251
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Wang X, Luo J, Ma F, Kang G, Ding Z, Pan Y, Zhao Y, Chen J, Feng K, Yan L, Zhang J, Li L, Lan Q, Li D, Yang X, Li G, Yang J, Sun Q. The Safety, Immunogenicity, and Immunopersistence of Hepatitis A Vaccine in HBs-Ag-Positive Participants: A Retrospective Study. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:672221. [PMID: 34222044 PMCID: PMC8248179 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.672221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To compare the safety, immunogenicity, and immune persistence of hepatitis A (HA) vaccines between HBs-Ag-positive and -negative participants. Method 9000 participants were enrolled in the phase IV study of live attenuated HA (HA-L) or inactivated HA (HA-I) vaccines. The HBs-Ag-positive subjects were detected and became an independent observation group. Adverse reactions (ARs), geometric mean concentrations (GMCs) and seroconversion rates (SRs) of the vaccines were analyzed at five time points until three years after vaccination. Results: 120 HBs-Ag-positive subjects were screened out, only 1 participant had grade 1 experienced ARs after HA-L injection. Except the time point of two years, the SRs of HBs-Ag-positive group were 100% for both vaccines. The GMCs were not statistically different between HBs-Ag-positive and -negative groups after the HA-L vaccination. The logarithmically transformed GMCs for HBs-Ag-positive and -negative groups were 3.21 mIU/mL (95% CI, 2.03-4.39 mIU/mL) and 2.95 mIU/mL (95% CI, 2.88-3.02 mIU/mL) 28 days after the HA-L vaccination, respectively. Conclusions Both HA-L and HA-I vaccines were safe for HBs-Ag-positive participants and may provide an excellent long-term protection against HAV in this study. The results indicated that people positive or negative for HBs-Ag can receive both HA-L and HA-I vaccines (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02601040).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodan Wang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, China
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Vector-borne Diseases Control and Research, Kunming, China
| | - Jia Luo
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, China
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Vector-borne Diseases Control and Research, Kunming, China
| | - Fubao Ma
- Vaccines and Immunization Department, Jiangsu Provincial Center of Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | - Guodong Kang
- Vaccines and Immunization Department, Jiangsu Provincial Center of Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhengrong Ding
- Vaccines and Immunization Department, Yunnan Provincial Center of Disease Control and Prevention, Kunming, China
| | - Yue Pan
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, China
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Vector-borne Diseases Control and Research, Kunming, China
| | - Yujiao Zhao
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, China
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Vector-borne Diseases Control and Research, Kunming, China
| | - Junying Chen
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, China
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Vector-borne Diseases Control and Research, Kunming, China
| | - Kai Feng
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, China
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Vector-borne Diseases Control and Research, Kunming, China
| | - Lingmei Yan
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, China
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Vector-borne Diseases Control and Research, Kunming, China
| | - Juan Zhang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, China
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Vector-borne Diseases Control and Research, Kunming, China
- School of Basic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Linhao Li
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, China
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Vector-borne Diseases Control and Research, Kunming, China
- School of Basic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Qiangping Lan
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, China
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Vector-borne Diseases Control and Research, Kunming, China
| | - Daiying Li
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, China
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Vector-borne Diseases Control and Research, Kunming, China
| | - Xiaolei Yang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, China
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Vector-borne Diseases Control and Research, Kunming, China
| | - Guoliang Li
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, China
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Vector-borne Diseases Control and Research, Kunming, China
| | - Jingsi Yang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, China
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Vector-borne Diseases Control and Research, Kunming, China
| | - Qiangming Sun
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, China
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Vector-borne Diseases Control and Research, Kunming, China
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252
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Suresh M, Menne S. Application of the woodchuck animal model for the treatment of hepatitis B virus-induced liver cancer. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2021; 13:509-535. [PMID: 34163570 PMCID: PMC8204361 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v13.i6.509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This review describes woodchucks chronically infected with the woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) as an animal model for hepatocarcinogenesis and treatment of primary liver cancer or hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) induced by the hepatitis B virus (HBV). Since laboratory animal models susceptible to HBV infection are limited, woodchucks experimentally infected with WHV, a hepatitis virus closely related to HBV, are increasingly used to enhance our understanding of virus-host interactions, immune response, and liver disease progression. A correlation of severe liver pathogenesis with high-level viral replication and deficient antiviral immunity has been established, which are present during chronic infection after WHV inoculation of neonatal woodchucks for modeling vertical HBV transmission in humans. HCC in chronic carrier woodchucks develops 17 to 36 mo after neonatal WHV infection and involves liver tumors that are comparable in size, morphology, and molecular gene signature to those of HBV-infected patients. Accordingly, woodchucks with WHV-induced liver tumors have been used for the improvement of imaging and ablation techniques of human HCC. In addition, drug efficacy studies in woodchucks with chronic WHV infection have revealed that prolonged treatment with nucleos(t)ide analogs, alone or in combination with other compounds, minimizes the risk of liver disease progression to HCC. More recently, woodchucks have been utilized in the delineation of mechanisms involved in innate and adaptive immune responses against WHV during acute, self-limited and chronic infections. Therapeutic interventions based on modulating the deficient host antiviral immunity have been explored in woodchucks for inducing functional cure in HBV-infected patients and for reducing or even delaying associated liver disease sequelae, including the onset of HCC. Therefore, woodchucks with chronic WHV infection constitute a well-characterized, fully immunocompetent animal model for HBV-induced liver cancer and for preclinical evaluation of the safety and efficacy of new modalities, which are based on chemo, gene, and immune therapy, for the prevention and treatment of HCC in patients for which current treatment options are dismal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manasa Suresh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, United States
| | - Stephan Menne
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, United States
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253
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Review of Lambda Interferons in Hepatitis B Virus Infection: Outcomes and Therapeutic Strategies. Viruses 2021; 13:v13061090. [PMID: 34207487 PMCID: PMC8230240 DOI: 10.3390/v13061090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) chronically infects over 250 million people worldwide and causes nearly 1 million deaths per year due to cirrhosis and liver cancer. Approved treatments for chronic infection include injectable type-I interferons and nucleos(t)ide reverse transcriptase inhibitors. A small minority of patients achieve seroclearance after treatment with type-I interferons, defined as sustained absence of detectable HBV DNA and surface antigen (HBsAg) antigenemia. However, type-I interferons cause significant side effects, are costly, must be administered for months, and most patients have viral rebound or non-response. Nucleos(t)ide reverse transcriptase inhibitors reduce HBV viral load and improve liver-related outcomes, but do not lower HBsAg levels or impart seroclearance. Thus, new therapeutics are urgently needed. Lambda interferons (IFNLs) have been tested as an alternative strategy to stimulate host antiviral pathways to treat HBV infection. IFNLs comprise an evolutionarily conserved innate immune pathway and have cell-type specific activity on hepatocytes, other epithelial cells found at mucosal surfaces, and some immune cells due to restricted cellular expression of the IFNL receptor. This article will review work that examined expression of IFNLs during acute and chronic HBV infection, the impact of IFNLs on HBV replication in vitro and in vivo, the association of polymorphisms in IFNL genes with clinical outcomes, and the therapeutic evaluation of IFNLs for the treatment of chronic HBV infection.
