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Kim YJ, Viana AC, Curtis KM, Orrico SR, Cirelli JA, Scarel-Caminaga RM. Lack of Association of a Functional Polymorphism in the Interleukin 8 Gene with Susceptibility to Periodontitis. DNA Cell Biol 2009; 28:185-90. [DOI: 10.1089/dna.2008.0816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yeon J. Kim
- Department of Oral Diagnosis and Surgery, UNESP—São Paulo State University, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Aline C. Viana
- Department of Oral Diagnosis and Surgery, UNESP—São Paulo State University, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Karen M.C. Curtis
- Department of Morphology, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, UNESP—São Paulo State University, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Silvana R.P. Orrico
- Department of Oral Diagnosis and Surgery, UNESP—São Paulo State University, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Joni A. Cirelli
- Department of Oral Diagnosis and Surgery, UNESP—São Paulo State University, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Raquel M. Scarel-Caminaga
- Department of Morphology, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, UNESP—São Paulo State University, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
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Lohsoonthorn V, Kungsadalpipob K, Chanchareonsook P, Limpongsanurak S, Vanichjakvong O, Sutdhibhisal S, Sookprome C, Wongkittikraiwan N, Kamolpornwijit W, Jantarasaengaram S, Manotaya S, Siwawej V, Barlow WE, Fitzpatrick AL, Williams MA. Maternal periodontal disease and risk of preeclampsia: a case-control study. Am J Hypertens 2009; 22:457-63. [PMID: 19308031 DOI: 10.1038/ajh.2008.365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We examined whether pregnant women with periodontal disease have an increased risk of preeclampsia, and we empirically evaluated the extent to which associations between periodontal disease and preeclampsia are dependent upon diagnostic criteria used to define periodontal disease operationally. METHODS One hundred and fifty preeclampsia cases and one-fifty normotensive controls who delivered a singleton infant at term were enrolled. Periodontal examinations were performed within 48 h after delivery. Participants' periodontal health status was classified, a priori, into four categories according to the extent and severity of periodontal disease. Putative risk factors for periodontal disease and preeclampsia were ascertained during in-person postpartum interviews using a structured questionnaire and by medical record abstraction. Logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). RESULTS No clinically meaningful differences were observed between cases and controls with regard to periodontal parameters. After controlling for known confounders, severe clinical periodontal disease was not associated with an increased risk of preeclampsia (OR = 0.92, 95% CI: 0.26-3.28). In addition, there was no evidence of a linear increase in risk of preeclampsia with increasing severity of periodontal disease (P for trend = 0.65). When different diagnostic criteria previously used in other studies were used, the prevalence of periodontal disease varied substantially. However, the magnitude and direction of associations between periodontal disease and preeclampsia were largely similar regardless of the diagnostic criteria used to define periodontal disease. CONCLUSIONS This study provides no convincing evidence that periodontal disease is associated with preeclampsia risk among Thai women.
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253
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Zadik Y, Bechor R, Galor S, Justo D, Heruti RJ. Erectile Dysfunction Might Be Associated With Chronic Periodontal Disease: Two Ends of the Cardiovascular Spectrum. J Sex Med 2009; 6:1111-1116. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2008.01141.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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254
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Lohsoonthorn V, Kungsadalpipob K, Chanchareonsook P, Limpongsanurak S, Vanichjakvong O, Sutdhibhisal S, Wongkittikraiwan N, Sookprome C, Kamolpornwijit W, Jantarasaengaram S, Manotaya S, Siwawej V, Barlow WE, Fitzpatrick AL, Williams MA. Is maternal periodontal disease a risk factor for preterm delivery? Am J Epidemiol 2009; 169:731-9. [PMID: 19131565 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwn399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have suggested an association between maternal periodontal disease and preterm delivery, but this has not been a consistent finding. In 2006-2007, the authors examined the relation between maternal periodontal disease and preterm delivery among 467 pregnant Thai women who delivered a preterm singleton infant (<37 weeks' gestation) and 467 controls who delivered a singleton infant at term (> or =37 weeks' gestation). Periodontal examinations were performed within 48 hours after delivery. Participants' periodontal health status was classified into 4 categories according to the extent and severity of periodontal disease. Logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals. Preterm delivery cases and controls were similar with regard to mean probing depth, mean clinical attachment loss, and mean percentage of sites exhibiting bleeding on probing. After controlling for known confounders, the authors found that severe clinical periodontal disease was not associated with an increased risk of preterm delivery (odds ratio = 1.20, 95% confidence interval: 0.67, 2.16). In addition, there was no evidence of a linear increase in risk of preterm delivery or its subtypes associated with increasing severity of periodontal disease (P(trend) > 0.05). The results of this case-control study do not provide convincing evidence that periodontal disease is associated with preterm delivery or its subtypes among Thai women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitool Lohsoonthorn
- Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Patumwan, Bangkok, Thailand.
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255
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Gunaratnam K, Taylor B, Curtis B, Cistulli P. Obstructive sleep apnoea and periodontitis: a novel association? Sleep Breath 2009; 13:233-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s11325-008-0244-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2008] [Revised: 12/30/2008] [Accepted: 12/31/2008] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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256
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Karlsson E, Lymer UB, Hakeberg M. Periodontitis from the patient’s perspective, a qualitative study. Int J Dent Hyg 2009; 7:23-30. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-5037.2008.00332.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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257
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Almeida TFD, Vianna MIP, Santana VS, Gomes Filho IS. Occupational exposure to acid mists and periodontal attachment loss. CAD SAUDE PUBLICA 2009; 24:495-502. [PMID: 18327437 DOI: 10.1590/s0102-311x2008000300003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2007] [Accepted: 05/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the hypotheses that occupational exposure to acid mists is positively associated with periodontal disease, assessed by periodontal attachment loss. The study sample included 530 male workers at a metal processing factory. Data were obtained from interviews and oral examinations. Periodontal attachment loss was defined as >or= 4mm at probing, in at least one tooth. A job exposure matrix was utilized for exposure evaluation. Exposure to acid mists was positively associated with periodontal attachment loss >or= 4mm at any time (prevalence ratio, PR(adjusted) = 2.17), past (PR(adjusted) = 2.11), and over 6 years of exposure (PR(adjusted) = 1.77), independently of age, alcohol consumption, and smoking, and these results were limited to workers who did not use dental floss. Exposure to acid mists is a potential risk factor for periodontal attachment loss, and further studies are needed, using longitudinal designs and more accurate exposure measures.
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258
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Rylev M, Kilian M. Prevalence and distribution of principal periodontal pathogens worldwide. J Clin Periodontol 2009; 35:346-61. [PMID: 18724862 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2008.01280.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Detailed genetic analysis of bacteria has demonstrated an unanticipated genetic diversity within species, which often reveals evolutionary lineages that are disproportionately associated with infection. There is evidence that some evolutionary lineages of bacteria have adapted to particular ethnic groups. AIM This review analyzes to what extent observed differences in periodontal disease prevalence among ethnically or geographically distinct populations may be explained by restricted host adaptation of clones of principal periodontal pathogens. RESULTS Carriage rates of several putative periodontal pathogens and particular subsets of these species vary between ethnic groups. Few of these differences can, with the limited information available, be directly related to differences in periodontal disease prevalence. Asian populations are regularly colonized with Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans serotype c with questionable pathogenic potential. Conversely, the JP2 clone of A. actinomycetemcomitans has enhanced virulence and causes significantly higher prevalence of aggressive periodontitis in adolescents whose descent can be traced back to the Mediterranean and Western parts of Africa. Some genetically distinct types of Porphyromonas gingivalis are more associated with disease than others, but additional work is required to relate this to clinical differences. CONCLUSIONS Studies that take into account differences linked to the genetics of both patients and potential pathogens are likely to give better insight into the aetiology of periodontal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mette Rylev
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark.
