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Hanssen MM, Peters ML, Boselie JJ, Meulders A. Can positive affect attenuate (persistent) pain? State of the art and clinical implications. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2017; 19:80. [PMID: 29119260 PMCID: PMC5683052 DOI: 10.1007/s11926-017-0703-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of Review Pain is an intense experience that can place a heavy burden on peoples’ lives. The identification of psychosocial risk factors led to the development of effective pain treatments. However, effect sizes are modest. Accumulating evidence suggests that enhancing protective factors might also impact on (well-being despite) pain. Recent findings on positive affect (interventions) towards pain-related outcomes will be reviewed, and new avenues for treatment of persistent pain will be discussed. Recent Findings Positive affect significantly attenuates the experience of pain in healthy and clinical populations. Positive affect interventions effectively reduce pain sensitivity and bolster well-being despite pain. Through both psychological and (neuro-)biological pathways, but also through its effect on central treatment processes such as inhibitory learning, positive affect can optimize the efficacy of existing treatments. Summary Comprehensive understanding of the unique roles and dynamic interplay of positive and negative affect in moderating pain may optimize the treatment of (persistent) pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjolein M Hanssen
- Clinical Psychological Science, Research Group Behavioral Medicine, Maastricht University, P.O. 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Madelon L Peters
- Clinical Psychological Science, Research Group Behavioral Medicine, Maastricht University, P.O. 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jantine J Boselie
- Clinical Psychological Science, Research Group Behavioral Medicine, Maastricht University, P.O. 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ann Meulders
- Clinical Psychological Science, Research Group Behavioral Medicine, Maastricht University, P.O. 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands. .,Research Group Health Psychology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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252
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The NIH Science of Behavior Change Program: Transforming the science through a focus on mechanisms of change. Behav Res Ther 2017. [PMID: 29110885 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2017.07.002.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The goal of the NIH Science of Behavior Change (SOBC) Common Fund Program is to provide the basis for an experimental medicine approach to behavior change that focuses on identifying and measuring the mechanisms that underlie behavioral patterns we are trying to change. This paper frames the development of the program within a discussion of the substantial disease burden in the U.S. attributable to behavioral factors, and details our strategies for breaking down the disease- and condition-focused silos in the behavior change field to accelerate discovery and translation. These principles serve as the foundation for our vision for a unified science of behavior change at the NIH and in the broader research community.
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253
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Pourtois G, Vanlessen N, Bakic J, Paul K. Modulatory Effects of Positive Mood on Cognition: Lessons From Attention and Error Monitoring. CURRENT DIRECTIONS IN PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/0963721417709551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The importance of positive mood for health and well-being is a truism. However, we still lack clear understanding of the nature and range of modulatory effects created by positive mood on cognition in humans. Here, we briefly review two recent research lines that have attempted to address this question systematically. Specifically, research on attention has explored the boundaries of the so-called broadening of attention with positive mood. Likewise, effects of positive mood on error monitoring have been scrutinized lately. The new empirical findings gathered in these two separate research domains concur on the assumption that positive mood is not merely adding noise to cognition. Instead, this mood state seems to provide the organism with meaningful (internal) information, which allows for timely and flexible exploration of new opportunities in the (external) environment and alters the motivational significance of negative events, such as response errors, in a rather flexible way. As such, these new findings provide information about the existence of complex interaction effects between positive mood and cognition and may help, in turn, to better appraise the actual role and function of this protective mood state for health and cognition.