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254
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Tsounis EP, Tourkochristou E, Mouzaki A, Triantos C. Toward a new era of hepatitis B virus therapeutics: The pursuit of a functional cure. World J Gastroenterol 2021; 27:2727-2757. [PMID: 34135551 PMCID: PMC8173382 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i21.2727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, although preventable by vaccination, remains a global health problem and a major cause of chronic liver disease. Although current treatment strategies suppress viral replication very efficiently, the optimal endpoint of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) clearance is rarely achieved. Moreover, the thorny problems of persistent chromatin-like covalently closed circular DNA and the presence of integrated HBV DNA in the host genome are ignored. Therefore, the scientific community has focused on developing innovative therapeutic approaches to achieve a functional cure of HBV, defined as undetectable HBV DNA and HBsAg loss over a limited treatment period. A deeper understanding of the HBV life cycle has led to the introduction of novel direct-acting antivirals that exert their function through multiple mechanisms, including inhibition of viral entry, transcriptional silencing, epigenetic manipulation, interference with capsid assembly, and disruption of HBsAg release. In parallel, another category of new drugs aims to restore dysregulated immune function in chronic hepatitis B accompanied by lethargic cellular and humoral responses. Stimulation of innate immunity by pattern-recognition receptor agonists leads to upregulation of antiviral cytokine expression and appears to contribute to HBV containment. Immune checkpoint inhibitors and adoptive transfer of genetically engineered T cells are breakthrough technologies currently being explored that may elicit potent HBV-specific T-cell responses. In addition, several clinical trials are attempting to clarify the role of therapeutic vaccination in this setting. Ultimately, it is increasingly recognized that elimination of HBV requires a treatment regimen based on a combination of multiple drugs. This review describes the rationale for progressive therapeutic interventions and discusses the latest findings in the field of HBV therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efthymios P Tsounis
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Patras, Patras 26504, Greece
| | - Evanthia Tourkochristou
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Patras, Patras 26504, Greece
| | - Athanasia Mouzaki
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Patras, Patras 26504, Greece
| | - Christos Triantos
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Patras, Patras 26504, Greece
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255
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Roca Suarez AA, Testoni B, Zoulim F. HBV 2021: New therapeutic strategies against an old foe. Liver Int 2021; 41 Suppl 1:15-23. [PMID: 34155787 DOI: 10.1111/liv.14851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) affects more than 250 million people worldwide, and is one of the major aetiologies for the development of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In spite of universal vaccination programs, HBV infection is still a public health problem, and the limited number of available therapeutic approaches complicates the clinical management of these patients. Thus, HBV infection remains an unmet medical need that requires a continuous effort to develop new individual molecules, treatment combinations and even completely novel therapeutic strategies to achieve the goal of HBV elimination. The following review provides an overview of the current situation in chronic HBV infection, with an analysis of the scientific rationale of certain clinical interventions and, more importantly, explores the most recent developments in the field of HBV drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armando Andres Roca Suarez
- INSERM U1052, CNRS UMR-5286, Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), Lyon, France.,University of Lyon, Université Claude-Bernard (UCBL), Lyon, France
| | - Barbara Testoni
- INSERM U1052, CNRS UMR-5286, Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), Lyon, France.,University of Lyon, Université Claude-Bernard (UCBL), Lyon, France
| | - Fabien Zoulim
- INSERM U1052, CNRS UMR-5286, Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), Lyon, France.,University of Lyon, Université Claude-Bernard (UCBL), Lyon, France.,Hospices Civils de Lyon (HCL), Lyon, France
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256
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Mohammadhosayni M, Aslani S, Norouzi M, Jazayeri SM, Ahmadi M, Ghazanfari T. A systematic review and meta-analysis of killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) family genes association with risk of hepatitis B virus (HBV). GENE REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2021.101096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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257
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Guo X, Sun M, Gao R, Qu A, Chen C, Xu C, Kuang H, Xu L. Ultrasmall Copper (I) Sulfide Nanoparticles Prevent Hepatitis B Virus Infection. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:13073-13080. [PMID: 33837622 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202103717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) poses a severe threat to public health and social development. Here, we synthesized 4±0.5 nm copper (I) sulfide (Cu2 S) nanoparticles (NPs) with 46 mdeg chiroptical property at 530 nm to selectively cleavage HBV core antigen (HBcAg) and effectively blocked HBV assembly and prevented HBV infection both in vitro and in vivo under light at 808 nm. Experimental analysis showed that the chiral Cu2 S NPs specific bound with the functional domain from phenylalanine23 (F23 ) to leucine30 (L30 ) from HBcAg primary sequence and the cutting site was between amino acid residues F24 and proline25 (P25 ). Under excitation at 808 nm, the intracellular HBcAg concentration was reduced by 95 %, and in HBV transgenic mice, the levels of HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) and HBV DNA were decreased by 93 % and 86 %, respectively. Together, these results reveal the potential nanomedicine for HBV control and provide fresh tools for viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Guo
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection, State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, P. R. China
| | - Maozhong Sun
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection, State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, P. R. China
| | - Rui Gao
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection, State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, P. R. China
| | - Aihua Qu
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection, State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, P. R. China
| | - Chen Chen
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection, State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, P. R. China
| | - Chuanlai Xu
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection, State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, P. R. China
| | - Hua Kuang
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection, State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, P. R. China
| | - Liguang Xu
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection, State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, P. R. China
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258
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Guo X, Sun M, Gao R, Qu A, Chen C, Xu C, Kuang H, Xu L. Ultrasmall Copper (I) Sulfide Nanoparticles Prevent Hepatitis B Virus Infection. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202103717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Guo
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology School of Food Science and Technology Jiangnan University Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 P. R. China
| | - Maozhong Sun
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology School of Food Science and Technology Jiangnan University Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 P. R. China
| | - Rui Gao
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology School of Food Science and Technology Jiangnan University Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 P. R. China
| | - Aihua Qu
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology School of Food Science and Technology Jiangnan University Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 P. R. China
| | - Chen Chen
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology School of Food Science and Technology Jiangnan University Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 P. R. China
| | - Chuanlai Xu
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology School of Food Science and Technology Jiangnan University Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 P. R. China
| | - Hua Kuang
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology School of Food Science and Technology Jiangnan University Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 P. R. China
| | - Liguang Xu
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology School of Food Science and Technology Jiangnan University Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 P. R. China
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259
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Vachon A, Osiowy C. Novel Biomarkers of Hepatitis B Virus and Their Use in Chronic Hepatitis B Patient Management. Viruses 2021; 13:951. [PMID: 34064049 PMCID: PMC8224022 DOI: 10.3390/v13060951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Even though an approved vaccine for hepatitis B virus (HBV) is available and widely used, over 257 million individuals worldwide are living with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) who require monitoring of treatment response, viral activity, and disease progression to reduce their risk of HBV-related liver disease. There is currently a lack of predictive markers to guide clinical management and to allow treatment cessation with reduced risk of viral reactivation. Novel HBV biomarkers are in development in an effort to improve the management of people living with CHB, to predict disease outcomes of CHB, and further understand the natural history of HBV. This review focuses on novel HBV biomarkers and their use in the clinical setting, including the description of and methodology for quantification of serum HBV RNA, hepatitis B core-related antigen (HBcrAg), quantitative hepatitis B surface antigen (qHBsAg), including ultrasensitive HBsAg detection, quantitative anti-hepatitis B core antigen (qAHBc), and detection of HBV nucleic acid-related antigen (HBV-NRAg). The utility of these biomarkers in treatment-naïve and treated CHB patients in several clinical situations is further discussed. Novel HBV biomarkers have been observed to provide critical clinical information and show promise for improving patient management and our understanding of the natural history of HBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Vachon
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada;
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada
| | - Carla Osiowy
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada;
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada
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260
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Innate immunity in hepatitis B and D virus infection: consequences for viral persistence, inflammation, and T cell recognition. Semin Immunopathol 2021; 43:535-548. [PMID: 34019142 PMCID: PMC8443521 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-021-00864-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Chronic infections with human hepatitis viruses continue to be a major health burden worldwide. Despite the availability of an effective prophylactic vaccine against the hepatitis B virus (HBV) and of antiviral agents efficiently suppressing HBV replication, more than 250 million people are currently chronically infected with this hepatotropic DNA virus, and resolution of chronic hepatitis B (CHB) is rarely achieved. Moreover, coinfection with the hepatitis D virus (HDV), a human RNA satellite virus requiring the envelope proteins of HBV for productive viral spreading, substantially aggravates the disease course of CHB. The molecular mechanisms by which these viruses interact with each other and with the intrinsic innate responses of the hepatocytes are not fully understood. While HBV appears to avoid innate immune recognition, HDV elicits a strong enhancement of innate responses. Notwithstanding, such induction does not hamper HDV replication but contributes to liver inflammation and pathogenesis. Intriguingly, HDV appears to influence the ability of T cells to recognize infected hepatocytes by boosting antigen presentation. This review focuses on current knowledge regarding how these viruses can shape and counteract the intrinsic innate responses of the hepatocytes, thus affecting the immune system and pathogenesis. Understanding the distinct strategies of persistence that HBV and HDV have evolved is central for advancing the development of curative therapies.