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259
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Increased TLR4 expression in murine placentas after oral infection with periodontal pathogens. Placenta 2008; 30:156-62. [PMID: 19101032 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2008.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2008] [Revised: 11/20/2008] [Accepted: 11/20/2008] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Maternal periodontitis has emerged as a putative risk factor for preterm births in humans. The periodontitis-associated dental biofilm is thought to serve as an important source of oral bacteria and related virulence factors that hematogenously disseminate and affect the fetoplacental unit; however the underlying biological mechanisms are yet to be fully elucidated. This study hypothesized that an oral infection with the human periodontal pathogens Campylobacter rectus and Porphyromonas gingivalis is able to induce fetal growth restriction, placental inflammation and enhance Toll-like receptors type 4 (TLR4) expression in a murine pregnancy model. Female Balb/C mice (n = 40) were orally infected with C. rectus and/or P. gingivalis over a 16-week period and mated once/week. Pregnant mice were sacrificed at embryonic day (E) 16.5 and placentas were collected and analyzed for TLR4 mRNA levels and qualitative protein expression by real-time PCR and immunofluorescence. TLR4 mRNA expression was found to be increased in the C. rectus-infected group (1.98 +/- 0.886-fold difference, P < 0.01, ANOVA) compared to controls. Microscopic analysis of murine placentas showed enhanced immunofluorescence of TLR4 in trophoblasts, mainly in the placental labyrinth layer. Also, combined oral infection with C. rectus and P. gingivalis significantly reduced the overall fecundity compared to controls (16.7% vs. 75%, infected vs. non-infected mice respectively, P = 0.03, Kaplan-Meier). The results supported an enhanced placental TLR4 expression after oral infection with periodontal pathogens. The TLR4 pathway has been implicated in the pathogenesis of preterm births; therefore the abnormal regulation of placental TLR4 may give new insights into how maternal periodontitis and periodontal pathogens might be linked to placental inflammation and preterm birth pathogenesis.
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260
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Bezerra JP, da Silva LRF, de Alvarenga Lemos VA, Duarte PM, Bastos MF. Administration of High Doses of Caffeine Increases Alveolar Bone Loss in Ligature-Induced Periodontitis in Rats. J Periodontol 2008; 79:2356-60. [DOI: 10.1902/jop.2008.080204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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261
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Ayo-Yusuf OA, Reddy PS, van den Borne BW. Adolescents' sense of coherence and smoking as longitudinal predictors of self-reported gingivitis. J Clin Periodontol 2008; 35:931-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2008.01319.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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262
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Borrell LN, Burt BA, Neighbors HW, Taylor GW. Social factors and periodontitis in an older population. Am J Public Health 2008; 98:S95-101. [PMID: 18687632 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.98.supplement_1.s95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We assessed the prevalences of periodontitis by education and income levels among US adults with data from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. METHODS The study was limited to non-Hispanic Blacks, Mexican Americans, and non-Hispanic Whites 50 years of age or older with a complete periodontal assessment during the dental examination. RESULTS Blacks with higher education and income levels had a significantly higher prevalence of periodontitis than their White and Mexican-American counterparts. The relationship between income level and periodontitis was modified by race/ethnicity. High-income Blacks exhibited a higher prevalence of periodontitis than did low-income Blacks and high-income Whites. CONCLUSIONS Our findings call attention to the importance of recognizing socioeconomic status-related health differences across racial/ethnic groups within the social, political, and historical context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa N Borrell
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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263
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Pirhan D, Atilla G, Emingil G, Sorsa T, Tervahartiala T, Berdeli A. Effect of MMP-1 promoter polymorphisms on GCF MMP-1 levels and outcome of periodontal therapy in patients with severe chronic periodontitis. J Clin Periodontol 2008; 35:862-70. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2008.01302.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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264
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Corraini P, Baelum V, Pannuti CM, Pustiglioni AN, Romito GA, Pustiglioni FE. Risk Indicators for Increased Probing Depth in an Isolated Population in Brazil. J Periodontol 2008; 79:1726-34. [DOI: 10.1902/jop.2008.070586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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265
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Corraini P, Baelum V, Pannuti CM, Pustiglioni AN, Romito GA, Pustiglioni FE. Periodontal attachment loss in an untreated isolated population of Brazil. J Periodontol 2008; 79:610-20. [PMID: 18380553 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2008.070294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence, extent, and severity of clinical attachment loss (CAL) and to investigate the association of demographic, socioeconomic, and behavioral risk indicators with CAL in an untreated isolated population in Brazil. METHODS All subjects aged > or =12 years were identified by a census. Participants were submitted to a full-mouth clinical examination of six sites per tooth and were interviewed using a structured, written questionnaire. RESULTS Among the 214 subjects who were interviewed and examined clinically, CAL > or =5 mm in at least one site was observed in 8% of the 12- to 19-year-olds and in all dentate subjects > or =50 years of age; the age-dependent prevalence of CAL > or =7 mm in at least one site ranged from 5% among 12- to 19-year-olds to 83% among subjects > or =50 years old. Multivariate analysis identified plaque (odds ratio [OR] = 2.8), supragingival calculus (OR = 2.9 to 10.6), age > or =30 years (OR = 11.4), and smoking (OR = 2.4) as risk indicators for CAL > or =5 mm and smoking (OR = 8.2) as a risk indicator for CAL > or =7 mm. CONCLUSIONS CAL is highly prevalent in this isolated population. The high occurrence of CAL in young age groups and the confirmation of traditional risk indicators for CAL in this study suggest that other factors, such as host susceptibility, may be needed to explain the high levels of CAL found. Age and behavioral factors were risk indicators associated significantly with the CAL found in this population and may be useful indicators of high-risk subjects for periodontal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila Corraini
- Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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266
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Russell SL, Ickovics JR, Yaffee RA. Exploring potential pathways between parity and tooth loss among American women. Am J Public Health 2008; 98:1263-70. [PMID: 18511717 PMCID: PMC2424105 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2007.124735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We assessed the impact of parity on tooth loss among American women and examined mediators of this relationship. METHODS The study sample comprised 2635 White and Black non-Hispanic women who had taken part in the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. We examined the relationship between parity and tooth loss, by age and by socioeconomic position, and tested a theoretical model focusing on direct and indirect influences of parity on dental disease. Robust regression techniques were used to generate path coefficients. RESULTS Although parity was associated with tooth loss, the relationship was not moderated through dental care, psychosocial factors, or dental health-damaging behaviors. CONCLUSIONS Parity is related to tooth loss among American women, but the mechanisms of the association remain undefined. Further investigation is warranted to determine whether disparities in dental health among women who have been pregnant are caused by differences in parity or to physiological and societal changes (e.g., factors related to pregnant women's access to care) paralleling reproductive choices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie L Russell
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
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267
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Haugejorden O, Klock KS, Åstrøm AN, Skaret E, Trovik TA. Socio-economic inequality in the self-reported number of natural teeth among Norwegian adults – an analytical study. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2008; 36:269-78. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0528.2007.00367.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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268
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES To study the association of alcohol consumption with dental health in a sample from the County of Stockholm. MATERIAL AND METHODS In a longitudinal investigation, 513 individuals were examined in 1970 and 1990. Clinical and radiographic examinations were performed as well as an interview including questions on alcohol consumption. The clinical investigation consisted of the registration of the number of remaining teeth, dental restorations, caries and periodontal conditions. The marginal bone level and longitudinal bone loss were determined by assessments on the proximal surfaces of all measurable teeth on the radiographs. Stepwise multiple regression analyses were adopted to calculate the partial correlations between alcohol consumption and the investigated odontological variables. RESULTS The group of subjects with the highest alcohol consumption (>5 cl pure alcohol per day) had more tooth surfaces with caries, more calculus and more teeth with apical lesions compared with those who reported an alcohol consumption </=5 cl of pure alcohol per day. Alcohol consumption was not associated with periodontal disease. CONCLUSION The observations do not support any association between alcohol consumption and periodontal disease. However, individuals with high alcohol consumption had significantly more teeth with decayed surfaces and apical lesions indicating that lifestyle-related factors may influence dental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leif Jansson
- Department of Periodontology at Kista-Skanstull, Stockholm, Sweden.
