251
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Coquery CM, Loo WM, Wade NS, Bederman AG, Tung KS, Lewis JE, Hess H, Erickson LD. BAFF regulates follicular helper t cells and affects their accumulation and interferon-γ production in autoimmunity. Arthritis Rheumatol 2015; 67:773-84. [PMID: 25385309 DOI: 10.1002/art.38950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Follicular helper T (Tfh) cells are critical for the development of protective antibodies via germinal center (GC) B cell responses; however, uncontrolled Tfh cell expansion activates autoreactive B cells to produce antibodies that cause autoimmunity. The mechanisms that control Tfh cell homeostasis remain largely unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the contribution of BAFF to Tfh cell responses in autoimmunity. METHODS We analyzed the properties of Tfh cells in lupus-prone mice sufficient or deficient in BCMA. Adoptive transfer studies and mixed bone marrow chimeras were used to test BCMA signaling in T cells. We assessed BAFF stimulation of Tfh cells through in vitro cell cocultures and in vivo depletion studies using flow cytometry. RESULTS In Nba2 mice, Tfh cells expressed the BAFF receptors BCMA and B lymphocyte stimulator receptor 3 (BR-3) and accumulated in the spleen when BCMA was absent. BCMA deficiency in T cells promoted the expansion of Tfh cells, GC formation, autoantibody production, and interferon-γ (IFNγ) production by Tfh cells through BR-3. IFNγ-producing Tfh cells increased BAFF expression in dendritic cells. Blocking BAFF or IFNγ in vivo reduced Tfh cell accumulation and reduced autoimmunity in BCMA-deficient animals. Moreover, circulating Tfh-like cells that expressed BR-3 (but not BCMA) were elevated in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, and this correlated with serum BAFF and IFNγ levels. CONCLUSION In Nba2 mice, BCMA negatively regulates Tfh cell expansion, while BAFF signaling through BR-3 promotes Tfh cell accumulation. Our findings suggest that the balance between BCMA and BR-3 signaling in Tfh cells serves as a checkpoint of immune tolerance.
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252
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Alexander-Miller MA. Vaccines against respiratory viral pathogens for use in neonates: opportunities and challenges. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 193:5363-9. [PMID: 25411431 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The first six months of life reflect a time of high susceptibility to severe disease following respiratory virus infection. Although this could be improved significantly by immunization, current vaccines are not approved for use in these very young individuals. This is the result of the combined effects of poor immune responsiveness and safety concerns regarding the use of live attenuated vaccines or potent adjuvants in this population. Vaccines to effectively combat respiratory viral infection ideally would result in robust CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell responses, as well as high-affinity Ab. Inclusion of TLR agonists or single-cycle viruses is an attractive approach for provision of signals that can act as potent stimulators of dendritic cell maturation, as well as direct activators of T and/or B cells. In this article, I discuss the challenges associated with generation of a robust immune response in neonates and the potential for adjuvants to overcome these obstacles.
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253
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Kim MS, Kim TS. Aminoacyl tRNA Synthetase-Interacting Multifunctional Protein 1 Acts as a Novel B Cell-Activating Factor In Vitro and In Vivo. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:4729-36. [PMID: 25870240 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Endogenous B cell-activating factors play pivotal roles in defense mechanisms by regulating B cell responses. We previously reported that aminoacyl tRNA synthetase-interacting multifunctional protein 1 (AIMP1) functions as a novel proinflammatory cytokine that activates macrophages and dendritic cells. However, roles of AIMP1 in B cell responses have not been studied. In this study, we investigated the effects of AIMP1 on B cell responses and their underlying mechanisms. AIMP1 induced the expression of surface activation markers on murine B cells and the proliferation of B cells. Additionally, AIMP1 increased the expression of activation-induced deaminase and class switch recombination in B cells. AIMP1 also had synergistic effects on B cell activation when combined with CD40 stimulus. Intracellular signaling experiments showed that AIMP1 activated B cells through a protein kinase C/NF-κB signaling pathway. Importantly, i.v. injection of AIMP1 into mice increased the expression of CD69 on splenic B cells and significantly enhanced Ag-specific Ab production. Taken together, our results show that AIMP1 acts as a novel B cell-activating factor. AIMP1-mediated B cell activation and the involvement of AIMP1 in diseases will provide additional information for therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myun Soo Kim
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Sung Kim
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea
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254
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Doerfler PA, Nayak S, Herzog RW, Morel L, Byrne BJ. BAFF blockade prevents anti-drug antibody formation in a mouse model of Pompe disease. Clin Immunol 2015; 158:140-7. [PMID: 25842186 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2015.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Antibodies formed against the therapeutic protein are a life-threatening complication that arises during enzyme replacement therapy for Pompe disease (acid α-glucosidase deficiency; GAA). To provide an effective alternative to current practices, we investigated the capacity of anti-B-cell activating factor (BAFF) as a novel drug candidate to prevent antibody formation in a Pompe disease mouse model. A BAFF-neutralizing antibody was administered prophylactically and with maintenance doses in association with enzyme replacement therapy using recombinant human GAA in Gaa(-/-) mice. BAFF blockade delayed antibody production and increased GAA activity within tissues with protection from anaphylaxis. Anti-BAFF also resolved antibody formation during an immune response and precluded the maturation of antibody secreting cells from entering the bone marrow compartment. This treatment modality may therefore be a viable alternative for the clinical management of antibody formation for Pompe disease and has potential use against antibody formation in other protein replacement therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sushrusha Nayak
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Roland W Herzog