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261
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Identification of novel hepatitis B virus therapeutic vaccine candidates derived from polymerase protein. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:14372-14384. [PMID: 34016795 PMCID: PMC8202855 DOI: 10.18632/aging.203053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a worldwide health problem with high morbidity and mortality rates. The therapeutic vaccine is a promising method of treatment, and HBV polymerase plays a vital role in viral replication. Therefore, a therapeutic vaccine that binds to HBV DNA polymerase may control HBV infection. We predicted and selected epitopes of polymerase using online databases and analysis software. We then performed molecular docking and peptide binding assays to evaluate the binding energies and affinities between polymerase epitopes and the HLA-A0201 molecule. Finally, we induced T cells from the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of healthy donors using each epitope and quantified the functions of epitope-specific T cells by IFN-γELISPOT assay, T2 cell cytotoxicity assay, HepG2.2.15 cell cytotoxicity assay and HBV gene expression assays. Four epitopes (RVTGGVFLV, GLLGFAAPF, LLDDEAGPL and YMDDVVLGA) had low binding energy and two epitopes (RVTGGVFLV and GLLGFAAPF) had a high binding affinity. The T cells stimulated by two epitopes (GLLGFAAPF and HLYSHPIIL) had a greater ability to induce immune response and suppress HBV. The HBV DNA polymerase epitopes identified in this study are promising targets for designing an epitope-based therapeutic vaccine against HBV.
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262
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Novel capsid binder and PI4KIIIbeta inhibitors for EV-A71 replication inhibition. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9719. [PMID: 33958691 PMCID: PMC8102518 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89271-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease (HFMD) is a highly contagious viral illness generally manifests as a mild disease in young children and immunocompromised adults. It has however emerged as a significant public health threat in recent years as outbreaks have been occurring regularly, especially in the Asia–Pacific. The disease can result from infections by a wide variety of human enteroviruses, particularly, Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) has garnered more attention due to its association with severe disease in infected patients. Despite the potential to result severe neurological complications or even fatality, there is currently no effective antiviral for treatment of EV-A71 infections and the only vaccines available are restricted to distribution in China. In this study, we report the in vitro and in vivo evaluation of two candidate antiviral compounds active against EV-A71, a viral capsid inhibitor (G197) and a novel host-targeting phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase III beta inhibitor (N373) which, especially when used in combination, can significantly improve the survival and pathology of infected mice.
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263
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Wagner J, Yuen L, Littlejohn M, Sozzi V, Jackson K, Suri V, Tan S, Feierbach B, Gaggar A, Marcellin P, Buti Ferret M, Janssen HLA, Gane E, Chan HLY, Colledge D, Rosenberg G, Bayliss J, Howden BP, Locarnini SA, Wong D, Thompson AT, Revill PA. Analysis of Hepatitis B Virus Haplotype Diversity Detects Striking Sequence Conservation Across Genotypes and Chronic Disease Phase. Hepatology 2021; 73:1652-1670. [PMID: 32780526 DOI: 10.1002/hep.31516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS We conducted haplotype analysis of complete hepatitis B virus (HBV) genomes following deep sequencing from 368 patients across multiple phases of chronic hepatitis B (CHB) infection from four major genotypes (A-D), analyzing 4,110 haplotypes to identify viral variants associated with treatment outcome and disease progression. APPROACH AND RESULTS Between 18.2% and 41.8% of nucleotides and between 5.9% and 34.3% of amino acids were 100% conserved in all genotypes and phases examined, depending on the region analyzed. Hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) loss by week 192 was associated with different haplotype populations at baseline. Haplotype populations differed across the HBV genome and CHB history, this being most pronounced in the precore/core gene. Mean number of haplotypes (frequency) per patient was higher in immune-active, HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis phase 2 (11.8) and HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis phase 4 (16.2) compared to subjects in the "immune-tolerant," HBeAg-positive chronic infection phase 1 (4.3, P< 0.0001). Haplotype frequency was lowest in genotype B (6.2, P< 0.0001) compared to the other genotypes (A = 11.8, C = 11.8, D = 13.6). Haplotype genetic diversity increased over the course of CHB history, being lowest in phase 1, increasing in phase 2, and highest in phase 4 in all genotypes except genotype C. HBeAg loss by week 192 of tenofovir therapy was associated with different haplotype populations at baseline. CONCLUSIONS Despite a degree of HBV haplotype diversity and heterogeneity across the phases of CHB natural history, highly conserved sequences in key genes and regulatory regions were identified in multiple HBV genotypes that should be further investigated as targets for antiviral therapies and predictors of treatment response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef Wagner
- Division of Molecular Research and Development, Victorian Infectious Diseases, Reference Laboratory, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne Healthy, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Lilly Yuen
- Division of Molecular Research and Development, Victorian Infectious Diseases, Reference Laboratory, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne Healthy, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Margaret Littlejohn
- Division of Molecular Research and Development, Victorian Infectious Diseases, Reference Laboratory, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne Healthy, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Vitina Sozzi
- Division of Molecular Research and Development, Victorian Infectious Diseases, Reference Laboratory, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne Healthy, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Kathy Jackson
- Division of Molecular Research and Development, Victorian Infectious Diseases, Reference Laboratory, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne Healthy, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Maria Buti Ferret
- Liver Unit, Valle d'Hebron University Hospital, Ciberehd del Insituto Carlos III Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Harry L A Janssen
- Toronto Center for Liver Diseases, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ed Gane
- New Zealand Liver Transplant Unit, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Henry L Y Chan
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Danni Colledge
- Division of Molecular Research and Development, Victorian Infectious Diseases, Reference Laboratory, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne Healthy, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Gillian Rosenberg
- Division of Molecular Research and Development, Victorian Infectious Diseases, Reference Laboratory, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne Healthy, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Julianne Bayliss
- Division of Molecular Research and Development, Victorian Infectious Diseases, Reference Laboratory, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne Healthy, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Benjamin P Howden
- Microbiological Diagnostic Unit Public Health Laboratory, The University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Stephen A Locarnini
- Division of Molecular Research and Development, Victorian Infectious Diseases, Reference Laboratory, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne Healthy, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Darren Wong
- Division of Molecular Research and Development, Victorian Infectious Diseases, Reference Laboratory, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne Healthy, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Gastroenterology, St. Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Alexander T Thompson
- Department of Gastroenterology, St. Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Peter A Revill
- Division of Molecular Research and Development, Victorian Infectious Diseases, Reference Laboratory, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne Healthy, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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264
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Prifti GM, Moianos D, Giannakopoulou E, Pardali V, Tavis JE, Zoidis G. Recent Advances in Hepatitis B Treatment. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:417. [PMID: 34062711 PMCID: PMC8147224 DOI: 10.3390/ph14050417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus infection affects over 250 million chronic carriers, causing more than 800,000 deaths annually, although a safe and effective vaccine is available. Currently used antiviral agents, pegylated interferon and nucleos(t)ide analogues, have major drawbacks and fail to completely eradicate the virus from infected cells. Thus, achieving a "functional cure" of the infection remains a real challenge. Recent findings concerning the viral replication cycle have led to development of novel therapeutic approaches including viral entry inhibitors, epigenetic control of cccDNA, immune modulators, RNA interference techniques, ribonuclease H inhibitors, and capsid assembly modulators. Promising preclinical results have been obtained, and the leading molecules under development have entered clinical evaluation. This review summarizes the key steps of the HBV life cycle, examines the currently approved anti-HBV drugs, and analyzes novel HBV treatment regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia-Myrto Prifti
- Department of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece; (G.-M.P.); (D.M.); (E.G.); (V.P.)
| | - Dimitrios Moianos
- Department of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece; (G.-M.P.); (D.M.); (E.G.); (V.P.)
| | - Erofili Giannakopoulou
- Department of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece; (G.-M.P.); (D.M.); (E.G.); (V.P.)
| | - Vasiliki Pardali
- Department of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece; (G.-M.P.); (D.M.); (E.G.); (V.P.)
| | - John E. Tavis
- Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, MO 63104, USA;
| | - Grigoris Zoidis
- Department of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece; (G.-M.P.); (D.M.); (E.G.); (V.P.)