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269
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Ishi EDP, Bertolo MB, Rossa Jr. C, Kirkwood KL, Onofre MA. Periodontal condition in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Braz Oral Res 2008; 22:72-7. [DOI: 10.1590/s1806-83242008000100013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2006] [Accepted: 05/08/2007] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
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270
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Costa JE, Gomes CC, Cota LOM, Pataro AL, Silva JFC, Gomez RS, Costa FO. Polymorphism in the promoter region of the gene for 5-HTT in individuals with aggressive periodontitis. J Oral Sci 2008; 50:193-8. [DOI: 10.2334/josnusd.50.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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271
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Many dentists or hygienists provide scaling and polishing for patients at regular intervals, even if those patients are considered to be at low risk of developing periodontal disease. There is debate over the clinical effectiveness and cost effectiveness of 'routine scaling and polishing' and the 'optimal' frequency at which it should be provided. OBJECTIVES The main objectives were: to determine the beneficial and harmful effects of routine scaling and polishing for periodontal health; to determine the beneficial and harmful effects of providing routine scaling and polishing at different time intervals on periodontal health; to compare the effects of routine scaling and polishing provided by a dentist or professionals complementary to dentistry (PCD) (dental therapists or dental hygienists) on periodontal health. SEARCH STRATEGY We searched the Cochrane Oral Health Group Trials Register, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE and EMBASE. Reference lists from relevant articles were scanned and the authors of eligible studies were contacted where possible to identify trials and obtain additional information. Date of most recent searches: 5th March 2007. SELECTION CRITERIA Trials were selected if they met the following criteria: design - random allocation of participants; participants - anyone with an erupted permanent dentition who were judged to have received a 'routine scale and polish' (as defined in this review); interventions - 'routine scale and polish' (as defined in this review) and routine scale and polish provided at different time intervals; outcomes - tooth loss, plaque, calculus, gingivitis, bleeding and periodontal indices, changes in probing depth, attachment change, patient-centred outcomes and economic outcomes. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Information regarding methods, participants, interventions, outcome measures and results were independently extracted, in duplicate, by two review authors. Authors were contacted where possible and where deemed necessary for further details regarding study design and for data clarification. A quality assessment of all included trials was carried out. The Cochrane Collaboration's statistical guidelines were followed and both standardised mean differences and mean differences were calculated as appropriate using random-effects models. MAIN RESULTS Nine studies were included in this review. All studies were assessed as having a high risk of bias.Two split-mouth studies provided data for the comparison between scale and polish versus no scale and polish. One study, involving patients attending a recall programme following periodontal treatment, found no statistically significant differences for plaque, gingivitis and attachment loss between experimental and control units at each time point during the 1 year trial. The other study, involving adolescents in a developing country with high existing levels of calculus who had not received any dental treatment for at least 5 years, reported statistically significant differences in calculus and gingivitis (bleeding) scores between treatment and control units at 6, 12 and 22 months (in favour of 'scale and polish units') following a single scale and polish provided at baseline to treatment units. For comparisons between routine scale and polish provided at different time intervals, there were some statistically significant differences in favour of scaling and polishing provided at more frequent intervals: 2 weeks versus 6 months, 2 weeks versus 12 months (for the outcomes plaque, gingivitis, pocket depth and attachment change); 3 months versus 12 months (for the outcomes plaque, calculus and gingivitis). There were no studies comparing the effects of scaling and polishing provided by dentists or professionals complementary to dentistry. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS The research evidence is of insufficient quality to reach any conclusions regarding the beneficial and adverse effects of routine scaling and polishing for periodontal health and regarding the effects of providing this intervention at different time intervals. High quality clinical trials are required to address the basic questions posed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Beirne
- University College Cork, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Brookfield Health Sciences Complex, College Road, Cork, Ireland.
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272
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Lai H, Lo MT, Wang PE, Wang TT, Chen THH, Wu GHM. A community-based epidemiological study of periodontal disease in Keelung, Taiwan: a model from Keelung community-based integrated screening programme (KCIS No. 18). J Clin Periodontol 2007; 34:851-9. [PMID: 17711479 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2007.01121.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To estimate the prevalence and severity of periodontal disease (PD) in the Taiwanese population aged 35-44 years and to investigate the association between demographic factors and PD. MATERIALS AND METHODS Between 2003 and 2005, residents of Keelung of the appropriate age were invited to screening. The community periodontal index (CPI) and loss of attachment (LA) index were used to measure the periodontal status at subject (prevalence) and sextant levels (severity). Basic demographic information was also collected by a questionnaire. RESULTS Of 8462 enrollees, 94.8% had some signs of PD, of whom 29.7% had periodontal pockets >3 mm and 35% LA >3 mm. Calculus was the most common problem in terms of both prevalence (49.6%) and severity (affecting an average of 3.0 sextants per person). Risk factors for poor periodontal status (as measured by CPI) were older age (odds ratio, OR: 1.44), male gender (OR: 2.70), low education level (OR: 1.40), and being a manual worker (OR: 1.51). Similar findings were observed for LA. CONCLUSION The prevalence of PD in 35-44-year-olds was found to be high in this large community-based study of screening for PD with CPI and LA. Poorer periodontal health was observed in males, the less educated, and manual workers.
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273
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Gomes SC, Varela CC, da Veiga SL, Rösing CK, Oppermann RV. Periodontal conditions in subjects following orthodontic therapy. A preliminary study. Eur J Orthod 2007; 29:477-81. [PMID: 17693428 DOI: 10.1093/ejo/cjm050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The present study evaluated the periodontal conditions in dental students after appliance removal (mean period 7.16 +/- 3.5 years) compared with an untreated control group. Twenty-five subjects in the treated group (16 females and 9 males: 23.0 +/- 2.04 years) and 29 in a control group (15 females and 14 males: 23.99 +/- 2.46 years) underwent a periodontal examination: visible plaque index (VPI), gingival bleeding index (GBI), bleeding on probing (BOP), periodontal probing depth (PPD), and clinical attachment loss (CAL) of canines, premolars, and banded first molars and unbanded second molars. Statistical analysis was performed using a Mann-Whitney test, a Student's t-test, and Tukey's analysis of variance. The level of significance was set at 5 per cent. The median percentage of positive sites for the treated and control groups for VPI (1.25 +/- 2.37 and 1.25 +/- 5.45), GBI (0.95 +/- 1.81 and 1.23 +/- 2.14), and BOP (0.83 +/- 6.45 and 0.83 +/- 3.43) did not differ between groups. Mean PPD values were 1.33 +/- 0.19 and 1.34 +/- 0.14 for the treated and 1.40 +/- 0.24 and 1.39 +/- 0.25 for the control group. No intra- or intergroup differences were observed. For the control group, the smallest PPD was at the canines followed by premolars and molars. PPD was less for premolars than molars but similar to the canines in the treated group. No differences in CAL were observed between the examined teeth in the control group. For the treated group, the canines showed lower CAL values than the first molars. The results indicate that the use of orthodontic appliances is not necessarily related to a worsening of periodontal conditions.
