that desensitize G protein-coupled receptors, but they can also mediate receptor internalization and G protein-independent signaling. AT1R is one of the most studied receptors, which was used to unravel the newly recognized β-arrestin-mediated pathways. β-arrestin-mediated signaling has become one of the most studied topics in recent years in molecular pharmacology and the modulation of these pathways of the AT1R might offer new therapeutic opportunities in the near future. In this paper, we review the recent advances in the field of β-arrestin signaling of the AT1R, emphasizing its role in cardiovascular regulation and heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gábor Turu
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- MTA-SE Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Semmelweis University, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - András Balla
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- MTA-SE Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Semmelweis University, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - László Hunyady
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- MTA-SE Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Semmelweis University, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
- *Correspondence: László Hunyady
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254
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Gurevich VV, Gurevich EV. Arrestin-mediated signaling: Is there a controversy? World J Biol Chem 2018; 9:25-35. [PMID: 30595812 PMCID: PMC6305498 DOI: 10.4331/wjbc.v9.i3.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 10/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The activation of the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 was traditionally used as a readout of signaling of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) via arrestins, as opposed to conventional GPCR signaling via G proteins. Several recent studies using HEK293 cells where all G proteins were genetically ablated or inactivated, or both non-visual arrestins were knocked out, demonstrated that ERK1/2 phosphorylation requires G protein activity, but does not necessarily require the presence of non-visual arrestins. This appears to contradict the prevailing paradigm. Here we discuss these results along with the recent data on gene edited cells and arrestin-mediated signaling. We suggest that there is no real controversy. G proteins might be involved in the activation of the upstream-most MAP3Ks, although in vivo most MAP3K activation is independent of heterotrimeric G proteins, being initiated by receptor tyrosine kinases and/or integrins. As far as MAP kinases are concerned, the best-established role of arrestins is scaffolding of the three-tiered cascades (MAP3K-MAP2K-MAPK). Thus, it seems likely that arrestins, GPCR-bound and free, facilitate the propagation of signals in these cascades, whereas signal initiation via MAP3K activation may be independent of arrestins. Different MAP3Ks are activated by various inputs, some of which are mediated by G proteins, particularly in cell culture, where we artificially prevent signaling by receptor tyrosine kinases and integrins, thereby favoring GPCR-induced signaling. Thus, there is no reason to change the paradigm: Arrestins and G proteins play distinct non-overlapping roles in cell signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vsevolod V Gurevich
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
| | - Eugenia V Gurevich
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
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255
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Calebiro D, Jobin ML. Hot spots for GPCR signaling: lessons from single-molecule microscopy. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2018; 57:57-63. [PMID: 30522088 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are among the best-studied membrane receptors, mainly due to their central role in human physiology, involvement in disease and relevance as drug targets. Although biochemical and pharmacological studies have characterized the main steps in GPCR signaling, how GPCRs produce highly specific responses in our cells remains insufficiently understood. New developments in single-molecule microscopy have made it possible to study the protein-protein interactions at the basis of GPCR signaling in previously inconceivable detail. Using this approach, it was recently possible to follow individual receptors and G proteins as they diffuse, interact and signal on the surface of living cells. This has revealed hot spots on the plasma membrane, where receptors and G proteins undergo transient interactions to produce rapid and local signals. Overall, these recent findings reveal a high degree of dynamicity and complexity in signaling by GPCRs, which provides a new basis to understand how these important receptors produce specific effects and might pave the way to innovative pharmacological approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Calebiro
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), Universities of Birmingham and Nottingham, UK; Institute of Pharmacology and Bio-Imaging Center, University of Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Marie-Lise Jobin
- Institute of Pharmacology and Bio-Imaging Center, University of Würzburg, Germany
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256
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Kleist AB, Peterson F, Tyler RC, Gustavsson M, Handel TM, Volkman BF. Solution NMR spectroscopy of GPCRs: Residue-specific labeling strategies with a focus on 13C-methyl methionine labeling of the atypical chemokine receptor ACKR3. Methods Cell Biol 2018; 149:259-288. [PMID: 30616824 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2018.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The past decade has witnessed remarkable progress in the determination of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) structures, profoundly expanding our understanding of how GPCRs recognize ligands, become activated, and interact with intracellular signaling components. In recent years, numerous studies have used solution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to investigate GPCRs, providing fundamental insights into GPCR conformational changes, allostery, dynamics, and other facets of GPCR function are challenging to study using other structural techniques. Despite these advantages, NMR-based studies of GPCRs are few relative to the number of published structures, due in part to the challenges and limitations of NMR for the characterization of large membrane proteins. Several studies have circumvented these challenges using a variety of isotopic labeling strategies, including side chain derivatization and metabolic incorporation of NMR-active nuclei. In this chapter, we provide an overview of different isotopic labeling strategies and describe an in-depth protocol for the expression, purification, and NMR studies of the chemokine GPCR atypical chemokine receptor 3 (ACKR3) via 13CH3-methionine incorporation. The goal of this chapter is to provide a resource to the GPCR community for those interested in pursuing NMR studies of GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew B Kleist
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Francis Peterson
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Robert C Tyler
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Martin Gustavsson
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Tracy M Handel
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Brian F Volkman
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States.
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257
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Mores KL, Cassell RJ, van Rijn RM. Arrestin recruitment and signaling by G protein-coupled receptor heteromers. Neuropharmacology 2018; 152:15-21. [PMID: 30419245 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) have a long history of being considered a prime target for drug development to treat a plethora of diseases and disorders. In fact in 1827, the first approved therapeutic in the United States was morphine, a drug that targets a GPCR, namely the mu opioid receptor. However, with the rise in biologics over the last two decades, the market share of small molecules targeting GPCRs has declined. Still, two phenomena concerning GPCR pharmacology, specifically heteromerization and biased signaling, have bolstered new interests in this particular class of drug targets. Heteromerization, the process by which two distinct GPCRs come together to form a unique signaling complex, has been demonstrated between many different GPCRs and has spurred efforts to discover heteromer selective drugs. Additionally, the discovery of biased signaling, a concept by which a GPCR can transduce intracellular signaling by favoring a specific pathway (e.g. G-protein) over another pathway (e.g. arrestin), has led to the development of signal-biased drugs with potentially fewer side effects. Our goal for this review is to highlight studies that have investigated the interplay of these two phenomena by providing an overview of the current literature describing instances where GPCR heteromers have distinct arrestin recruitment profiles when compared to the individual GPCRs, with a focus on those GPCRs expressed in the central nervous system. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Receptor heteromers and their allosteric receptor-receptor interactions'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendall L Mores
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, United States
| | - Robert J Cassell
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, United States
| | - Richard M van Rijn
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, United States; Purdue Institute for Drug Discovery, United States; Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, United States.