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265
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Durantel D, Dousson CB, Lampertico P. Is there any need for new, long-acting nucleos(t)ide analogues for the treatment of hepatitis B infection? J Hepatol 2021; 74:1011-1014. [PMID: 33715896 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2021.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Durantel
- INSERM, U1111, International Center for Infectiology Research (CIRI), CNRS UMR_5308, University of Lyon (UCBL1), Lyon, France.
| | - Cyril B Dousson
- Ai-biopharma, Medicinal Chemistry Department, Montpellier, France; Foundation IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Milan, Italy
| | - Pietro Lampertico
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, CRC "A. M. and A. Migliavacca" Center for Liver Disease, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
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266
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Senaweera S, Du H, Zhang H, Kirby KA, Tedbury PR, Xie J, Sarafianos SG, Wang Z. Discovery of New Small Molecule Hits as Hepatitis B Virus Capsid Assembly Modulators: Structure and Pharmacophore-Based Approaches. Viruses 2021; 13:770. [PMID: 33925540 PMCID: PMC8146408 DOI: 10.3390/v13050770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) capsid assembly modulators (CpAMs) have shown promise as potent anti-HBV agents in both preclinical and clinical studies. Herein, we report our efforts in identifying novel CpAM hits via a structure-based virtual screening against a small molecule protein-protein interaction (PPI) library, and pharmacophore-guided compound design and synthesis. Curated compounds were first assessed in a thermal shift assay (TSA), and the TSA hits were further evaluated in an antiviral assay. These efforts led to the discovery of two structurally distinct scaffolds, ZW-1841 and ZW-1847, as novel HBV CpAM hits, both inhibiting HBV in single-digit µM concentrations without cytotoxicity at 100 µM. In ADME assays, both hits displayed extraordinary plasma and microsomal stability. Molecular modeling suggests that these hits bind to the Cp dimer interfaces in a mode well aligned with known CpAMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameera Senaweera
- Center for Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (S.S.); (J.X.)
| | - Haijuan Du
- Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (H.D.); (H.Z.); (K.A.K.); (P.R.T.); (S.G.S.)
- Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Huanchun Zhang
- Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (H.D.); (H.Z.); (K.A.K.); (P.R.T.); (S.G.S.)
- Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Karen A. Kirby
- Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (H.D.); (H.Z.); (K.A.K.); (P.R.T.); (S.G.S.)
- Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Philip R. Tedbury
- Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (H.D.); (H.Z.); (K.A.K.); (P.R.T.); (S.G.S.)
- Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Jiashu Xie
- Center for Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (S.S.); (J.X.)
| | - Stefan G. Sarafianos
- Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (H.D.); (H.Z.); (K.A.K.); (P.R.T.); (S.G.S.)
- Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Zhengqiang Wang
- Center for Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (S.S.); (J.X.)
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267
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Early Steps of Hepatitis B Life Cycle: From Capsid Nuclear Import to cccDNA Formation. Viruses 2021; 13:v13050757. [PMID: 33925977 PMCID: PMC8145197 DOI: 10.3390/v13050757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) remains a major public health concern, with more than 250 million chronically infected people who are at high risk of developing liver diseases, including cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Although antiviral treatments efficiently control virus replication and improve liver function, they cannot cure HBV infection. Viral persistence is due to the maintenance of the viral circular episomal DNA, called covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA), in the nuclei of infected cells. cccDNA not only resists antiviral therapies, but also escapes innate antiviral surveillance. This viral DNA intermediate plays a central role in HBV replication, as cccDNA is the template for the transcription of all viral RNAs, including pregenomic RNA (pgRNA), which in turn feeds the formation of cccDNA through a step of reverse transcription. The establishment and/or expression of cccDNA is thus a prime target for the eradication of HBV. In this review, we provide an update on the current knowledge on the initial steps of HBV infection, from the nuclear import of the nucleocapsid to the formation of the cccDNA.
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268
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Aghabi YO, Yasin A, Kennedy JI, Davies SP, Butler AE, Stamataki Z. Targeting Enclysis in Liver Autoimmunity, Transplantation, Viral Infection and Cancer. Front Immunol 2021; 12:662134. [PMID: 33953725 PMCID: PMC8089374 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.662134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent liver inflammation can lead to cirrhosis, which associates with significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. There are no curative treatments beyond transplantation, followed by long-term immunosuppression. The global burden of end stage liver disease has been increasing and there is a shortage of donor organs, therefore new therapies are desperately needed. Harnessing the power of the immune system has shown promise in certain autoimmunity and cancer settings. In the context of the liver, regulatory T cell (Treg) therapies are in development. The hypothesis is that these specialized lymphocytes that dampen inflammation may reduce liver injury in patients with chronic, progressive diseases, and promote transplant tolerance. Various strategies including intrinsic and extracorporeal expansion of Treg cells, aim to increase their abundance to suppress immune responses. We recently discovered that hepatocytes engulf and delete Treg cells by enclysis. Herein, we propose that inhibition of enclysis may potentiate existing regulatory T cell therapeutic approaches in patients with autoimmune liver diseases and in patients receiving a transplant. Moreover, in settings where the abundance of Treg cells could hinder beneficial immunity, such us in chronic viral infection or liver cancer, enhancement of enclysis could result in transient, localized reduction of Treg cell numbers and tip the balance towards antiviral and anti-tumor immunity. We describe enclysis as is a natural process of liver immune regulation that lends itself to therapeutic targeting, particularly in combination with current Treg cell approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Zania Stamataki
- College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute for Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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269
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Wang Y, Wang Z, Liu J, Wang Y, Wu R, Sheng R, Hou T. Discovery of novel HBV capsid assembly modulators by structure-based virtual screening and bioassays. Bioorg Med Chem 2021; 36:116096. [PMID: 33721800 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2021.116096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
HBV capsid assembly has been regarded as an attractive potential target for anti-HBV therapy. In this study, we discovery the Novel HBV capsid assembly modulators (CAMs) through structure-based virtual screening and bioassays. A total of 16 structurally diverse compounds were purchased and assayed, including three compounds with inhibition rate > 50% at 20 μM. Further lead optimization based on the most potent compound II-1-7 (EC50 = 5.6 ± 0.1 µM) were performed by using substructure searching strategy, resulting in compound II-2-9 with an EC50 value of 1.8 ± 0.6 μM. In bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) assay, compound II-2-9 inhibited the HBV by disrupting the HBV capsid interactions. In summary, this study provides a highly efficient way to discover novel CAMs, and 2-aryl-4-quinolyl amide derivatives could serve as the starting point for development of novel anti-HBV drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China
| | - Zhe Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China
| | - Jiacheng Liu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China
| | - Yunwen Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Rui Wu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Rong Sheng
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China.
| | - Tingjun Hou
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China.
