251
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Frohwein TA, Sonnenburg A, Zuberbier T, Stahlmann R, Schreiner M. Unsaturated compounds induce up-regulation of CD86 on dendritic cells in the in vitro sensitization assay LCSA. Arch Toxicol 2015; 90:927-36. [PMID: 25975990 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-015-1527-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Unsaturated compounds are known to cause false-positive reactions in the local lymph node assay (LLNA) but not in the guinea pig maximization test. We have tested a panel of substances (succinic acid, undecylenic acid, 1-octyn-3-ol, fumaric acid, maleic acid, linoleic acid, oleic acid, alpha-linolenic acid, squalene, and arachidonic acid) in the loose-fit coculture-based sensitization assay (LCSA) to evaluate whether unspecific activation of dendritic cells is a confounder for sensitization testing in vitro. Eight out of 10 tested substances caused significant up-regulation of CD86 on dendritic cells cocultured with keratinocytes and would have been classified as sensitizers; only succinic acid was tested negative, and squalene had to be excluded from data analysis due to poor solubility in cell culture medium. Based on human data, only undecylenic acid can be considered a true sensitizer. The true sensitizing potential of 1-octyn-3-ol is uncertain. Fumaric acid and its isomer maleic acid are not known as sensitizers, but their esters are contact allergens. A group of 18- to 20-carbon chain unsaturated fatty acids (linoleic acid, oleic acid, alpha-linolenic acid, and arachidonic acid) elicited the strongest reaction in vitro. This is possibly due to the formation of pro-inflammatory lipid mediators in the cell culture causing nonspecific activation of dendritic cells. In conclusion, both the LLNA and the LCSA seem to provide false-positive results for unsaturated fatty acids. The inclusion of T cells in dendritic cell-based in vitro sensitization assays may help to eliminate false-positive results due to nonspecific dendritic cell activation. This would lead to more accurate prediction of sensitizers, which is paramount for consumer health protection and occupational safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Armin Frohwein
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anna Sonnenburg
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Torsten Zuberbier
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ralf Stahlmann
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maximilian Schreiner
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany. .,Department of Internal Medicine (Abt. I), Bundeswehrkrankenhaus Berlin, Scharnhorststraße 13, 10115, Berlin, Germany.
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252
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Dyall SC. Long-chain omega-3 fatty acids and the brain: a review of the independent and shared effects of EPA, DPA and DHA. Front Aging Neurosci 2015; 7:52. [PMID: 25954194 PMCID: PMC4404917 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2015.00052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 511] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) exhibit neuroprotective properties and represent a potential treatment for a variety of neurodegenerative and neurological disorders. However, traditionally there has been a lack of discrimination between the different omega-3 PUFAs and effects have been broadly accredited to the series as a whole. Evidence for unique effects of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and more recently docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) is growing. For example, beneficial effects in mood disorders have more consistently been reported in clinical trials using EPA; whereas, with neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer’s disease, the focus has been on DHA. DHA is quantitatively the most important omega-3 PUFA in the brain, and consequently the most studied, whereas the availability of high purity DPA preparations has been extremely limited until recently, limiting research into its effects. However, there is now a growing body of evidence indicating both independent and shared effects of EPA, DPA and DHA. The purpose of this review is to highlight how a detailed understanding of these effects is essential to improving understanding of their therapeutic potential. The review begins with an overview of omega-3 PUFA biochemistry and metabolism, with particular focus on the central nervous system (CNS), where DHA has unique and indispensable roles in neuronal membranes with levels preserved by multiple mechanisms. This is followed by a review of the different enzyme-derived anti-inflammatory mediators produced from EPA, DPA and DHA. Lastly, the relative protective effects of EPA, DPA and DHA in normal brain aging and the most common neurodegenerative disorders are discussed. With a greater understanding of the individual roles of EPA, DPA and DHA in brain health and repair it is hoped that appropriate dietary recommendations can be established and therapeutic interventions can be more targeted and refined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon C Dyall
- Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Bournemouth University Bournemouth, UK
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253
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Concentrate reduction and sequential roughage offer to dairy cows: effects on milk protein yield, protein efficiency and milk quality. J DAIRY RES 2015; 82:272-8. [DOI: 10.1017/s0022029915000205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
An experiment was conducted during 6 weeks to evaluate effects of a reduced dietary level of protein-rich concentrates in a moderate dairy production system on cows’ performance, protein efficiency and milk quality including fatty acid profiles. Twenty-three lactating cows (Swiss Fleckvieh) were assigned either to a group receiving on average 2·4 kg/d individually fed concentrates (Prot+, n = 12) or to a group receiving no individually fed concentrates (Prot−, n = 11). All cows had ad-libitum access to a total mixed ration (TMR) mainly based on grass and maize silage, hay and little potatoes and soybean cake. In weeks 4–6 of the experiment, part of the hay was excluded from the TMR, and fed separately in the morning. Individual feed intake and milk yield were recorded during weeks 3 and 6 of the experiment; at the same time feed, faeces and milk samples were collected twice per week for analyses. Data were processed in linear mixed models. Omission of individual concentrates in Prot− was fully compensated by higher roughage intake in terms of dry matter. Crude protein (CP) and net energy intake was almost maintained. Despite a lower apparent CP digestibility in Prot−, the ratio of milk protein to ingested CP was the same in both groups, indicating a higher ruminal utilisation of degraded CP in Prot−. This corresponded with lower milk urea concentrations in Prot−. Milk quality was affected in terms of lower concentrations of linoleic and conjugated linoleic acid in milk fat of Prot−. Concentrations of odd- and branched-chain fatty acids in milk were increased in Prot−. Sequential offer of hay and TMR did not lead to considerable effects in intake, efficiency and milk quality. In conclusion, the results indicate that the efficiency of feed protein utilisation for milk protein is not impaired if concentrates are reduced in a moderate- to low-input dairy production system.
