251
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Sciumè G, Le MT, Gadina M. HiJAKing Innate Lymphoid Cells? Front Immunol 2017; 8:438. [PMID: 28450869 PMCID: PMC5390009 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Sciumè
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Roma, Italy
| | - Mimi T Le
- Translational Immunology Section, Office of Science Technology (OST), NIAMS, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Massimo Gadina
- Translational Immunology Section, Office of Science Technology (OST), NIAMS, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
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252
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Bruce DW, Stefanski HE, Vincent BG, Dant TA, Reisdorf S, Bommiasamy H, Serody DA, Wilson JE, McKinnon KP, Shlomchik WD, Armistead PM, Ting JPY, Woosley JT, Blazar BR, Zaiss DMW, McKenzie ANJ, Coghill JM, Serody JS. Type 2 innate lymphoid cells treat and prevent acute gastrointestinal graft-versus-host disease. J Clin Invest 2017; 127:1813-1825. [PMID: 28375154 DOI: 10.1172/jci91816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) is the most common complication for patients undergoing allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Despite extremely aggressive therapy targeting donor T cells, patients with grade III or greater aGVHD of the lower GI tract, who do not respond to therapy with corticosteroids, have a dismal prognosis. Thus, efforts to improve understanding of the function of local immune and non-immune cells in regulating the inflammatory process in the GI tract during aGVHD are needed. Here, we demonstrate, using murine models of allogeneic BMT, that type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) in the lower GI tract are sensitive to conditioning therapy and show very limited ability to repopulate from donor bone marrow. Infusion of donor ILC2s was effective in reducing the lethality of aGVHD and in treating lower GI tract disease. ILC2 infusion was associated with reduced donor proinflammatory Th1 and Th17 cells, accumulation of donor myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) mediated by ILC2 production of IL-13, improved GI tract barrier function, and a preserved graft-versus-leukemia (GVL) response. Collectively, these findings suggest that infusion of donor ILC2s to restore gastrointestinal tract homeostasis may improve treatment of severe lower GI tract aGVHD.
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253
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IL-33, IL-25, and TSLP induce a distinct phenotypic and activation profile in human type 2 innate lymphoid cells. Blood Adv 2017; 1:577-589. [PMID: 29296700 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2016002352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) represent a distinct branch of the lymphoid lineage composed of 3 major subpopulations: ILC1, ILC2, and ILC3. ILCs are mainly described as tissue-resident cells but can be detected at low levels in human blood. However, unlike mouse ILCs, there is still no consistent methodology to purify and culture these cells that enables in-depth analysis of their intrinsic biology. Here, we describe defined culture conditions for ILC2s, which allowed us to dissect the roles of interleukin 2 (IL-2), IL-25, IL-33, and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) individually, or in combination, in modulating ILC2 phenotype and function. We show that TSLP is important for ILC2 survival, while ILC2 activation is more dependent on IL-33, especially when in combination with IL-2 or TSLP. We found that activation of ILC2s by IL-33 and TSLP dramatically upregulated their surface expression of c-Kit and downregulated expression of the canonical markers IL-7Rα and CRTH2. IL-2 further amplified ILC2 production of IL-5, IL-13, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor but also induced a more natural killer (NK)-like phenotype in ILC2, with upregulation of granzyme B production by these cells. Furthermore, ILC2 plasticity was observed in serum-free SFEM II media in response to IL-33, IL-25, and TSLP stimulation and independently of IL-12 and IL-1β. This is the first comprehensive report of an in vitro culture system for human ILC2s, without the use of feeder layers, which additionally evaluates the impact of IL-25, IL-33, and TSLP alone or in combination on ILC2 surface phenotype and activation status.