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270
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Narayanan S, Au VB, Khakpoor A, Yan C, Ahl PJ, Kaliaperumal N, Lee B, Xiang WW, Wang J, Lee C, Tay A, Lim SG, Connolly JE. Bayesian analysis of cytokines and chemokine identifies immune pathways of HBsAg loss during chronic hepatitis B treatment. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7455. [PMID: 33811250 PMCID: PMC8018960 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86836-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Our objective was to examine differences in cytokine/chemokine response in chronic hepatitis B(CHB) patients to understand the immune mechanism of HBsAg loss (functional cure) during antiviral therapy. We used an unbiased machine learning strategy to unravel the immune pathways in CHB nucleo(t)side analogue-treated patients who achieved HBsAg loss with peg-interferon-α(peg-IFN-α) add-on or switch treatment in a randomised clinical trial. Cytokines/chemokines from plasma were compared between those with/without HBsAg loss, at baseline, before and after HBsAg loss. Peg-IFN-α treatment resulted in higher levels of IL-27, IL-12p70, IL-18, IL-13, IL-4, IL-22 and GM-CSF prior to HBsAg loss. Probabilistic network analysis of cytokines, chemokines and soluble factors suggested a dynamic dendritic cell driven NK and T cell immune response associated with HBsAg loss. Bayesian network analysis showed a dominant myeloid-driven type 1 inflammatory response with a MIG and I-TAC central module contributing to HBsAg loss in the add-on arm. In the switch arm, HBsAg loss was associated with a T cell activation module exemplified by high levels of CD40L suggesting T cell activation. Our findings show that more than one immune pathway to HBsAg loss was found with peg-IFN-α therapy; by myeloid-driven Type 1 response in one instance, and T cell activation in the other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sriram Narayanan
- Translational Immunology Programme, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore (A*STAR) Research Entities (RE), 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore, 138673, Singapore
| | - Veonice Bijin Au
- Translational Immunology Programme, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore (A*STAR) Research Entities (RE), 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore, 138673, Singapore
| | - Atefeh Khakpoor
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Cheng Yan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Patricia J Ahl
- Translational Immunology Programme, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore (A*STAR) Research Entities (RE), 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore, 138673, Singapore
| | - Nivashini Kaliaperumal
- Translational Immunology Programme, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore (A*STAR) Research Entities (RE), 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore, 138673, Singapore
| | - Bernett Lee
- Singapore Immunology Network, A*STAR REs, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wen Wei Xiang
- IMCB, Tessa Therapeutics Pvt Ltd, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Juling Wang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chris Lee
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Amy Tay
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Seng Gee Lim
- Translational Immunology Programme, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore (A*STAR) Research Entities (RE), 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore, 138673, Singapore.,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - John E Connolly
- Translational Immunology Programme, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore (A*STAR) Research Entities (RE), 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore, 138673, Singapore. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore. .,Institute of Biomedical Studies, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA.
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271
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Li S, Guo X, Gao R, Sun M, Xu L, Xu C, Kuang H. Recent Progress on Biomaterials Fighting against Viruses. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2005424. [PMID: 33644954 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202005424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Viruses not only pose severe threats to public health, but also influence the development of society. Over the past decade, rapid advances have been seen in the application of nanomaterials to virus research. As an interdisciplinary field, nanotechnology offers powerful functions because the structures of nanomaterials are unique, with remarkable physicochemical properties and excellent biocompatibility. Nanomaterials have been developed for virus detection and tracking and for antiviral strategies, to better understand viruses and reduce viral infections, implying a bright future for this field. Herein, the recent advances are systematically summarized regarding the nanomaterials used in viral studies. Representative applications of nanomaterials to viral detection and tracking are described. The antiviral effects achieved with nanomaterials based on different mechanisms are also described, including entry inhibition, inhibition of viral replication, and immunological enhancement. The current challenges and future opportunities in this promising field are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Li
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, International Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection, State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, P. R. China
| | - Xiao Guo
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, International Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection, State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, P. R. China
| | - Rui Gao
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, International Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection, State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, P. R. China
| | - Maozhong Sun
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, International Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection, State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, P. R. China
| | - Liguang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, International Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection, State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, P. R. China
| | - Chuanlai Xu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, International Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection, State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, P. R. China
| | - Hua Kuang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, International Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection, State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, P. R. China
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272
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Shi Y, Du L, Lv D, Li Y, Zhang Z, Huang X, Tang H. Emerging role and therapeutic application of exosome in hepatitis virus infection and associated diseases. J Gastroenterol 2021; 56:336-349. [PMID: 33665710 PMCID: PMC8005397 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-021-01765-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis viruses are chief pathogens of hepatitis and end-stage liver diseases. Their replication and related pathogenic process highly rely on the host micro-environment and multiple cellular elements, including exosomes. Representing with a sort of cell-derived vesicle structure, exosomes were considered to be dispensable cellular components, even wastes. Along with advancing investigation, a specific profile of exosome in driving hepatitis viruses' infection and hepatic disease progression is revealed. Exosomes greatly affect the pathogenesis of hepatitis viruses by mediating their replication and modulating the host immune responses. The characteristics of host exosomes are markedly changed after infection with hepatitis viruses. Exosomes released from hepatitis virus-infected cells can carry viral nucleic or protein components, thereby acting as an effective subterfuge for hepatitis viruses by participating in viral transportation and immune escape. On the contrary, immune cell-derived exosomes contribute toward the innate antiviral immune defense and virus eradication. There is growing evidence supporting the application of exosomal biomarkers for predicting disease progress or therapeutic outcome, while exosomal nanoshuttles are regarded as promising therapeutic options based on their delivery properties and immune compatibility. In this review, we summarize the biogenesis and secretion mechanism of exosomes, review the recent findings pertaining to the role of exosomes in the interplay between hepatitis viruses and innate immune responses, and conclude their potential in further therapeutic application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Shi
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, No. 37 Guoxue Alley, Wuhou District, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
- School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 4 Section 2, North Jianshe Road, Chengdu, 610054, Sichuan, China
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Cell Transplantation Center, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, No. 32 Western Section 2, 1st Ring Rd., Chengdu, 610072, Sichuan, China
| | - Lingyao Du
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, No. 37 Guoxue Alley, Wuhou District, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
- Division of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17 People's South Road, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Duoduo Lv
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, No. 37 Guoxue Alley, Wuhou District, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
- Division of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17 People's South Road, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Yan Li
- School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 4 Section 2, North Jianshe Road, Chengdu, 610054, Sichuan, China
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Cell Transplantation Center, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, No. 32 Western Section 2, 1st Ring Rd., Chengdu, 610072, Sichuan, China
| | - Zilong Zhang
- School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 4 Section 2, North Jianshe Road, Chengdu, 610054, Sichuan, China
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Cell Transplantation Center, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, No. 32 Western Section 2, 1st Ring Rd., Chengdu, 610072, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaolun Huang
- School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 4 Section 2, North Jianshe Road, Chengdu, 610054, Sichuan, China
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Cell Transplantation Center, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, No. 32 Western Section 2, 1st Ring Rd., Chengdu, 610072, Sichuan, China
| | - Hong Tang
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, No. 37 Guoxue Alley, Wuhou District, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
- Division of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17 People's South Road, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
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273