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274
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Berdeli A, Emingil G, Han Saygan B, Gürkan A, Atilla G, Köse T, Baylas H. TLR2 Arg753Gly, TLR4 Asp299Gly and Thr399Ile gene polymorphisms are not associated with chronic periodontitis in a Turkish population. J Clin Periodontol 2007; 34:551-7. [PMID: 17555409 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2007.01092.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM Toll-like receptor (TLR) gene polymorphisms could affect the host's ability to respond to microbial pathogens. In this case-control study, the association of TLR2 and TLR4 gene polymorphisms with chronic periodontitis (CP) was investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS Genomic DNA was obtained from the peripheral blood of 83 patients with CP and 106 periodontally healthy subjects. The TLR2 Arg753Gly, Arg677Trp and TLR4 Asp299Gly, Thr399Ile gene polymorphisms were genotyped by the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method. The data were analysed by a chi2 test, logistic regression analysis and the Mann-Whitney U test. RESULTS The 753Gln allele was found in 6.1% of the CP patients as compared with 6.6% in the control group (p>0.05). The frequency of the 299Gly and 399Ile allele was 2.4% and 1.8% in CP patients. For the healthy subjects, the frequency was 2.8% for the 299Gly and 2.5% for the 399Ile allele (p>0.05). None of the CP patients or healthy subjects showed homozygosity for the TLR2 and TLR4 alleles. Percentage of sites with bleeding on probing and plaque were significantly higher in 299Gly-positive patients compared with 299Gly-negative patients (p<0.05). CONCLUSION These results showed that the TLR2 and TLR4 gene polymorphisms studied are not associated with susceptibility to CP in Turkish patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afig Berdeli
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
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275
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Könönen E, Paju S, Pussinen PJ, Hyvönen M, Di Tella P, Suominen-Taipale L, Knuuttila M. Population-based study of salivary carriage of periodontal pathogens in adults. J Clin Microbiol 2007; 45:2446-51. [PMID: 17567788 PMCID: PMC1951210 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.02560-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Large, general population-based data on carriage rates of periodontal pathogens hardly exist in the current literature. The objectives of the present study were to examine the salivary detection of Aggregatibacter (formerly Actinobacillus) actinomycetemcomitans, Campylobacter rectus, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, Tannerella forsythensis, and Treponema denticola in a representative sample of the adult population living in southern Finland and to clarify which determinants are associated with the presence of these pathogens in saliva. 16S rRNA-based PCR methods with species-specific primers were employed to determine the presence of the six target bacteria in stimulated saliva samples, which were available from 1,294 subjects aged > or =30 years. The age group, gender, level of education, marital status, smoking history, number of teeth, and number of teeth with deepened pockets were included in the statistical analysis. In general, the carriage of periodontal pathogens was common, since at least one of the examined pathogens was found in 88.2% of the subjects. In descending order, the total detection rates were 56.9%, 38.2%, 35.4%, 31.3%, 20.0%, and 13.9% for T. forsythensis, T. denticola, P. gingivalis, C. rectus, A. actinomycetemcomitans, and P. intermedia, respectively. Age per se was strongly associated with the carriage of P. gingivalis (P = 0.000), and the level of education with that of T. denticola (P = 0.000). There was an association between the number of teeth with deepened pockets and carriage of P. gingivalis (P = 0.000), P. intermedia (P = 0.000), T. denticola (P = 0.000), and A. actinomycetemcomitans (P = 0.004). The data suggest that distinct species have a different carriage profile, depending on variables such as age, educational level, and periodontal status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eija Könönen
- Anaerobe Reference Laboratory, Department of Bacterial and Inflammatory Diseases, National Public Health Institute (KTL), Mannerheimintie 166, FI-00300 Helsinki, Finland.
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276
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Tervonen T, Raunio T, Knuuttila M, Karttunen R. Polymorphisms in the CD14 and IL-6 genes associated with periodontal disease. J Clin Periodontol 2007; 34:377-83. [PMID: 17448042 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2007.01067.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AIM To compare the frequencies of cytokine and receptor molecule genotypes in patients with chronic periodontitis with the corresponding frequencies in a reference population and to study the relationship between periodontal disease severity and polymorphisms in the studied genes. SUBJECTS AND METHODS CD14, IL-6, TNF-alpha, IL-10, IL-1alpha, IL-1beta, and TLR-4 polymorphisms of 51 periodontitis patients were studied using polymerase chain reaction. The genotype frequencies in the periodontitis patients and a reference population (n=178) were compared. Probing pocket depth (PD), periodontal attachment level (AL), and alveolar bone level (BL) were related to the genotypes. RESULTS No statistically significant differences could be found between the frequencies of the cytokine genotypes in the periodontitis patients and in the reference group. The extent of periodontal disease was higher in subjects with the T-containing genotype of CD14(-260) and the GG genotype of IL-6(-174) when compared with the extent in the rest of the group. Subjects carrying the composite genotype of the above two were most severely affected by periodontal disease. CONCLUSION According to the present results, an evident association exists between the carriage of the T-containing genotype of CD14(-260) and the GG genotype of IL-6(-174) and the extent periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tellervo Tervonen
- Oral and Maxillofacial Department, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland.
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277
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Bodet C, Chandad F, Grenier D. Potentiel pathogénique de Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola et Tannerella forsythia, le complexe bactérien rouge associé à la parodontite. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 55:154-62. [PMID: 17049750 DOI: 10.1016/j.patbio.2006.07.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2006] [Accepted: 07/28/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Periodontitis are mixed bacterial infections leading to destruction of tooth-supporting tissues, including periodontal ligament and alveolar bone. Among over 500 bacterial species living in the oral cavity, a bacterial complex named "red complex" and made of Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola and Tannerella forsythia has been strongly related to advanced periodontal lesions. While periodontopathogenic bacteria are the primary etiologic factor of periodontitis, tissue destruction essentially results from the host immune response to the bacterial challenge. Members of the red complex are Gram negative anaerobic bacteria expressing numerous virulence factors allowing bacteria to colonize the subgingival sites, to disturb the host defense system, to invade and destroy periodontal tissue as well as to promote the immunodestructive host response. This article reviews current knowledge of the pathogenic mechanisms of bacteria of the red complex leading to tissue and alveolar bone destruction observed during periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Bodet
- Groupe de recherche en écologie buccale, faculté de médecine dentaire, université Laval, G1K 7P4 Québec, Québec, Canada
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278
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Meisel P, Kohlmann T, Kocher T. Association of height with inflammation and periodontitis: the Study of Health in Pomerania. J Clin Periodontol 2007; 34:390-6. [PMID: 17355364 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2007.01068.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM Short stature in adulthood has been associated with increased risk of health problems. Predisposition to inflammatory diseases might be associated with impaired length growth and impose a lifelong inflammatory burden. We tested this hypothesis in a cross-sectional population-based study with respect to periodontitis. MATERIAL AND METHODS IN 4290 randomly selected subjects from the normal population, we determined anthropometric measures and diagnostic periodontal parameters. Behavioural and environmental risk factors were assessed by interviews and questionnaires. RESULTS In regression analyses adjusted for age, gender, smoking, diabetes, education, and dental appointments, an inverse association was observed between height and clinical attachment loss. The magnitude of the association was higher in presence of risk factors smoking or diabetes. Odds ratios for smoking were 3.5 (2.2-5.7%, 95% confidence interval) and 2.6 (1.5-4.3%) with the shortest and tallest height quartile, respectively. Figures for diabetes were 1.37 (1.04-1.80%) and 0.97 (0.67-1.39%), respectively. Stratification for age and gender revealed that taller subjects had less periodontitis and decreased concentrations of markers of systemic inflammation than their shorter counterparts. CONCLUSION This study is the first to associate height with periodontitis concluding that individuals born with a high susceptibility to infectious and inflammatory diseases may suffer from such diseases in childhood whereby the length growth could be impaired. Reaching adulthood, growth comes to a halt but the individual remains susceptible to inflammatory sequelae. Thus, smaller persons pertain a tendency to more severe periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Meisel
- Department of Pharmacology, Ernst Moritz Arndt University Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
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279