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254
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Mirshekar R, Boldaji F, Dastar B, Yamchi A, Pashaei S. Longer consumption of flaxseed oil enhances n-3 fatty acid content of chicken meat and expression of FADS2 gene. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201300500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Reza Mirshekar
- Faculty of Animal Science; Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources; Gorgan Golestan Iran
| | - Fathollah Boldaji
- Faculty of Animal Science; Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources; Gorgan Golestan Iran
| | - Behrouz Dastar
- Faculty of Animal Science; Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources; Gorgan Golestan Iran
| | - Ahad Yamchi
- Faculty of Plant Production; Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources; Gorgan Golestan Iran
| | - Somayeh Pashaei
- Faculty of Animal Science; Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources; Gorgan Golestan Iran
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255
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Kajla P, Sharma A, Sood DR. Flaxseed-a potential functional food source. JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2015; 52:1857-71. [PMID: 25829567 PMCID: PMC4375225 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-014-1293-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
There is currently much interest in phytochemicals as bioactive molecules of food. Functional foods are an emerging field in food science due to their increasing popularity among health conscious consumers. Flaxseed is cultivated in many parts of world for fiber, oil as well as for medicinal purposes and also as nutritional product. In this review, nutrients, anti-nutrients, functional properties, processing, metabolism and health benefits of bioactive molecules viz., essential fatty acids, lignans and dietary fiber of flaxseed are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Kajla
- Department of Food Technology, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science & Technology, Hisar, 125001 Haryana India
| | - Alka Sharma
- Department of Food Technology, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science & Technology, Hisar, 125001 Haryana India
| | - Dev Raj Sood
- Department of Food Technology, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science & Technology, Hisar, 125001 Haryana India
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256
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Tou JC, Gigliotti JC, Maditz KH. Evaluating the therapeutic value of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation on polycystic kidney disease and co-morbidities. Curr Opin Food Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cofs.2014.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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257
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Strakovsky RS, Wang H, Engeseth NJ, Flaws JA, Helferich WG, Pan YX, Lezmi S. Developmental bisphenol A (BPA) exposure leads to sex-specific modification of hepatic gene expression and epigenome at birth that may exacerbate high-fat diet-induced hepatic steatosis. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2015; 284:101-12. [PMID: 25748669 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2015.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2014] [Revised: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Developmental bisphenol A (BPA) exposure increases adulthood hepatic steatosis with reduced mitochondrial function. To investigate the potential epigenetic mechanisms behind developmental BPA-induced hepatic steatosis, pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were dosed with vehicle (oil) or BPA (100μg/kg/day) from gestational day 6 until postnatal day (PND) 21. After weaning, offspring were either challenged with a high-fat (HF; 45% fat) or remained on a control (C) diet until PND110. From PND60 to 90, both BPA and HF diet increased the fat/lean ratio in males only, and the combination of BPA and HF diet appeared to cause the highest ratio. On PND110, Oil-HF, BPA-C, and BPA-HF males had higher hepatic lipid accumulation than Oil-C, with microvesicular steatosis being marked in the BPA-HF group. Furthermore, on PND1, BPA increased and modified hepatic triglyceride (TG) and free fatty acid (FFA) compositions in males only. In PND1 males, BPA increased hepatic expression of FFA uptake gene Fat/Cd36, and decreased the expression of TG synthesis- and β-oxidation-related genes (Dgat, Agpat6, Cebpα, Cebpβ, Pck1, Acox1, Cpt1a, Cybb). BPA altered DNA methylation and histone marks (H3Ac, H4Ac, H3Me2K4, H3Me3K36), and decreased the binding of several transcription factors (Pol II, C/EBPβ, SREBP1) within the male Cpt1a gene, the key β-oxidation enzyme. In PND1 females, BPA only increased the expression of genes involved in FFA uptake and TG synthesis (Lpl, Fasn, and Dgat). These data suggest that developmental BPA exposure alters and reprograms hepatic β-oxidation capacity in males, potentially through the epigenetic regulation of genes, and further alters the response to a HF diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita S Strakovsky
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, USA
| | - Huan Wang
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, USA
| | - Nicki J Engeseth
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, USA
| | - Jodi A Flaws
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, USA
| | - William G Helferich
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, USA
| | - Yuan-Xiang Pan
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, USA.
| | - Stéphane Lezmi
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, USA.
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258
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Toth S, Jonecova Z, Kruzliak P, Ciccocioppo R, Nemcova R. Influence of dietary supplementation with flaxseed and lactobacilli on the cells of local innate immunity response in the jejunal mucosa in piglets after weaning. Acta Histochem 2015; 117:188-95. [PMID: 25582687 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2014.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Revised: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A histological study was designed to determine the influence of flaxseed and/or lactobacilli inclusion in the diet of piglets from 10 days before to 21 days after weaning. The selected inflammatory cell population incidence in the piglet jejunal mucosa was investigated. Significantly higher numbers of myeloperoxidase-positive (P<0.01) and CD163-positive (P<0.001) cells in the jejunal mucosa were recorded on the weaning day and for 7 days after (P<0.001 and P<0.01, respectively) in the flaxseed group compared with the basal diet. The number of intraepithelial lymphocytes was also significantly increased until 3 days after weaning (P<0.001). A prolonged significant increase in the myeloperoxidase-positive cells and intraepithelial lymphocyte numbers in the flaxseed+lactobacilli group was detected. In contrast, the number of CD163-positive cells in the flaxseed+lactobacilli group was significantly lower on the day of weaning (P<0.05) and 3 days after (P<0.01). The same effect was observed in the group with lactobacilli alone during the first 3 days after weaning (P<0.05 and P<0.01, respectively) and these findings indicate down-regulation of CD163 expression in the jejunal mucosa by lactobacilli. The presence of lactobacilli in the diet had a stimulatory effect on goblet cell quantity in the epithelium (P<0.001) and a distinct 50% reduction in the flaxseed group (P<0.01) compared with the basal diet was observed on the weaning day. A significant increase in myeloperoxidase-positive cell number in the jejunal mucosa in the flaxseed+lactobacilli group was the only significant difference (P<0.05 and P<0.01, respectively) found 21 days after weaning in comparison with all the other groups, indicating the pro-inflammatory effect of this feed additive combination. We conclude that dietary supplementation with flaxseed and lactobacilli on the cells of local innate immunity response in the jejunal mucosa in piglets after weaning might be linked with significant anti-inflammatory effects in the jejunal mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Toth
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavel Jozef Safarik University, Kosice, Slovak Republic
| | - Zuzana Jonecova
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavel Jozef Safarik University, Kosice, Slovak Republic
| | - Peter Kruzliak
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital and Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Rachele Ciccocioppo
- Clinica Medica I, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Radomira Nemcova
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Kosice, Slovak Republic
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259
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Turner TD, Jensen J, Pilfold JL, Prema D, Donkor KK, Cinel B, Thompson DJ, Dugan MER, Church JS. Comparison of fatty acids in beef tissues from conventional, organic and natural feeding systems in western Canada. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.4141/cjas-2014-113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Turner, T. D., Jensen, J., Pilfold, J. L., Prema, D., Donkor, K. K., Cinel, B., Thompson, D. J., Dugan, M. E. R. and Church, J. S. 2015. Comparison of fatty acids in beef tissues from conventional, organic and natural feeding systems in western Canada. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 95: 49–58. The effect of production system on intramuscular and associated trim fatty acid (FA) profiles of retail ribeye steaks from conventional and niche market organic and natural (grain- or grass-fed) beef were compared. Meat from organic grain- and grass-fed systems was leaner, containing greater proportions of polyunsaturated FA, i.e., 18:3n-3, 20:5n-3, 22:5n-3, 22:6n-3. Correspondingly, the n-6/n-3 ratios of organic grain- and grass-fed systems were 3:1, while conventional and natural grain systems had ratios of 8:1. High forage-to-grain ratio production systems increased proportions of desirable biohydrogenation intermediates (BI), including t11-18:1 and c9,t11-18:2, whereas conventional and natural grain systems elevated t10-18:1. Trim fat was similarly affected by production system, and was a relatively richer source of BI. Overall, proportions of desirable FAs, including n-3 and BI, were greater for organic grain- and grass-fed systems, emphasizing the importance of a high forage-to-grain ratio to enhance the healthfulness of beef, whereas conventional and natural grain-fed systems were largely equivalent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler D. Turner