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254
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Cai WP, Pan Y, Zhang SM, Wei C, Dong W, Deng GH. Relationship between cognitive emotion regulation, social support, resilience and acute stress responses in Chinese soldiers: Exploring multiple mediation model. Psychiatry Res 2017. [PMID: 28624675 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2017.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The current study aimed to explore the association of cognitive emotion regulation, social support, resilience and acute stress responses in Chinese soldiers and to understand the multiple mediation effects of social support and resilience on the relationship between cognitive emotion regulation and acute stress responses. A total of 1477 male soldiers completed mental scales, including the cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire-Chinese version, the perceived social support scale, the Chinese version of the Connor-Davidson resilience scale, and the military acute stress scale. As hypothesized, physiological responses, psychological responses, and acute stress were associated with negative-focused cognitive emotion regulation, and negatively associated with positive-focused cognitive emotion regulation, social supports and resilience. Besides, positive-focused cognitive emotion regulation, social support, and resilience were significantly associated with one another, and negative-focused cognitive emotion regulation was negatively associated with social support. Regression analysis and bootstrap analysis showed that social support and resilience had partly mediating effects on negative strategies and acute stress, and fully mediating effects on positive strategies and acute stress. These results thus indicate that military acute stress is significantly associated with cognitive emotion regulation, social support, and resilience, and that social support and resilience have multiple mediation effects on the relationship between cognitive emotion regulation and acute stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Peng Cai
- Faculty of Psychology and Mental Health, Second Military Medical University, 200433 Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Pan
- Faculty of Psychology and Mental Health, Second Military Medical University, 200433 Shanghai, China; Department of Medical Psychology, General Hospital of PLA, 100853 Beijing, China
| | - Shui-Miao Zhang
- Faculty of Psychology and Mental Health, Second Military Medical University, 200433 Shanghai, China; Department of Neurology, Jinan Military General Hospital of PLA, 250000 Jinan, China
| | - Cun Wei
- Faculty of Psychology and Mental Health, Second Military Medical University, 200433 Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Dong
- Faculty of Psychology and Mental Health, Second Military Medical University, 200433 Shanghai, China.
| | - Guang-Hui Deng
- Faculty of Psychology and Mental Health, Second Military Medical University, 200433 Shanghai, China.
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255
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Faraji J, Soltanpour N, Lotfi H, Moeeini R, Moharreri AR, Roudaki S, Hosseini SA, Olson DM, Abdollahi AA, Soltanpour N, Mohajerani MH, Metz GAS. Lack of Social Support Raises Stress Vulnerability in Rats with a History of Ancestral Stress. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5277. [PMID: 28706188 PMCID: PMC5509705 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05440-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Stress is a primary risk factor for psychiatric disorders. However, it is not fully understood why some stressed individuals are more vulnerable to psychiatric disorders than others. Here, we investigated whether multigenerational ancestral stress produces phenotypes that are sensitive to depression-like symptoms in rats. We also examined whether social isolation reveals potentially latent sensitivity to depression-like behaviours. F4 female rats born to a lineage of stressed mothers (F0-F3) received stress in adulthood while housed in pairs or alone. Social isolation during stress induced cognitive and psychomotor retardation only in rats exposed to ancestral stress. Social isolation also hampered the resilience of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis to chronic stress and reduced hippocampal volume and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression. Thus, synergy between social isolation and stress may unmask a latent history of ancestral stress, and raises vulnerability to mental health conditions. The findings support the notion that social support critically promotes stress coping and resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamshid Faraji
- Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Nursing & Midwifery, Gorgan, I. R. of Iran.
- University of Lethbridge, Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, Lethbridge, Canada.