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Laurence Morel
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Barry J Byrne
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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255
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Cogollo E, Cogollo E, Silva MA, Isenberg D. Profile of atacicept and its potential in the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2015; 9:1331-9. [PMID: 25834391 PMCID: PMC4357613 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s71276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The importance of B cell activating factors in the generation of autoantibodies in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is now recognized. The two key factors, known as BAFF and APRIL, produced by a variety of cells including monocytes, dendritic cells and T cells, also help to regulate B cell maturation, function and survival. Biologic agents that block these factors have now been developed and tried out in large scale clinical trials in SLE patients. Benlysta which blocks BAFF has met some of its end points in clinical trials and is approved for use in patients with skin and joint disease who have failed conventional drugs. In contrast, clinical trials using atacicept which blocks both BAFF and APRIL have been more challenging to interpret. An early study in lupus nephritis was, mistakenly, abandoned due to serious infections thought to be linked to the biologic when in fact the dramatic fall in the immunoglobulin levels took place when the patients were given mycophenolate, prior to the introduction of the atacicept. Likewise the higher dose arm (150 mgm) of a flare prevention study was terminated prematurely when 2 deaths occurred. However, the mortality rate in this study was identical to that seen in the Benlysta studies and a post hoc analysis found a highly significant benefit for the 150mgm arm compared to the lower dose (75 mgm) and placebo arms. Other trials with both Benlysta and atacicept are on-going.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Estafania Cogollo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Principe de Asturias, Alcala de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Amaral Silva
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Distrital da Figueira da Foz, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - David Isenberg
- Centre for Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
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256
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Sanchez-Nino MD, Ortiz A. 'That Obscure Object of Desire': in systemic lupus erythematosus B-cell activating factor/B-lymphocyte stimulator is targeted both by the immune system and by physicians. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2015; 30:394-400. [DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfu213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
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257
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Combined loss of the BH3-only proteins Bim and Bmf restores B-cell development and function in TACI-Ig transgenic mice. Cell Death Differ 2015; 22:1477-88. [PMID: 25698446 PMCID: PMC4532784 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2015.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Revised: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Terminal differentiation of B cells depends on two interconnected survival pathways, elicited by the B-cell receptor (BCR) and the BAFF receptor (BAFF-R), respectively. Loss of either signaling pathway arrests B-cell development. Although BCR-dependent survival depends mainly on the activation of the v-AKT murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog 1 (AKT)/PI3-kinase network, BAFF/BAFF-R-mediated survival engages non-canonical NF-κB signaling as well as MAPK/extracellular-signal regulated kinase and AKT/PI3-kinase modules to allow proper B-cell development. Plasma cell survival, however, is independent of BAFF-R and regulated by APRIL that signals NF-κB activation via alternative receptors, that is, transmembrane activator and CAML interactor (TACI) or B-cell maturation (BCMA). All these complex signaling events are believed to secure survival by increased expression of anti-apoptotic B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl2) family proteins in developing and mature B cells. Curiously, how lack of BAFF- or APRIL-mediated signaling triggers B-cell apoptosis remains largely unexplored. Here, we show that two pro-apoptotic members of the 'Bcl2 homology domain 3-only' subgroup of the Bcl2 family, Bcl2 interacting mediator of cell death (Bim) and Bcl2 modifying factor (Bmf), mediate apoptosis in the context of TACI-Ig overexpression that effectively neutralizes BAFF as well as APRIL. Surprisingly, although Bcl2 overexpression triggers B-cell hyperplasia exceeding the one observed in Bim(-/-)Bmf(-/-) mice, Bcl2 transgenic B cells remain susceptible to the effects of TACI-Ig expression in vivo, leading to ameliorated pathology in Vav-Bcl2 transgenic mice. Together, our findings shed new light on the molecular machinery restricting B-cell survival during development, normal homeostasis and under pathological conditions. Our data further suggest that Bcl2 antagonists might improve the potency of BAFF/APRIL-depletion strategies in B-cell-driven pathologies.
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258
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Abstract
Much of the research on the humoral response to allografts has focused on circulating serum antibodies and the long-lived plasma cells that produce these antibodies. In contrast, the interrogation of the quiescent memory B cell compartment is technically more challenging and thus has not been incorporated into the clinical diagnostic or prognostic toolkit. In this review, we discuss new technologies that have allowed this heretofore enigmatic subset of B cells to be identified at quiescence and during a recall response. These technologies in experimental models are providing new insights into memory B cell heterogeneity with respect to their phenotype, cellular function, and the antibodies they produce. Similar technologies are also allowing for the identification of comparable memory alloreactive B cells in transplant recipients. Although much of the focus in transplant immunology has been on controlling the alloreactive B cell population, long-term transplant patient survival is also critically dependent on protection by pathogen-specific memory B cells. Techniques are available that allow the interrogation of memory B cell response to pathogen re-encounter. Thus, we are poised in our ability to investigate how immunosuppression affects allospecific and pathogen-specific memory B cells, and reason that these investigations can yield new insights that will be beneficial for graft and patient survival.