- Department of Physical Sciences, Thompson Rivers University, Kamloops, British Columbia, Canada V2C 0C8
| | - Jessica Jensen
- Department of Physical Sciences, Thompson Rivers University, Kamloops, British Columbia, Canada V2C 0C8
| | - Jessica L. Pilfold
- Department of Physical Sciences, Thompson Rivers University, Kamloops, British Columbia, Canada V2C 0C8
| | - Dipesh Prema
- Department of Physical Sciences, Thompson Rivers University, Kamloops, British Columbia, Canada V2C 0C8
| | - Kingsley K. Donkor
- Department of Physical Sciences, Thompson Rivers University, Kamloops, British Columbia, Canada V2C 0C8
| | - Bruno Cinel
- Department of Physical Sciences, Thompson Rivers University, Kamloops, British Columbia, Canada V2C 0C8
| | - Donald J. Thompson
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research Centre, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada T1J 4B1
| | - Michael E. R. Dugan
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe Research Centre, Lacombe, Alberta, Canada T4L 1W1
| | - John S. Church
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, Thompson Rivers University, Kamloops, British Columbia, Canada V2C 0C8
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260
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Veshkini A, Asadi H, Khadem AA, Mohammadi-Sangcheshmeh A, Khazabi S, Aminafshar M, Deldar H, Soleimani M, Cinar MU. Effect of Linolenic acid during in vitro maturation of ovine oocytes: embryonic developmental potential and mRNA abundances of genes involved in apoptosis. J Assist Reprod Genet 2015; 32:653-9. [PMID: 25715790 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-015-0439-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To study the effect of α-linolenic acid (ALA) on meiotic maturation, mRNA abundance of apoptosis-related (Bax and Bcl-2) molecules, and blastocyst formation in ovine oocytes. METHODS A preliminary experiment was conducted to analyze the concentration of ALA in "small" (≤2 mm) and "large" (≥6 mm) follicles using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis. The concentration of ALA in small and large follicles was determined to be in a range of 75.4 to 125.7 μM, respectively. In vitro maturation (IVM) of oocyte was then performed in presence of 0 (control), 10 (ALA-10), 50 (ALA-50), 100 (ALA-100), and 200 (ALA-200) μM of ALA. Meiotic maturation and mRNA abundance of Bax, and Bcl-2 genes was evaluated after 24 h of IVM. The embryonic cleavage and blastocyst formation following parthenogenetic activation were also determined for each group. RESULTS The highest concentration of ALA (ALA-200) decreased the oocyte maturation rate compared with the control group. Analysis of apoptosis-related genes in oocytes after IVM revealed lesser transcript abundances for Bax gene, and higher transcript abundances for Bcl-2 gene in ALA-treated oocytes as compared with the control oocytes. In term of cleavage rate (considered as 2-cell progression), we did not observe any differences among the groups. However, ALA-100 group promoted more blastocyst formation as compared with the control group. CONCLUSION Our results suggested that ALA treatment during IVM had a beneficial effect on developmental competence of ovine oocytes by increasing the blastocyst formation and this might be due to the altered abundance of apoptosis-regulatory genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Veshkini
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, College of Aburaihan, University of Tehran, P.O. Box 11365/7117, Pakdasht, Tehran, Iran
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261
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Alpha-linolenic acid: an omega-3 fatty acid with neuroprotective properties-ready for use in the stroke clinic? BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:519830. [PMID: 25789320 PMCID: PMC4350958 DOI: 10.1155/2015/519830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) is plant-based essential omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids that must be obtained through the diet. This could explain in part why the severe deficiency in omega-3 intake pointed by numerous epidemiologic studies may increase the brain's vulnerability representing an important risk factor in the development and/or deterioration of certain cardio- and neuropathologies. The roles of ALA in neurological disorders remain unclear, especially in stroke that is a leading cause of death. We and others have identified ALA as a potential nutraceutical to protect the brain from stroke, characterized by its pleiotropic effects in neuroprotection, vasodilation of brain arteries, and neuroplasticity. This review highlights how chronic administration of ALA protects against rodent models of hypoxic-ischemic injury and exerts an anti-depressant-like activity, effects that likely involve multiple mechanisms in brain, and may be applied in stroke prevention. One major effect may be through an increase in mature brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a widely expressed protein in brain that plays critical roles in neuronal maintenance, and learning and memory. Understanding the precise roles of ALA in neurological disorders will provide the underpinnings for the development of new therapies for patients and families who could be devastated by these disorders.
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262
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Bishop KS, Erdrich S, Karunasinghe N, Han DY, Zhu S, Jesuthasan A, Ferguson LR. An investigation into the association between DNA damage and dietary fatty acid in men with prostate cancer. Nutrients 2015; 7:405-22. [PMID: 25580814 PMCID: PMC4303847 DOI: 10.3390/nu7010405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is a growing problem in New Zealand and worldwide, as populations adopt a Western style dietary pattern. In particular, dietary fat is believed to be associated with oxidative stress, which in turn may be associated with cancer risk and development. In addition, DNA damage is associated with the risk of various cancers, and is regarded as an ideal biomarker for the assessment of the influence of foods on cancer. In the study presented here, 20 men with prostate cancer adhered to a modified Mediterranean style diet for three months. Dietary records, blood fatty acid levels, prostate specific antigen, C-reactive protein and DNA damage were assessed pre- and post-intervention. DNA damage was inversely correlated with dietary adherence (p = 0.013) and whole blood monounsaturated fatty acids (p = 0.009) and oleic acid (p = 0.020). DNA damage was positively correlated with the intake of dairy products (p = 0.043), red meat (p = 0.007) and whole blood omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (p = 0.015). Both the source and type of dietary fat changed significantly over the course of the dietary intervention. Levels of DNA damage were correlated with various dietary fat sources and types of dietary fat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen S Bishop
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, FM & HS, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Sharon Erdrich
- Discipline of Nutrition, FM & HS, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Nishi Karunasinghe
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, FM & HS, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Dug Yeo Han
- Nutrigenomics New Zealand, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Shuotun Zhu
- Nutrigenomics New Zealand, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Amalini Jesuthasan
- Nutrigenomics New Zealand, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Lynnette R Ferguson
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, FM & HS, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
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263
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Supplementation of Rosemary extract in the diet of Nero Siciliano pigs: evaluation of the antioxidant properties on meat quality. Animal 2015; 9:1065-72. [DOI: 10.1017/s1751731115000348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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264
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Nemeth M, Millesi E, Wagner KH, Wallner B. Effects of diets high in unsaturated Fatty acids on socially induced stress responses in Guinea pigs. PLoS One 2014; 9:e116292. [PMID: 25551380 PMCID: PMC4281161 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs), such as omega-3 and omega-6 poly- and omega-9 monounsaturated fatty acids are important nutrients and major components of neuronal cell membranes. They play a major role in modulating brain functions and physiology and may therefore diminish behavioral and physiological stress reactions in corroboration with decreased cortisol concentrations. Functionally, cortisol itself can modulate several behaviors and also the fatty acid metabolism in the long term. But only little is known about the behavioral and physiological influences of dietary UFAs in a social group, where individuals are regularly exposed to stressful situations. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the effects of dietary UFAs on saliva cortisol concentrations and behavioral responses in socially confronted guinea pigs. Three groups of animals were additionally supplemented with 500 mg chia seeds (high in omega-3), walnuts (high in omega-6), or peanuts (high in omega-9) per kg bodyweight each day and compared to a control group. During social confrontation saliva cortisol concentrations significantly increased in all groups, which was accompanied by a loss in bodyweight. However, cortisol levels remained lower in the chia and walnut groups compared to controls. Additionally, the walnut group displayed significantly increased locomotion, while no differences between groups were detected in socio-positive, sexual, or aggressive behaviors. Total plasma omega-3, omega-6, and omega-9 fatty acids were significantly increased in the corresponding groups, due to the dietary supplementations. However, a significant decrease in plasma omega-3 and an increase in plasma n-6 fatty acids were detected in the chia group when comparing the measurements before and after social confrontation. We conclude that both omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids can diminish behavioral and physiological stress responses to the social environment, enabling individuals to cope with social stressors, but at the expense of plasma derived omega-3 fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Nemeth