| | - Nabiollah Soltanpour
- Babol University of Medical Sciences, Department of Anatomical Sciences, Babol, I. R. of Iran
| | - Hamid Lotfi
- Islamic Azad University, Department of Psychology, Tonekabon Branch, Tonekabon, I. R. of Iran
| | - Reza Moeeini
- Avicenna Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Behavioural Studies, Yazd, I. R. of Iran
| | - Ali-Reza Moharreri
- Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Department of Anatomy, Gorgan, I. R. of Iran
| | - Shabnam Roudaki
- Avicenna Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Behavioural Studies, Yazd, I. R. of Iran
| | - S Abedin Hosseini
- Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Nursing & Midwifery, Gorgan, I. R. of Iran
| | - David M Olson
- University of Alberta, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Ali-Akbar Abdollahi
- Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Nursing & Midwifery, Gorgan, I. R. of Iran
| | - Nasrin Soltanpour
- University of Lethbridge, Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, Lethbridge, Canada
| | - Majid H Mohajerani
- University of Lethbridge, Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, Lethbridge, Canada
| | - Gerlinde A S Metz
- University of Lethbridge, Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, Lethbridge, Canada
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256
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Nielsen L, Riddle M, King JW, Aklin WM, Chen W, Clark D, Collier E, Czajkowski S, Esposito L, Ferrer R, Green P, Hunter C, Kehl K, King R, Onken L, Simmons JM, Stoeckel L, Stoney C, Tully L, Weber W. The NIH Science of Behavior Change Program: Transforming the science through a focus on mechanisms of change. Behav Res Ther 2017; 101:3-11. [PMID: 29110885 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The goal of the NIH Science of Behavior Change (SOBC) Common Fund Program is to provide the basis for an experimental medicine approach to behavior change that focuses on identifying and measuring the mechanisms that underlie behavioral patterns we are trying to change. This paper frames the development of the program within a discussion of the substantial disease burden in the U.S. attributable to behavioral factors, and details our strategies for breaking down the disease- and condition-focused silos in the behavior change field to accelerate discovery and translation. These principles serve as the foundation for our vision for a unified science of behavior change at the NIH and in the broader research community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisbeth Nielsen
- National Institute on Aging (NIA), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Melissa Riddle
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jonathan W King
- National Institute on Aging (NIA), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Will M Aklin
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Wen Chen
- National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - David Clark
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Elaine Collier
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Susan Czajkowski
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Layla Esposito
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Rebecca Ferrer
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Paige Green
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Christine Hunter
- Office of Behavioral and Social Sciences Research (OBSSR), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Karen Kehl
- National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Rosalind King
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lisa Onken
- National Institute on Aging (NIA), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Janine M Simmons
- National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Luke Stoeckel
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Catherine Stoney
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lois Tully
- National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Wendy Weber
- National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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257
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A mathematical model of embodied consciousness. J Theor Biol 2017; 428:106-131. [PMID: 28554611 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2017.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We introduce a mathematical model of embodied consciousness, the Projective Consciousness Model (PCM), which is based on the hypothesis that the spatial field of consciousness (FoC) is structured by a projective geometry and under the control of a process of active inference. The FoC in the PCM combines multisensory evidence with prior beliefs in memory and frames them by selecting points of view and perspectives according to preferences. The choice of projective frames governs how expectations are transformed by consciousness. Violations of expectation are encoded as free energy. Free energy minimization drives perspective taking, and controls the switch between perception, imagination and action. In the PCM, consciousness functions as an algorithm for the maximization of resilience, using projective perspective taking and imagination in order to escape local minima of free energy. The PCM can account for a variety of psychological phenomena: the characteristic spatial phenomenology of subjective experience, the distinctions and integral relationships between perception, imagination and action, the role of affective processes in intentionality, but also perceptual phenomena such as the dynamics of bistable figures and body swap illusions in virtual reality. It relates phenomenology to function, showing the computational advantages of consciousness. It suggests that changes of brain states from unconscious to conscious reflect the action of projective transformations and suggests specific neurophenomenological hypotheses about the brain, guidelines for designing artificial systems, and formal principles for psychology.
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258