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Shoji K, Ohtsuka-Isoya M, Shimauchi H, Shinoda H. Effects of lactation on alveolar bone loss in experimental periodontitis. J Periodontol 2007; 78:152-6. [PMID: 17199552 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2007.060037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The development and progression of periodontitis are accelerated by various systemic conditions. The present study was designed to determine whether lactation affects alveolar bone loss in rat models of experimental periodontitis. METHODS Sixty-two female Wistar rats were bred with male rats and divided into three groups that were fed diets containing 0.9%, 0.3%, and 0.02% calcium. They were divided further into two subgroups of lactating and non-lactating animals. An elastic ring was placed around the neck of the right mandibular first molar to induce periodontitis (experimental side) on day 32 after mating. The left first molar was not fitted with an elastic ring (control side). After the lactation period, bone mineral density (BMD) was determined, and a histologic examination of the interdental alveolar bone was performed. RESULTS On the experimental and control sides, BMD decreased significantly according to the amount of calcium in the diet; however, the magnitude of this decrease was much greater in the lactating group. Histologic examination revealed that in lactating and non-lactating rats, the decrease in BMD was accompanied by a decrease in alveolar bone height on the experimental side, whereas similar results were not seen on the control side. CONCLUSIONS Lactation could be a risk factor for alveolar bone loss, especially under conditions of calcium insufficiency. Increased systemic demand for calcium and an insufficient supply of calcium might enhance the development of alveolar bone loss in periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanako Shoji
- Division of Periodontology and Endodontology, Department of Oral Biology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
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280
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Drumond-Santana T, Costa FO, Zenóbio EG, Soares RV, Santana TD. Impacto da doença periodontal na qualidade de vida de indivíduos diabéticos dentados. CAD SAUDE PUBLICA 2007; 23:637-44. [PMID: 17334577 DOI: 10.1590/s0102-311x2007000300022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2005] [Accepted: 08/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a possibilidade da doença periodontal comprometer a qualidade de vida de indivíduos portadores de diabetes mellitus. Foram examinados e entrevistados 159 diabéticos dentados, cadastrados no Hospital Municipal de Itaúna, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Os parâmetros clínicos periodontais registrados foram: sangramento gengival à sondagem, profundidade de sondagem e nível clínico de inserção. A influência da doença periodontal na qualidade de vida foi avaliada utilizando-se o formulário OHIP-14. Em relação à condição periodontal, 15,7% apresentaram periodonto saudável, 35,2% gengivite e 49,1% periodontite, sendo 27,7% na forma leve a moderada e 21,4% na avançada. Associação entre diagnóstico da doença periodontal e qualidade de vida foi significativa nos indivíduos com periodontite (p < 0,001). A presença de sangramento gengival à sondagem, profundidade de sondagem e nível clínico de inserção > 4mm associaram-se com impactos negativos intensificados na qualidade de vida (respectivamente, p = 0,013, p < 0,001 e p = 0,012). Diabéticos com periodontites leve a moderada e avançada apresentaram maiores impactos negativos na qualidade de vida que diabéticos periodontalmente saudáveis ou com gengivite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trícia Drumond-Santana
- Faculdade de Odontologia, Pontificia Universidade Catolica de Minas Gerais, Praça Dr. Augusto Gonçalves 146, Itaúna, MG 35680-054, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
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281
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Azrak B, Victor A, Willershausen B, Pistorius A, Hörr C, Gleissner C. Usefulness of Combining Clinical and Radiological Dental Findings for a More Accurate Noninvasive Age Estimation. J Forensic Sci 2007; 52:146-50. [PMID: 17209927 DOI: 10.1111/j.1556-4029.2006.00300.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to establish correlations of clinical and radiological dental findings, alone or in combination, with chronological age in adults. Dental findings and orthopantomograms of 984 patients (aged 20-60 years; 524 females/460 males) were analyzed. DMF-T index and distance (alveolar bone level, ABL) between cemento-enamel junction and alveolar bone margin were recorded. Additionally, clinical and radiological findings at each tooth crown and root were collected according to the actual status of destruction and restoration, and a total score for each dentition (TSD) was calculated. After univariate correlation analysis, correlation coefficients for ABL and TSD were improved by using square root (sqrt). However, the determination accuracy was still not satisfactory; 90% of the residuals were in the range of about +/-10. The present study showed that clinical and radiological dental findings could not be used, not even in combination, for accurate age estimation as a single method, but that they could support other methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgül Azrak
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Augustusplatz 2, D-55131 Mainz, Germany.
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282
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Abstract
Dental plaque is still considered the main etiological factor for periodontal diseases. Our understanding of periodontal disease has advanced from the previous concepts where gingivitis slowly progressed to periodontitis to a more complex scenario that correlates several risk factors in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease. Among these factors, age has been associated with increased rates of periodontal disease as the population gets older. Although the loss of alveolar bone and periodontal attachment is common in the elderly population, and there is evident age-related changes in the periodontium, severe periodontitis is not a natural consequence of ageing. The importance of identifying the risk factors that participate in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease at an early phase, both of the individual and the disease, as well as evaluating the capacity of the individual to control dental plaque will enable the implementation of an adequate preventive program, where the needs and limitations of the individual are considered to specifically tailor the oral hygiene procedures and the mouthwashes to be used.
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283
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Hoffmann T, Richter S, Meyle J, Gonzales JR, Heinz B, Arjomand M, Sculean A, Reich E, Jepsen K, Jepsen S, Boedeker RH. A randomized clinical multicentre trial comparing enamel matrix derivative and membrane treatment of buccal class II furcation involvement in mandibular molars. Part III: patient factors and treatment outcome. J Clin Periodontol 2006; 33:575-83. [PMID: 16899101 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2006.00947.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Evaluation of effects of patient factors on the outcome of regenerative treatment of buccal mandibular class II furcation defects. MATERIAL AND METHODS Fifty-one patients were recruited. In the intention-to-treat population 21 patients were allocated into the sequence left treatment with enamel matrix protein derivative (EMD) and right guided tissue regeneration (GTR) and 27 in the sequence left GTR and right EMD. Evaluated patient factors were: smoking, age, gender, hypertension and oral hygiene status. Outcome parameters included change of: (a) horizontal depth of the defect at the deepest point (b) distance from the fornix of the furcation to bone crest of the defect, (c) distance from stent to the bottom of the defect, (d) pocket depth and (e) attachment level at the middle of the furcation. RESULTS In patients 54 years of age and older, in males, in non-smokers and in patients with "poor" hygiene EMD-treated sites showed a significant higher mean reduction of the parameters d (age), b (gender, hygiene) a (smoking, hygiene) when compared with sites treated with GTR. CONCLUSIONS These data provided an indication of a possible effect of patient factors on the outcome of regenerative treatment of buccal mandibular class II furcation defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Hoffmann
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, University of Technology, Dresden, Germany.
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284
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Rodríguez-Martínez M, Patiño-Marín N, Loyola-Rodríguez JP, Brito-Orta MD. Gingivitis and Periodontitis as Antagonistic Modulators of Gingival Perfusion. J Periodontol 2006; 77:1643-50. [PMID: 17032105 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2006.050311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We explore the possible association between the extent of gingivitis or periodontitis and an index of gingival microvascular perfusion response to compression of alveolar mucosa, called the gingival perfusion index (GIPI). METHODS A cross-sectional analytical study was done in a sample of 60 adults, including healthy and non-insulin-dependent diabetic subjects of either gender, with teeth in the anteromandibular sextant with or without gingivitis and with or without periodontitis at the lower-left lateral incisor (LLLI). A sample was selected by convenience non-probability sampling. Gingival perfusion was evaluated at labial LLLI attached gingiva. Two perfusion recordings were done 5 minutes apart, each one consisting of a 40-second control phase, a 22-second compression phase, and a 40-second postcompression phase. LLLI alveolar mucosa was compressed with a wood-mounted cotton swab until reaching about one-fifth of the control perfusion value. GIPI was used as response dependent variable. The gingival index and probing depth were used as measures of the extent of gingivitis and periodontitis, respectively. RESULTS By analysis of covariance and multiple regression analysis, it was found that only the probing depth (negatively) and gingival index (positively) predicted GIPI (R(2) adjusted = 0.5194, P <0.0001). CONCLUSIONS The data strongly suggest that, at least in the studied sample, gingivitis and periodontitis operate as antagonistic modulators of gingival perfusion. The major practical implication of our findings is that an increase or decrease in this index (GIPI) at a given attached gingiva site could indicate, respectively, the clinical predominance of gingivitis or periodontitis in such a site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Rodríguez-Martínez
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Autonomous University of San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, Mexico, USA.