- Department of Behavioural Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Eva Millesi
- Department of Behavioural Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Karl-Heinz Wagner
- Department of Nutritional Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernard Wallner
- Department of Behavioural Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Cognitive Science Research Platform, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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265
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Enhancement of microbial oil production by alpha-linolenic acid producing Yarrowia lipolytica strains QU22 and QU137. Food Sci Biotechnol 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-014-0263-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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266
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Yan L, DeMars LC. Effects of a high-fat diet on spontaneous metastasis of Lewis lung carcinoma in plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 deficient and wild-type mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110869. [PMID: 25356654 PMCID: PMC4214820 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of a high-fat diet on spontaneous metastasis of Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) in plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 deficient (PAI-1−/−) and wild-type mice. The high-fat diet increased the number of pulmonary metastases by 60% (p<0.01), tumor cross-sectional area by 82% (p<0.05) and tumor volume by 130% (p<0.05) compared to the AIN93G diet. Deficiency in PAI-1 reduced the number of metastases by 35% (p<0.01) compared to wild-type mice. In mice fed the high-fat diet, PAI-1 deficiency reduced tumor cross-sectional area by 52% (p<0.05) and tumor volume by 61% (p<0.05) compared to their wild-type counterparts; however, PAI-1 deficiency affected neither area nor volume in mice fed the AIN93G diet. Adipose and plasma concentrations of PAI-1 were significantly higher in high-fat fed wild-type mice than in their AIN93G-fed counterparts. Adipose and plasma PAI-1 were not detectable in PAI-1−/− mice regardless of the diet. Mice deficient in PAI-1 showed significantly greater plasma concentrations of monocyte chemotactic protein-1, tumor necrosis factor-α, leptin, vascular endothelial growth factor, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 and insulin compared to wild-type mice, indicating a compensatory overproduction of inflammatory cytokines, angiogenic factors and insulin in the absence of PAI-1. We conclude that PAI-1 produced by the host, including that by adipose tissue, promotes high-fat enhanced metastasis of LLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Yan
- Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Grand Forks, North Dakota, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Lana C. DeMars
- Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Grand Forks, North Dakota, United States of America
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267
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Beneficial impact of a mix of dairy fat with rapeseed oil on n-6 and n-3 PUFA metabolism in the rat: A small enrichment in dietary alpha-linolenic acid greatly increases its conversion to DHA in the liver. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201400304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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268
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Ning C, Jiang Y, Meng J, Zhou C, Tao J. Herbaceous peony seed oil: A rich source of unsaturated fatty acids and γ-tocopherol. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201400212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chuanlong Ning
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology; College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University; Yangzhou China
| | - Yao Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology; College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University; Yangzhou China
| | - Jiasong Meng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology; College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University; Yangzhou China
| | - Chunhua Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology; College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University; Yangzhou China
| | - Jun Tao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology; College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University; Yangzhou China
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269
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Taranu I, Gras M, Pistol GC, Motiu M, Marin DE, Lefter N, Ropota M, Habeanu M. ω-3 PUFA rich camelina oil by-products improve the systemic metabolism and spleen cell functions in fattening pigs. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110186. [PMID: 25303320 PMCID: PMC4193896 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Camelina oil-cakes results after the extraction of oil from Camelina sativa plant. In this study, camelina oil-cakes were fed to fattening pigs for 33 days and its effect on performance, plasma biochemical analytes, pro-/anti-inflammatory mediators and antioxidant detoxifying defence in spleen was investigated in comparison with sunflower meal. 24 crossbred TOPIG pigs were randomly assigned to one of two experimental dietary treatments containing either 12% sunflower meal (treatment 1-T1), or 12.0% camelina oil-cakes, rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids ω-3 (ω-3 PUFA) (treatment 2-T2). The results showed no effect of T2 diet (camelina cakes) on feed intake, average weight gain or feed efficiency. Consumption of camelina diet resulted in a significant decrease in plasma glucose concentration (18.47%) with a trend towards also a decrease of plasma cholesterol. In spleen, T2 diet modulated cellular immune response by decreasing the protein and gene expression of pro-inflammatory markers, interleukin 1-beta (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 6 (IL-6) and interleukin (IL-8) and cyclooxigenase 2 (COX-2) in comparison with T1 diet. By contrast, T2 diet increased (P<0.05) in spleen the mRNA expression of antioxidant enzymes, catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPx1) by 3.43, 2.47 and 1.83 fold change respectively, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) (4.60 fold), endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) (3.23 fold) and the total antioxidant level (9.02%) in plasma. Camelina diet increased also peroxisome-proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) mRNA and decreased that of mitogen-activated protein kinase 14 (p38α MAPK) and nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells (NF-κB). At this level of inclusion (12%) camelina oil-cakes appears to be a potentially alternative feed source for pig which preserves a high content of ω-3 PUFA indicating antioxidant properties by the stimulation of detoxifying enzymes expression and the suppression of spleen pro-inflammatory markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ionelia Taranu
- INCDBNA-IBNA, National Institute of Research and development for Biology and Animal Nutrition, Balotesti, Romania
| | - Mihail Gras
- INCDBNA-IBNA, National Institute of Research and development for Biology and Animal Nutrition, Balotesti, Romania
| | - Gina Cecilia Pistol
- INCDBNA-IBNA, National Institute of Research and development for Biology and Animal Nutrition, Balotesti, Romania
| | - Monica Motiu
- INCDBNA-IBNA, National Institute of Research and development for Biology and Animal Nutrition, Balotesti, Romania
| | - Daniela E. Marin
- INCDBNA-IBNA, National Institute of Research and development for Biology and Animal Nutrition, Balotesti, Romania
| | - Nicoleta Lefter
- INCDBNA-IBNA, National Institute of Research and development for Biology and Animal Nutrition, Balotesti, Romania
| | - Mariana Ropota
- INCDBNA-IBNA, National Institute of Research and development for Biology and Animal Nutrition, Balotesti, Romania
| | - Mihaela Habeanu
- INCDBNA-IBNA, National Institute of Research and development for Biology and Animal Nutrition, Balotesti, Romania
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270
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Holman DB, Baurhoo B, Chénier MR. Temporal analysis of the effect of extruded flaxseed on the swine gut microbiota. Can J Microbiol 2014; 60:649-59. [DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2014-0317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Flaxseed is a rich source of α-linolenic acid, an essential ω-3 fatty acid reported to have beneficial health effects in humans. Feeding swine a diet supplemented with flaxseed has been found to enrich pork products with ω-3 fatty acids. However, the effect of flaxseed supplementation on the swine gut microbiota has not been assessed to date. The purpose of this study was to investigate if extruded flaxseed has any impact on the bacterial and archaeal microbiota in the feces of growing–finishing pigs over a 51-day period, using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and real-time PCR. Bacterial DGGE profile analysis revealed major temporal shifts in the bacterial microbiota with only minor ones related to diet. The archaeal microbiota was significantly less diverse than that of Bacteria. The majority of bacterial DGGE bands sequenced belonged to the Firmicutes phylum while the archaeal DGGE bands were found to consist of only 2 species, Methanobrevibacter smithii and Methanosphaera stadtmanae. The abundance of Bacteroidetes decreased significantly from day 0 to day 21 in all diet groups while the abundance of Firmicutes was relatively stable across all diet cohorts and sampling times. There was also no significant correlation between pig mass and the ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes. While the addition of extruded flaxseed to the feed of growing–finishing pigs was beneficial for improving ω-3 fatty acid content of pork, it had no detectable impact on the fecal bacterial and archaeal microbiota, suggesting that extruded flaxseed may be used to improve meat quality without adverse effect on the swine gut microbiota or animal performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devin B. Holman