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258
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Blaho VA, Chun J. 'Crystal' Clear? Lysophospholipid Receptor Structure Insights and Controversies. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2018; 39:953-966. [PMID: 30343728 PMCID: PMC6201317 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2018.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2018] [Revised: 08/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Lysophospholipids (LPLs), particularly sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) and lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), are bioactive lipid modulators of cellular homeostasis and pathology. The discovery and characterization of five S1P- and six LPA-specific G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), S1P1-5 and LPA1-6, have expanded their known involvement in all mammalian physiological systems. Resolution of the S1P1, LPA1, and LPA6 crystal structures has fueled the growing interest in these receptors and their ligands as targets for pharmacological manipulation. In this review, we have attempted to provide an integrated overview of the three crystallized LPL GPCRs with biochemical and physiological structure-function data. Finally, we provide a novel discussion of how chaperones for LPLs may be considered when extrapolating crystallographic and computational data toward understanding actual biological interactions and phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria A Blaho
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Degenerative Diseases Program, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Jerold Chun
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Degenerative Diseases Program, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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259
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Yin Y, Xu X, Tang J, Zhang W, Zhangyuan G, Ji J, Deng L, Lu S, Zhuo H, Sun B. CD97 Promotes Tumor Aggressiveness Through the Traditional G Protein-Coupled Receptor-Mediated Signaling in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Hepatology 2018; 68:1865-1878. [PMID: 29704239 DOI: 10.1002/hep.30068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Cluster of differentiation 97 (CD97) is a member of the epidermal growth factor seven-transmembrane family belonging to the class B G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). The protein affects tumor aggressiveness through its cellular ligand CD55 stimulation and exhibits adhesive properties. Studies have demonstrated the involvement of CD97 in dedifferentiation, migration, invasiveness, and metastasis of tumors. However, little information is currently available on the specific role of CD97 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Here, we have shown that CD97 up-regulation in HCCs is positively correlated with tumor metastasis. Functionally, CD97 promoted cell migration and invasion in vitro. In an in vivo mouse model, overexpression of CD97 in HCC cells led to accelerated lung metastasis. Mechanistically, CD97 cooperated with the altered regulator, GPCR kinase 6 (GRK6), to mediate GPCR desensitization and internalization. Down-regulation of GRK6 suppressed CD97 internalization and promoted CD97 expression. Integrated regulatory interactions between CD97 and GRK6 stimulated downstream matrix metalloproteinase 2/9 secretion and, consequently, HCC metastasis. Conclusion: Our collective findings support the utility of CD97 as an effective potential prognosticator and therapeutic target for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Yin
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School.,Liver Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University
| | - Xiaoliang Xu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School.,Liver Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University
| | - Junwei Tang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School.,Liver Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University
| | - Wenjie Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School.,Liver Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University
| | - Guangyan Zhangyuan
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School.,Liver Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University
| | - Jie Ji
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School.,Liver Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University
| | - Lei Deng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School.,Liver Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University
| | - Shuai Lu
- Department of Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Han Zhuo
- Liver Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University
| | - Beicheng Sun
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School.,Liver Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University
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260
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Gurevich VV, Gurevich EV. Arrestin mutations: Some cause diseases, others promise cure. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2018; 161:29-45. [PMID: 30711028 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2018.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Arrestins play a key role in homologous desensitization of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and regulate several other vital signaling pathways in cells. Considering the critical roles of these proteins in cellular signaling, surprisingly few disease-causing mutations in human arrestins were described. Most of these are loss-of-function mutations of visual arrestin-1 that cause excessive rhodopsin signaling and hence night blindness. Only one dominant arrestin-1 mutation was discovered so far. It reduces the thermal stability of the protein, which likely results in photoreceptor death via unfolded protein response. In case of the two nonvisual arrestins, only polymorphisms were described, some of which appear to be associated with neurological disorders and altered response to certain treatments. Structure-function studies revealed several ways of enhancing arrestins' ability to quench GPCR signaling. These enhanced arrestins have potential as tools for gene therapy of disorders associated with excessive signaling of mutant GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vsevolod V Gurevich
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States.
| | - Eugenia V Gurevich
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
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261
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Strakova K, Kowalski-Jahn M, Gybel T, Valnohova J, Dhople VM, Harnos J, Bernatik O, Ganji RS, Zdrahal Z, Mulder J, Lindskog C, Bryja V, Schulte G. Dishevelled enables casein kinase 1-mediated phosphorylation of Frizzled 6 required for cell membrane localization. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:18477-18493. [PMID: 30309985 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.004656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Frizzleds (FZDs) are receptors for secreted lipoglycoproteins of the Wingless/Int-1 (WNT) family, initiating an important signal transduction network in multicellular organisms. FZDs are G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), which are well known to be regulated by phosphorylation, leading to specific downstream signaling or receptor desensitization. The role and underlying mechanisms of FZD phosphorylation remain largely unexplored. Here, we investigated the phosphorylation of human FZD6 Using MS analysis and a phospho-state- and -site-specific antibody, we found that Ser-648, located in the FZD6 C terminus, is efficiently phosphorylated by casein kinase 1 ϵ (CK1ϵ) and that this phosphorylation requires the scaffolding protein Dishevelled (DVL). In an overexpression system, DVL1, -2, and -3 promoted CK1ϵ-mediated FZD6 phosphorylation on Ser-648. This DVL activity required an intact DEP domain and FZD-mediated recruitment of this domain to the cell membrane. Substitution of the CK1ϵ-targeted phosphomotif reduced FZD6 surface expression, suggesting that Ser-648 phosphorylation controls membrane trafficking of FZD6 Phospho-Ser-648 FZD6 immunoreactivity in human fallopian tube epithelium was predominantly apical, associated with cilia in a subset of epithelial cells, compared with the total FZD6 protein expression, suggesting that FZD6 phosphorylation contributes to asymmetric localization of receptor function within the cell and to epithelial polarity. Given the key role of FZD6 in planar cell polarity, our results raise the possibility that asymmetric phosphorylation of FZD6 rather than asymmetric protein distribution accounts for polarized receptor signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Strakova
- From the Laboratory of WNT Signaling, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 61137 Brno, Czech Republic.,Section for Receptor Biology and Signaling, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Biomedicum (6D), Tomtebodavägen 16, SE-17165 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria Kowalski-Jahn
- Section for Receptor Biology and Signaling, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Biomedicum (6D), Tomtebodavägen 16, SE-17165 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tomas Gybel
- From the Laboratory of WNT Signaling, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 61137 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Valnohova
- Section for Receptor Biology and Signaling, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Biomedicum (6D), Tomtebodavägen 16, SE-17165 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vishnu M Dhople
- Department of Functional Genomics, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Ernst Moritz Arndt University of Greifswald, Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Strasse 15, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jakub Harnos
- From the Laboratory of WNT Signaling, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 61137 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Bernatik
- From the Laboratory of WNT Signaling, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 61137 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ranjani Sri Ganji
- From the Laboratory of WNT Signaling, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 61137 Brno, Czech Republic.,Central European Institute for Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zbynek Zdrahal
- Central European Institute for Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Mulder
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Tomtebodavägen 16 17165 Stockholm, Sweden, and
| | - Cecilia Lindskog
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Dag Hammarskjölds väg 20, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Vitezslav Bryja
- From the Laboratory of WNT Signaling, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 61137 Brno, Czech Republic,
| | - Gunnar Schulte
- From the Laboratory of WNT Signaling, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 61137 Brno, Czech Republic, .,Section for Receptor Biology and Signaling, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Biomedicum (6D), Tomtebodavägen 16, SE-17165 Stockholm, Sweden
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262
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Mas L, Cieren A, Delphin C, Journet A, Aubry L. Calcium influx mediates the chemoattractant-induced translocation of the arrestin-related protein AdcC in Dictyostelium. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:jcs.207951. [PMID: 30209138 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.207951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Arrestins are key adaptor proteins that control the fate of cell-surface membrane proteins and modulate downstream signaling cascades. The Dictyostelium discoideum genome encodes six arrestin-related proteins, harboring additional modules besides the arrestin domain. Here, we studied AdcB and AdcC, two homologs that contain C2 and SAM domains. We showed that AdcC - in contrast to AdcB - responds to various stimuli (such as the chemoattractants cAMP and folate) known to induce an increase in cytosolic calcium by transiently translocating to the plasma membrane, and that calcium is a direct regulator of AdcC localization. This response requires the calcium-dependent membrane-targeting C2 domain and the double SAM domain involved in AdcC oligomerization, revealing a mode of membrane targeting and regulation unique among members of the arrestin clan. AdcB shares several biochemical properties with AdcC, including in vitro binding to anionic lipids in a calcium-dependent manner and auto-assembly as large homo-oligomers. AdcB can interact with AdcC; however, its intracellular localization is insensitive to calcium. Therefore, despite their high degree of homology and common characteristics, AdcB and AdcC are likely to fulfill distinct functions in amoebae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauriane Mas
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, INSERM, BGE U1038, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Adeline Cieren
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, INSERM, BGE U1038, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Christian Delphin
- Université Grenoble Alpes, INSERM U1216, GIN, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Agnès Journet
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, INSERM, BGE U1038, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Laurence Aubry
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, INSERM, BGE U1038, F-38000 Grenoble, France
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263
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Wanka L, Babilon S, Kaiser A, Mörl K, Beck-Sickinger AG. Different mode of arrestin-3 binding at the human Y 1 and Y 2 receptor. Cell Signal 2018; 50:58-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2018.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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264
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Carmona-Rosas G, Alcántara-Hernández R, Hernández-Espinosa DA. The role of β-arrestins in G protein-coupled receptor heterologous desensitization: A brief story. Methods Cell Biol 2018; 149:195-204. [PMID: 30616820 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are transmembrane proteins that have an important impact in a myriad of cellular functions. Posttranslational modifications on GPCRs are a key processes that allow these proteins to recruit other intracellular molecules. Among these modifications, phosphorylation is the most important way of desensitization of these receptors. Several research groups have described two different desensitization mechanisms: heterologous and homologous desensitization. The first one involves the phosphorylation of the receptors by protein kinases, such as PKC, following the desensitization and internalization of the receptor, while the second one involves the phosphorylation of the receptors by GRKs, allowing for the receptor to recruit β-arrestins to be desensitized and internalized. Interestingly, a few number of studies have described the participation of β-arrestins during the heterologous desensitization process. Hence, the aim of this review is to briefly explore the role that β-arrestins play during the heterologous desensitization of several GPCRs.