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259
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Lee Y, Kim YJ, Jung YJ, Kim KH, Kwon YM, Kim SI, Kang SM. Systems biology from virus to humans. J Anal Sci Technol 2015; 6:3. [PMID: 26269748 PMCID: PMC4527316 DOI: 10.1186/s40543-015-0047-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural infection and then recovery are considered to be the most effective means for hosts to build protective immunity. Thus, mimicking natural infection of pathogens, many live attenuated vaccines such as influenza virus, and yellow fever vaccine 17D were developed and have been successfully used to induce protective immunity. However, humans fail to generate long-term protective immunity to some pathogens after natural infection such as influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) even if they survive initial infections. Many vaccines are suboptimal since much mortality is still occurring, which is exampled by influenza and tuberculosis. It is critically important to increase our understanding on protein components of pathogens and vaccines as well as cellular and host responses to infections and vaccinations. Here, we highlight recent advances in gene transcripts and protein analysis results in the systems biology to enhance our understanding of viral pathogens, vaccines, and host cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youri Lee
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA
| | - Yu-Jin Kim
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA
| | - Yu-Jin Jung
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA
| | - Ki-Hye Kim
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA
| | - Young-Man Kwon
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA
| | - Seung Il Kim
- Division of Life Science, Korea Basic Science Institute, Daejeon, 305-333 South Korea
| | - Sang-Moo Kang
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA
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260
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Verstappen GM, Kroese FGM, Vissink A, Bootsma H. Pharmacotherapy for managing extraglandular symptoms of primary Sjögren’s syndrome. Expert Opin Orphan Drugs 2015. [DOI: 10.1517/21678707.2015.1010510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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261
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Chang Y, Sun X, Jia X, Xu S, Wei F, Yang X, Wei W. Expression and effects of B-lymphocyte stimulator and its receptors in T cell-mediated autoimmune arthritis. Int Immunopharmacol 2015; 24:451-457. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2015.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Revised: 12/25/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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262
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Prognostic significance of ligands belonging to tumour necrosis factor superfamily in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Leuk Res 2015; 39:290-5. [PMID: 25582383 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2014.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2014] [Revised: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Altered activities of ligands belonging to tumour necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily, namely B-cell activating factor (BAFF), a proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL) and apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL) were demonstrated in several haematological diseases including acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL). BAFF, APRIL and TRAIL provide crucial survival signals to immature, naive and activated B cells. These ligands are capable of activating a broad spectrum of intracellular signalling cascades that can either induce apoptosis or protect from programmed cell death. BAFF and APRIL, which can directly activate the NF-κB pathway, have been identified as crucial survival factors for ALL cells. Here, we have analyzed serum BAFF, APRIL and TRAIL concentrations in 48 patients with newly diagnosed ALL and 44 healthy volunteers. The levels of APRIL and BAFF were significantly higher in ALL patients as compared to healthy volunteers. In contrast, concentrations of TRAIL were significantly lower in ALL patients. Moreover, following induction, the levels of APRIL, but not BAFF or TRAIL, were significantly lower in a group of patients with complete remission (CR) as compared to non-respondent (NR) ALL patients. Furthermore, we demonstrated statistically significant differences in concentrations of APRIL between CR MRD-negative and CR, MRD-positive ALL patients. Notably detection of higher concentrations of APRIL was associated with shorter leukaemia-free survival and overall survival. Altogether, our data indicate that APRIL can play an important role in the pathogenesis of ALL and the measurement of APRIL levels can improve prognostication in ALL patients.
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263
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Komocsar WJ, Blackbourne JL, Halstead CA, Winstead CJ, Wierda D. Fully human anti-BAFF inhibitory monoclonal antibody tabalumab does not adversely affect T-dependent antibody responses in cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fasicularis): A summary of three pre-clinical immunotoxicology evaluations. J Immunotoxicol 2015; 13:7-19. [PMID: 25585959 DOI: 10.3109/1547691x.2014.994793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The potential immunotoxicity of tabalumab was assessed as a component of standard pre-clinical toxicology studies in cynomolgus monkeys. To evaluate potential tabalumab-associated immunosuppression after antigen challenge, cynomolgus monkeys were administered placebo control or tabalumab in three immunotoxicological safety studies. Study 1, a 4-week pilot study, evaluated biweekly intravenous (IV) control, and 0.3, 1.0, 5.0, and 15.0 mg/kg tabalumab doses. Study 2 evaluated IV control, and 0.1, 1.0, and 30.0 mg/kg tabalumab doses biweekly for 6 weeks. Study 3 evaluated IV control and 0.1, 1.0, 30.0 mg/kg, and subcutaneous (SC) 30.0 mg/kg tabalumab biweekly for 6 months, with recovery (16 weeks) to monitor standard immunotoxicity endpoints. T-cell dependent primary and secondary antibody responses to tetanus toxoid antigen challenge (4-week and 6-week studies) or keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH; 6-week and 6-month studies) were evaluated as a measure of immunocompetence, together with quantitation of T- and B-cell subsets. In addition, anti-tabalumab antibody formation (6-week and 6-month studies) was assessed. The results indicated that, despite expected decreases in circulating B-cell populations, no changes in follicle histopathology or organ weights, except decreases in spleen weight (after 6-months of 30 mg/kg IV/SC treatment only), were attributed to tabalumab. Non-adverse microscopic decreases in size or number of germinal centers in spleen, mesenteric, and mandibular lymph nodes occurred, but without an effect on antibody responses to KLH or tetanus. At 16-weeks recovery, microscopic compound-related changes observed after 6 months of treatment were completely reversed (0.1 mg/kg group) and partially reversed (1.0 and 30.0 mg/kg groups), while peripheral blood B cells remained 66-72% reduced from baseline. Despite reduced germinal centres in lymphoid organs, and reductions in circulating B cells, T-cell-dependent humoral immunity was maintained following tabalumab administration in three safety studies in cynomolgus monkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Daniel Wierda
- c Wierda Toxicology Consulting, Inc. , New Palestine , IN , USA
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264