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285
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Broadbent JM, Williams KB, Thomson WM, Williams SM. Dental restorations: a risk factor for periodontal attachment loss? J Clin Periodontol 2006; 33:803-10. [PMID: 16970623 PMCID: PMC2249557 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2006.00988.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dental caries and restorations in proximal tooth surfaces often impinge upon the periodontal biological width. AIM This study examines whether these factors may contribute to risk for periodontal attachment loss at these sites. METHODS The study is based upon data from the Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Study, a long-standing cohort study. Approximal tooth surfaces of 884 study members were evaluated for restorations and caries at age 26 and again at 32 years, and probing depth and gingival recession were recorded in millimetres at age 32. Attachment loss was computed as the sum of pocket depth and gingival recession. Data were analysed using generalized estimating equations. RESULTS Where a caries/restorative event had occurred on an inter-proximal tooth surface before age 26, the age-32 attachment loss at the corresponding periodontal site was approximately twice more likely to be >or=3 mm than if the adjacent tooth surface had remained sound to age 32. This was also true where a caries/restorative event had occurred subsequent to age 26. The association remained after controlling for potential confounders, including smoking. CONCLUSIONS Site-specific periodontal attachment loss due to dental caries or restorative events occurs in adults in their third and fourth decades of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Broadbent
- Department of Oral Sciences, School of Dentistry, The University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
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286
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Pion FDLB, Araujo MWBD, Feres M, Cortelli SC. Condição periodontal de um subgrupo populacional do município de Guarulhos, SP. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE EPIDEMIOLOGIA 2006. [DOI: 10.1590/s1415-790x2006000300008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Este estudo transversal determinou a condição periodontal e sua associação com fatores de risco em uma amostra de conveniência de 588 indivíduos atendidos na Universidade Guarulhos, entre 1999 e 2003. Características geográficas, demográficas e comportamentais, parâmetros bucais e periodontais foram tabulados e analisados em SPSS 11.5. Os testes t Student e Qui-quadrado determinaram a significância (p < 0,05) das variáveis contínuas e categóricas. O teste de correlação de Pearson correlacionou a ocorrência de doença (PS média > 3,0 mm) com fatores de risco (por exemplo: idade, sexo, fumo) e comportamentais. A análise de regressão linear multivariada determinou a associação entre exposição aos fatores de risco e doença. A população estudada com média de idade de 36,1 ± 14,5 anos foi composta principalmente por mulheres (72,1%) e minoria fumante (13,3%). Os valores médios de dentes ausentes e profundidade de sondagem (PS) foram de 5,7 ± 5,9 dentes e 2,2 ± 0,8 mm, respectivamente. A prevalência de PS > 3,0mm (valor referência) foi de 13,5%; e a distribuição regional da população de acordo com este critério foi: centro, 2,0%; zona oeste, 17,8%; zona leste, 38,0%; zona sul, 6,7% ; e zona norte, 35,5%. As freqüências médias dos índices de placa e sangramento a sondagem foram de 75,3% e 34,1%, respectivamente. A condição periodontal exibiu correlação com idade, fumo e presença de biofilme supragengival. Exceto pela última, estas variáveis também mostraram associação pela análise de regressão multivariada. A população estudada exibiu elevado grau de inflamação gengival e baixo percentual de bolsas periodontais, estando a condição periodontal associada à idade e ao hábito de fumar.
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287
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Kim DM, Ramoni MF, Nevins M, Fiorellini JP. The gene expression profile in refractory periodontitis patients. J Periodontol 2006; 77:1043-50. [PMID: 16734580 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2006.050254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are no specific bacterial profiles or diagnostic tests capable of identifying refractory periodontitis patients before a treatment regimen is initiated. Therefore, in this high-risk cohort of patients who do not respond appropriately, host factors that might be partly under genetic control may play a crucial role in their susceptibility. Specifically, we tested the hypothesis that patients with refractory periodontitis have multiple upregulated and/or downregulated genes that might be important in influencing clinical risk. METHODS Oral subepithelial connective tissues were harvested aseptically from seven refractory periodontitis and seven periodontally well-maintained patients. An RNA isolation kit was used to isolate total RNA from tissue samples that had been stabilized in the RNA stabilizing reagent. The isolated total RNA was then subjected to gene expression profiling using the microarray to measure gene expression levels. The retrieved data were analyzed with a computer program for the differential analysis of gene expression microarray experiments. In addition, real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis was performed on selected samples to confirm the microarray data's gene expression patterns. RESULTS A total of 68 upregulated and six downregulated genes were identified that were differentially expressed at least two-fold out of 22,283 genes we analyzed. The selected model provided a 93% intrinsic validation along with a 93% extrinsic validation. To validate the microarray data, five upregulated genes (lactotransferrin [LTF], matrix metalloproteinase-1 [MMP-1], MMP-3, interferon induced-15 [IFI-15], and Homo sapiens hypothetical protein MGC5566) and two downregulated genes (keratin 2A [KRT2A] and desmocollin-1 [DSC-1]) were randomly selected for further analysis by real-time PCR. The relative RNA expression level of these genes measured by real-time PCR was similar to those measured by microarrays. CONCLUSION The combined use of microarray technology with the computer program for the differential analysis of gene expression microarray experiments provided a set of candidate genes that may serve as novel therapeutic intervention points and improved diagnostic and screening procedures for high-risk individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Kim
- Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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288
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Chambrone LA, Chambrone L. Tooth loss in well-maintained patients with chronic periodontitis during long-term supportive therapy in Brazil. J Clin Periodontol 2006; 33:759-64. [PMID: 16899027 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2006.00972.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM The objective of this retrospective study was to assess the reasons for tooth loss in a sample of patients who underwent periodontal therapy and supportive periodontal therapy (SPT) in a Brazilian private periodontal practice. MATERIAL AND METHODS A sample of 120 subjects who had been treated and maintained for 10 years or longer was selected from patients attending a periodontal practice. All patients followed a similar treatment: basic procedures, re-evaluation and periodontal surgery where indicated. Reasons for tooth loss were categorized as periodontal, caries, endodontal, root fractures and extraction of retained or partially erupted third molars. RESULTS Of the 2927 teeth present at the completion of active periodontal treatment, 53 (1.8%) were lost due to periodontal disease, 16 (0.5%) for root fracture, six (0.2%) to caries, five (0.2%) for endodontic reasons and 31 (1.0%) were lost to extraction of retained or partially erupted third molars. Logistic regression analysis was performed to investigate the association between five independent variables with tooth loss due to periodontitis. Only age (> 60 years) and smoking were statistically significant (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION The findings of this survey were consistent with previous studies. Older subjects and smokers were more susceptible to periodontal tooth loss. In addition, patients with generalized chronic periodontitis were treated and maintained for long-term periods with low rates of tooth loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz A Chambrone
- Discipline of Periodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Methodist University of São Paulo (UMESP), São Bernardo do Campo, SP, Brazil.