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265
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Gurevich VV, Chen Q, Gurevich EV. Arrestins: Introducing Signaling Bias Into Multifunctional Proteins. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2018; 160:47-61. [PMID: 30470292 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2018.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Arrestins were discovered as proteins that bind active phosphorylated G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and block their interactions with G proteins, i.e., for their role in homologous desensitization of GPCRs. Mammals express only four arrestin subtypes, two of which are largely restricted to the retina. Two nonvisual arrestins are ubiquitous and interact with hundreds of different GPCRs and dozens of other binding partners. Changes of just a few residues on the receptor-binding surface were shown to dramatically affect GPCR preference of inherently promiscuous nonvisual arrestins. Mutations on the cytosol-facing side of arrestins modulate their interactions with individual downstream signaling molecules. Thus, it appears feasible to construct arrestin mutants specifically linking particular GPCRs with signaling pathways of choice or mutants that sever the links between selected GPCRs and unwanted pathways. Signaling-biased "designer arrestins" have the potential to become valuable molecular tools for research and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vsevolod V Gurevich
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States.
| | - Qiuyan Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Eugenia V Gurevich
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
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266
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Thomsen ARB, Jensen DD, Hicks GA, Bunnett NW. Therapeutic Targeting of Endosomal G-Protein-Coupled Receptors. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2018; 39:879-891. [PMID: 30180973 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2018.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are conventionally considered to function at the plasma membrane, where they detect extracellular ligands and activate heterotrimeric G proteins that transmit intracellular signals. Consequently, drug discovery efforts have focused on identification of agonists and antagonists of cell surface GPCRs. However, β-arrestin (ARR)-dependent desensitization and endocytosis rapidly terminate G protein signaling at the plasma membrane. Emerging evidence indicates that GPCRs can continue to signal from endosomes by G-protein- and βARR-dependent processes. By regulating the duration and location of intracellular signaling events, GPCRs in endosomes control critically important processes, including gene transcription and ion channel activity. Thus, GPCRs in endosomes, in addition to at the cell surface, have emerged as important therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex R B Thomsen
- Departments of Surgery and Pharmacology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University in the City of New York, 21 Audubon Avenue, Room 209, New York City, NY 10032, USA
| | - Dane D Jensen
- Departments of Surgery and Pharmacology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University in the City of New York, 21 Audubon Avenue, Room 209, New York City, NY 10032, USA
| | - Gareth A Hicks
- Gastroenterology Drug Discovery Unit (GI DDU), Takeda Pharmaceuticals U.S.A. Inc., 35 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Nigel W Bunnett
- Departments of Surgery and Pharmacology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University in the City of New York, 21 Audubon Avenue, Room 209, New York City, NY 10032, USA.
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267
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Bandyopadhyay A, Van Eps N, Eger BT, Rauscher S, Yedidi RS, Moroni T, West GM, Robinson KA, Griffin PR, Mitchell J, Ernst OP. A Novel Polar Core and Weakly Fixed C-Tail in Squid Arrestin Provide New Insight into Interaction with Rhodopsin. J Mol Biol 2018; 430:4102-4118. [PMID: 30120952 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2018.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Photoreceptors of the squid Loligo pealei contain a G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling system that activates phospholipase C in response to light. Analogous to the mammalian visual system, signaling of the photoactivated GPCR rhodopsin is terminated by binding of squid arrestin (sArr). sArr forms a light-dependent, high-affinity complex with squid rhodopsin, which does not require prior receptor phosphorylation for interaction. This is at odds with classical mammalian GPCR desensitization where an agonist-bound phosphorylated receptor is needed to break stabilizing constraints within arrestins, the so-called "three-element interaction" and "polar core" network, before a stable receptor-arrestin complex can be established. Biophysical and mass spectrometric analysis of the squid rhodopsin-arrestin complex indicates that in contrast to mammalian arrestins, the sArr C-tail is not involved in a stable three-element interaction. We determined the crystal structure of C-terminally truncated sArr that adopts a basal conformation common to arrestins and is stabilized by a series of weak but novel polar core interactions. Unlike mammalian arrestin-1, deletion of the sArr C-tail does not influence kinetic properties of complex formation of sArr with the receptor. Hydrogen-deuterium exchange studies revealed the footprint of the light-activated rhodopsin on sArr. Furthermore, double electron-electron resonance spectroscopy experiments provide evidence that receptor-bound sArr adopts a conformation different from the one known for arrestin-1 and molecular dynamics simulations reveal the residues that account for the weak three-element interaction. Insights gleaned from studying this system add to our general understanding of GPCR-arrestin interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ned Van Eps
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Bryan T Eger
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Sarah Rauscher
- Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, University of Toronto, Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6, Canada
| | - Ravikiran S Yedidi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Tina Moroni
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Graham M West
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Kelly Ann Robinson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Patrick R Griffin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Jane Mitchell
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Oliver P Ernst
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada.