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254
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Lim AI, Verrier T, Vosshenrich CA, Di Santo JP. Developmental options and functional plasticity of innate lymphoid cells. Curr Opin Immunol 2017; 44:61-68. [PMID: 28359987 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2017.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are lineage- and antigen receptor-negative lymphocytes including natural killer (NK) cells and at least three distinguishable cell subsets (ILC1, ILC2, ILC3) that rapidly produce cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-5, IL-13, IL-17A, IL-22) upon activation. As such, ILCs can act as first-line defenders in the context of infection, inflammation and cancer. Because of the strong conservation between the expression of key transcription factors that can drive signature cytokine outputs in ILCs and differentiated helper T cells, it has been proposed that ILCs represent innate counterparts of the latter. Several distinct ILC precursors (ILCP) with pan-ILC (giving rise to all ILCs) or subset-restricted potentials have been described in both mouse and man. How and where these different ILCP give rise to more mature tissue-resident ILCs remains unclear. Recently, environmental signals have been shown to epigenetically influence canonical ILC differentiation pathways, generating substantial functional plasticity. These new results suggest that while ILC differentiation may be 'fixed' in principle, it remains 'flexible' in practice. A more comprehensive knowledge in the molecular mechanisms that regulate ILC development and effector functions may allow for therapeutic manipulation of ILCs for diverse disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai Ing Lim
- Innate Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris, France; INSERM U1223, 75724 Paris, France
| | - Thomas Verrier
- Innate Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris, France; INSERM U1223, 75724 Paris, France
| | - Christian Aj Vosshenrich
- Innate Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris, France; INSERM U1223, 75724 Paris, France
| | - James P Di Santo
- Innate Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris, France; INSERM U1223, 75724 Paris, France.
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255
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Cheng H, Jin C, Wu J, Zhu S, Liu YJ, Chen J. Guards at the gate: physiological and pathological roles of tissue-resident innate lymphoid cells in the lung. Protein Cell 2017; 8:878-895. [PMID: 28271447 PMCID: PMC5712288 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-017-0379-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The lung is an important open organ and the primary site of respiration. Many life-threatening diseases develop in the lung, e.g., pneumonia, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPDs), pulmonary fibrosis, and lung cancer. In the lung, innate immunity serves as the frontline in both anti-irritant response and anti-tumor defense and is also critical for mucosal homeostasis; thus, it plays an important role in containing these pulmonary diseases. Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), characterized by their strict tissue residence and distinct function in the mucosa, are attracting increased attention in innate immunity. Upon sensing the danger signals from damaged epithelium, ILCs activate, proliferate, and release numerous cytokines with specific local functions; they also participate in mucosal immune-surveillance, immune-regulation, and homeostasis. However, when their functions become uncontrolled, ILCs can enhance pathological states and induce diseases. In this review, we discuss the physiological and pathological functions of ILC subsets 1 to 3 in the lung, and how the pathogenic environment affects the function and plasticity of ILCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Cheng
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, 130061, China.,Department of Pediatrics, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Chengyan Jin
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, 130041, China
| | - Jing Wu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, 130061, China
| | - Shan Zhu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, 130061, China
| | - Yong-Jun Liu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, 130061, China. .,Sanofi Research and Development, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
| | - Jingtao Chen
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, 130061, China.
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256
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Innate lymphoid cells in autoimmunity: emerging regulators in rheumatic diseases. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2017; 13:164-173. [PMID: 28148916 DOI: 10.1038/nrrheum.2016.218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are important in the regulation of barrier homeostasis. These cells do not express T cell receptors but share many functional similarities with T helper cells and cytotoxic CD8+ T lymphocytes. ILCs are divided into three groups, namely group 1 ILCs, group 2 ILCs and group 3 ILCs, based on the transcription factors they depend on for their development and function, and the cytokines they produce. Emerging data indicate that ILCs not only have protective functions but can also have detrimental effects when dysregulated, leading to chronic inflammation and autoimmune diseases, including asthma, inflammatory bowel disease, graft-versus-host disease, psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis and atopic dermatitis. Elucidation of the cytokine pathways involved in various autoimmune diseases - and the identification of ILCs as potent producers of these cytokines - points towards a potential role for these cellular players in the pathophysiology of these diseases. In this Review we discuss the current knowledge of the role of ILCs in the pathogenesis of rheumatic and other autoimmune diseases.