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Lenert A, Lenert P. Current and emerging treatment options for ANCA-associated vasculitis: potential role of belimumab and other BAFF/APRIL targeting agents. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2015; 9:333-47. [PMID: 25609919 PMCID: PMC4294650 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s67264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV) comprises several clinical entities with diverse clinical presentations, outcomes, and nonunifying pathogenesis. AAV has a clear potential for relapses, and shows unpredictable response to treatment. Cyclophosphamide-based therapies have remained the hallmark of induction therapy protocols for more than four decades. Recently, B-cell depleting therapy with the anti-CD20 antibody rituximab has proved beneficial in AAV, leading to Food and Drug Administration approval of rituximab in combination with corticosteroids for the treatment of AAV in adults. Rituximab for ANCA-associated vasculitis and other clinical trials provided clear evidence that rituximab was not inferior to cyclophosphamide for remission induction, and rituximab appeared even more beneficial in patients with relapsing disease. This raised hopes that other B-cell-targeted therapies directed either against CD19, CD20, CD22, or B-cell survival factors, B-cell activating factor of the tumor necrosis factor family (BAFF) and a proliferation-inducing ligand could also be beneficial for the management of AAV. BAFF neutralization with the fully humanized monoclonal antibody belimumab has already shown success in human systemic lupus erythematosus and, along with another anti-BAFF reagent blisibimod, is currently undergoing Phase II and III clinical trials in AAV. Local production of BAFF in granulomatous lesions and elevated levels of serum BAFF in AAV provide a rationale for BAFF-targeted therapies not only in AAV but also in other forms of vasculitis such as Behcet’s disease, large-vessel vasculitis, or cryoglobulinemic vasculitis secondary to chronic hepatitis C infection. BAFF-targeted therapies have a very solid safety profile, and may have an additional benefit of preferentially targeting newly arising autoreactive B cells over non-self-reactive B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksander Lenert
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Kentucky, Kentucky Clinic, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Petar Lenert
- Division of Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
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265
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Song Y, Buchwald P. TNF superfamily protein-protein interactions: feasibility of small- molecule modulation. Curr Drug Targets 2015; 16:393-408. [PMID: 25706111 PMCID: PMC4408546 DOI: 10.2174/1389450116666150223115628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily (TNFSF) contains about thirty structurally related receptors (TNFSFRs) and about twenty protein ligands that bind to one or more of these receptors. Almost all of these cell surface protein-protein interactions (PPIs) represent high-value therapeutic targets for inflammatory or immune modulation in autoimmune diseases, transplant recipients, or cancers, and there are several biologics including antibodies and fusion proteins targeting them that are in various phases of clinical development. Small-molecule inhibitors or activators could represent possible alternatives if the difficulties related to the targeting of protein-protein interactions by small molecules can be addressed. Compounds proving the feasibility of such approaches have been identified through different drug discovery approaches for a number of these TNFSFR-TNFSF type PPIs including CD40-CD40L, BAFFR-BAFF, TRAIL-DR5, and OX40-OX40L. Corresponding structural, signaling, and medicinal chemistry aspects are briefly reviewed here. While none of these small-molecule modulators identified so far seems promising enough to be pursued for clinical development, they provide proof-of-principle evidence that these interactions are susceptible to small-molecule modulation and can serve as starting points toward the identification of more potent and selective candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter Buchwald
- Diabetes Research Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, 1450 NW 10 Ave (R-134), Miami, FL 33136, USA.
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266
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Capuano M, Sommese L, Pignalosa O, Parente D, Fabbricini R, Nicoletti GF, De Pascale MR, Schiano C, Napoli C. Current Clinical Applications of Extracorporeal Photochemotherapy. Ther Apher Dial 2014; 19:103-10. [DOI: 10.1111/1744-9987.12245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Capuano
- U.O.C. Immunohematology, Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Immunology (SIMT); Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria (AOU); Second University of Naples; Naples Italy
| | - Linda Sommese
- U.O.C. Immunohematology, Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Immunology (SIMT); Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria (AOU); Second University of Naples; Naples Italy
| | - Orlando Pignalosa
- U.O.C. Immunohematology, Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Immunology (SIMT); Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria (AOU); Second University of Naples; Naples Italy
| | - Delia Parente
- U.O.C. Immunohematology, Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Immunology (SIMT); Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria (AOU); Second University of Naples; Naples Italy
| | - Rossella Fabbricini
- U.O.C. Immunohematology, Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Immunology (SIMT); Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria (AOU); Second University of Naples; Naples Italy
| | - Giovanni Francesco Nicoletti
- Dipartimento Multidisciplinare di Specialità Medico-Chirurgiche e Odontoiatriche; Second University of Naples; Naples Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria De Pascale
- U.O.C. Immunohematology, Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Immunology (SIMT); Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria (AOU); Second University of Naples; Naples Italy
| | - Concetta Schiano
- Institute of Diagnostic and Nuclear Development (SDN); IRCCS; Naples Italy
| | - Claudio Napoli
- U.O.C. Immunohematology, Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Immunology (SIMT); Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria (AOU); Second University of Naples; Naples Italy
- Institute of Diagnostic and Nuclear Development (SDN); IRCCS; Naples Italy
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267
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Abstract
The intestinal mucosa harbors the largest population of antibody (Ab)-secreting plasma cells (PC) in the human body, producing daily several grams of immunoglobulin A (IgA). IgA has many functions, serving as a first-line barrier that protects the mucosal epithelium from pathogens, toxins and food antigens (Ag), shaping the intestinal microbiota, and regulating host-commensal homeostasis. Signals induced by commensal colonization are central for regulating IgA induction, maintenance, positioning and function and the number of IgA(+) PC is dramatically reduced in neonates and germ-free (GF) animals. Recent evidence demonstrates that the innate immune effector molecules tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) are required for IgA(+) PC homeostasis during the steady state and infection. Moreover, new functions ascribed to PC independent of Ab secretion continue to emerge, suggesting that PC, including IgA(+) PC, should be re-examined in the context of inflammation and infection. Here, we outline mechanisms of IgA(+) PC generation and survival, reviewing their functions in health and disease.