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268
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Mechanisms of signalling and biased agonism in G protein-coupled receptors. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2018; 19:638-653. [DOI: 10.1038/s41580-018-0049-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 323] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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269
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Martinez-Climent JA. G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) mutations in lymphoid malignancies: linking immune signaling activation and genetic abnormalities. Haematologica 2018; 103:1252-1255. [PMID: 30065018 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2018.196998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jose Angel Martinez-Climent
- Division of Hematological Oncology, Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, IDISNA, CIBERONC, Pamplona, Spain
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270
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Moody S, Thompson JS, Chuang SS, Liu H, Raderer M, Vassiliou G, Wlodarska I, Wu F, Cogliatti S, Robson A, Ashton-Key M, Bi Y, Goodlad J, Du MQ. Novel GPR34 and CCR6 mutation and distinct genetic profiles in MALT lymphomas of different sites. Haematologica 2018; 103:1329-1336. [PMID: 29674500 PMCID: PMC6068028 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2018.191601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma originates from a background of diverse chronic inflammatory disorders at various anatomic sites. The genetics underlying its development, particularly in those associated with autoimmune disorders, is poorly characterized. By whole exome sequencing of 21 cases of MALT lymphomas of the salivary gland and thyroid, we have identified recurrent somatic mutations in 2 G-protein coupled receptors (GPR34 and CCR6) not previously reported in human malignancies, 3 genes (PIK3CD, TET2, TNFRSF14) not previously implicated in MALT lymphoma, and a further 2 genes (TBL1XR1, NOTCH1) recently described in MALT lymphoma. The majority of mutations in GPR34 and CCR6 were nonsense and frameshift changes clustered in the C-terminal cytoplasmic tail, and would result in truncated proteins that lack the phosphorylation motif important for β-arrestin-mediated receptor desensitization and internalization. Screening of these newly identified mutations, together with previously defined genetic changes, revealed distinct mutation profiles in MALT lymphoma of various sites, with those of salivary gland characterized by frequent TBL1XR1 and GPR34 mutations, thyroid by frequent TET2, TNFRSF14 and PIK3CD mutations, and ocular adnexa by frequent TNFAIP3 mutation. Interestingly, in MALT lymphoma of the salivary gland, there was a significant positive association between TBL1XR1 mutation and GPR34 mutation/translocation (P=0.0002). In those of ocular adnexa, TBL1XR1 mutation was mutually exclusive from TNFAIP3 mutation (P=0.049), but significantly associated with IGHV3-23 usage (P=0.03) and PIK3CD mutation (P=0.009). These findings unravel novel insights into the molecular mechanisms of MALT lymphoma and provide further evidence for potential oncogenic co-operation between receptor signaling and genetic changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Moody
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Joe Sneath Thompson
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Hongxiang Liu
- Molecular Malignancy Laboratory, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - Markus Raderer
- Department of Medicine I, Clinical Division of Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - George Vassiliou
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Fangtian Wu
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Alistair Robson
- Department of Dermatopathology, St John's Institute of Dermatology, London, UK
| | - Margaret Ashton-Key
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Southampton University Hospitals National Health Service Trust, UK
| | - Yingwen Bi
- Department of Pathology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - John Goodlad
- Department of Pathology, Western General Hospital, NHS Lothian University Hospitals Trust, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ming-Qing Du
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, UK
- Molecular Malignancy Laboratory, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK
- Department of Histopathology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK
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271
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Zhao X, Zhang W, Liu T, Dong H, Huang J, Sun C, Wang G, Qian X, Qin W. A fast sample processing strategy for large-scale profiling of human urine phosphoproteome by mass spectrometry. Talanta 2018; 185:166-173. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.03.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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272
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Zhou J, Zhao S, Dunker AK. Intrinsically Disordered Proteins Link Alternative Splicing and Post-translational Modifications to Complex Cell Signaling and Regulation. J Mol Biol 2018; 430:2342-2359. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2018.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 03/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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273
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Vishnivetskiy SA, Sullivan LS, Bowne SJ, Daiger SP, Gurevich EV, Gurevich VV. Molecular Defects of the Disease-Causing Human Arrestin-1 C147F Mutant. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2018; 59:13-20. [PMID: 29305604 PMCID: PMC5756042 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.17-22180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study was to identify the molecular defect in the disease-causing human arrestin-1 C147F mutant. Methods The binding of wild-type (WT) human arrestin-1 and several mutants with substitutions in position 147 (including C147F, which causes dominant retinitis pigmentosa in humans) to phosphorylated and unphosphorylated light-activated rhodopsin was determined. Thermal stability of WT and mutant human arrestin-1, as well as unfolded protein response in 661W cells, were also evaluated. Results WT human arrestin-1 was selective for phosphorylated light-activated rhodopsin. Substitutions of Cys-147 with smaller side chain residues, Ala or Val, did not substantially affect binding selectivity, whereas residues with bulky side chains in the position 147 (Ile, Leu, and disease-causing Phe) greatly increased the binding to unphosphorylated rhodopsin. Functional survival of mutant proteins with bulky substitutions at physiological and elevated temperature was also compromised. C147F mutant induced unfolded protein response in cultured cells. Conclusions Bulky Phe substitution of Cys-147 in human arrestin-1 likely causes rod degeneration due to reduced stability of the protein, which induces unfolded protein response in expressing cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lori S Sullivan
- Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Sara J Bowne
- Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Stephen P Daiger
- Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Eugenia V Gurevich
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Vsevolod V Gurevich
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
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274
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Morales P, Goya P, Jagerovic N. Emerging strategies targeting CB 2 cannabinoid receptor: Biased agonism and allosterism. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 157:8-17. [PMID: 30055149 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
During these last years, the CB2 cannabinoid receptor has emerged as a potential anti-inflammatory target in diseases such as multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Huntington's disease, ischemic stroke, autoimmune diseases, osteoporosis, and cancer. However, the development of clinically useful CB2 agonists reveals to be very challenging. Allosterism and biased-signaling mechanisms at CB2 receptor may offer new avenues for the development of improved CB2 receptor-targeted therapies. Although there has been some exploration of CB1 receptor activation by new CB1 allosteric or biased-signaling ligands, the CB2 receptor is still at initial stages in this domain. In an effort to understand the molecular basis behind these pharmacological approaches, we have analyzed and summarized the structural data reported so far at CB2 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Morales
- Instituto de Química Médica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Unidad Asociada I+D+i IQM/Universidad Rey Juan Carlos (URJC), Calle Juan de la Cierva, 3, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Goya
- Instituto de Química Médica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Unidad Asociada I+D+i IQM/Universidad Rey Juan Carlos (URJC), Calle Juan de la Cierva, 3, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Nadine Jagerovic
- Instituto de Química Médica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Unidad Asociada I+D+i IQM/Universidad Rey Juan Carlos (URJC), Calle Juan de la Cierva, 3, E-28006 Madrid, Spain.
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275
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Structural insights into G-protein-coupled receptor allostery. Nature 2018; 559:45-53. [DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0259-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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276
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Stenkamp RE. Identifying G protein-coupled receptor dimers from crystal packings. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION D-STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2018; 74:655-670. [PMID: 29968675 DOI: 10.1107/s2059798318008136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Dimers of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are believed to be important for signaling with their associated G proteins. Low-resolution electron microscopy has shown rhodopsin dimers in native retinal membranes, and CXCR4 dimers have been found in several different crystal structures. Evidence for dimers of other GPCRs is more indirect. An alternative to computational modeling studies is to search for parallel dimers in the packing environments of the reported crystal structures of GPCRs. Two major structural types of GPCR dimers exist (as predicted by others), but there is considerable structural variation within each cluster. The different structural variants described here might reflect different functional properties and should provide a range of model structures for computational and experimental examination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald E Stenkamp
- Departments of Biological Structure and Biochemistry, Biomolecular Structure Center, University of Washington, Box 357420, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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277
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Samaranayake S, Song X, Vishnivetskiy SA, Chen J, Gurevich EV, Gurevich VV. Enhanced Mutant Compensates for Defects in Rhodopsin Phosphorylation in the Presence of Endogenous Arrestin-1. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:203. [PMID: 29973866 PMCID: PMC6020793 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
We determined the effects of different expression levels of arrestin-1-3A mutant with enhanced binding to light-activated rhodopsin that is independent of phosphorylation. To this end, transgenic mice that express mutant rhodopsin with zero, one, or two phosphorylation sites, instead of six in the WT mouse rhodopsin, and normal complement of WT arrestin-1, were bred with mice expressing enhanced phosphorylation-independent arrestin-1-3A mutant. The resulting lines were characterized by retinal histology (thickness of the outer nuclear layer, reflecting the number of rod photoreceptors, and the length of the outer segments, which reflects rod health), as well as single- and double-flash ERG to determine the functionality of rods and the rate of photoresponse recovery. The effect of co-expression of enhanced arrestin-1-3A mutant with WT arrestin-1 in these lines depended on its level: higher (240% of WT) expression reduced the thickness of ONL and the length of OS, whereas lower (50% of WT) expression was harmless in the retinas expressing rhodopsin with zero or one phosphorylation site, and improved photoreceptor morphology in animals expressing rhodopsin with two phosphorylation sites. Neither expression level increased the amplitude of the a- and b-wave of the photoresponse in any of the lines. However, high expression of enhanced arrestin-1-3A mutant facilitated photoresponse recovery 2-3-fold, whereas lower level was ineffective. Thus, in the presence of normal complement of WT arrestin-1 only supra-physiological expression of enhanced mutant is sufficient to compensate for the defects of rhodopsin phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srimal Samaranayake
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Xiufeng Song
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | | | - Jeannie Chen
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Eugenia V. Gurevich
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
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278
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Sente A, Peer R, Srivastava A, Baidya M, Lesk AM, Balaji S, Shukla AK, Babu MM, Flock T. Molecular mechanism of modulating arrestin conformation by GPCR phosphorylation. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2018; 25:538-545. [PMID: 29872229 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-018-0071-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Arrestins regulate the signaling of ligand-activated, phosphorylated G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Different patterns of receptor phosphorylation (phosphorylation barcode) can modulate arrestin conformations, resulting in distinct functional outcomes (for example, desensitization, internalization, and downstream signaling). However, the mechanism of arrestin activation and how distinct receptor phosphorylation patterns could induce different conformational changes on arrestin are not fully understood. We analyzed how each arrestin amino acid contributes to its different conformational states. We identified a conserved structural motif that restricts the mobility of the arrestin finger loop in the inactive state and appears to be regulated by receptor phosphorylation. Distal and proximal receptor phosphorylation sites appear to selectively engage with distinct arrestin structural motifs (that is, micro-locks) to induce different arrestin conformations. These observations suggest a model in which different phosphorylation patterns of the GPCR C terminus can combinatorially modulate the conformation of the finger loop and other phosphorylation-sensitive structural elements to drive distinct arrestin conformation and functional outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Raphael Peer
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ashish Srivastava
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, India
| | - Mithu Baidya
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, India
| | - Arthur M Lesk
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Huck Institutes of Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | | | - Arun K Shukla
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, India
| | - M Madan Babu
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Tilman Flock
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK. .,Fitzwilliam College, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. .,Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland.