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257
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Zhang K, Xu X, Pasha MA, Siebel CW, Costello A, Haczku A, MacNamara K, Liang T, Zhu J, Bhandoola A, Maillard I, Yang Q. Cutting Edge: Notch Signaling Promotes the Plasticity of Group-2 Innate Lymphoid Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:1798-1803. [PMID: 28115527 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying lymphocyte lineage stability and plasticity remain elusive. Recent work indicates that innate lymphoid cells (ILC) possess substantial plasticity. Whereas natural ILC2 (nILC2) produce type-2 cytokines, plastic inflammatory ILC2 (iILC2) can coproduce both type-2 cytokines and the ILC3-characteristic cytokine, IL-17. Mechanisms that elicit this lineage plasticity, and the importance in health and disease, remain unclear. In this study we show that iILC2 are potent inducers of airway inflammation in response to acute house dust mite challenge. We find that Notch signaling induces lineage plasticity of mature ILC2 and drives the conversion of nILC2 into iILC2. Acute blockade of Notch signaling abolished functional iILC2, but not nILC2, in vivo. Exposure of isolated nILC2 to Notch ligands induced Rorc expression and elicited dual IL-13/IL-17 production, converting nILC2 into iILC2. Together these results reveal a novel role for Notch signaling in eliciting ILC2 plasticity and driving the emergence of highly proinflammatory innate lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangning Zhang
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208
| | - Xingyuan Xu
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208.,Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Muhammad Asghar Pasha
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12203
| | - Christian W Siebel
- Department of Discovery Oncology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - Angelica Costello
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208
| | - Angela Haczku
- Translational Lung Biology Center, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Katherine MacNamara
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208
| | - Tingbo Liang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Jinfang Zhu
- Molecular and Cellular Immunoregulation Unit, Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Avinash Bhandoola
- T-Cell Biology and Development Unit, Laboratory of Genome Integrity, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Ivan Maillard
- Life Sciences Institute, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; and.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Qi Yang
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208;
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258
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Kim DW, Cho SH. Emerging Endotypes of Chronic Rhinosinusitis and Its Application to Precision Medicine. ALLERGY, ASTHMA & IMMUNOLOGY RESEARCH 2017; 9:299-306. [PMID: 28497916 PMCID: PMC5446944 DOI: 10.4168/aair.2017.9.4.299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a heterogeneous inflammatory disease with various underlying pathophysiologic mechanisms which translate to endotypes, in contrast to clinical phenotypes or histological subtypes. Defining endotypes can help clinicians predict disease prognosis, select subjects suitable for a specific therapy, and assess risks for comorbid conditions, including asthma. Therefore, with recent advancement of biologicals in CRS clinical trials, endotyping can be a breakthrough in treating recalcitrant CRS. CRS is caused by dysregulated immunologic responses to external stimuli, which induce various inflammatory mediators from inflammatory cells, including innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) and T lymphocytes as well as epithelial cells. Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), interleukin (IL)-25, and IL-33, which are mainly secreted by epithelial cells in response to external stimuli, act on type 2 ILCs and T helper 2 (Th2) cells, inducing IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13. Local immunoglobulin E (IgE) production is also a signature event in nasal polyps (NP). These inflammatory mediators are novel potential therapeutic targets for recalcitrant CRS. This article reviews recent publications regarding endotypes and endotype-based therapeutic strategies in CRS and NP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae Woo Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seong H Cho
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA.
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259
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Abstract
The respiratory immune response consists of multiple tiers of cellular responses that are engaged in a sequential manner in order to control infections. The stepwise engagement of effector functions with progressively increasing host fitness costs limits tissue damage. In addition, specific mechanisms are in place to promote disease tolerance in response to respiratory infections. Environmental factors, obesity and the ageing process can alter the efficiency and regulation of this tiered response, increasing pathology and mortality as a result. In this Review, we describe the cell types that coordinate pathogen clearance and tissue repair through the serial secretion of cytokines, and discuss how the environment and comorbidity influence this response.
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260
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Robinette ML, Colonna M. Immune modules shared by innate lymphoid cells and T cells. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2016; 138:1243-1251. [PMID: 27817796 PMCID: PMC5111630 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) have emerged as innate correlates to T cells. The similarities between ILCs and T cells indicate that lymphocytes of fundamentally distinct lineages can share core "immune modules" that encompass transcriptional circuitry and effector functions while using nonredundant complementary mechanisms of pattern recognition to enact these functions. We review modules currently recognized to be shared between ILCs and T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L Robinette
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo
| | - Marco Colonna
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo.