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Key Words
- AID, activation-induced deaminase
- APC, antigen-presenting cell
- APRIL, a proliferation-inducing ligand
- Ab, antibody
- Ag, antigen
- Arg, arginase
- Atg, autophagy-related gene
- B cell
- BAFF, B-cell activating factor
- BCMA, B-cell maturation antigen
- BM, bone marrow
- Blimp, B-lymphocyte-induced maturation protein
- CCL, CC chemokine ligand
- CCR, CC chemokine receptor
- CD, cluster of differentiation
- CSR, class-switch recombination
- CXCL, CXC chemokine ligand
- DC, dendritic cell
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- FDC, follicular dendritic cells
- FcαR, Fc fragment of IgA receptor
- GALT, gut-associated lymphoid tissues
- GC, germinal center
- GF, germ-free
- GM-CSF, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor
- GRP, glucose-regulated proteins
- HIV, human immunodeficiency virus
- IEC, intestinal epithelial cells
- IFN, interferon
- IL, interleukin
- ILC, innate lymphoid cells
- ILF, isolated lymphoid follicles
- IRE, inositol-requiring enzyme
- IRF, interferon regulatory factor
- Id, inhibitor of DNA binding
- IgA, immunoglobulin A
- IgAD, selective IgA deficiency
- L-Arg, L-Arginine
- L-Cit, L-citrulline
- L-Glu, L-Glutamate
- L-Orn, L-Ornithine
- L-Pro, L-Proline
- LIGHT, homologous to lymphotoxin, exhibits inducible expression, and competes with HSV glycoprotein D for herpes virus entry mediator, a receptor expressed by T lymphocytes
- LP, lamina propria
- LT, lymphotoxinLTβR, LTβ-receptor
- LTi, lymphoid tissue-inducer
- LTo, lymphoid tissue organizing
- Ly, lymphocyte antigen
- MHC, major histocompatibility complex
- MLN, mesenteric lymph nodes
- NO, nitric oxide
- PC, plasma cells
- PP, Peyer's patch
- Pax, paired box
- ROR, Retionic acid receptor (RAR)- or retinoid-related orphan receptor
- SC, stromal cells
- SHM, somatic hypermutation
- SIGNR, specific intercellular adhesion molecule-3-grabbing non-integrin-related
- SIgAsecretory IgA
- TACI, transmembrane activator and calcium-modulator and cyclophilin ligand interactor
- TD, T-dependent
- TFH, T-follicular helper cells
- TGFβR, transforming growth factor β receptor
- TI, T-independent
- TLR, Toll-like receptor
- TNFR, TNF receptor
- TNFα, tumor necrosis factor α
- Th, T helper cell
- Treg, T-regulatory cell
- UPR, unfolded protein response
- XBP, X-box binding protein
- bcl, B-cell lymphoma
- cGMP, cyclic guanosine monophosphate
- iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase
- immunoglobulin A (IgA)
- inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)
- innate immune recognition
- intestinal microbiota
- mucosa
- pIgA, polymeric IgA
- pIgR, polymeric Ig receptor
- plasma cell
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Olga L Rojas
- Department of Immunology; University of Toronto; Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Jörg H Fritz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Department of Physiology; Complex Traits Group; McGill University; Montreal, QC Canada,Correspondence to: Jörg H Fritz;
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268
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‘t Hart BA, Jagessar SA, Kap YS, Haanstra KG, Philippens IH, Serguera C, Langermans J, Vierboom M. Improvement of preclinical animal models for autoimmune-mediated disorders via reverse translation of failed therapies. Drug Discov Today 2014; 19:1394-401. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2014.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2014] [Revised: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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269
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Systems vaccinology: probing humanity's diverse immune systems with vaccines. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:12300-6. [PMID: 25136102 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1400476111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Homo sapiens are genetically diverse, but dramatic demographic and socioeconomic changes during the past century have created further diversification with respect to age, nutritional status, and the incidence of associated chronic inflammatory disorders and chronic infections. These shifting demographics pose new challenges for vaccination, as emerging evidence suggests that age, the metabolic state, and chronic infections can exert major influences on the immune system. Thus, a key public health challenge is learning how to reprogram suboptimal immune systems to induce effective vaccine immunity. Recent advances have applied systems biological analysis to define molecular signatures induced early after vaccination that correlate with and predict the later adaptive immune responses in humans. Such "systems vaccinology" approaches offer an integrated picture of the molecular networks driving vaccine immunity, and are beginning to yield novel insights about the immune system. Here we discuss the promise of systems vaccinology in probing humanity's diverse immune systems, and in delineating the impact of genes, the environment, and the microbiome on protective immunity induced by vaccination. Such insights will be critical in reengineering suboptimal immune systems in immunocompromised populations.
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270
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Pathogenesis and potential therapeutic targets in systemic lupus erythematosus: from bench to bedside. AUTOIMMUNITY HIGHLIGHTS 2014; 5:33-45. [PMID: 26000154 PMCID: PMC4389042 DOI: 10.1007/s13317-014-0058-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is considered an autoimmune disease with multiorgan involvement. Many advances have been made during the last decade regarding inflammatory pathways, genetic and epigenetic alterations, adaptive and innate immune system mechanisms specifically involved in SLE pathogenesis. Apoptosis has been proposed as an important player in SLE pathogenesis more than a decade ago. However, only recently new key apoptotic pathways have been investigated and the link between apoptotic debris containing autoantigens, innate immunity and ongoing inflammation has been further elucidated. Better understanding of cellular mechanisms and involved cytokines contributed to the development of new biological drugs specifically addressed for SLE therapy.
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271
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Bolkun L, Lemancewicz D, Jablonska E, Szumowska A, Bolkun-Skornicka U, Ratajczak-Wrona W, Dzieciol J, Kloczko J. The impact of TNF superfamily molecules on overall survival in acute myeloid leukaemia: correlation with biological and clinical features. Ann Hematol 2014; 94:35-43. [PMID: 25085377 PMCID: PMC4281378 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-014-2178-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 07/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
B cell-activating factor (BAFF), a proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL) and apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) were demonstrated in several haematological diseases including acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Those cytokines are capable of activating a broad spectrum of intracellular signalling cascades that can either induce apoptosis or protect from programmed cell death. We have analysed BAFF, APRIL and TRAIL serum concentrations in 76 patients with newly diagnosed AML and 40 healthy volunteers. The values were significantly higher for APRIL and BAFF but lower for TRAIL compared to healthy volunteers. Induction therapy significantly reduced the values for BAFF and increased them for TRAIL. Moreover, the concentration of BAFF and APRIL was significantly lower and the concentration of TRAIL higher in a group of patients with complete remission compared to non-respondent AML patients. In addition, higher concentrations of BAFF and lower of TRAIL predicted a shorter overall survival, suggesting thereby an important prognostic marker and possible therapeutic target in AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Bolkun
- Department of Haematology, Medical University of Bialystok, 24a Sklodowskiej-Curie, Bialystok, 15-276, Poland,
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272
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Xu H, Dong P, He X, Ma X, Xue D, Zhang Y, Zhang X. B-cell-activating factor code and human cytomegalovirus infection in renal transplant recipients. Microbiol Immunol 2014; 58:439-48. [DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Revised: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Xu
- Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University; 185 Juqian St Changzhou 213003
| | - Panpan Dong
- Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University; 185 Juqian St Changzhou 213003
| | - Xiaozhou He
- Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University; 185 Juqian St Changzhou 213003
| | - Xuyi Ma
- Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University; 185 Juqian St Changzhou 213003
| | - Dong Xue
- Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University; 185 Juqian St Changzhou 213003
| | - Yanyun Zhang
- Institute of Health Sciences; Shanghai Institute for Biological Sciences; 225 Chongqin South Rd Shanghai 200025
| | - Xueguang Zhang
- Biotechnological Institute of Soochow University; 188 Shizi St Suzhou 215006 China
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273
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Figgett WA, Vincent FB, Saulep-Easton D, Mackay F. Roles of ligands from the TNF superfamily in B cell development, function, and regulation. Semin Immunol 2014; 26:191-202. [PMID: 24996229 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2014.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Most ligands from the tumour necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily play very important roles in the immune system, and particularly so in B lymphocyte biology. TNF ligands are essential to many aspects of normal B cell biology from development in the bone marrow to maturation in the periphery as well as for activation and differentiation into germinal centre, memory or plasma cells. TNF ligands also influence other aspects of B cell biology such as their ability to present antigens or regulate immune responses. Importantly, inadequate regulation of many TNF ligands is associated with B cell disorders including autoimmunity and cancers. As a result, inhibitors of a number of TNF ligands have been tested in the clinic, with some becoming very successful approved treatments alleviating B cell-mediated pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A Figgett
- Department of Immunology, Monash University, Central Clinical School, Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct (AMREP), Commercial Road, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Fabien B Vincent
- Department of Immunology, Monash University, Central Clinical School, Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct (AMREP), Commercial Road, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Damien Saulep-Easton
- Department of Immunology, Monash University, Central Clinical School, Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct (AMREP), Commercial Road, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Fabienne Mackay
- Department of Immunology, Monash University, Central Clinical School, Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct (AMREP), Commercial Road, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia.