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Li Q, Edwards TC, Ponzar NL, Tavis JE. A mid-throughput HBV replication inhibition assay capable of detecting ribonuclease H inhibitors. J Virol Methods 2021; 292:114127. [PMID: 33766659 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2021.114127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The hepatitis B virus (HBV) ribonuclease H (RNaseH) is a promising but unexploited drug target. Inhibiting the RNaseH blocks viral reverse transcription by truncating the minus-polarity DNA strand, causing accumulation of RNA:DNA heteroduplexes, and abrogating plus-polarity DNA synthesis. Screening for RNaseH inhibitors is complicated by the presence of the minus-polarity DNA strand even when replication is fully inhibited because this residual DNA can be detected by standard screening assays that measure reduction in total HBV DNA accumulation. We previously developed a strand-preferential qPCR assay that detects RNaseH replication inhibitors by measuring preferential suppression of the viral plus-polarity DNA strand. However, this assay employed cells grown in 6- or 12-well plates and hence was of very low throughput. Here, we adapted the assay to a 96-well format and conducted a proof-of-principle screen of 727 compounds. The newly developed assay is a valuable tool for anti-HBV drug discovery, particularly when screening for RNaseH inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qilan Li
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Saint Louis University Liver Center, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Tiffany C Edwards
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Saint Louis University Liver Center, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Nathan L Ponzar
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Saint Louis University Liver Center, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| | - John E Tavis
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Saint Louis University Liver Center, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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274
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Huang X, Zhang X, Lu M. Recent trends in the development of Toll-like receptor 7/8-targeting therapeutics. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2021; 16:869-880. [PMID: 33678093 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2021.1898369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Toll-like receptor (TLR) 7 and TLR8 are functionally localized to endosomes and recognize specific RNA sequences. They play crucial roles in initiating innate and adaptive immune responses. TLR7/8 activation protects the host against invading pathogens and enhances immune responses. In contrast, sustained TLR7/8 signaling leads to immune overreaction. Therefore, agonists or antagonists targeting TLR7/8 signaling are favorable drug candidates for the treatment of immune disorders.Areas covered: Basic knowledge about TLR7 and TLR8 and their signaling pathways are briefly reviewed. Various therapeutic agents have been designed to activate or antagonize TLR7/8 signaling pathways, and their safety and efficacy for the treatment of multiple diseases have been investigated in preclinical animal models and clinical trials. TLR7/8 agonists exhibit potent antiviral activity and regulate anti-tumor immune responses. TLR7 agonists have also been used as adjuvants to improve vaccine immunogenicity and generate greater seroprotection. TLR7/8 antagonists are promising candidates for the treatment of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases.Expert opinion: TLR7/8 pathways are favorable targets for immunological therapies. Future research should concentrate on the optimization of drug safety, efficiency, and specificity. Detailed mechanistic studies will contribute to the development of TLR7/8 immunomodulators and novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mengji Lu
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital of Essen, Essen, Germany
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275
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Hehle V, Beretta M, Bourgine M, Ait-Goughoulte M, Planchais C, Morisse S, Vesin B, Lorin V, Hieu T, Stauffer A, Fiquet O, Dimitrov JD, Michel ML, Ungeheuer MN, Sureau C, Pol S, Di Santo JP, Strick-Marchand H, Pelletier N, Mouquet H. Potent human broadly neutralizing antibodies to hepatitis B virus from natural controllers. J Exp Med 2021; 217:151888. [PMID: 32579155 PMCID: PMC7537403 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20200840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rare individuals can naturally clear chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and acquire protection from reinfection as conferred by vaccination. To examine the protective humoral response against HBV, we cloned and characterized human antibodies specific to the viral surface glycoproteins (HBsAg) from memory B cells of HBV vaccinees and controllers. We found that human HBV antibodies are encoded by a diverse set of immunoglobulin genes and recognize various conformational HBsAg epitopes. Strikingly, HBsAg-specific memory B cells from natural controllers mainly produced neutralizing antibodies able to cross-react with several viral genotypes. Furthermore, monotherapy with the potent broadly neutralizing antibody Bc1.187 suppressed viremia in vivo in HBV mouse models and led to post-therapy control of the infection in a fraction of animals. Thus, human neutralizing HBsAg antibodies appear to play a key role in the spontaneous control of HBV and represent promising immunotherapeutic tools for achieving HBV functional cure in chronically infected humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Hehle
- Laboratory of Humoral Immunology, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1222, Paris, France
| | - Maxime Beretta
- Laboratory of Humoral Immunology, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1222, Paris, France
| | - Maryline Bourgine
- Molecular Virology and Vaccinology Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | | | - Cyril Planchais
- Laboratory of Humoral Immunology, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1222, Paris, France
| | - Solen Morisse
- Molecular Virology and Vaccinology Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Benjamin Vesin
- Molecular Virology and Vaccinology Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Valérie Lorin
- Laboratory of Humoral Immunology, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1222, Paris, France
| | - Thierry Hieu
- Laboratory of Humoral Immunology, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1222, Paris, France
| | | | - Oriane Fiquet
- Innate Immunity Unit, Department of Immunology, Paris, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1223, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Jordan D Dimitrov
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | | | - Marie-Noëlle Ungeheuer
- Investigation Clinique et Accès aux Ressources Biologiques platform, Center for Translational Science, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Camille Sureau
- Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine, Centre National de la Recherche-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1134, Paris, France
| | - Stanislas Pol
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1223, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Hepatology Department, Cochin Hospital, Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - James P Di Santo
- Innate Immunity Unit, Department of Immunology, Paris, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1223, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Hélène Strick-Marchand
- Innate Immunity Unit, Department of Immunology, Paris, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1223, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | | | - Hugo Mouquet
- Laboratory of Humoral Immunology, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1222, Paris, France
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276
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Fumagalli V, Di Lucia P, Venzin V, Bono EB, Jordan R, Frey CR, Delaney W, Chisari FV, Guidotti LG, Iannacone M. Serum HBsAg clearance has minimal impact on CD8+ T cell responses in mouse models of HBV infection. J Exp Med 2021; 217:152002. [PMID: 32761167 PMCID: PMC7596822 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20200298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody-mediated clearance of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) from the circulation of chronically infected patients (i.e., seroconversion) is usually associated with increased HBV-specific T cell responsiveness. However, a causative link between serum HBsAg levels and impairment of intrahepatic CD8+ T cells has not been established. Here we addressed this issue by using HBV replication-competent transgenic mice that are depleted of circulating HBsAg, via either spontaneous seroconversion or therapeutic monoclonal antibodies, as recipients of HBV-specific CD8+ T cells. Surprisingly, we found that serum HBsAg clearance has only a minimal effect on the expansion of HBV-specific naive CD8+ T cells undergoing intrahepatic priming. It does not alter their propensity to become dysfunctional, nor does it enhance the capacity of IL-2–based immunotherapeutic strategies to increase their antiviral function. In summary, our results reveal that circulating HBsAg clearance does not improve HBV-specific CD8+ T cell responses in vivo and may have important implications for the treatment of chronic HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Fumagalli
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Pietro Di Lucia
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Venzin
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa B Bono
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Francis V Chisari
- Deparment of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Luca G Guidotti
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Iannacone
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.,Experimental Imaging Center, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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277
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Zhan MR, Gao XZ, Wang C, Peng F, Wang XM, Xu HQ, Niu JQ. Elevated soluble 4-1BB is associated with serum markers of hepatitis B virus in patients with chronic hepatitis B. World J Clin Cases 2021; 9:1619-1630. [PMID: 33728305 PMCID: PMC7942032 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v9.i7.1619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have suggested that the costimulatory molecule 4-1BB plays pivotal roles in regulating immunity during chronic viral infection. However, up to now, there are few studies about 4-1BB in chronic hepatitis B (CHB).
AIM To clarify this issue, we report our comprehensive study results on the expression levels of 4-1BB in patients with CHB.
METHODS From September 2018 to June 2019, a total of 64 patients with CHB were recruited from the Department of Hepatology, The First Hospital of Jilin University. Peripheral blood samples were collected from 52 treatment-naïve and 12 entecavir-treated patients with CHB as well as 37 healthy donors (including 24 healthy adults and 13 healthy children). The levels of soluble 4-1BB (s4-1BB) in plasma were measured by ELISA. 4-1BB mRNA expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells was detected by real-time quantitative PCR.