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279
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Liu H, Kim HR, Deepak RNVK, Wang L, Chung KY, Fan H, Wei Z, Zhang C. Orthosteric and allosteric action of the C5a receptor antagonists. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2018; 25:472-481. [PMID: 29867214 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-018-0067-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The C5a receptor (C5aR) is a G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that can induce strong inflammatory response to the anaphylatoxin C5a. Targeting C5aR has emerged as a novel anti-inflammatory therapeutic method. However, developing potent C5aR antagonists as drugs has proven difficult. Here, we report two crystal structures of human C5aR in ternary complexes with the peptide antagonist PMX53 and a non-peptide antagonist, either avacopan or NDT9513727. The structures, together with other biophysical, computational docking and cell-based signaling data, reveal the orthosteric action of PMX53 and its effect of stabilizing the C5aR structure, as well as the allosteric action of chemically diverse non-peptide C5aR antagonists with different binding poses. Structural comparison analysis suggests the presence of similar allosteric sites in other GPCRs. We also discuss critical structural features of C5aR in activation, including a novel conformation of helix 8. On the basis of our results, we suggest novel strategies for developing C5aR-targeting drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Hee Ryung Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - R N V Krishna Deepak
- Bioinformatics Institute (BII), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ka Young Chung
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hao Fan
- Bioinformatics Institute (BII), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zhiyi Wei
- Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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280
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Kang Y, Kuybeda O, de Waal PW, Mukherjee S, Van Eps N, Dutka P, Zhou XE, Bartesaghi A, Erramilli S, Morizumi T, Gu X, Yin Y, Liu P, Jiang Y, Meng X, Zhao G, Melcher K, Ernst OP, Kossiakoff AA, Subramaniam S, Xu HE. Cryo-EM structure of human rhodopsin bound to an inhibitory G protein. Nature 2018; 558:553-558. [PMID: 29899450 PMCID: PMC8054211 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0215-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors comprise the largest family of mammalian transmembrane receptors. They mediate numerous cellular pathways by coupling with downstream signalling transducers, including the hetrotrimeric G proteins Gs (stimulatory) and Gi (inhibitory) and several arrestin proteins. The structural mechanisms that define how G-protein-coupled receptors selectively couple to a specific type of G protein or arrestin remain unknown. Here, using cryo-electron microscopy, we show that the major interactions between activated rhodopsin and Gi are mediated by the C-terminal helix of the Gi α-subunit, which is wedged into the cytoplasmic cavity of the transmembrane helix bundle and directly contacts the amino terminus of helix 8 of rhodopsin. Structural comparisons of inactive, Gi-bound and arrestin-bound forms of rhodopsin with inactive and Gs-bound forms of the β2-adrenergic receptor provide a foundation to understand the unique structural signatures that are associated with the recognition of Gs, Gi and arrestin by activated G-protein-coupled receptors.
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MESH Headings
- Arrestin/chemistry
- Arrestin/metabolism
- Binding Sites
- Cryoelectron Microscopy
- GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gi-Go/chemistry
- GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gi-Go/metabolism
- GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gi-Go/ultrastructure
- GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gs/chemistry
- GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gs/metabolism
- Humans
- Models, Molecular
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/chemistry
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/metabolism
- Rhodopsin/chemistry
- Rhodopsin/metabolism
- Rhodopsin/ultrastructure
- Signal Transduction
- Substrate Specificity
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyong Kang
- Center for Cancer and Cell Biology, Innovation and Integration Program, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Oleg Kuybeda
- Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Parker W de Waal
- Center for Cancer and Cell Biology, Innovation and Integration Program, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Somnath Mukherjee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Ned Van Eps
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Przemyslaw Dutka
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - X Edward Zhou
- Center for Cancer and Cell Biology, Innovation and Integration Program, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Alberto Bartesaghi
- Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Satchal Erramilli
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Takefumi Morizumi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xin Gu
- Center for Cancer and Cell Biology, Innovation and Integration Program, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Yanting Yin
- Center for Cancer and Cell Biology, Innovation and Integration Program, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Ping Liu
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, VARI-SIMM Center, Center for Structure and Function of Drug Targets, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, VARI-SIMM Center, Center for Structure and Function of Drug Targets, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xing Meng
- David Van Andel Advanced Cryo-Electron Microscopy Suite, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Gongpu Zhao
- David Van Andel Advanced Cryo-Electron Microscopy Suite, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Karsten Melcher
- Center for Cancer and Cell Biology, Innovation and Integration Program, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Oliver P Ernst
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anthony A Kossiakoff
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
- Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Sriram Subramaniam
- Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA.
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - H Eric Xu
- Center for Cancer and Cell Biology, Innovation and Integration Program, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA.
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, VARI-SIMM Center, Center for Structure and Function of Drug Targets, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
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281
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Chen Q, Iverson TM, Gurevich VV. Structural Basis of Arrestin-Dependent Signal Transduction. Trends Biochem Sci 2018; 43:412-423. [PMID: 29636212 PMCID: PMC5959776 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2018.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 03/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Arrestins are a small family of proteins with four isoforms in humans. Remarkably, two arrestins regulate signaling from >800 G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) or nonreceptor activators by simultaneously binding an activator and one out of hundreds of other signaling proteins. When arrestins are bound to GPCRs or other activators, the affinity for these signaling partners changes. Thus, it is proposed that an activator alters arrestin's ability to transduce a signal. The comparison of all available arrestin structures identifies several common conformational rearrangements associated with activation. In particular, it identifies elements that are directly involved in binding to GPCRs or other activators, elements that likely engage distinct downstream effectors, and elements that likely link the activator-binding sites with the effector-binding sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyan Chen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
| | - Tina M Iverson
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232-0146, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232-0146, USA; Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232-0146, USA; Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232-0146, USA.
| | - Vsevolod V Gurevich
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232-0146, USA; Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232-0146, USA.