- Department of Animal Science, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Bushansingh Baurhoo
- Bélisle Solution and Nutrition Inc., Saint-Mathias-sur-Richelieu, QC J3L 6A7, Canada
| | - Martin R. Chénier
- Department of Animal Science, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada
- Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, McGill University, 21 111 Lakeshore Road, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada
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271
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Tanghe S, Missotten J, Raes K, De Smet S. The effect of different concentrations of linseed oil or fish oil in the maternal diet on the fatty acid composition and oxidative status of sows and piglets. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2014; 99:938-49. [PMID: 25142040 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are essential for foetal development. Hence, including n-3 PUFA in the sow diet can be beneficial for reproduction. Both the amount and form (precursor fatty acids vs. long chain PUFA) of supplementation are important in this respect. Furthermore, including n-3 PUFA in the diet can have negative effects, such as decreased arachidonic acid (ARA) concentration and increased oxidative stress. This study aimed to compare the efficacy to increase eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) concentrations in the piglet, when different concentrations of linseed oil (LO, source of precursor α-linolenic acid) or fish oil (FO, source of EPA and DHA) were included in the maternal diet. Sows were fed a palm oil diet or a diet including 0.5% or 2% LO or FO from day 45 of gestation until weaning. Linoleic acid (LA) was kept constant in the diets to prevent a decrease in ARA, and all diets were supplemented with α-tocopherol acetate (150 mg/kg) and organic selenium (0.4 mg/kg) to prevent oxidative stress. Feeding 0.5% LO or 0.5% FO to the sows resulted in comparable EPA concentrations in the 5-day old piglet liver, but both diets resulted in lower EPA concentrations than when 2% LO was fed. The highest EPA concentration was obtained when 2% FO was fed. The DHA level in the piglet liver could only be increased when FO, but not LO, was fed to the sows. The 2% FO diet had no advantage over the 0.5% FO diet to increase DHA in the piglet. Despite the constant LA concentration in the sow diet, a decrease in ARA could not be avoided when LO or FO were included in the diet. Feeding 2% FO to the sows increased the malondialdehyde concentration (marker for lipid peroxidation) in sow plasma, but not in piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Tanghe
- Laboratory for Animal Nutrition and Animal Product Quality, Department of Animal Production, Ghent University, Melle, Belgium
| | - J Missotten
- Laboratory for Animal Nutrition and Animal Product Quality, Department of Animal Production, Ghent University, Melle, Belgium
| | - K Raes
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Industrial Biological Sciences, Ghent University-Campus Kortrijk, Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - S De Smet
- Laboratory for Animal Nutrition and Animal Product Quality, Department of Animal Production, Ghent University, Melle, Belgium
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272
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Yan L, Combs GF. Consumption of a high-fat diet abrogates inhibitory effects of methylseleninic acid on spontaneous metastasis of Lewis lung carcinoma in mice. Carcinogenesis 2014; 35:2308-13. [DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgu153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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273
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Stonehouse W. Does consumption of LC omega-3 PUFA enhance cognitive performance in healthy school-aged children and throughout adulthood? Evidence from clinical trials. Nutrients 2014; 6:2730-58. [PMID: 25054550 PMCID: PMC4113767 DOI: 10.3390/nu6072730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Revised: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-chain (LC) omega-3 PUFA derived from marine sources may play an important role in cognitive performance throughout all life stages. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), the dominant omega-3 in the brain, is a major component of neuronal cell membranes and affects various neurological pathways and processess. Despite its critical role in brain function, human’s capacity to synthesize DHA de novo is limited and its consumption through the diet is important. However, many individuals do not or rarely consume seafood. The aim of this review is to critically evaluate the current evidence from randomised controlled trials (RCT) in healthy school-aged children, younger and older adults to determine whether consumption of LC omega-3 PUFA improves cognitive performance and to make recommendations for future research. Current evidence suggests that consumption of LC omega-3 PUFA, particularly DHA, may enhance cognitive performance relating to learning, cognitive development, memory and speed of performing cognitive tasks. Those who habitually consume diets low in DHA, children with low literacy ability and malnourished and older adults with age-related cognitive decline and mild cognitive impairment seem to benefit most. However, study design limitations in many RCTs hamper firm conclusions. The measurement of a uniform biomarker, e.g., % DHA in red blood cells, is essential to establish baseline DHA-status, to determine targets for cognitive performance and to facilitate dosage recommendations. It is recommended that future studies be at least 16 weeks in duration, account for potential interaction effects of gender, age and apolipoprotein E genotype, include vegan/vegetarian populations, include measures of speed of cognitive performance and include brain imaging technologies as supportive information on working mechanisms of LC omega-3 PUFA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Welma Stonehouse
- CSIRO Food and Nutrition Flagship, P.O. Box 10041, Adelaide BC, South Australia 5000, Australia.
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274
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Guerra E, Gori A, Cevoli C, Losi G, Caboni MF. Lipid fraction of creams collected in the Parmigiano-Reggiano cheese production area in response to extruded linseed supplementation of dairy cows’ diets: GC-FID and FT-MIR evaluation. INT J DAIRY TECHNOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/1471-0307.12153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Guerra
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences; University of Bologna; Piazza G. Goidanich 60 - 47521 Cesena FC Italy
| | - Alessandro Gori
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences; University of Bologna; Piazza G. Goidanich 60 - 47521 Cesena FC Italy
| | - Chiara Cevoli
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences; University of Bologna; Piazza G. Goidanich 60 - 47521 Cesena FC Italy
| | - Giuseppe Losi
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences; University of Bologna; Piazza G. Goidanich 60 - 47521 Cesena FC Italy
| | - Maria Fiorenza Caboni
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences; University of Bologna; Piazza G. Goidanich 60 - 47521 Cesena FC Italy
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275
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Nunes DO, Almenara CCP, Broseghini-Filho GB, Silva MASC, Stefanon I, Vassallo DV, Padilha AS. Flaxseed oil increases aortic reactivity to phenylephrine through reactive oxygen species and the cyclooxygenase-2 pathway in rats. Lipids Health Dis 2014; 13:107. [PMID: 24993607 PMCID: PMC4226993 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-13-107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Flaxseed oil has the highest concentration of omega-3 α-linolenic acid, which has been associated with cardiovascular benefit. However, the mechanism underlying the vascular effects induced through flaxseed oil is not well known. Thus, in the present study, we investigated the effects of flaxseed oil on vascular function in isolated rat aortic rings. METHODS Wistar rats were treated daily with flaxseed oil or a control (mineral oil) intramuscular (i.m.) for fifteen days. Isolated aortic segments were used to evaluate cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) protein expression, superoxide anion levels and vascular reactivity experiments. RESULTS Flaxseed oil treatment increased the vasoconstrictor response of aortic rings to phenylephrine. Endothelium removal increased the response to phenylephrine in aortic segments isolated from both groups, but the effect was smaller in the treated group. L-NAME incubation similarly increased the phenylephrine response in segments from both groups. The TXA2 synthase inhibitor furegrelate, the selective COX-2 inhibitor NS 398, the TP receptor antagonist SQ 29.548, the reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger apocynin, the superoxide anion scavengers tiron and the phospholipase A2 inhibitor dexamethasone partially reversed the flaxseed oil-induced increase in reactivity to phenylephrine. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that flaxseed oil treatment increased vascular reactivity to phenylephrine through an increase in ROS production and COX-2-derived TXA2 production. The results obtained in the present study provide new insight into the effects of flaxseed oil treatment (i.m.) on vascular function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Alessandra S Padilha
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Av, Marechal Campos, 1468, Maruípe, 29040-091 Vitória, ES, Brazil.