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Fonagy P, Luyten P, Allison E, Campbell C. What we have changed our minds about: Part 2. Borderline personality disorder, epistemic trust and the developmental significance of social communication. Borderline Personal Disord Emot Dysregul 2017; 4:9. [PMID: 28405338 PMCID: PMC5387344 DOI: 10.1186/s40479-017-0062-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In Part 1 of this paper, we discussed emerging evidence suggesting that a general psychopathology or 'p' factor underlying the various forms of psychopathology should be conceptualized in terms of the absence of resilience, that is, the absence of positive reappraisal mechanisms when faced with adversity. These impairments in the capacity for positive reappraisal seem to provide a comprehensive explanation for the association between the p factor and comorbidity, future caseness, and the 'hard-to-reach' character of many patients with severe personality pathology, most notably borderline personality disorder (BPD). In this, the second part of the paper, we trace the development of the absence of resilience to disruptions in the emergence of human social communication, based on recent evolutionary and developmental psychopathology accounts. We argue that BPD and related disorders may be reconceptualized as a form of social understanding in which epistemic hypervigilance, distrust or outright epistemic freezing is an adaptive consequence of the social learning environment. Negative appraisal mechanisms become overriding, particularly in situations of attachment stress. This constitutes a shift towards a more socially oriented perspective on personality psychopathology in which the absence of psychological resilience is seen as a learned response to the transmission of social knowledge. This shift in our views has also forced us to reconsider the role of attachment in BPD. The implications for prevention and intervention of this novel approach are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Fonagy
- Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Patrick Luyten
- Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, UK
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Elizabeth Allison
- Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Chloe Campbell
- Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, UK
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259
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Furberg RD, Taniguchi T, Aagaard B, Ortiz AM, Hegarty-Craver M, Gilchrist KH, Ridenour TA. Biometrics and Policing: A Protocol for Multichannel Sensor Data Collection and Exploratory Analysis of Contextualized Psychophysiological Response During Law Enforcement Operations. JMIR Res Protoc 2017; 6:e44. [PMID: 28314707 PMCID: PMC5375974 DOI: 10.2196/resprot.7499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Stress experienced by law enforcement officers is often extreme and is in many ways unique among professions. Although past research on officer stress is informative, it is limited, and most studies measure stress using self-report questionnaires or observational studies that have limited generalizability. We know of no research studies that have attempted to track direct physiological stress responses in high fidelity, especially within an operational police setting. The outcome of this project will have an impact on both practitioners and policing researchers. To do so, we will establish a capacity to obtain complex, multisensor data; process complex datasets; and establish the methods needed to conduct idiopathic clinical trials on behavioral interventions in similar contexts. Objective The objective of this pilot study is to demonstrate the practicality and utility of wrist-worn biometric sensor-based research in a law enforcement agency. Methods We will use nonprobability convenience-based sampling to recruit 2-3 participants from the police department in Durham, North Carolina, USA. Results Data collection was conducted in 2016. We will analyze data in early 2017 and disseminate our results via peer reviewed publications in late 2017. Conclusions We developed the Biometrics & Policing Demonstration project to provide a proof of concept on collecting biometric data in a law enforcement setting. This effort will enable us to (1) address the regulatory approvals needed to collect data, including human participant considerations, (2) demonstrate the ability to use biometric tracking technology in a policing setting, (3) link biometric data to law enforcement data, and (4) explore project results for law enforcement policy and training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert D Furberg
- Digital Health & Clinical Informatics, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Travis Taniguchi
- Policing Research Program, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Brian Aagaard
- Policing Research Program, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Alexa M Ortiz
- Digital Health & Clinical Informatics, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Meghan Hegarty-Craver
- Engineered Materials, Devices and Systems, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Kristin H Gilchrist
- Engineered Materials, Devices and Systems, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Ty A Ridenour
- Behavioral & Urban Health Program, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
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260
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Helmreich I, Kunzler A, Chmitorz A, König J, Binder H, Wessa M, Lieb K. Psychological interventions for resilience enhancement in adults. THE COCHRANE DATABASE OF SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd012527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Helmreich
- University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz; German Resilience Center (DRZ); Untere Zahlbacher Str. 8 Mainz Rhineland-Palatinate Germany 55131
- University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy; Mainz Germany
| | - Angela Kunzler
- University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz; German Resilience Center (DRZ); Untere Zahlbacher Str. 8 Mainz Rhineland-Palatinate Germany 55131
- University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy; Mainz Germany
| | - Andrea Chmitorz