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274
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Giordano D, Draves KE, Li C, Hohl TM, Clark EA. Nitric oxide regulates BAFF expression and T cell-independent antibody responses. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:1110-20. [PMID: 24951820 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1303158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Whereas NO is known to regulate T cell responses, its role in regulating B cell responses remains unclear. Previous studies suggested that inducible NO synthase 2 (NOS2/iNOS) is required for normal IgA Ab responses but inhibits antiviral IgG2a Ab responses. In this study we used NOS2(-/-) mice to determine the role of NO in T cell-dependent and T cell-independent (TI)-2 Ab responses. Whereas T cell-dependent Ab responses were only modestly increased in NOS2(-/-) mice, IgM and IgG3 Ab responses as well as marginal zone B cell plasma cell numbers and peritoneal B1b B cells were significantly elevated after immunization with the TI-2 Ag 4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl acetyl (NP)-Ficoll. The elevated TI-2 responses in NOS2(-/-) mice were accompanied by significant increases in serum levels of BAFF/BLyS and by increases in BAFF-producing Ly6C(hi) inflammatory monocytes and monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DCs), suggesting that NO normally inhibits BAFF expression. Indeed, we found that NOS2(-/-) DCs produced more BAFF than did wild-type DCs, and addition of a NO donor to NOS2(-/-) DCs reduced BAFF production. Bone marrow chimeric mice that lack NOS2 in either nonhematopoietic or hematopoietic cells had intermediate IgM and IgG3 Ab responses after NP-Ficoll immunization, suggesting that NOS2 from both hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic sources regulates TI-2 Ab responses. Similar to NOS2(-/-) mice, depletion of Ly6C(hi) inflammatory monocytes and monocyte-derived DCs enhanced NP-specific IgM and IgG3 responses to NP-Ficoll. Thus, NO produced by inflammatory monocytes and their derivative DC subsets plays an important role in regulating BAFF production and TI-2 Ab responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Giordano
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109; and
| | - Kevin E Draves
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109; and
| | - Chang Li
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109; and
| | - Tobias M Hohl
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Edward A Clark
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109; and
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275
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IVIG regulates BAFF expression in patients with chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP). J Neuroimmunol 2014; 274:225-9. [PMID: 25002077 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2014.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Revised: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies indicate that the cytokine B-cell activating factor (BAFF) is involved in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP). Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) is standard treatment for CIDP and is known to rapidly modulate increased serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. We evaluated the expression profile of BAFF and its corresponding BAFF-receptor in samples from CIDP patients, focusing on rapid changes before and after IVIg treatment. In CIDP patients BAFF serum concentrations were elevated compared to controls. Treatment with high-dose IVIg restored those elevated BAFF serum levels. Whereas treatment with IVIg did not affect BAFF production in monocytes, antibodies against BAFF could be detected in IVIg preparations, which may explain the short-term decrease of BAFF levels after IVIg treatment. Our data suggest that BAFF plays an important role in the pathogenesis of CIDP and may serve as marker for IVIg treatment response.
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276
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Key mediators in the immunopathogenesis of allergic asthma. Int Immunopharmacol 2014; 23:316-29. [PMID: 24933589 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2014.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Revised: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is described as a chronic inflammatory disorder of the conducting airways. It is characterized by reversible airway obstruction, eosinophil and Th2 infiltration, airway hyper-responsiveness and airway remodeling. Our findings to date have largely been dependent on work done using animal models, which have been instrumental in broadening our understanding of the mechanism of the disease. However, using animals to model a uniquely human disease is not without its drawbacks. This review aims to examine some of the key mediators and cells of allergic asthma learned from animal models and shed some light on emerging mediators in the pathogenesis allergic airway inflammation in acute and chronic asthma.