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261
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Liu J, Cao X. Cellular and molecular regulation of innate inflammatory responses. Cell Mol Immunol 2016; 13:711-721. [PMID: 27818489 PMCID: PMC5101451 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2016.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Innate sensing of pathogens by pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) plays essential roles in the innate discrimination between self and non-self components, leading to the generation of innate immune defense and inflammatory responses. The initiation, activation and resolution of innate inflammatory response are mediated by a complex network of interactions among the numerous cellular and molecular components of immune and non-immune system. While a controlled and beneficial innate inflammatory response is critical for the elimination of pathogens and maintenance of tissue homeostasis, dysregulated or sustained inflammation leads to pathological conditions such as chronic infection, inflammatory autoimmune diseases. In this review, we discuss some of the recent advances in our understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms for the establishment and regulation of innate immunity and inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology & Institute of Immunology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xuetao Cao
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology & Institute of Immunology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Immunology & Center for Immunotherapy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100005, China
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262
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Friend or Foe? The Ambiguous Role of Innate Lymphoid Cells in Cancer Development. Trends Immunol 2016; 38:29-38. [PMID: 27810463 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2016.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The development of immunotherapies represents a major advance towards the effective eradication of malignant tumors. So far, therapeutic approaches have largely focused on T lymphocytes, but the innate arm of the immune system might be similarly important. Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are rapidly-responding cells that are functionally analogous to diverse T cell subsets. In recent years these cells have attracted enormous attention owing to their pleiotropic effects in early host defense to infection and organ pathologies. ILCs might also represent promising targets in the context of cancer therapy because they are an innate immune cell population endowed with potent immunomodulatory properties. In this review we discuss the impact of the three ILC subsets and the signature cytokines they release on cancer development and tumor growth.
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263
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Jiao Y, Huntington ND, Belz GT, Seillet C. Type 1 Innate Lymphoid Cell Biology: Lessons Learnt from Natural Killer Cells. Front Immunol 2016; 7:426. [PMID: 27785129 PMCID: PMC5059362 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Group 1 innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) comprise the natural killer (NK) cells and ILC1s that reside within peripheral tissues. Several different ILC1 subsets have recently been characterized; however, no unique markers have been identified that uniquely define these subsets. Whether ILC1s and NK cells are in fact distinct lineages, or alternately exhibit transitional molecular programs that allow them to adapt to different tissue niches remains an open question. NK cells are the prototypic member of the Group 1 ILCs and have been historically assigned the functions of what now appears to be a multi-subset family that are distributed throughout the body. This raises the question of whether each of these populations mediate distinct functions during infection and tumor immunosurveillance. Here, we review the diversity of the Group 1 ILC subsets in their transcriptional regulation, localization, mobility, and receptor expression, and highlight the challenges in unraveling the individual functions of these different populations of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhao Jiao
- Molecular Immunology Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Nicholas D Huntington
- Molecular Immunology Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Gabrielle T Belz
- Molecular Immunology Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Cyril Seillet
- Molecular Immunology Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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264
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Kim M, Kim CH. Colonization and effector functions of innate lymphoid cells in mucosal tissues. Microbes Infect 2016; 18:604-614. [PMID: 27365193 PMCID: PMC5050099 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2016.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 06/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) protect mucosal barrier tissues to fight infection and maintain tissue integrity. ILCs and their progenitors are developmentally programmed to migrate, differentiate and populate various mucosal tissues and associated lymphoid tissues. Functionally mature ILC subsets respond to diverse pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites in subset-specific manners. In this review, we will discuss how ILCs populate mucosal tissues and regulate immune responses to distinct pathogens to protect the host and maintain tissue integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myunghoo Kim
- Laboratory of Immunology and Hematopoiesis, Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Chang H Kim
- Laboratory of Immunology and Hematopoiesis, Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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265
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Mjösberg J, Spits H. Human innate lymphoid cells. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2016; 138:1265-1276. [PMID: 27677386 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are increasingly acknowledged as important mediators of immune homeostasis and pathology. ILCs act as early orchestrators of immunity, responding to epithelium-derived signals by expressing an array of cytokines and cell-surface receptors, which shape subsequent immune responses. As such, ILCs make up interesting therapeutic targets for several diseases. In patients with allergy and asthma, group 2 innate lymphoid cells produce high amounts of IL-5 and IL-13, thereby contributing to type 2-mediated inflammation. Group 3 innate lymphoid cells are implicated in intestinal homeostasis and psoriasis pathology through abundant IL-22 production, whereas group 1 innate lymphoid cells are accumulated in chronic inflammation of the gut (inflammatory bowel disease) and lung (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease), where they contribute to IFN-γ-mediated inflammation. Although the ontogeny of mouse ILCs is slowly unraveling, the development of human ILCs is far from understood. In addition, the growing complexity of the human ILC family in terms of previously unrecognized functional heterogeneity and plasticity has generated confusion within the field. Here we provide an updated view on the function and plasticity of human ILCs in tissue homeostasis and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Mjösberg
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Hergen Spits
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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266