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282
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Dissecting the signaling features of the multi-protein complex GPCR/β-arrestin/ERK1/2. Eur J Cell Biol 2018; 97:349-358. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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283
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Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) represent a large superfamily of membrane proteins that mediate cell signaling and regulate a variety of physiological processes in the human body. Structure-function studies of this superfamily were enabled a decade ago by multiple breakthroughs in technology that included receptor stabilization, crystallization in a membrane environment, and microcrystallography. The recent emergence of X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) has further accelerated structural studies of GPCRs and other challenging proteins by overcoming radiation damage and providing access to high-resolution structures and dynamics using micrometer-sized crystals. Here, we summarize key technology advancements and major milestones of GPCR research using XFELs and provide a brief outlook on future developments in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Stauch
- Department of Chemistry and Bridge Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA; ,
| | - Vadim Cherezov
- Department of Chemistry and Bridge Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA; ,
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284
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Rodríguez S, Silva ML, Benaím G, Bubis J. Phosphorylation-induced conformational changes of photoactivated rhodopsin probed by fluorescent labeling at Cys 140 and Cys 316. Biochimie 2018; 150:57-69. [PMID: 29730301 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2018.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In order to monitor conformational changes following photoactivation and phosphorylation of bovine rhodopsin, the two reactive sulfhydryl groups at Cys140 and Cys316 were specifically labeled with the monobromobimane (mBBr) fluorophore. Although alterations in conformation after light exposure of rhodopsin were not detected by fluorescence excitation scans (300-450 nm) of the mBBr-labeled protein, the fluorescence signal was reduced ∼ 90% in samples containing photoactivated phosphorhodopsin. Predominant labeling at either Cys140 or Cys316 in light-activated and phosphorylated rhodopsin merely generated a decrease of ∼38% and 28%, respectively, in the fluorescence excitation intensity. Thus, neither mBBr-modified Cys140 nor mBBr-modified Cys316 were involved single-handedly in the remarkable fall seen on the signal following phosphorylation of the protein; rather, the incorporation of phosphate groups on the mBBr-labeled light-activated rhodopsin appeared to affect its fluorescence signal in a cooperative or synergistic manner. These findings demonstrated that the phosphorylation of specific hydroxyl groups at the carboxyl terminal tail of rhodopsin causes definite conformational changes in the three-dimensional fold of the protein. Apparently, amino acid residues that are buried in the interior of the inactive protein become accessible following illumination and phosphorylation of rhodopsin, quenching in turn the fluorescence excitation signal of mBBr-modified rhodopsin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheerly Rodríguez
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Caracas, Venezuela; Escuela de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela.
| | - May-Li Silva
- Instituto de Estudios Avanzados IDEA, Caracas, Venezuela.
| | - Gustavo Benaím
- Instituto de Estudios Avanzados IDEA, Caracas, Venezuela; Instituto de Biología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela.
| | - José Bubis
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Caracas, Venezuela.
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285
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Gurevich VV, Gurevich EV. GPCRs and Signal Transducers: Interaction Stoichiometry. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2018; 39:672-684. [PMID: 29739625 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2018.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Until the late 1990s, class A G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) were believed to function as monomers. Indirect evidence that they might internalize or even signal as dimers has emerged, along with proof that class C GPCRs are obligatory dimers. Crystal structures of GPCRs and their much larger binding partners were consistent with the idea that two receptors might engage a single G protein, GRK, or arrestin. However, recent biophysical, biochemical, and structural evidence invariably suggests that a single GPCR binds G proteins, GRKs, and arrestins. Here we review existing evidence of the stoichiometry of GPCR interactions with signal transducers and discuss potential biological roles of class A GPCR oligomers, including proposed homo- and heterodimers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vsevolod V Gurevich
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
| | - Eugenia V Gurevich
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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286
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287
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Latorraca NR, Wang JK, Bauer B, Townshend RJL, Hollingsworth SA, Olivieri JE, Xu HE, Sommer ME, Dror RO. Molecular mechanism of GPCR-mediated arrestin activation. Nature 2018; 557:452-456. [PMID: 29720655 PMCID: PMC6294333 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0077-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Despite intense interest in discovering drugs that cause G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) to selectively stimulate or block arrestin signalling, the structural mechanism of receptor-mediated arrestin activation remains unclear1,2. Here we reveal this mechanism through extensive atomic-level simulations of arrestin. We find that the receptor's transmembrane core and cytoplasmic tail-which bind distinct surfaces on arrestin-can each independently stimulate arrestin activation. We confirm this unanticipated role of the receptor core, and the allosteric coupling between these distant surfaces of arrestin, using site-directed fluorescence spectroscopy. The effect of the receptor core on arrestin conformation is mediated primarily by interactions of the intracellular loops of the receptor with the arrestin body, rather than the marked finger-loop rearrangement that is observed upon receptor binding. In the absence of a receptor, arrestin frequently adopts active conformations when its own C-terminal tail is disengaged, which may explain why certain arrestins remain active long after receptor dissociation. Our results, which suggest that diverse receptor binding modes can activate arrestin, provide a structural foundation for the design of functionally selective ('biased') GPCR-targeted ligands with desired effects on arrestin signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi R Latorraca
- Biophysics Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Physiology and Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Institute for Computational and Mathematical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jason K Wang
- Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Brian Bauer
- Institut für Medizinische Physik und Biophysik (CC2), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Scott A Hollingsworth
- Biophysics Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Physiology and Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Julia E Olivieri
- Institute for Computational and Mathematical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - H Eric Xu
- VARI-SIMM Center, Center for Structure and Function of Drug Targets, CAS-Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Laboratory of Structural Sciences, Center for Structural Biology and Drug Discovery, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Martha E Sommer
- Institut für Medizinische Physik und Biophysik (CC2), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Ron O Dror
- Biophysics Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Physiology and Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Institute for Computational and Mathematical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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288
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Ishchenko A, Gati C, Cherezov V. Structural biology of G protein-coupled receptors: new opportunities from XFELs and cryoEM. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2018; 51:44-52. [PMID: 29554543 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2018.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors mediate cell signaling and regulate the majority of sensory and physiological processes in the human body. Recent breakthroughs in cryo-electron microscopy and X-ray free electron lasers have accelerated structural studies of difficult-to-crystallize receptors and their signaling complexes, and have opened up new opportunities in understanding conformational dynamics and visualizing the process of receptor activation with unprecedented spatial and temporal resolution. Here, we summarize major milestones and challenges associated with the application of these techniques and outline future directions in their development with a focus on membrane protein structural biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrii Ishchenko
- Department of Chemistry, Bridge Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Cornelius Gati
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Bioscience Division, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA; Stanford University, Department of Structural Biology, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Vadim Cherezov
- Department of Chemistry, Bridge Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; Research Center for Molecular Mechanisms of Aging and Age-Related Diseases, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny 141700, Russia.
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289
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Thal DM, Vuckovic Z, Draper-Joyce CJ, Liang YL, Glukhova A, Christopoulos A, Sexton PM. Recent advances in the determination of G protein-coupled receptor structures. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2018; 51:28-34. [PMID: 29547818 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest superfamily of cell surface receptor proteins and are important drug targets for many human diseases. In the last decade, remarkable progress has been made in the determination of atomic structures of GPCRs with over 200 structures from 53 unique receptors having been solved. Technological advances in protein engineering and X-ray crystallography have driven much of the progress to date. However, recent advances in cryo-electron microscopy have facilitated the structural determination of three new structures of active-state GPCRs in complex with heterotrimeric G protein. These advances have led to significant breakthroughs in our understanding of GPCR biology including not only how signal transducers such as G proteins or arrestins interact with receptors, but also pave the way for future structure-based drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Thal
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Ziva Vuckovic
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christopher J Draper-Joyce
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yi-Lynn Liang
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alisa Glukhova
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Arthur Christopoulos
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Patrick M Sexton
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia.