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Al-Zahrani MS. Increased intake of dairy products is related to lower periodontitis prevalence. J Periodontol 2006; 77:289-94. [PMID: 16460256 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2006.050082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An inverse association between calcium intake and periodontitis prevalence was recently reported. Dairy products are rich sources of calcium and other important nutrients. To date, it appears that the relationship between the intake of dairy products and periodontitis has not been investigated. The purpose of the present study was to examine whether or not there is an association between the intake of dairy products and periodontitis prevalence. METHODS A total of 12,764 individuals who participated in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were included in this study. Individuals who had at least one site with an attachment loss>or=3 mm and a probing depth>or=4 mm were considered to have periodontitis. The intake of dairy products was categorized into quintiles. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression models were used for data analyses. RESULTS Prevalence of periodontitis was 41% lower for individuals in the highest quintile of intake of dairy products than those in the lowest quintile (P<0.001 for trend). After adjusting for known and suspected periodontitis risk factors (age, gender, race\ethnicity, cigarette smoking, education, diabetes, poverty index, vitamin use, body mass index, physical activity, time since the last dental visit, dental calculus, and gingival bleeding), individuals in the highest quintile of intake of dairy products were 20% less likely to have periodontitis than those in the lowest quintile (P=0.024 for trend). CONCLUSIONS The results of this study showed an inverse association between the intake of dairy products and prevalence of periodontitis. Longitudinal and/or intervention studies are required to confirm these findings and to further examine the impact of a higher intake of dairy products on the prevention and treatment of periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad S Al-Zahrani
- Division of Periodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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290
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Krustrup U, Erik Petersen P. Periodontal conditions in 35-44 and 65-74-year-old adults in Denmark. Acta Odontol Scand 2006; 64:65-73. [PMID: 16546847 DOI: 10.1080/00016350500377859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the periodontal health status in the Danish adult population and to analyze how the level of periodontal health is associated with age, gender, urbanization, socio-economic factors, and dental visiting habits; furthermore, to compare the periodontal health status of Danish adults with that of adults in other industrialized countries. MATERIAL AND METHODS A cross-sectional study of a random sample of 1,115 Danish adults aged 35-44 years and 65-74 years. Data were collected by means of personal interviews and by clinical examinations in accordance with the World Health Organization Basic Methods Criteria. RESULTS The clinical examination revealed a low prevalence of healthy periodontal conditions in both age groups: at age 35-44 years 7.7% and at age 65-74 years 2.4% had healthy periodontal conditions. A high proportion of the elderly had scores of severe periodontal health; more than 82% of older participants had pockets of 4-5 mm or deeper against 42% in younger adults. In both age groups, the mean number of teeth with periodontal pockets deeper than 4-5 mm was high in individuals with low education. Only a weak association between periodontal health and income was found. High Community Periodontal Index scores were seen for irregular dental visitors, but in the 35-44-year-olds deep periodontal pockets were more often seen among young regular dental visitors. The multivariate analysis showed that participants with low or medium levels of education had significantly more teeth with shallow and deep pockets than those with high education. Persons with regular dental visiting habits had fewer teeth with gingival bleeding, shallow and deep pockets than individuals with irregular dental visiting habits. CONCLUSION Reorientation of the Danish dental health-care services is needed with further emphasis on preventive care, and public health programs should focus on risk factors shared by chronic diseases in order to improve the periodontal health of Danish adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulla Krustrup
- Department for Community Dentistry and Graduate Studies, University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Dentistry, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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291
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Bouchard P, Boutouyrie P, Mattout C, Bourgeois D. Risk Assessment for Severe Clinical Attachment Loss in an Adult Population. J Periodontol 2006; 77:479-89. [PMID: 16512763 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2006.050128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study was carried out to identify variables related to severe clinical attachment loss (CAL) in an adult French population. METHODS This cross-sectional survey employed 2,132 subjects of the First National Periodontal and Systemic Examination Survey (NPASES I) aged 35 to 64 years, each with at least six teeth. A nationally representative sample was obtained from September 2002 to June 2003 by a quota method stratified on age, gender, socioeconomic status, and geographic areas. The subjects had a complete full-mouth periodontal examination of four sites per tooth, assessment of missing teeth, and a number of laboratory tests and questionnaires. The periodontal status of each subject was assessed by criteria based on the severity and extent of CAL. The data were analyzed by univariable and multivariable models using logistic regression analyses. RESULTS Nineteen and seven-tenths percent (19.7%) of the subjects had CAL>5 mm. When dental variables were not included in the analysis (model 1), age (odds ratio [OR]=1.8), male gender (OR=1.7), body mass index (OR=1.2), and white blood cell count (OR=2.2) showed significant association with severe CAL. A significantly higher risk was also present in non-drinkers and regular drinkers compared to occasional drinkers (OR=1.6). Model 2, including dental variables in addition to model 1 variables, showed that a significantly higher risk for severe CAL was also present with age (OR=1.6) and in males (OR=1.7). The number of teeth (OR=1.1), and the mean gingival bleeding index (OR=1.7) were the dental variables significantly associated with severe CAL. CONCLUSIONS The results indicated that age and gender are powerful independent predictors of clinical attachment loss, as is the mean gingival bleeding index. To a lesser extent, the number of missing teeth was a good predictive variable. The patient profile for severe clinical attachment loss also included body mass index and white blood cell count. Occasional drinking may be associated with decreased severity of CAL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Bouchard
- Department of Periodontology, Service of Odontology, Hôtel-Dieu Hospital, AP-HP, Paris 7-Denis Diderot University, UFR of Odontology, Paris, France
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292
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Borges-Yáñez SA, Irigoyen-Camacho ME, Maupomé G. Risk factors and prevalence of periodontitis in community-dwelling elders in Mexico. J Clin Periodontol 2006; 33:184-94. [PMID: 16489944 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2006.00897.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM The objective of this study was to determine whether an association existed between chronic systemic diseases/conditions, risk factors common in old age, and the extent and severity of chronic periodontal disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sociodemographic and lifestyle characteristics were examined by contrasting rural, urban-marginal, and urban social environments in Central Mexico. Data were analysed with Analysis of Variance, chi2 tests, and multivariable logistic regression. RESULTS A total of 473 adults 60 years old and over were interviewed; 315 were also examined and underwent laboratory assays (participation rate, 66%); women, 62%; mean age 73+/-8 years; 23% edentulous. The distribution of periodontitis by sociodemographic variables showed differences across locales (73% low-urban, 57% middle-urban, 29% rural). The regression model indicated that periodontitis was more frequently associated with low-urban locale, higher systolic blood pressure, higher body mass index, and worse calculus readings, with an interaction whereby being obese and having a high calculus index was associated with a high probability of having periodontitis. CONCLUSIONS Overall periodontal conditions were fair. While we identified oral, systemic, and social variables that modulated the experience of periodontitis, it would appear that urban, low social class elders appeared to have worse periodontal conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Aída Borges-Yáñez
- Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México DF, México.
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293
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Dalla Vecchia CF, Susin C, Rösing CK, Oppermann RV, Albandar JM. Overweight and obesity as risk indicators for periodontitis in adults. J Periodontol 2006; 76:1721-8. [PMID: 16253094 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2005.76.10.1721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Developed and developing countries are facing an obesity epidemic with various health consequences. Few studies have addressed the relationship between obesity and periodontal health. The present study assessed the association of overweight and obesity with periodontitis in Brazilian adults. METHODS A representative probability sample comprising 706 subjects aged 30 to 65 years from south Brazil was examined clinically and using a structured interview. Overweight and obesity were assessed by body mass index (BMI) using the World Health Organization (WHO) criteria. Individuals with > or =30% teeth with attachment loss > or =5 mm were classified as having periodontitis. Statistical analysis accounted for survey design, and separate analyses were performed for non-smokers. RESULTS In this population, 60% and 65% of males and females, respectively, were overweight or obese. Periodontitis was observed in 50.7% and 35.3% of males and females, respectively. The percentage of males with periodontitis was similar in the overweight/obese individuals compared to those with normal weight. In females, there was a positive correlation between the BMI index and the occurrence of periodontitis, with a significantly (P < 0.05) higher prevalence of periodontitis in obese than in normal weight females. The multivariable analysis showed that obese females were significantly more likely (odds ratio = 2.1) to have periodontitis than normal weight females. A separate analysis for non-smokers showed that obese females were approximately 3.4 times more likely to have periodontitis than the normal BMI group. There were no significant differences in the prevalence of periodontitis between BMI groups among smokers of both genders and in male non-smokers. CONCLUSIONS Obesity was significantly associated with periodontitis in adult, non-smoker women. Overweight was not significantly associated with periodontitis. Smoking may attenuate the association of periodontitis with obesity.