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276
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Abstract
α-Linolenic acid (ALA) is an n-3 (ω-3) fatty acid found mostly in plant foods such as flaxseed, walnuts, and vegetable oils, including canola and soybean oils. Most of the health benefits observed for n-3 fatty acids have been attributed to the marine-derived long-chain n-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid, because of the strength of evidence from both epidemiologic studies and randomized controlled trials. Furthermore, the observed cardioprotective and other health effects of ALA have been credited to its precursor role in converting to EPA in the body. The promotion of fatty fish consumption for its documented health benefits may not be practical for those who are concerned with the unsustainability of marine sources or who avoid eating fish for a variety of reasons. ALA-rich plant sources are more abundant and may serve as a suitable alternate. It is therefore worthwhile to consider the evidence for the health benefits of ALA. The purpose of this review is to present the evidence from recent studies on the association between ALA and cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and fracture risk. The potential mechanisms that explain these associations will also be briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujatha Rajaram
- From the Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA
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277
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Scollan ND, Dannenberger D, Nuernberg K, Richardson I, MacKintosh S, Hocquette JF, Moloney AP. Enhancing the nutritional and health value of beef lipids and their relationship with meat quality. Meat Sci 2014; 97:384-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2014.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Revised: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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278
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Kälber T, Kreuzer M, Leiber F. Milk fatty acid composition of dairy cows fed green whole-plant buckwheat, phacelia or chicory in their vegetative and reproductive stage. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2014.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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279
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Metabolic conversion of intra-amniotically-injected deuterium-labeled essential fatty acids by fetal rats following maternal n-3 fatty acid deficiency. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2014; 1841:1336-44. [PMID: 24960100 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2014.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Revised: 05/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Accumulation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in the fetal brain is accomplished predominantly via a highly selective flow of docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3, DHA) and arachidonic acid (20:4n-6, AA) through the placenta. Little is known regarding the endogenous capability of the fetus to generate its own DHA and AA from lower homologues such as linolenic (18:3n-3, ALA) and linoleic (18:2n-6, LA) acids, respectively. Deuterium-labeled d5-ALA and d5-LA at millimolar concentrations were injected directly into the amniotic fluid in order to investigate maternal-independent metabolic conversion of the stable isotopes in brain and liver of the fetus near delivery. After 48h under adequate maternal diet, the levels of d5-ALA metabolites in the fetal brain and fetal liver were 45±2.2 pmol/mg and 86±4 pmol/mg of which 79% and 63.6% were comprised of d5-DHA. At this time point, incorporation of d5-LA metabolites was 103±5 pmol/mg and 772±46 pmol/mg for brain and liver, of which 50% and 30% were comprised of d5-AA. Following sustained maternal dietary ALA deficiency, the levels of total d5-ALA derived metabolites in the fetal brain and fetal liver were increased to 231 pmol/mg and 696 pmol/mg of which 71% and 26% were comprised of d5-DHA. From the time course and relative rates of d5-ALA precursor displacement by d5-DHA in cellular phosphoglycerides, it is concluded that the fetal rat brain can generate its own DHA from its d5-ALA precursors particularly under dietary stress.
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280
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Contarini G, Povolo M, Pelizzola V, Monti L, Bruni A, Passolungo L, Abeni F, Degano L. Bovine colostrum: changes in lipid constituents in the first 5 days after parturition. J Dairy Sci 2014; 97:5065-72. [PMID: 24931528 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2013-7517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Despite the great interest paid to protein components in colostrum, fat also plays an important role in the supply of essential nutrients to provide energy, increase metabolism, and protect the newborn calf against microbial infections. This work aimed to elucidate levels of different fat components in colostrum, in particular fatty acid (FA), triglyceride (TG), cholesterol, and phospholipid contents. Colostrum samples from primiparous and multiparous (3-5 lactations) Holstein dams, fed the same ration indoors, were collected on the first 5d after parturition, analyzed, and compared with milk samples from the same cows collected at 5mo of lactation. Fat content during the first 5d of milking did not vary. However, the proportion of short-chain saturated FA increased and that of long-chain FA decreased. The concentration of n-3 FA was higher on the first day of calving than on the other days, with clear differences in the number and type of n-3 FA. Conjugated linoleic isomers and trans FA slowly increased from d 1 to 5, reaching a maximum at 5mo of lactation. Changes in the distribution profile of TG were observed as lactation progressed, with a shift from a prevalence of high-carbon-number TG (C48-50) on d 1 to a bimodal distribution (maxima at C38 and C50) on d 5, characteristic of mid-lactation milk. Cholesterol content was high in the first hours after calving and rapidly decreased within 48h. Colostrum sampled on d 1 also had a high content of phospholipids. Phosphatidylethanolamine and sphingomyelin were, respectively, lower and higher in the first 5d than in mid-lactation milk. The influence of lactation number on colostrum fat composition was also considered and significant results were obtained for all FA groups (except for polyunsaturated and n-6 FA) and TG content.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Contarini
- Consiglio per la ricerca e la sperimentazione in agricoltura-Centro di ricerca per le produzioni foraggere e lattiero casearie (CRA-FLC), Via Antonio Lombardo 11, 26900 Lodi, Italy.