RESULTS The s4-1BB levels in the plasma of patients with CHB were significantly higher than those in healthy adults (94.390 ± 7.393 ng/mL vs 8.875 ± 0.914 ng/mL, P < 0.001). In addition, the s4-1BB level in plasma was significantly increased in patients with a higher viral load and a disease flare up. However, there were no significant differences between treatment-naïve and entecavir-treated patients. Interestingly, among treatment-naïve patients with CHB, the levels of s4-1BB in plasma had a significant positive correlation with hepatitis B surface antigen, hepatitis B virus DNA, hepatitis B e antigen, and triglyceride levels (r = 0.748, P < 0.001; r = 0.406, P = 0.004; r = 0.356, P = 0.019 and r = -0.469, P = 0.007, respectively). The 4-1BB mRNA expression was higher in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with CHB than in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of healthy adults, but the difference was not statistically significant.
CONCLUSION These results suggest that the levels of s4-1BB may be associated with pathogenesis of hepatitis B virus and therefore may be a promising biomarker for disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Ru Zhan
- Department of Hepatology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China
| | - Xiu-Zhu Gao
- Department of Hepatology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China
- Phase I Clinical Research Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China
| | - Chang Wang
- Department of Hepatology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China
| | - Fei Peng
- Department of Hepatology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China
| | - Xiao-Mei Wang
- Department of Hepatology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China
| | - Hong-Qin Xu
- Department of Hepatology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China
| | - Jun-Qi Niu
- Department of Hepatology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China
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278
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Virzì A, Gonzalez-Motos V, Tripon S, Baumert TF, Lupberger J. Profibrotic Signaling and HCC Risk during Chronic Viral Hepatitis: Biomarker Development. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10050977. [PMID: 33801181 PMCID: PMC7957739 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10050977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite breakthroughs in antiviral therapies, chronic viral hepatitis B and C are still the major causes of liver fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Importantly, even in patients with controlled infection or viral cure, the cancer risk cannot be fully eliminated, highlighting a persisting oncogenic pressure imposed by epigenetic imprinting and advanced liver disease. Reliable and minimally invasive biomarkers for early fibrosis and for residual HCC risk in HCV-cured patients are urgently needed. Chronic infection with HBV and/or HCV dysregulates oncogenic and profibrogenic signaling within the host, also displayed in the secretion of soluble factors to the blood. The study of virus-dysregulated signaling pathways may, therefore, contribute to the identification of reliable minimally invasive biomarkers for the detection of patients at early-stage liver disease potentially complementing existing noninvasive methods in clinics. With a focus on virus-induced signaling events, this review provides an overview of candidate blood biomarkers for liver disease and HCC risk associated with chronic viral hepatitis and epigenetic viral footprints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Virzì
- Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France; (A.V.); (V.G.-M.); (S.T.); (T.F.B.)
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques (IVH), 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Victor Gonzalez-Motos
- Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France; (A.V.); (V.G.-M.); (S.T.); (T.F.B.)
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques (IVH), 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Simona Tripon
- Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France; (A.V.); (V.G.-M.); (S.T.); (T.F.B.)
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques (IVH), 67000 Strasbourg, France
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire, Pôle Hépato-Digestif, Nouvel Hôpital Civil, 67091 Strasbourg, France
| | - Thomas F. Baumert
- Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France; (A.V.); (V.G.-M.); (S.T.); (T.F.B.)
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques (IVH), 67000 Strasbourg, France
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire, Pôle Hépato-Digestif, Nouvel Hôpital Civil, 67091 Strasbourg, France
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), 75231 Paris, France
| | - Joachim Lupberger
- Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France; (A.V.); (V.G.-M.); (S.T.); (T.F.B.)
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques (IVH), 67000 Strasbourg, France
- Correspondence:
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279
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Dicoumarol, an NQO1 inhibitor, blocks cccDNA transcription by promoting degradation of HBx. J Hepatol 2021; 74:522-534. [PMID: 32987030 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2020.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Current antiviral therapies help keep HBV under control, but they are not curative, as they are unable to eliminate the intracellular viral replication intermediate termed covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA). Therefore, there remains an urgent need to develop strategies to cure CHB. Functional silencing of cccDNA is a crucial curative strategy that may be achieved by targeting the viral protein HBx. METHODS We screened 2,000 small-molecule compounds for their ability to inhibit HiBiT-tagged HBx (HiBiT-HBx) expression by using a HiBiT lytic detection system. The antiviral activity of a candidate compound and underlying mechanism of its effect on cccDNA transcription were evaluated in HBV-infected cells and a humanised liver mouse model. RESULTS Dicoumarol, an inhibitor of NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), significantly reduced HBx expression. Moreover, dicoumarol showed potent antiviral activity against HBV RNAs, HBV DNA, HBsAg and HBc protein in HBV-infected cells and a humanised liver mouse model. Mechanistic studies demonstrated that endogenous NQO1 binds to and protects HBx protein from 20S proteasome-mediated degradation. NQO1 knockdown or dicoumarol treatment significantly reduced the recruitment of HBx to cccDNA and inhibited the transcriptional activity of cccDNA, which was associated with the establishment of a repressive chromatin state. The absence of HBx markedly blocked the antiviral effect induced by NQO1 knockdown or dicoumarol treatment in HBV-infected cells. CONCLUSIONS Herein, we report on a novel small molecule that targets HBx to combat chronic HBV infection; we also reveal that NQO1 has a role in HBV replication through the regulation of HBx protein stability. LAY SUMMARY Current antiviral therapies for hepatitis B are not curative because of their inability to eliminate covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA), which persists in the nuclei of infected cells. HBV X (HBx) protein has an important role in regulating cccDNA transcription. Thus, targeting HBx to silence cccDNA transcription could be an important curative strategy. We identified that the small molecule dicoumarol could block cccDNA transcription by promoting HBx degradation; this is a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B.
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280
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Wu ZQ, Tan L, Gan WQ, Mo ZS, Chen DB, Wang PP, Zhao QY, Xie DY, Gao ZL. The relationship between the clearance of HBsAg and the remodeling of B cell subsets in CHB patients treated with Peg-IFN-α. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:414. [PMID: 33842635 PMCID: PMC8033293 DOI: 10.21037/atm-21-409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Background The seroconversion of the hepatitis B antigen is the ideal outcome for long-acting interferon-pegylated interferon-α (Peg-IFN-α) treatment among patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB). B-cell response plays an important role in the process of hepatitis B antigen clearance, but the specific mechanism by which B-cell improve hepatitis B virus (HBV) is still unclear. Methods A total of 103 CHB patients participated in this study. The patients received 24 weeks of Peg-IFN-α treatment. Flow cytometry was used to detect B-cell surface markers’ cluster of differentiation cluster of differentiation CD19, CD24, and CD27 in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of CHB patients before and after 24 weeks of Peg-IFN-α treatment. Results After 24 weeks of Peg-IFN-α treatment, the content of memory B cells (CD19+CD27+) and effector B cells (CD19+CD38+) increased significantly. Further analysis showed that the clearance of the hepatitis B antigen was correlated with the change value, ΔT, of plasma cells before and after treatment. The B-cell subsets (CD19+CD24+; CD19+CD40+; CD19+CD40+; CD19+CD80+), was also tested and the results showed that CD19+CD24+ and CD19+CD80+ content also increased significantly after treatment. Conclusions After Peg-IFN-α treatment, the B-cell subsets of CHB patients are remodeled. Thus, Peg-IFN-α treatment appears to play an important role in the remodeling of B cell subsets and the clearance of HBV antigens. The results of this study provide a theoretical basis and guidance for the clinical treatment of CHB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Qian Wu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-Sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lei Tan
- Department of Medical Ultrasonic, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei-Qiang Gan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-Sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Shuo Mo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-Sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Da-Biao Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-Sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pei-Pei Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-Sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qi-Yi Zhao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-Sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dong-Ying Xie
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-Sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Liang Gao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-Sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
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HBV-Integration Studies in the Clinic: Role in the Natural History of Infection. Viruses 2021; 13:v13030368. [PMID: 33652619 PMCID: PMC7996909 DOI: 10.3390/v13030368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a major global health problem causing acute and chronic liver disease that can lead to liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). HBV covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) is essential for viral replication and the establishment of a persistent infection. Integrated HBV DNA represents another stable form of viral DNA regularly observed in the livers of infected patients. HBV DNA integration into the host genome occurs early after HBV infection. It is a common occurrence during the HBV life cycle, and it has been detected in all the phases of chronic infection. HBV DNA integration has long been considered to be the main contributor to liver tumorigenesis. The recent development of highly sensitive detection methods and research models has led to the clarification of some molecular and pathogenic aspects of HBV integration. Though HBV integration does not lead to replication-competent transcripts, it can act as a stable source of viral RNA and proteins, which may contribute in determining HBV-specific T-cell exhaustion and favoring virus persistence. The relationship between HBV DNA integration and the immune response in the liver microenvironment might be closely related to the development and progression of HBV-related diseases. While many new antiviral agents aimed at cccDNA elimination or silencing have been developed, integrated HBV DNA remains a difficult therapeutic challenge.