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277
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Bornacelly A, Mercado D, Acevedo N, Caraballo L. The strength of the antibody response to the nematode Ascaris lumbricoides inversely correlates with levels of B-Cell Activating Factor (BAFF). BMC Immunol 2014; 15:22. [PMID: 24906685 PMCID: PMC4067067 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2172-15-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background B-Cell Activating Factor (BAFF) is a cytokine regulating antibody production. Polymorphisms in the gene encoding BAFF were associated with the antibody response to Ascaris but not to mite allergens. In the present study we evaluated the relationship between BAFF and specific antibodies against Ascaris and mites in 448 controls and 448 asthmatics. Soluble BAFF was measured by ELISA and BAFF mRNA by qPCR. Surface expression of BAFF and its receptor (BAFF-R) was analyzed by flow cytometry. Results Individuals with specific IgE levels to Ascaris >75th percentile had lower levels of soluble BAFF; those with specific IgG levels to Ascaris >75th percentile had reduced BAFF mRNA. Total IgE and specific IgE to mites were not related to BAFF levels. There were no differences in soluble BAFF or mRNA levels between asthmatics and controls. There was an inverse relationship between the cell-surface expression of BAFF-R on CD19+ B cells and BAFF levels at the transcriptional and protein level. Conclusions These findings suggest that differences in BAFF levels are related to the strength of the antibody response to Ascaris.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Luis Caraballo
- Institute for Immunological Research, University of Cartagena, Cra 5, #7-77, 13-0015 Cartagena, Colombia.
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278
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Lieury A, Chanal M, Androdias G, Reynolds R, Cavagna S, Giraudon P, Confavreux C, Nataf S. Tissue remodeling in periplaque regions of multiple sclerosis spinal cord lesions. Glia 2014; 62:1645-58. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.22705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Revised: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alice Lieury
- INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR 5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Neuro-Oncology and Neuro-Inflammation Team; Lyon France
- University Lyon 1; Lyon France
| | - Marie Chanal
- INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR 5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Neuro-Oncology and Neuro-Inflammation Team; Lyon France
- University Lyon 1; Lyon France
| | - Géraldine Androdias
- INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR 5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Neuro-Oncology and Neuro-Inflammation Team; Lyon France
- University Lyon 1; Lyon France
- Service de Neurologie A and Eugène Devic Foundation, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon (Lyon University Hospital); Bron France
| | - Richard Reynolds
- Wolfson Neuroscience Laboratories, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Imperial College Faculty of Medicine; London United Kingdom
| | - Sylvie Cavagna
- INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR 5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Neuro-Oncology and Neuro-Inflammation Team; Lyon France
| | - Pascale Giraudon
- INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR 5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Neuro-Oncology and Neuro-Inflammation Team; Lyon France
| | - Christian Confavreux
- INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR 5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Neuro-Oncology and Neuro-Inflammation Team; Lyon France
- University Lyon 1; Lyon France
- Service de Neurologie A and Eugène Devic Foundation, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon (Lyon University Hospital); Bron France
| | - Serge Nataf
- INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR 5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Neuro-Oncology and Neuro-Inflammation Team; Lyon France
- University Lyon 1; Lyon France
- Banque de Cellules et de Tissus, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Hospices Civils de Lyon (Lyon University Hospital); Lyon France
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279
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Specific forms of BAFF favor BAFF receptor-mediated epithelial cell survival. J Autoimmun 2014; 51:30-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2014.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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280
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Mahdy AA, Raafat HA, El-Fishawy HS, Gheita TA. Therapeutic potential of hydroxychloroquine on serum B-cell activating factor belonging to the tumor necrosis factor family (BAFF) in rheumatoid arthritis patients. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bfopcu.2014.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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281
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Varzaneh FN, Keller B, Unger S, Aghamohammadi A, Warnatz K, Rezaei N. Cytokines in common variable immunodeficiency as signs of immune dysregulation and potential therapeutic targets - a review of the current knowledge. J Clin Immunol 2014; 34:524-43. [PMID: 24827633 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-014-0053-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is characterized by low levels of circulating immunoglobulins and compromised specific antibody response leading to frequent infections. Cytokines play an important role in the orchestration of the antibody response. Several previous studies have attempted to identify distinct cytokines responsible for the inflammatory changes and different manifestations of CVID, but there are conflicting results regarding the cytokine profiles in CVID patients. In light of this, an extensive review regarding the level of various cytokines and their potential therapeutic role in CVID patients was performed. This review delineates the contribution of interleukin (IL)-1, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-10, IL-12, IL-21, interferons, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, IL-17, APRIL (a proliferation inducing ligand) and BAFF (B cell activating factor) in CVID disease and outline their potential therapeutic implications in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farnaz Najmi Varzaneh
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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282
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Timlin H, Bingham CO. Efficacy and safety implications of molecular constructs of biological agents for rheumatoid arthritis. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2014; 14:893-904. [PMID: 24720727 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2014.900536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Targeted biologic immunomodulatory therapies have had a major impact in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) treatment, including tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α inhibition, B-cell depletion, interference in T-cell costimulation and interleukin (IL)-1 and IL-6 inhibition. Along with the recognition of the importance of early, aggressive disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) grounded in the use of methotrexate, the introduction of biologic DMARDs (bDMARDs) has provided significantly improved outcomes in patients with RA with a goal of true remission, or at least a state of very low disease activity, now possible in many. There are a number of methods to inhibit cytokines, cellular receptors and pathways of signal transduction that have been used thus far and are in development. In some cases, the method of target inhibition and differences in molecular construct has impacted efficacy and/or safety; whereas, in other cases, similar safety and/or efficacy signals across compounds have demonstrated class- or target-related effects. As the development of targeted therapies moves forward, it is increasingly important to understand the role of the target both in RA disease pathogenesis and normal host defense and the mechanisms of target inhibition. AREAS COVERED This review covers the targets of therapy for biologic agents in rheumatic diseases, their molecular constructs and implications on efficacy and safety, with focus on approved treatments for RA. EXPERT OPINION Advances in molecular biology have provided a number of different ways to impact pathobiologically relevant pathways and targets in terms of the molecular construct of individual compounds. The use of these agents have provided important mechanistic insights into disease pathogenesis, and in some cases are associated with differences in efficacy and safety among agents even with the same downstream target. As bDMARDs identify promising mechanisms, oral agents that target or specifically regulate downstream pathways are made possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Homa Timlin
- Johns Hopkins University, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine , 5200 Eastern Avenue, Mason F. Lord Center Tower, Room 404, Baltimore, MD, 21224 , USA
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283
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Scheinberg MA, Srinivasan D, Martin RS. The potential role of blisibimod for the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.2217/ijr.14.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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284
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Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is characterized by multisystem immune-mediated injury in the setting of autoimmunity to nuclear antigens. The clinical heterogeneity of SLE, the absence of universally agreed clinical trial end points, and the paucity of validated therapeutic targets have, historically, contributed to a lack of novel treatments for SLE. However, in 2011, a therapeutic monoclonal antibody that neutralizes the cytokine TNF ligand superfamily member 13B (also known as B-cell-activating factor of the TNF family [BAFF]), belimumab, became the first targeted therapy for SLE to have efficacy in a randomized clinical trial. Because of its specificity, the efficacy of belimumab provides an opportunity to increase understanding of SLE pathophysiology. Although belimumab depletes B cells, this effect is not as powerful as that of other B-cell-directed therapies that have not been proven efficacious in randomized clinical trials. In this article, therefore, we review results suggesting that neutralizing BAFF can have effects on the immune system other than depletion of B cells. We also identify aspects of the BAFF system for which data in relation to SLE are still missing, and we suggest studies to investigate the pathogenesis of SLE and ways to refine anti-BAFF therapies. The role of a related cytokine, TNF ligand superfamily member 13 (also known as a proliferation-inducing ligand [APRIL]) in SLE is much less well understood, and hence this review focuses on BAFF.