| | - M Povolo
- Consiglio per la ricerca e la sperimentazione in agricoltura-Centro di ricerca per le produzioni foraggere e lattiero casearie (CRA-FLC), Via Antonio Lombardo 11, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - V Pelizzola
- Consiglio per la ricerca e la sperimentazione in agricoltura-Centro di ricerca per le produzioni foraggere e lattiero casearie (CRA-FLC), Via Antonio Lombardo 11, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - L Monti
- Consiglio per la ricerca e la sperimentazione in agricoltura-Centro di ricerca per le produzioni foraggere e lattiero casearie (CRA-FLC), Via Antonio Lombardo 11, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - A Bruni
- Consiglio per la ricerca e la sperimentazione in agricoltura-Centro di ricerca per le produzioni foraggere e lattiero casearie (CRA-FLC), Via Antonio Lombardo 11, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - L Passolungo
- Consiglio per la ricerca e la sperimentazione in agricoltura-Centro di ricerca per le produzioni foraggere e lattiero casearie (CRA-FLC), Via Antonio Lombardo 11, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - F Abeni
- Consiglio per la ricerca e la sperimentazione in agricoltura-Centro di ricerca per le produzioni foraggere e lattiero casearie (CRA-FLC), Via Antonio Lombardo 11, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - L Degano
- Consiglio per la ricerca e la sperimentazione in agricoltura-Centro di ricerca per le produzioni foraggere e lattiero casearie (CRA-FLC), Via Antonio Lombardo 11, 26900 Lodi, Italy
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281
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Mason JK, Kharotia S, Wiggins AKA, Kitson AP, Chen J, Bazinet RP, Thompson LU. 17β-Estradiol Increases Liver and Serum Docosahexaenoic Acid in Mice Fed Varying Levels of α-Linolenic Acid. Lipids 2014; 49:745-56. [DOI: 10.1007/s11745-014-3913-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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282
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Galkina OV, Putilina FE, Eshchenko ND. Changes in the lipid composition of the brain during early onthogenesis. NEUROCHEM J+ 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s1819712414020044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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283
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Andrés S, Morán L, Aldai N, Tejido M, Prieto N, Bodas R, Giráldez F. Effects of linseed and quercetin added to the diet of fattening lambs on the fatty acid profile and lipid antioxidant status of meat samples. Meat Sci 2014; 97:156-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2014.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Revised: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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284
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Diverse effects of linseed oil and fish oil in diets for sows on reproductive performance and pre-weaning growth of piglets. Livest Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2014.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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285
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Valenzuela R, Barrera C, Ayala JM, Sanhueza J, Valenzuela A. Vegetable oils rich in alpha linolenic acid allow a higher accretion of n-3 LCPUFA in the plasma, liver and adipose tissue of the rat. GRASAS Y ACEITES 2014. [DOI: 10.3989/gya.110113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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286
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Prasad RB, Shanker Kaki S, Ravinder T, Ashwini B, Rao BV. Enzymatic modification of phosphatidylcholine with n-3 PUFA from silkworm oil fatty acids. GRASAS Y ACEITES 2014. [DOI: 10.3989/gya.097213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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287
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Florence ACR, Béal C, da Silva RC, Oliveira MN. Survival of three Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis strains is related to trans-vaccenic and α-linolenic acids contents in organic fermented milks. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2013.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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288
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Influence of feeding graded levels of canned sardines on the inflammatory markers and tissue fatty acid composition of Wistar rats. Br J Nutr 2014; 112:309-19. [PMID: 24775714 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114514000853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Canned sardines are a ready-to-use fish product with excellent nutritional properties owing to its high n-3 long-chain PUFA content, mainly EPA (20 : 5n-3) and DHA (22 : 6n-3). The present study aimed to assess the effect of two dosages of canned sardines, recommended for the primary and secondary prevention of human CVD, on the inflammatory marker concentrations and fatty acid composition of erythrocytes and key metabolic tissues (liver, muscle, adipose tissue and brain) in the rat model. Wistar rats were fed a diet containing 11 % (w/w) of canned sardines (low-sardine (LS) diet) and a diet containing 22 % (w/w) of canned sardines (high-sardine (HS) diet) for 10 weeks. Daily food intake, weight gain, and organ and final body weights were not affected by the dietary treatments. The concentrations of total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol decreased in both the LS and HS groups, while those of alanine aminotransferase and adiponectin increased. The concentrations of IL-1β increased only with the highest dosage of sardine. The dose-dependent influence of the graded levels of EPA+DHA was tissue specific. Compared with that of other tissues and erythrocytes, the fatty acid composition of the brain was less affected by the canned sardine-supplemented diets. In contrast, the retroperitoneal adipose tissue was highly responsive. The deposition ratios of EPA and DHA indicated that the LS diet was optimal for DHA deposition across the tissues, except in the retroperitoneal adipose tissue. Taken together, our findings indicate that a LS diet positively affects plasma lipid profiles and inflammatory mediators, whereas a HS diet has contradictory effects on IL-1β, which, in turn, is not associated with variations in the concentrations of other pro-inflammatory cytokines. This finding requires further investigation and pathophysiological understanding.
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289
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Xu J, Gao H, Zhang L, Chen C, Yang W, Deng Q, Huang Q, Huang F. A combination of flaxseed oil and astaxanthin alleviates atherosclerosis risk factors in high fat diet fed rats. Lipids Health Dis 2014; 13:63. [PMID: 24708887 PMCID: PMC3994197 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-13-63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Atherosclerosis is the most common pathologic process underlying cardiovascular disease. Both flaxseed oil (FO) and astaxanthin (ASX) are believed to benefit cardiovascular system. The combined effect of FO and ASX on the atherosclerosis risk factors in rats fed a high-fat diet was investigated. Methods Astaxanthin was dissolved in flaxseed oil to a final concentration of 1g/kg (FO + ASX). Male Sprague–Dawley rats were fed a rodent diet contained 20% fat whose source was lard (HFD) or 75% lard and 25% FO + ASX (50 mg ASX/kg diet) or 50% lard and 50% FO + ASX (100 mg ASX/kg diet) or FO + ASX (200 mg ASX/kg diet) for 10 weeks. Results The combination of FO and ASX significantly increased the antioxidant defense capacity and decreased lipid peroxidation in plasma. Evident decreases in the levels TG, TC and LDL-C contents, as well as IL-6 and CRP were also observed in plasma of FO and ASX fed rats. Conclusion The combination of FO and ASX can improve oxidative stress, lipid abnormalities and inflammation, providing evidence that the combination of FO and ASX could be a promising functional food in cardiovascular health promotion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Fenghong Huang
- Department of Product Processing and Nutriology, OilCrops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2 Xudong Second Road, Wuhan 430062, P,R, China.
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290
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Kuhnt K, Fuhrmann C, Köhler M, Kiehntopf M, Jahreis G. Dietary echium oil increases long-chain n-3 PUFAs, including docosapentaenoic acid, in blood fractions and alters biochemical markers for cardiovascular disease independently of age, sex, and metabolic syndrome. J Nutr 2014; 144:447-60. [PMID: 24553695 PMCID: PMC4083239 DOI: 10.3945/jn.113.180802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary supplementation with echium oil (EO) containing stearidonic acid (SDA) is a plant-based strategy to improve long-chain (LC) n-3 (ω-3) polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) status in humans. We investigated the effect of EO on LC n-3 PUFA accumulation in blood and biochemical markers with respect to age, sex, and metabolic syndrome. This double-blind, parallel-arm, randomized controlled study started with a 2-wk run-in period, during which participants (n = 80) were administered 17 g/d run-in oil. Normal-weight individuals from 2 age groups (20-35 and 49-69 y) were allotted to EO or fish oil (FO; control) groups. During the 8-wk intervention, participants were administered either 17 g/d EO (2 g SDA; n = 59) or FO [1.9 g eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA); n = 19]. Overweight individuals with metabolic syndrome (n = 19) were recruited for EO treatment only. During the 10-wk study, the participants followed a dietary n-3 PUFA restriction, e.g., no fish. After the 8-wk EO treatment, increases in the LC n-3 metabolites EPA (168% and 79%) and docosapentaenoic acid [DPA (68% and 39%)] were observed, whereas docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) decreased (-5% and -23%) in plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cells, respectively. Compared with FO, the efficacy of EO to increase EPA and DPA in blood was significantly lower (∼25% and ∼50%, respectively). A higher body mass index (BMI) was associated with lower relative and net increases in EPA and DPA. Compared with baseline, EO significantly reduced serum cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, oxidized LDL, and triglyceride (TG), but also HDL cholesterol, regardless of age and BMI. In the FO group, only TG decreased. Overall, daily intake of 15-20 g EO increased EPA and DPA in blood but had no influence on DHA. EO lowered cardiovascular risk markers, e.g., serum TG, which is particularly relevant for individuals with metabolic syndrome. Natural EO could be a noteworthy source of n-3 PUFA in human nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Kuhnt
- Department of Nutritional Physiology, Institute of Nutrition, and,To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
| | - Claudia Fuhrmann
- Department of Nutritional Physiology, Institute of Nutrition, and
| | - Melanie Köhler
- Department of Nutritional Physiology, Institute of Nutrition, and
| | - Michael Kiehntopf
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Gerhard Jahreis
- Department of Nutritional Physiology, Institute of Nutrition, and
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291
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Dal Bosco A, Mugnai C, Roscini V, Paci G, Castellini C. Effect of genotype on estimated indexes of fatty acid metabolism in rabbits. WORLD RABBIT SCIENCE 2014. [DOI: 10.4995/wrs.2014.1465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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292
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Nehdi IA, Mokbli S, Sbihi H, Tan CP, Al-Resayes SI. Chamaerops humilis L. var. argentea André date palm seed oil: a potential dietetic plant product. J Food Sci 2014; 79:C534-9. [PMID: 24666023 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.12420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Chamaerops humilis L. var. argentea André (C. humilis) date palm seeds are an underutilized source of vegetable oil, and no studies describing their physicochemical characteristics to indicate the potential uses of this seed or seed oil have been reported. The oil content of the seeds is about 10%, mainly composed of oleic acid (38.71%), lauric acid (21.27%), linoleic acid (15.15%), palmitic acid (9.96%), and stearic acid (7.17%). The tocol (tocopherols and tocotrienols) content is 74 mg/100 g, with δ-tocotrienol as the major contributor (31.91%), followed by α-tocotrienol (29.37%), γ-tocopherol (20.16%), and γ-tocotrienol (11.86%). Furthermore, this oil shows high thermal stability. The differential scanning calorimetery curves revealed that the melting and crystallization points are 9.33 °C and -15.23 °C, respectively.