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290
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Basith S, Cui M, Macalino SJY, Park J, Clavio NAB, Kang S, Choi S. Exploring G Protein-Coupled Receptors (GPCRs) Ligand Space via Cheminformatics Approaches: Impact on Rational Drug Design. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:128. [PMID: 29593527 PMCID: PMC5854945 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The primary goal of rational drug discovery is the identification of selective ligands which act on single or multiple drug targets to achieve the desired clinical outcome through the exploration of total chemical space. To identify such desired compounds, computational approaches are necessary in predicting their drug-like properties. G Protein-Coupled Receptors (GPCRs) represent one of the largest and most important integral membrane protein families. These receptors serve as increasingly attractive drug targets due to their relevance in the treatment of various diseases, such as inflammatory disorders, metabolic imbalances, cardiac disorders, cancer, monogenic disorders, etc. In the last decade, multitudes of three-dimensional (3D) structures were solved for diverse GPCRs, thus referring to this period as the "golden age for GPCR structural biology." Moreover, accumulation of data about the chemical properties of GPCR ligands has garnered much interest toward the exploration of GPCR chemical space. Due to the steady increase in the structural, ligand, and functional data of GPCRs, several cheminformatics approaches have been implemented in its drug discovery pipeline. In this review, we mainly focus on the cheminformatics-based paradigms in GPCR drug discovery. We provide a comprehensive view on the ligand- and structure-based cheminformatics approaches which are best illustrated via GPCR case studies. Furthermore, an appropriate combination of ligand-based knowledge with structure-based ones, i.e., integrated approach, which is emerging as a promising strategy for cheminformatics-based GPCR drug design is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Soosung Kang
- College of Pharmacy and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sun Choi
- College of Pharmacy and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
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291
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Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), which mediate processes as diverse as olfaction and maintenance of metabolic homeostasis, have become the single most effective class of therapeutic drug targets. As a result, understanding the molecular basis for their activity is of paramount importance. Recent technological advances have made GPCR structural biology increasingly tractable, offering views of these receptors in unprecedented atomic detail. Structural and biophysical data have shown that GPCRs function as complex allosteric machines, communicating ligand-binding events through conformational change. Changes in receptor conformation lead to activation of effector proteins, such as G proteins and arrestins, which are themselves conformational switches. Here, we review how structural biology has illuminated the agonist-induced cascade of conformational changes that culminate in a cellular response to GPCR activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C Erlandson
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA;
| | - Conor McMahon
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA;
| | - Andrew C Kruse
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA;
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292
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Gurevich VV, Gurevich EV, Uversky VN. Arrestins: structural disorder creates rich functionality. Protein Cell 2018; 9:986-1003. [PMID: 29453740 PMCID: PMC6251804 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-017-0501-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Arrestins are soluble relatively small 44–46 kDa proteins that specifically bind hundreds of active phosphorylated GPCRs and dozens of non-receptor partners. There are binding partners that demonstrate preference for each of the known arrestin conformations: free, receptor-bound, and microtubule-bound. Recent evidence suggests that conformational flexibility in every functional state is the defining characteristic of arrestins. Flexibility, or plasticity, of proteins is often described as structural disorder, in contrast to the fixed conformational order observed in high-resolution crystal structures. However, protein-protein interactions often involve highly flexible elements that can assume many distinct conformations upon binding to different partners. Existing evidence suggests that arrestins are no exception to this rule: their flexibility is necessary for functional versatility. The data on arrestins and many other multi-functional proteins indicate that in many cases, “order” might be artificially imposed by highly non-physiological crystallization conditions and/or crystal packing forces. In contrast, conformational flexibility (and its extreme case, intrinsic disorder) is a more natural state of proteins, representing true biological order that underlies their physiologically relevant functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vsevolod V Gurevich
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
| | - Eugenia V Gurevich
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Vladimir N Uversky
- Department of Molecular Medicine and USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA.,Institute for Biological Instrumentation, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia, 142290
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293
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Elgeti M, Kazmin R, Rose AS, Szczepek M, Hildebrand PW, Bartl FJ, Scheerer P, Hofmann KP. The arrestin-1 finger loop interacts with two distinct conformations of active rhodopsin. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:4403-4410. [PMID: 29363577 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.817890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Signaling of the prototypical G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) rhodopsin through its cognate G protein transducin (Gt) is quenched when arrestin binds to the activated receptor. Although the overall architecture of the rhodopsin/arrestin complex is known, many questions regarding its specificity remain unresolved. Here, using FTIR difference spectroscopy and a dual pH/peptide titration assay, we show that rhodopsin maintains certain flexibility upon binding the "finger loop" of visual arrestin (prepared as synthetic peptide ArrFL-1). We found that two distinct complexes can be stabilized depending on the protonation state of E3.49 in the conserved (D)ERY motif. Both complexes exhibit different interaction modes and affinities of ArrFL-1 binding. The plasticity of the receptor within the rhodopsin/ArrFL-1 complex stands in contrast to the complex with the C terminus of the Gt α-subunit (GαCT), which stabilizes only one specific substate out of the conformational ensemble. However, Gt α-subunit binding and both ArrFL-1-binding modes involve a direct interaction to conserved R3.50, as determined by site-directed mutagenesis. Our findings highlight the importance of receptor conformational flexibility and cytoplasmic proton uptake for modulation of rhodopsin signaling and thereby extend the picture provided by crystal structures of the rhodopsin/arrestin and rhodopsin/ArrFL-1 complexes. Furthermore, the two binding modes of ArrFL-1 identified here involve motifs of conserved amino acids, which indicates that our results may have elucidated a common modulation mechanism of class A GPCR-G protein/-arrestin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Elgeti
- From the Institut für Medizinische Physik und Biophysik (CC2), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany,
| | - Roman Kazmin
- From the Institut für Medizinische Physik und Biophysik (CC2), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander S Rose
- From the Institut für Medizinische Physik und Biophysik (CC2), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.,Group ProteInformatics
| | - Michal Szczepek
- From the Institut für Medizinische Physik und Biophysik (CC2), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.,Group Protein X-ray Crystallography and Signal Transduction
| | - Peter W Hildebrand
- From the Institut für Medizinische Physik und Biophysik (CC2), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.,Institut für Medizinische Physik und Biophysik, Universität Leipzig, Härtelstrasse 16-18, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Franz J Bartl
- From the Institut für Medizinische Physik und Biophysik (CC2), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.,Institut für Biologie, Biophysikalische Chemie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Invalidenstrasse 42, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Patrick Scheerer
- From the Institut für Medizinische Physik und Biophysik (CC2), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.,Group Protein X-ray Crystallography and Signal Transduction
| | - Klaus Peter Hofmann
- From the Institut für Medizinische Physik und Biophysik (CC2), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
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294
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Phosphorylation-induced conformation of β 2-adrenoceptor related to arrestin recruitment revealed by NMR. Nat Commun 2018; 9:194. [PMID: 29335412 PMCID: PMC5768704 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02632-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The C-terminal region of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), stimulated by agonist binding, is phosphorylated by GPCR kinases, and the phosphorylated GPCRs bind to arrestin, leading to the cellular responses. To understand the mechanism underlying the formation of the phosphorylated GPCR-arrestin complex, we performed NMR analyses of the phosphorylated β2-adrenoceptor (β2AR) and the phosphorylated β2AR–β-arrestin 1 complex, in the lipid bilayers of nanodisc. Here we show that the phosphorylated C-terminal region adheres to either the intracellular side of the transmembrane region or lipids, and that the phosphorylation of the C-terminal region allosterically alters the conformation around M2155.54 and M2796.41, located on transemembrane helices 5 and 6, respectively. In addition, we found that the conformation induced by the phosphorylation is similar to that corresponding to the β-arrestin-bound state. The phosphorylation-induced structures revealed in this study propose a conserved structural motif of GPCRs that enables β-arrestin to recognize dozens of GPCRs. Upon stimulation by agonist binding, the C-terminal regions of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) become phosphorylated by GPCR kinases, and phosphorylated GPCRs bind arrestin. Here the authors give structural insights into the phosphorylation induced conformational changes in GPCRs by performing NMR studies with the β2-adrenoceptor.