- University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz; German Resilience Center (DRZ); Untere Zahlbacher Str. 8 Mainz Rhineland-Palatinate Germany 55131
- University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy; Mainz Germany
| | - Jochem König
- University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz; Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics (IMBEI); Obere Zahlbacher Str. 69 Mainz Rhineland-Palatinate Germany 55131
| | - Harald Binder
- University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz; Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics (IMBEI); Obere Zahlbacher Str. 69 Mainz Rhineland-Palatinate Germany 55131
| | - Michèle Wessa
- University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz; German Resilience Center (DRZ); Untere Zahlbacher Str. 8 Mainz Rhineland-Palatinate Germany 55131
- Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz; Department of Clinical Psychology and Neuropsychology, Institute for Psychology; Wallstraße 3 Mainz Rhineland-Palatinate Germany 55122
| | - Klaus Lieb
- University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz; German Resilience Center (DRZ); Untere Zahlbacher Str. 8 Mainz Rhineland-Palatinate Germany 55131
- University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy; Mainz Germany
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261
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Mathad MD, Pradhan B, Rajesh SK. Correlates and Predictors of Resilience among Baccalaureate Nursing Students. J Clin Diagn Res 2017; 11:JC05-JC08. [PMID: 28384889 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2017/24442.9352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A growing body of literature recognizes the importance of resilience in the nursing profession. Both mindfulness and resilience aid in handling stress, stress increases the risk of rumination and/or worry especially in females and they are more empathetic than other healthcare students. AIM To identify correlates and predictors of the resilience among nursing students. MATERIALS AND METHODS This is a descriptive correlation study and we have recruited 194 participants (1-4th year B.Sc Nursing) from Government College of Nursing and NIMHANS College of Nursing in Bangalore, India. The following instruments were used to collect the data, Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory (FMI), Toronto Empathy Questionnaire (TEQ), Perseverative Thinking Questionnaire (PTQ) and Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC). Data was analysed using Pearson's correlation test and multiple regression analysis. RESULTS Resilience is significantly correlated with mindfulness, perseverative thinking and empathy in nursing students. Based on regression analysis this model accounted for almost 33% of variance in resilience. This result is of interest as mindfulness alone explained 23% of the variance and unproductive Repeated Negative Thinking (RNT) and RNT consuming mental capacity predicted 8% and 2% respectively. CONCLUSION These results support the importance of resilience and mindfulness in nursing students. Hence, resilience and/or mindfulness enhancing interventions should be inculcated in nursing education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monali Devaraj Mathad
- Research Scholar, Division of Yoga and Humanities, SVYASA University , Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Balaram Pradhan
- Assistant Professor, Division of Yoga and Humanities, SVYASA University , Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Sasidharan K Rajesh
- Assistant Professor, Division of Yoga and Humanities, SVYASA University , Bangalore, Karnataka, India
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262
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Fonagy P, Luyten P, Allison E, Campbell C. What we have changed our minds about: Part 1. Borderline personality disorder as a limitation of resilience. Borderline Personal Disord Emot Dysregul 2017; 4:11. [PMID: 28413687 PMCID: PMC5389119 DOI: 10.1186/s40479-017-0061-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper sets out a recent transition in our thinking in relation to psychopathology associated with personality disorder, in an approach that integrates our thinking about attachment, mentalizing (understanding ourselves and others in terms of intentional mental states) and epistemic trust (openness to the reception of social communication that is personally relevant and of generalizable significance) with recent findings on the structure of both adult and child psychopathology and resilience. In this paper - the first of two parts - we review evidence suggesting that a general psychopathology or p factor underlies vulnerability for psychopathology. We link this p factor to a lack of resilience using Kalisch and colleagues' positive appraisal style theory of resilience (PASTOR). We argue that vulnerability for (severe) psychopathology results from impairments in three central mechanisms underlying resilience - positive situation classification, retrospective reappraisal of threat, and inhibition of retraumatizing triggers - which in turn result from a lack of flexibility in terms of social communicative processes. We suggest that, from this perspective, personality disorders, and borderline personality disorder (BPD) in particular, can be considered to be the prototype of disorders characterized by a lack of resilience. Part 2 proposes an evolutionary developmental psychopathology account linking this inflexibility in social communication to problems with the development of epistemic trust - that is, an evolutionary pre-wired social communication system that normally facilitates resilience through salutogenesis, that is, the capacity to learn and derive benefit from the (social) environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Fonagy
- Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Patrick Luyten
- Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, UK.,Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Elizabeth Allison
- Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Chloe Campbell
- Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, UK