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Almeida FF, Belz GT. Innate lymphoid cells: models of plasticity for immune homeostasis and rapid responsiveness in protection. Mucosal Immunol 2016; 9:1103-12. [PMID: 27484190 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2016.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) have stormed onto the immune landscape as "newly discovered" cell types. These tissue-resident sentinels are enriched at mucosal surfaces and engage in complex cross talk with elements of the adaptive immune system and microenvironment to orchestrate immune homeostasis. Many parallels exist between innate cells and T cells leading to the initial partitioning of ILCs into rather rigid subsets that reflect their "adaptive-like" effector cytokines profiles. ILCs themselves, however, have unique attributes that are only just beginning to be elucidated. These features result in complementarity with, rather than complete duplication of, functions of the adaptive immune system. Key transcription factors determine the pathway of differentiation of progenitors towards an ILC1, ILC2, or ILC3 subset. Once formed, flexibility in the responses of these subsets to stimuli unexpectedly allows transdifferentation between the different subsets and the acquisition of altered phenotypes and function. This provides a mechanism for rapid innate immune responsiveness. Here, we discuss the models of differentiation for maintenance and activation of tissue-resident ILCs in maintaining immune homeostasis and protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- F F Almeida
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - G T Belz
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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267
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Gury-BenAri M, Thaiss CA, Serafini N, Winter DR, Giladi A, Lara-Astiaso D, Levy M, Salame TM, Weiner A, David E, Shapiro H, Dori-Bachash M, Pevsner-Fischer M, Lorenzo-Vivas E, Keren-Shaul H, Paul F, Harmelin A, Eberl G, Itzkovitz S, Tanay A, Di Santo JP, Elinav E, Amit I. The Spectrum and Regulatory Landscape of Intestinal Innate Lymphoid Cells Are Shaped by the Microbiome. Cell 2016; 166:1231-1246.e13. [PMID: 27545347 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 419] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are critical modulators of mucosal immunity, inflammation, and tissue homeostasis, but their full spectrum of cellular states and regulatory landscapes remains elusive. Here, we combine genome-wide RNA-seq, ChIP-seq, and ATAC-seq to compare the transcriptional and epigenetic identity of small intestinal ILCs, identifying thousands of distinct gene profiles and regulatory elements. Single-cell RNA-seq and flow and mass cytometry analyses reveal compartmentalization of cytokine expression and metabolic activity within the three classical ILC subtypes and highlight transcriptional states beyond the current canonical classification. In addition, using antibiotic intervention and germ-free mice, we characterize the effect of the microbiome on the ILC regulatory landscape and determine the response of ILCs to microbial colonization at the single-cell level. Together, our work characterizes the spectrum of transcriptional identities of small intestinal ILCs and describes how ILCs differentially integrate signals from the microbial microenvironment to generate phenotypic and functional plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meital Gury-BenAri
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Christoph A Thaiss
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Nicolas Serafini
- Innate Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1223 Paris, France
| | - Deborah R Winter
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Amir Giladi
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - David Lara-Astiaso
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Maayan Levy
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Tomer Meir Salame
- Biological Services Unit, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Assaf Weiner
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Eyal David
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Hagit Shapiro
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Mally Dori-Bachash
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | | | - Erika Lorenzo-Vivas
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Hadas Keren-Shaul
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Franziska Paul
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Alon Harmelin
- Department of Veterinary Resources, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Gérard Eberl
- Institut Pasteur, Microenvironment & Immunity Unit, 75724 Paris, France; INSERM U1224, 75724 Paris, France
| | - Shalev Itzkovitz
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Amos Tanay
- Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics and Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - James P Di Santo
- Innate Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1223 Paris, France
| | - Eran Elinav
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
| | - Ido Amit
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
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268
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Gronke K, Kofoed-Nielsen M, Diefenbach A. Innate lymphoid cells, precursors and plasticity. Immunol Lett 2016; 179:9-18. [PMID: 27394700 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILC) have only recently been recognized as a separate entity of the lymphoid lineage. Their subpopulations share common characteristics in terms of early development and major transcriptional circuitry with their related cousins of the T cell world. It is currently hypothesized that ILCs constitute an evolutionary older version of the lymphoid immune system. They are found at all primary entry points for pathogens such as mucosal surfaces of the lung and gastrointestinal system, the skin and the liver, which is the central contact point for pathogens that breach the intestinal barrier and enter the circulation. There, ILC contribute to the first line defense as well as to organ homeostasis. However, ILC are not only involved in classical defense tasks, but also contribute to the organogenesis of lymphoid organs as well as tissue remodeling and even stem cell regeneration. ILC may, therefore, implement different functions according to their emergence in ontogeny, their development and their final tissue location. We will review here their early development from precursors of the fetal liver and the adult bone marrow as well as their late plasticity in adaptation to their environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Gronke
- Research Centre Immunology, University Medical Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Strasse 67, D-55131 Mainz, Germany; Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Strasse 67, D-55131 Mainz, Germany; Max-Planck-Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stübeweg 51, D79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael Kofoed-Nielsen
- Research Centre Immunology, University Medical Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Strasse 67, D-55131 Mainz, Germany; Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Strasse 67, D-55131 Mainz, Germany; Max-Planck-Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stübeweg 51, D79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Diefenbach
- Research Centre Immunology, University Medical Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Strasse 67, D-55131 Mainz, Germany; Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Strasse 67, D-55131 Mainz, Germany.