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294
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Al-Zahrani MS, Borawski EA, Bissada NF. Increased physical activity reduces prevalence of periodontitis. J Dent 2005; 33:703-10. [PMID: 16150525 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2005.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2004] [Revised: 12/23/2004] [Accepted: 01/07/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Physical activity has been shown to have a protective relationship with several chronic diseases. Recently, physical activity was also found to reduce the risk of periodontitis in a study in male health professionals. However, the relationship between physical activity and periodontitis in a diverse group of individuals is not thoroughly examined. The purpose of this study was to examine if there is an association between sustained physical activity and periodontitis in a subset of the third national health and nutrition examination survey (NHANES III). METHODS NHANES III participants 18 years of age or older who had had a periodontal examination and reported to have a similar physical activity (or inactivity) level for 10 years or longer were selected (n=2521). Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to estimate the association between physical activity and periodontitis. The analysis was adjusted for: age, gender, race, education, smoking, body mass index, poverty index, vitamin use, healthy eating index, time since last dental visit, gingival bleeding, and dental calculus. RESULTS Engaging in the recommended level of physical activity was significantly associated with lower periodontitis prevalence (OR=0.58, 95% CI, 0.35-0.96). Smoking, however, was found to modify this relationship. The association was strong and significant among never (OR=0.46, 95% CI, 0.23-0.93) and former smokers (OR=0.26, 95% CI: 0.09-0.72), but not among current smokers (OR=1.10, 95% CI: 0.48-2.53). CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that engaging in the recommended level of exercise is associated with lower periodontitis prevalence, especially among never and former smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad S Al-Zahrani
- Division of Periodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 100434, Jeddah 21311, Saudi Arabia.
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295
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Heitz-Mayfield LJA. Disease progression: identification of high-risk groups and individuals for periodontitis. J Clin Periodontol 2005; 32 Suppl 6:196-209. [PMID: 16128838 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2005.00803.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AIMS While the role of bacteria in the initiation of periodontitis is primary, a range of host-related factors influence the onset, clinical presentation and rate of progression of disease. The objectives of this review are (1) to present evidence for individual predictive factors associated with a patient's susceptibility to progression of periodontitis and (2) to describe the use of prognostic models aimed at identifying high-risk groups and individuals in a clinical setting. METHODS Relevant publications in the English language were identified after Medline and PubMed database searches. Because of a paucity of longitudinal studies investigating factors including clinical, demographic, environmental, behavioural, psychosocial, genetic, systemic and microbiologic parameters to identify individuals at risk for disease progression, some association studies were also included in this review. FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS Cigarette smoking is a strong predictor of progressive periodontitis, the effect of which is dose related. High levels of specific bacteria have been predictive of progressive periodontitis in some studies but not all. Diabetics with poor glycaemic control have an increased risk for progression of periodontitis. The evidence for the effect of a number of putative factors including interleukin-1 genotype, osteoporosis and psychosocial factors is inconclusive and requires further investigation in prospective longitudinal studies. Specific and sensitive diagnostic tests for the identification of individuals susceptible to disease progression are not yet a reality. While factors assessed independently may not be valuable in predicting risk of future attachment loss, the combination of factors in a multifactorial model may be useful in identifying individuals at risk for disease progression. A number of multifactorial models for risk assessment, at a subject level have been developed but require validation in prospective longitudinal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J A Heitz-Mayfield
- Centre for Rural and Remote Oral Health, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia.
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296
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review the biological mechanisms and clinical utility of therapeutic modulation of the host response in the management of periodontal diseases. MATERIAL AND METHODS A search of MEDLINE-PubMed was performed up to and including December 2004. The search was limited to in vitro, experimental animal and clinical studies published in English. The selection criteria included all levels of available evidence: systematic reviews, randomised-controlled clinical trials, controlled clinical trials, prospective and retrospective cohort studies and case reports of human and experimental animal studies. RESULTS Six targets for non-microbial chemotherapeutic intervention were identified. Clinical trials have demonstrated the ability of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs to slow periodontal disease progression. However, recently reported serious adverse effects preclude the use of cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors as an adjunct to periodontal therapy. Adjunctive use of subantimicrobial dose doxycycline to non-surgical periodontal therapy is beneficial in the management of chronic periodontitis over 12 months. Controversial data exist on the effects of bisphosphonate administration as an adjunct to periodontal therapy. Evidence on modulation of other host mediators including lipoxins, cytokines and nitric oxide synthase is limited to animal research. CONCLUSION After validation in long-term clinical trials, adjunctive host modulation therapy may prove advantageous in the management of periodontal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni E Salvi
- University of Berne, School of Dental Medicine, Berne, Switzerland.
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297
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298
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Klinge B, Norlund A. A socio-economic perspective on periodontal diseases: a systematic review. J Clin Periodontol 2005; 32 Suppl 6:314-25. [PMID: 16128846 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2005.00801.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this systematic review was to ascertain whether socio-economic conditions increase the risk of periodontal diseases. METHODS A MEDLINE search was conducted for the period 1965-April 2004. Only original articles were included; 47 studies remained for the final assessment. The studies were analysed regarding the outcome of the association between socio-economic variables and periodontal disease, depending on the study design (cross-sectional survey or longitudinal case-control) and whether smoking was included or not. RESULTS Twenty-nine out of 36 studies with a cross-sectional design were in favour of the association between socio-economic factors and periodontal diseases. In the studies with a longitudinal or case-control design, there were five in favour of the association, and also six against. When smoking was included in the analysis of cross-sectional studies, a significant association between socio-economic variables and periodontal disease was found in 11 studies and no significance in another five studies. The corresponding figures for case-control studies showed four studies being significant, but also four studies showing no significance. CONCLUSION Based on relevant study designs and including smoking in the analysis, the socio-economic variables associated with periodontal diseases appear to be of less importance than smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Klinge
- Perio Department, Institute of Odontology, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden.
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299
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Abstract
AIMS To review the literature related to the analytical epidemiology of periodontitis generated over the past decade. This review does not deal with descriptive epidemiologic studies of the prevalence, extent and severity of periodontitis with respect to global geography, but focuses exclusively on analytical epidemiology issues, including the challenges posed by the use of different case definitions across studies, current theories and models of disease progression, and risk factors associated with the onset and progression of periodontitis. METHODS Relevant publications in the English language were identified after Medline and PubMed database searches. FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS There is a conspicuous lack of uniformity in the definition of periodontitis used in epidemiologic studies, and findings from different research groups are not readily interpretable. There is a lack of studies that specifically address the distinction between factors responsible for the onset of periodontitis versus those affecting its progression. Colonization by specific bacteria at high levels, smoking, and poorly controlled diabetes have been established as risk factors for periodontitis, while a number of putative factors, including specific gene polymorphisms, have been identified in association studies. There is a clear need for longitudinal prospective studies that address hypotheses emerging from the cross-sectional data and include established risk factors as covariates along with new exposures of interest. Intervention studies, fulfilling the "targeting" step of the risk assessment process, are particularly warranted. Obvious candidates in this context are studies of the efficacy of elimination of specific bacterial species and of smoking cessation interventions as an alternative to the traditional broad anti-plaque approach in the prevention and control of periodontitis. Ideally, such studies should have a randomized-controlled trial design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa N Borrell
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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300
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Abstract
Periodontal diseases are chronic inflammatory disorders encompassing destructive and nondestructive diseases of the periodontal supporting tissues of teeth. Gingivitis is a nondestructive disease ubiquitous in populations of children and adults globally. Aggressive periodontitis is characterized by severe and rapid loss of periodontal attachment often commencing at or after the circumpubertal age and is more prevalent among Latin Americans and subjects of African descent, and least common among Caucasians. Chronic periodontitis is a common disease and may occur in most age groups, but is most prevalent among adults and seniors world-wide. Approximately 48% of United States adults have chronic periodontitis, and similar or higher rates have been reported in other populations. Moderate and advanced periodontitis is more prevalent among the older age groups, and rates of 70% or more have been reported in certain populations. Chronic and aggressive periodontitis are multifactorial diseases caused primarily by dental plaque microorganisms, and with important modifying effects from other local and systemic factors. The study of the significance of demographic, environmental, and biologic variables is important for risk assessment and the control of periodontal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasim M Albandar
- Department of Periodontology, Temple University School of Dentistry, 3223 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.
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