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263
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Gupta A, Love A, Kilpatrick LA, Labus JS, Bhatt R, Chang L, Tillisch K, Naliboff B, Mayer EA. Morphological brain measures of cortico-limbic inhibition related to resilience. J Neurosci Res 2016; 95:1760-1775. [PMID: 28029706 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Resilience is the ability to adequately adapt and respond to homeostatic perturbations. Although resilience has been associated with positive health outcomes, the neuro-biological basis of resilience is poorly understood. The aim of the study was to identify associations between regional brain morphology and trait resilience with a focus on resilience-related morphological differences in brain regions involved in cortico-limbic inhibition. The relationship between resilience and measures of affect were also investigated. Forty-eight healthy subjects completed structural MRI scans. Self-reported resilience was measured using the Connor and Davidson Resilience Scale. Segmentation and regional parcellation of images was performed to yield a total of 165 regions. Gray matter volume (GMV), cortical thickness, surface area, and mean curvature were calculated for each region. Regression models were used to identify associations between morphology of regions belonging to executive control and emotional arousal brain networks and trait resilience (total and subscales) while controlling for age, sex, and total GMV. Correlations were also conducted between resilience scores and affect scores. Significant associations were found between GM changes in hypothesized brain regions (subparietal sulcus, intraparietal sulcus, amygdala, anterior mid cingulate cortex, and subgenual cingulate cortex) and resilience scores. There were significant positive correlations between resilience and positive affect and negative correlations with negative affect. Resilience was associated with brain morphology of regions involved in cognitive and affective processes related to cortico-limbic inhibition. Brain signatures associated with resilience may be a biomarker of vulnerability to disease. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpana Gupta
- G Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, UCLA.,David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA.,Vatche and Tamar Manoukin Division of Digestive Diseases, UCLA
| | - Aubrey Love
- G Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, UCLA.,Department of Sociology, UCLA
| | - Lisa A Kilpatrick
- G Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, UCLA.,David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA.,Vatche and Tamar Manoukin Division of Digestive Diseases, UCLA
| | - Jennifer S Labus
- G Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, UCLA.,David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA.,Vatche and Tamar Manoukin Division of Digestive Diseases, UCLA.,Department of Psychiatry, UCLA
| | - Ravi Bhatt
- G Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, UCLA.,David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA.,Pediatric Pain and Palliative Care Program, UCLA
| | - Lin Chang
- G Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, UCLA.,David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA.,Vatche and Tamar Manoukin Division of Digestive Diseases, UCLA
| | - Kirsten Tillisch
- G Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, UCLA.,David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA.,Vatche and Tamar Manoukin Division of Digestive Diseases, UCLA.,Department of Psychiatry, UCLA
| | - Bruce Naliboff
- G Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, UCLA.,David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA.,Vatche and Tamar Manoukin Division of Digestive Diseases, UCLA.,Department of Psychiatry, UCLA
| | - Emeran A Mayer
- G Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, UCLA.,David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA.,Vatche and Tamar Manoukin Division of Digestive Diseases, UCLA.,Department of Psychiatry, UCLA.,Ahmanson-Lovelace Brain Mapping Center, UCLA
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264
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Vogt J, Yang JW, Mobascher A, Cheng J, Li Y, Liu X, Baumgart J, Thalman C, Kirischuk S, Unichenko P, Horta G, Radyushkin K, Stroh A, Richers S, Sahragard N, Distler U, Tenzer S, Qiao L, Lieb K, Tüscher O, Binder H, Ferreiros N, Tegeder I, Morris AJ, Gropa S, Nürnberg P, Toliat MR, Winterer G, Luhmann HJ, Huai J, Nitsch R. Molecular cause and functional impact of altered synaptic lipid signaling due to a prg-1 gene SNP. EMBO Mol Med 2016; 8:25-38. [PMID: 26671989 PMCID: PMC4718157 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201505677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of plasticity‐related gene 1 (PRG‐1), which regulates synaptic phospholipid signaling, leads to hyperexcitability via increased glutamate release altering excitation/inhibition (E/I) balance in cortical networks. A recently reported SNP in prg‐1 (R345T/mutPRG‐1) affects ~5 million European and US citizens in a monoallelic variant. Our studies show that this mutation leads to a loss‐of‐PRG‐1 function at the synapse due to its inability to control lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) levels via a cellular uptake mechanism which appears to depend on proper glycosylation altered by this SNP. PRG‐1+/− mice, which are animal correlates of human PRG‐1+/mut carriers, showed an altered cortical network function and stress‐related behavioral changes indicating altered resilience against psychiatric disorders. These could be reversed by modulation of phospholipid signaling via pharmacological inhibition of the LPA‐synthesizing molecule autotaxin. In line, EEG recordings in a human population‐based cohort revealed an E/I balance shift in monoallelic mutPRG‐1 carriers and an impaired sensory gating, which is regarded as an endophenotype of stress‐related mental disorders. Intervention into bioactive lipid signaling is thus a promising strategy to interfere with glutamate‐dependent symptoms in psychiatric diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Vogt