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269
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Martin SJ. Cell death and inflammation: the case for IL-1 family cytokines as the canonical DAMPs of the immune system. FEBS J 2016; 283:2599-615. [PMID: 27273805 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
It is well known that necrotic cells are capable of promoting inflammation through releasing so-called endogenous 'danger signals' that can promote activation of macrophages, dendritic cells, and other sentinel cells of the innate immune system. However, the identity of these endogenous proinflammatory molecules, also called damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), has been debated since the 'danger model' was first advanced 20 years ago. While a relatively large number of molecules have been proposed to act as DAMPs, little consensus has emerged concerning which of these represent the key activators of sterile inflammation. Here I argue that the canonical DAMPs have long been hiding in plain sight, in the form of members of the extended IL-1 cytokine family (IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-18, IL-33, IL-36α, IL-36β, and IL-36γ). The latter cytokines possess all of the characteristics expected of endogenous DAMPs and initiate inflammation in a manner strikingly similar to that utilized by the other major category of inflammatory triggers, pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Furthermore, many PAMPs upregulate the expression of IL-1 family DAMPs, enabling robust synergy between these distinct classes of inflammatory triggers. Thus, multiple lines of evidence now suggest that IL-1 family cytokines represent the key initiators of necrosis-initiated sterile inflammation, as well as amplifiers of inflammation in response to infection-associated tissue injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seamus J Martin
- Department of Genetics, Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, The Smurfit Institute, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
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270
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Silver JS, Kearley J, Copenhaver AM, Sanden C, Mori M, Yu L, Pritchard GH, Berlin AA, Hunter CA, Bowler R, Erjefalt JS, Kolbeck R, Humbles AA. Inflammatory triggers associated with exacerbations of COPD orchestrate plasticity of group 2 innate lymphoid cells in the lungs. Nat Immunol 2016; 17:626-35. [PMID: 27111143 PMCID: PMC5345745 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 323] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are critical mediators of mucosal immunity, and group 1 ILCs (ILC1 cells) and group 3 ILCs (ILC3 cells) have been shown to be functionally plastic. Here we found that group 2 ILCs (ILC2 cells) also exhibited phenotypic plasticity in response to infectious or noxious agents, characterized by substantially lower expression of the transcription factor GATA-3 and a concomitant switch to being ILC1 cells that produced interferon-γ (IFN-γ). Interleukin 12 (IL-12) and IL-18 regulated this conversion, and during viral infection, ILC2 cells clustered within inflamed areas and acquired an ILC1-like phenotype. Mechanistically, these ILC1 cells augmented virus-induced inflammation in a manner dependent on the transcription factor T-bet. Notably, IL-12 converted human ILC2 cells into ILC1 cells, and the frequency of ILC1 cells in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) correlated with disease severity and susceptibility to exacerbations. Thus, functional plasticity of ILC2 cells exacerbates anti-viral immunity, which may have adverse consequences in respiratory diseases such as COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan S Silver
- Department of Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Jennifer Kearley
- Department of Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Alan M Copenhaver
- Department of Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Caroline Sanden
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Medetect, Lund, Sweden
| | - Michiko Mori
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Li Yu
- Non-Clinical Biostatistics, Department of Translational Sciences, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Aaron A Berlin
- Department of Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Christopher A Hunter
- University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Jonas S Erjefalt
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Medetect, Lund, Sweden
| | - Roland Kolbeck
- Department of Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Alison A Humbles
- Department of Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
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