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295
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Wang J, Hanada K, Gareri C, Rockman HA. Mechanoactivation of the angiotensin II type 1 receptor induces β-arrestin-biased signaling through Gα i coupling. J Cell Biochem 2018; 119:3586-3597. [PMID: 29231251 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Ligand activation of the angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R), a member of the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) family, stimulates intracellular signaling to mediate a variety of physiological responses. The AT1R is also known to be a mechanical sensor. When activated by mechanical stretch, the AT1R can signal via the multifunctional adaptor protein β-arrestin, rather than through classical heterotrimeric G protein pathways. To date, the AT1R conformation induced by membrane stretch in the absence of ligand was thought to be the same as that induced by β-arrestin-biased agonists, which selectively engage β-arrestin thereby preventing G protein coupling. Here, we show that in contrast to the β-arrestin-biased agonists TRV120023 and TRV120026, membrane stretch uniquely promotes the coupling of the inhibitory G protein (Gαi ) to the AT1R to transduce signaling. Stretch-triggered AT1R-Gαi coupling is required for the recruitment of β-arrestin2 and activation of downstream signaling pathways, such as EGFR transactivation and ERK phosphorylation. Our findings demonstrate additional complexity in the mechanism of receptor bias in which the recruitment of Gαi is required for allosteric mechanoactivation of the AT1R-induced β-arrestin-biased signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialu Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina.,Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Kenji Hanada
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Clarice Gareri
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Howard A Rockman
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina.,Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina.,Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
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296
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Cleghorn WM, Bulus N, Kook S, Gurevich VV, Zent R, Gurevich EV. Non-visual arrestins regulate the focal adhesion formation via small GTPases RhoA and Rac1 independently of GPCRs. Cell Signal 2018; 42:259-269. [PMID: 29133163 PMCID: PMC5732042 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Arrestins recruit a variety of signaling proteins to active phosphorylated G protein-coupled receptors in the plasma membrane and to the cytoskeleton. Loss of arrestins leads to decreased cell migration, altered cell shape, and an increase in focal adhesions. Small GTPases of the Rho family are molecular switches that regulate actin cytoskeleton and affect a variety of dynamic cellular functions including cell migration and cell morphology. Here we show that non-visual arrestins differentially regulate RhoA and Rac1 activity to promote cell spreading via actin reorganization, and focal adhesion formation via two distinct mechanisms. Arrestins regulate these small GTPases independently of G-protein-coupled receptor activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Whitney M Cleghorn
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
| | - Nada Bulus
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
| | - Seunghyi Kook
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
| | - Vsevolod V Gurevich
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
| | - Roy Zent
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, United States; Department of Veterans Affairs Hospital, Nashville, TN, 37232, United States
| | - Eugenia V Gurevich
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, United States.
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297
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Hilger D, Masureel M, Kobilka BK. Structure and dynamics of GPCR signaling complexes. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2018; 25:4-12. [PMID: 29323277 PMCID: PMC6535338 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-017-0011-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 544] [Impact Index Per Article: 90.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) relay numerous extracellular signals by triggering intracellular signaling through coupling with G proteins and arrestins. Recent breakthroughs in the structural determination of GPCRs and GPCR-transducer complexes represent important steps toward deciphering GPCR signal transduction at a molecular level. A full understanding of the molecular basis of GPCR-mediated signaling requires elucidation of the dynamics of receptors and their transducer complexes as well as their energy landscapes and conformational transition rates. Here, we summarize current insights into the structural plasticity of GPCR-G-protein and GPCR-arrestin complexes that underlies the regulation of the receptor's intracellular signaling profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Hilger
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Matthieu Masureel
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Brian K Kobilka
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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298
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Lemos A, Melo R, Preto AJ, Almeida JG, Moreira IS, Cordeiro MNDS. In Silico Studies Targeting G-protein Coupled Receptors for Drug Research Against Parkinson's Disease. Curr Neuropharmacol 2018; 16:786-848. [PMID: 29521236 PMCID: PMC6080095 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x16666180308161642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's Disease (PD) is a long-term neurodegenerative brain disorder that mainly affects the motor system. The causes are still unknown, and even though currently there is no cure, several therapeutic options are available to manage its symptoms. The development of novel antiparkinsonian agents and an understanding of their proper and optimal use are, indeed, highly demanding. For the last decades, L-3,4-DihydrOxyPhenylAlanine or levodopa (L-DOPA) has been the gold-standard therapy for the symptomatic treatment of motor dysfunctions associated to PD. However, the development of dyskinesias and motor fluctuations (wearing-off and on-off phenomena) associated with long-term L-DOPA replacement therapy have limited its antiparkinsonian efficacy. The investigation for non-dopaminergic therapies has been largely explored as an attempt to counteract the motor side effects associated with dopamine replacement therapy. Being one of the largest cell membrane protein families, G-Protein-Coupled Receptors (GPCRs) have become a relevant target for drug discovery focused on a wide range of therapeutic areas, including Central Nervous System (CNS) diseases. The modulation of specific GPCRs potentially implicated in PD, excluding dopamine receptors, may provide promising non-dopaminergic therapeutic alternatives for symptomatic treatment of PD. In this review, we focused on the impact of specific GPCR subclasses, including dopamine receptors, adenosine receptors, muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, metabotropic glutamate receptors, and 5-hydroxytryptamine receptors, on the pathophysiology of PD and the importance of structure- and ligand-based in silico approaches for the development of small molecules to target these receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agostinho Lemos
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007Porto, Portugal
- GIGA Cyclotron Research Centre In Vivo Imaging, University of Liège, 4000Liège, Belgium
| | - Rita Melo
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-517Coimbra, Portugal
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada Nacional 10 (ao km 139,7), 2695-066 Bobadela LRS, Portugal
| | - Antonio Jose Preto
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-517Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Jose Guilherme Almeida
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-517Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Irina Sousa Moreira
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-517Coimbra, Portugal
- Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science - Chemistry, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3584CH, The Netherlands
| | - Maria Natalia Dias Soeiro Cordeiro
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007Porto, Portugal
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299
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Kim MW, Wang W, Sanchez MI, Coukos R, von Zastrow M, Ting AY. Time-gated detection of protein-protein interactions with transcriptional readout. eLife 2017; 6:e30233. [PMID: 29189201 PMCID: PMC5708895 DOI: 10.7554/elife.30233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcriptional assays, such as yeast two-hybrid and TANGO, that convert transient protein-protein interactions (PPIs) into stable expression of transgenes are powerful tools for PPI discovery, screens, and analysis of cell populations. However, such assays often have high background and lose information about PPI dynamics. We have developed SPARK (Specific Protein Association tool giving transcriptional Readout with rapid Kinetics), in which proteolytic release of a membrane-tethered transcription factor (TF) requires both a PPI to deliver a protease proximal to its cleavage peptide and blue light to uncage the cleavage site. SPARK was used to detect 12 different PPIs in mammalian cells, with 5 min temporal resolution and signal ratios up to 37. By shifting the light window, we could reconstruct PPI time-courses. Combined with FACS, SPARK enabled 51 fold enrichment of PPI-positive over PPI-negative cells. Due to its high specificity and sensitivity, SPARK has the potential to advance PPI analysis and discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Woo Kim
- Department of GeneticsStanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
| | - Wenjing Wang
- Department of GeneticsStanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
| | - Mateo I Sanchez
- Department of GeneticsStanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
| | - Robert Coukos
- Department of GeneticsStanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
| | - Mark von Zastrow
- Program in Cell BiologyUniversity of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Alice Y Ting
- Department of GeneticsStanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
- Department of BiologyStanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
- Department of ChemistryStanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
- Chan Zuckerberg BiohubSan FranciscoUnited States
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300
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Molecular Mechanisms of GPCR Signaling: A Structural Perspective. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18122519. [PMID: 29186792 PMCID: PMC5751122 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18122519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are cell surface receptors that respond to a wide variety of stimuli, from light, odorants, hormones, and neurotransmitters to proteins and extracellular calcium. GPCRs represent the largest family of signaling proteins targeted by many clinically used drugs. Recent studies shed light on the conformational changes that accompany GPCR activation and the structural state of the receptor necessary for the interactions with the three classes of proteins that preferentially bind active GPCRs, G proteins, G protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs), and arrestins. Importantly, structural and biophysical studies also revealed activation-related conformational changes in these three types of signal transducers. Here, we summarize what is already known and point out questions that still need to be answered. Clear understanding of the structural basis of signaling by GPCRs and their interaction partners would pave the way to designing signaling-biased proteins with scientific and therapeutic potential.
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