- Institute for Microscopic Anatomy and Neurobiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jenq-Wei Yang
- Institute for Physiology and Pathophysiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Arian Mobascher
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jin Cheng
- Institute for Microscopic Anatomy and Neurobiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Yunbo Li
- Institute for Microscopic Anatomy and Neurobiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Xingfeng Liu
- Institute for Microscopic Anatomy and Neurobiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jan Baumgart
- Institute for Microscopic Anatomy and Neurobiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Carine Thalman
- Institute for Microscopic Anatomy and Neurobiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sergei Kirischuk
- Institute for Physiology and Pathophysiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Petr Unichenko
- Institute for Physiology and Pathophysiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Guilherme Horta
- Institute for Microscopic Anatomy and Neurobiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Konstantin Radyushkin
- Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN), University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Albrecht Stroh
- Institute for Microscopic Anatomy and Neurobiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sebastian Richers
- Institute for Microscopic Anatomy and Neurobiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Nassim Sahragard
- Institute for Microscopic Anatomy and Neurobiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ute Distler
- Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN), University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Stefan Tenzer
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Lianyong Qiao
- Institute for Microscopic Anatomy and Neurobiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Klaus Lieb
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Oliver Tüscher
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Harald Binder
- Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Nerea Ferreiros
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology Goethe-University Hospital, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Irmgard Tegeder
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology Goethe-University Hospital, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Andrew J Morris
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Gill Heart Institute, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Sergiu Gropa
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Peter Nürnberg
- Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Mohammad R Toliat
- Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Georg Winterer
- Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Heiko J Luhmann
- Institute for Physiology and Pathophysiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jisen Huai
- Institute for Microscopic Anatomy and Neurobiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Robert Nitsch
- Institute for Microscopic Anatomy and Neurobiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
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265
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From Mice to Men: Can Ketamine Enhance Resilience to Stress? Biol Psychiatry 2016; 79:e57-9. [PMID: 27079496 PMCID: PMC5064846 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2016.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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266
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Hoorelbeke K, Marchetti I, De Schryver M, Koster EHW. The interplay between cognitive risk and resilience factors in remitted depression: A network analysis. J Affect Disord 2016; 195:96-104. [PMID: 26878206 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Revised: 01/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals in remission from depression are at increased risk for developing future depressive episodes. Several cognitive risk- and resilience factors have been suggested to account for this vulnerability. In the current study we explored how risk- and protective factors such as cognitive control, adaptive and maladaptive emotion regulation, residual symptomatology, and resilience relate to one another in a remitted depressed (RMD) sample. METHODS We examined the relationships between these constructs in a cross-sectional dataset of 69 RMD patients using network analyses in order to obtain a comprehensive, data-driven view on the interplay between these constructs. We subsequently present an association network, a concentration network, and a relative importance network. RESULTS In all three networks resilience formed the central hub, connecting perceived cognitive control (i.e., working memory complaints), emotion regulation, and residual symptomatology. The contribution of the behavioral measure for cognitive control in the network was negligible. Moreover, the directed relative importance network indicates bidirectional influences between these constructs, with all indicators of centrality suggesting a key role of resilience in remission from depression. LIMITATIONS The presented findings are cross-sectional and networks are limited to a fixed set of key constructs in the literature pertaining cognitive vulnerability for depression. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate the importance of resilience to successfully cope with stressors following remission from depression. Further in-depth studies will be essential to identify the specific underlying resilience mechanisms that may be key to successful remission from depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristof Hoorelbeke
- Department of Experimental-Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Henri Dunantlaan 2, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Igor Marchetti
- Department of Experimental-Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Henri Dunantlaan 2, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Maarten De Schryver
- Department of Experimental-Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Henri Dunantlaan 2, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ernst H W Koster