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293
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Saini RK, Shetty NP, Giridhar P. GC-FID/MS Analysis of Fatty Acids in Indian Cultivars of Moringa oleifera: Potential Sources of PUFA. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11746-014-2439-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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294
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Willems H, Kreuzer M, Leiber F. Alpha-linolenic and linoleic acid in meat and adipose tissue of grazing lambs differ among alpine pasture types with contrasting plant species and phenolic compound composition. Small Rumin Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2013.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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295
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Djuricic ID, Mazic SD, Kotur-Stevuljevic JM, Djordjevic VR, Sobajic SS. Long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid dietary recommendations are moderately efficient in optimizing their status in healthy middle-aged subjects with low fish consumption: a cross-over study. Nutr Res 2014; 34:210-8. [PMID: 24655487 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2013.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 12/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Several dietary recommendations have been made for marine n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) intake; however, the effectiveness of these fatty acids has not been thoroughly examined. The aim of this study was to investigate whether public-aimed dietary recommendations for long-chain n-3 PUFA from oily fish or fish oil supplements are efficient in optimizing their status in red blood cells (RBCs) and platelets of healthy middle-aged subjects with low customary fish consumption. In a randomized, cross-over trial conducted over an 8-week period and separated by a 6-month washout period, 33 participants received an oily fish (salmon), providing 274 mg eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) + 671 mg docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) per day, or a commercial fish oil supplement, providing 396 mg EPA + 250 mg DHA per day. Blood samples were collected before and after each intervention period, and RBCs and platelets were used for analysis of fatty acids. After 8 weeks, there were significant increases in EPA and DHA content in RBCs and platelets with both salmon and fish oil capsules. The increase in EPA in both RBCs and platelets was higher with capsules, whereas the increase in DHA in both RBCs and platelets was higher with salmon. In spite of the quantitative and qualitative differences between n-3 fatty acid profiles in salmon and the fish oil supplement, the overall incorporation of these fatty acids into RBCs and platelets did not differ in our short-term study (P > .05). The sum of EPA + DHA significantly increased in both compartments following dietary recommendations for oily fish and fish oil supplements intake in middle-aged healthy subjects with low baseline long-chain n-3 PUFA status, although targeted values with optimal cardioprotective effect of more than 8% were not achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana D Djuricic
- Department of Bromatology, School of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Sanja D Mazic
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Vladimir R Djordjevic
- Clinic for Digestive Surgery-I Surgical Clinic, Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sladjana S Sobajic
- Department of Bromatology, School of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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296
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Chen W, Sun S, Liang S, Peng L, Wang Y, Shen M. Lipase-catalyzed Hydrolysis of Linseed Oil : Optimization Using Response Surface Methodology. J Oleo Sci 2014; 63:619-28. [DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess13189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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297
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Lourith N, Kanlayavattanakul M, Sucontphunt A, Ondee T. Para Rubber Seed Oil: New Promising Unconventional Oil for Cosmetics. J Oleo Sci 2014; 63:709-16. [DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess14015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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298
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Raj P, Singh M, Rawat JK, Gautam S, Saraf SA, Kaithwas G. Effect of enteral administration of α-linolenic acid and linoleic acid against methotrexate induced intestinal toxicity in albino rats. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra10213d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was conducted to show the effect of α-linolenic acid (18 : 3, ω-3) and linoleic acid (18 : 2, ω-6) on experimental intestinal toxicity induced by methotrexate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prince Raj
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- School of Biosciences and Biotechnology
- Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central University)
- Lucknow-226 025, India
| | - Manjari Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- School of Biosciences and Biotechnology
- Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central University)
- Lucknow-226 025, India
| | - Jitendra Kumar Rawat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- School of Biosciences and Biotechnology
- Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central University)
- Lucknow-226 025, India
| | - Swetlana Gautam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- School of Biosciences and Biotechnology
- Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central University)
- Lucknow-226 025, India
| | - Shubhini A. Saraf
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- School of Biosciences and Biotechnology
- Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central University)
- Lucknow-226 025, India
| | - Gaurav Kaithwas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- School of Biosciences and Biotechnology
- Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central University)
- Lucknow-226 025, India
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299
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Domenichiello AF, Chen CT, Trepanier MO, Stavro PM, Bazinet RP. Whole body synthesis rates of DHA from α-linolenic acid are greater than brain DHA accretion and uptake rates in adult rats. J Lipid Res 2013; 55:62-74. [PMID: 24212299 PMCID: PMC3927474 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m042275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is important for brain function, however, the exact
amount required for the brain is not agreed upon. While it is believed that the
synthesis rate of DHA from α-linolenic acid (ALA) is low, how this
synthesis rate compares with the amount of DHA required to maintain brain DHA
levels is unknown. The objective of this work was to assess whether DHA
synthesis from ALA is sufficient for the brain. To test this, rats consumed a
diet low in n-3 PUFAs, or a diet containing ALA or DHA for 15 weeks. Over the 15
weeks, whole body and brain DHA accretion was measured, while at the end of the
study, whole body DHA synthesis rates, brain gene expression, and DHA uptake
rates were measured. Despite large differences in body DHA accretion, there was
no difference in brain DHA accretion between rats fed ALA and DHA. In rats fed
ALA, DHA synthesis and accretion was 100-fold higher than brain DHA accretion of
rats fed DHA. Also, ALA-fed rats synthesized approximately 3-fold more DHA than
the DHA uptake rate into the brain. This work indicates that DHA synthesis from
ALA may be sufficient to supply the brain.
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300
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Guo X, Long R, Kreuzer M, Ding L, Shang Z, Zhang Y, Yang Y, Cui G. Importance of Functional Ingredients in Yak Milk-Derived Food on Health of Tibetan Nomads Living Under High-Altitude Stress: A Review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2013; 54:292-302. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2011.584134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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