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285
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Abstract
Key Points
Molecular characterization of myeloma requires isolation of malignant plasma cells, which is currently hampered by the instability of CD138. We identified CD319 and CD269 as robust replacements for CD138, facilitating molecular diagnostics in myeloma.
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286
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Stohl W. Therapeutic targeting of the BAFF/APRIL axis in systemic lupus erythematosus. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2014; 18:473-89. [DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2014.888415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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287
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Jourdan M, Cren M, Robert N, Bolloré K, Fest T, Duperray C, Guilloton F, Hose D, Tarte K, Klein B. IL-6 supports the generation of human long-lived plasma cells in combination with either APRIL or stromal cell-soluble factors. Leukemia 2014; 28:1647-56. [DOI: 10.1038/leu.2014.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Revised: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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288
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Osório C, Chacón PJ, White M, Kisiswa L, Wyatt S, Rodríguez-Tébar A, Davies AM. Selective regulation of axonal growth from developing hippocampal neurons by tumor necrosis factor superfamily member APRIL. Mol Cell Neurosci 2014; 59:24-36. [PMID: 24444792 PMCID: PMC4008386 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2014.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Revised: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
APRIL (A Proliferation-Inducing Ligand, TNFSF13) is a member of the tumor necrosis factor superfamily that regulates lymphocyte survival and activation and has been implicated in tumorigenesis and autoimmune diseases. Here we report the expression and first known activity of APRIL in the nervous system. APRIL and one of its receptors, BCMA (B-Cell Maturation Antigen, TNFRSF17), are expressed by hippocampal pyramidal cells of fetal and postnatal mice. In culture, these neurons secreted APRIL, and function-blocking antibodies to either APRIL or BCMA reduced axonal elongation. Recombinant APRIL enhanced axonal elongation, but did not influence dendrite elongation. The effect of APRIL on axon elongation was inhibited by anti-BCMA and the expression of a signaling-defective BCMA mutant in these neurons, suggesting that the axon growth-promoting effect of APRIL is mediated by BCMA. APRIL promoted phosphorylation and activation of ERK1, ERK2 and Akt and serine phosphorylation and inactivation of GSK-3β in cultured hippocampal pyramidal cells. Inhibition of MEK1/MEK2 (activators of ERK1/ERK2), PI3-kinase (activator of Akt) or Akt inhibited the axon growth-promoting action of APRIL, as did pharmacological activation of GSK-3β and the expression of a constitutively active form of GSK-3β. These findings suggest that APRIL promotes axon elongation by a mechanism that depends both on ERK signaling and PI3-kinase/Akt/GSK-3β signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Osório
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3AT Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Pedro J Chacón
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3AT Wales, United Kingdom; Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa (CABIMER), Americo Vespucio s/n, Isla de la Cartuja, 41092 Seville, Spain
| | - Matthew White
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3AT Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Lilian Kisiswa
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3AT Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Sean Wyatt
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3AT Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Alfredo Rodríguez-Tébar
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa (CABIMER), Americo Vespucio s/n, Isla de la Cartuja, 41092 Seville, Spain
| | - Alun M Davies
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3AT Wales, United Kingdom.
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Gardam S, Brink R. Non-Canonical NF-κB Signaling Initiated by BAFF Influences B Cell Biology at Multiple Junctures. Front Immunol 2014; 4:509. [PMID: 24432023 PMCID: PMC3880999 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 12/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been more than a decade since it was recognized that the nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B cells (NF-κB) transcription factor family was activated by two distinct pathways: the canonical pathway involving NF-κB1 and the non-canonical pathway involving NF-κB2. During this time a great deal of evidence has been amassed on the ligands and receptors that activate these pathways, the cytoplasmic adapter molecules involved in transducing the signals from receptors to nucleus, and the resulting physiological outcomes within body tissues. In contrast to NF-κB1 signaling, which can be activated by a wide variety of receptors, the NF-κB2 pathway is typically only activated by a subset of receptor and ligand pairs belonging to the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family. Amongst these is B cell activating factor of the TNF family (BAFF) and its receptor BAFFR. Whilst BAFF is produced by many cell types throughout the body, BAFFR expression appears to be restricted to the hematopoietic lineage and B cells in particular. For this reason, the main physiological outcomes of BAFF mediated NF-κB2 activation are confined to B cells. Indeed BAFF mediated NF-κB2 signaling contributes to peripheral B cell survival and maturation as well as playing a role in antibody responses and long term maintenance plasma cells. Thus the importance BAFF and NF-κB2 permeates the entire B cell lifespan and impacts on this important component of the immune system in a variety of ways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Gardam
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research , Darlinghurst, NSW , Australia
| | - Robert Brink
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research , Darlinghurst, NSW , Australia ; St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales , Darlinghurst, NSW , Australia
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