- Department of Experimental-Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Henri Dunantlaan 2, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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267
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De Raedt R, Hooley JM. The role of expectancy and proactive control in stress regulation: A neurocognitive framework for regulation expectation. Clin Psychol Rev 2016; 45:45-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2016.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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268
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Thetford C, Bennett KM, Hodge S, Knox PC, Robinson J. Resilience and vision impairment in older people. J Aging Stud 2015; 35:37-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaging.2015.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Revised: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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269
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Deficient inhibitory processing in trait anxiety: Evidence from context-dependent fear learning, extinction recall and renewal. Biol Psychol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2015.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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270
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Kent M, Rivers CT, Wrenn G. Goal-Directed Resilience in Training (GRIT): A Biopsychosocial Model of Self-Regulation, Executive Functions, and Personal Growth (Eudaimonia) in Evocative Contexts of PTSD, Obesity, and Chronic Pain. Behav Sci (Basel) 2015; 5:264-304. [PMID: 26039013 PMCID: PMC4493448 DOI: 10.3390/bs5020264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper presents a biopsychosocial model of self-regulation, executive functions, and personal growth that we have applied to Goal-Directed Resilience in Training (GRIT) interventions for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), obesity, and chronic pain. Implications of the training for the prevention of maladaptation, including psychological distress and health declines, and for promoting healthy development are addressed. Existing models of attention, cognition, and physiology were sourced in combination with qualitative study findings in developing this resilience skills intervention. We used qualitative methods to uncover life skills that are most salient in cases of extreme adversity, finding that goal-directed actions that reflected an individual's values and common humanity with others created a context-independent domain that could compensate for the effects of adversity. The efficacy of the resilience skills intervention for promoting positive emotion, enhancing neurocognitive capacities, and reducing symptoms was investigated in a randomized controlled trial with a veteran population diagnosed with PTSD. The intervention had low attrition (8%) and demonstrated improvement on symptom and wellbeing outcomes, indicating that the intervention may be efficacious for PTSD and that it taps into those mechanisms which the intervention was designed to address. Feasibility studies for groups with comorbid diagnoses, such as chronic pain and PTSD, also showed positive results, leading to the application of the GRIT intervention to other evocative contexts such as obesity and chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Kent
- Research Department R151, Phoenix VA Health Care System, 650 E. Indian School Rd., Phoenix, AZ 85012, USA.
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, 651 E. University Drive, Tempe, AZ 85287-1104, USA.
| | - Crystal T Rivers
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, 651 E. University Drive, Tempe, AZ 85287-1104, USA.
| | - Glenda Wrenn
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Morehouse School of Medicine, 720 Westview Dr. SW, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA.
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271
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Faustino AI, Oliveira GA, Oliveira RF. Linking appraisal to behavioral flexibility in animals: implications for stress research. Front Behav Neurosci 2015; 9:104. [PMID: 25964752 PMCID: PMC4410615 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In fluctuating environments, organisms require mechanisms enabling the rapid expression of context-dependent behaviors. Here, we approach behavioral flexibility from a perspective rooted in appraisal theory, aiming to provide a better understanding on how animals adjust their internal state to environmental context. Appraisal has been defined as a multi-component and interactive process between the individual and the environment, in which the individual must evaluate the significance of a stimulus to generate an adaptive response. Within this framework, we review and reframe the existing evidence for the appraisal components in animal literature, in an attempt to reveal the common ground of appraisal mechanisms between species. Furthermore, cognitive biases may occur in the appraisal of ambiguous stimuli. These biases may be interpreted either as states open to environmental modulation or as long-lasting phenotypic traits. Finally, we discuss the implications of cognitive bias for stress research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana I Faustino
- Integrative Behavioral Biology Laboratory, Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência Oeiras, Portugal ; ISPA Instituto Universitário Lisboa, Portugal ; Champalimaud Neuroscience Programme, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Gonçalo A Oliveira
- Integrative Behavioral Biology Laboratory, Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência Oeiras, Portugal ; ISPA Instituto Universitário Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Rui F Oliveira
- Integrative Behavioral Biology Laboratory, Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência Oeiras, Portugal ; ISPA Instituto Universitário Lisboa, Portugal ; Champalimaud Neuroscience Programme, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown Lisbon, Portugal
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