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282
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Deng F, Xu G, Cheng Z, Huang Y, Ma C, Luo C, Yu C, Wang J, Xu X, Liu S, Zhu Y. Hepatitis B Surface Antigen Suppresses the Activation of Nuclear Factor Kappa B Pathway via Interaction With the TAK1-TAB2 Complex. Front Immunol 2021; 12:618196. [PMID: 33717111 PMCID: PMC7947203 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.618196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B is a major health problem worldwide, with more than 250 million chronic carriers. Hepatitis B virus interferes with the host innate immune system so as to evade elimination via almost all of its constituent proteins; nevertheless, the function of HBsAg with respect to immune escape remains unclear. This study aimed to determine the role HBsAg plays in assisting HBV to escape from immune responses. We found that HBsAg suppressed the activation of the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-кB) pathway, leading to downregulation of innate immune responses. HBsAg interacted with TAK1 and TAB2 specifically, inhibiting the phosphorylation and polyubiquitination of TAK1 and the K63-linked polyubiquitination of TAB2. Autophagy is a major catabolic process participating in many cellular processes, including the life cycle of HBV. We found that HBsAg promoted the autophagic degradation of TAK1 and TAB2 via the formation of complexes with TAK1 and TAB2, resulting in suppression of the NF-κB pathway. The expression of TAK1, TAB2, and the translocation of NF-κB inversely correlated with HBsAg levels in clinical liver tissues. Taken together, our findings suggest a novel mechanism by which HBsAg interacts with TAK1-TAB2 complex and suppresses the activation of NF-κB signaling pathway via reduction of the post-translational modifications and autophagic degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiyan Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Gang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhikui Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yu Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Caijiao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chuanjin Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chen Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Pathology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiupeng Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Huangshi Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei Polytechnic, Huangshi, China
| | - Shi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ying Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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283
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Ma Y, Frutos-Beltrán E, Kang D, Pannecouque C, De Clercq E, Menéndez-Arias L, Liu X, Zhan P. Medicinal chemistry strategies for discovering antivirals effective against drug-resistant viruses. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:4514-4540. [PMID: 33595031 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs01084g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
During the last forty years we have witnessed impressive advances in the field of antiviral drug discovery culminating with the introduction of therapies able to stop human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) replication, or cure hepatitis C virus infections in people suffering from liver disease. However, there are important viral diseases without effective treatments, and the emergence of drug resistance threatens the efficacy of successful therapies used today. In this review, we discuss strategies to discover antiviral compounds specifically designed to combat drug resistance. Currently, efforts in this field are focused on targeted proteins (e.g. multi-target drug design strategies), but also on drug conformation (either improving drug positioning in the binding pocket or introducing conformational constraints), in the introduction or exploitation of new binding sites, or in strengthening interaction forces through the introduction of multiple hydrogen bonds, covalent binding, halogen bonds, additional van der Waals forces or multivalent binding. Among the new developments, proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs) have emerged as a valid approach taking advantage of intracellular mechanisms involving protein degradation by the ubiquitin-proteasome system. Finally, several molecules targeting host factors (e.g. human dihydroorotate dehydrogenase and DEAD-box polypeptide 3) have been identified as broad-spectrum antiviral compounds. Implementation of herein described medicinal chemistry strategies are expected to contribute to the discovery of new drugs effective against current and future threats due to emerging and re-emerging viral pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Ma
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Ji'nan, 250012, Shandong Province, P. R. China.
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284
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TMEM2 binds to CSNK2A3 to inhibit HBV infection via activation of the JAK/STAT pathway. Exp Cell Res 2021; 400:112517. [PMID: 33582094 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2021.112517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
To investigate mechanisms that TMEM2 activation inhibits hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in hepatocarcinoma (HCC) cells, co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) and mass spectrometry were used in screening interacting proteins for TMEM2. Levels of casein kinase 2 subunit α3 (CSNK2A3) in HCC cells were found to be inhibited or overexpressed using siRNAs and pcDNA3.1-CSNK2A3, respectively. Effect of CSNK2A3 expression on cell proliferation was analyzed using MTS, while its effect on HBV infection was measured using ddPCR and IHC. Western blotting and JAK inhibitor ruxolitinib were also used to determine whether TMEM2-regulated CSNK2A3 expression and HBV infection were affected by JAK-STAT signaling. Co-IP and mass spectrometry results showed that CSNK2A3 interacts with TMEM2. Moreover, overexpression of CSNK2A3 significantly inhibited cell proliferation, while inhibition of CSNK2A3 promoted proliferation of HCC cells. In addition, overexpression of CSNK2A3 was observed to significantly enhance HBV infection, while siRNA knockdown of CSNK2A3 inhibited HBV infection. Notably, effect of CSNK2A3 overexpression on HBV infection was suppressed by TMEM2 overexpression. Further mechanistic analyses have revealed that TMEM2 could antagonize the effects of CSNK2A3 on cell proliferation and HBV infection via JAK-STAT pathway activation. In conclusion, TMEM2 has been determined to bind to CSNK2A3 to inhibit HBV infection via activation of the JAK-STAT pathway.
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285
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Decker A, Neumann-Haefelin C, Thimme R. [Viral hepatitis A-E]. Internist (Berl) 2021; 62:163-174. [PMID: 33443614 DOI: 10.1007/s00108-020-00923-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis viruses A-E cause acute and chronic liver inflammation and thus lead to significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. They differ significantly in their biology, course of disease and therapy options. While hepatitis A virus only causes acute infection, hepatitis B can become chronic, even reactivate or occur as coinfection with hepatitis D virus. Whereas these infections are preventable through vaccination, a vaccine does not exist against HCV. However, new direct antiviral agents reliably lead to cure of chronic hepatitis C. Hepatitis E virus frequently causes acute or-in case of immunosuppression-even chronic hepatitis. Continual screening of patients with elevated liver enzymes or risk groups using simple serological markers can enable virus-specific therapy of mostly asymptomatic chronic virus hepatitis, preventing the development of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annegrit Decker
- Klinik für Innere Medizin II - Gastroenterologie, Hepatologie, Endokrinologie, Infektiologie, Universitätsklinikum Freiburg, Freiburg, Deutschland
| | - Christoph Neumann-Haefelin
- Klinik für Innere Medizin II - Gastroenterologie, Hepatologie, Endokrinologie, Infektiologie, Universitätsklinikum Freiburg, Freiburg, Deutschland
| | - Robert Thimme
- Klinik für Innere Medizin II - Gastroenterologie, Hepatologie, Endokrinologie, Infektiologie, Universitätsklinikum Freiburg, Freiburg, Deutschland.
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286
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Hu Y, Zhang H, Wu M, Liu J, Li X, Zhu X, Li C, Chen H, Liu C, Niu J, Ding Y. Safety, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of TQ-A3334, an oral toll-like receptor 7 agonist in healthy individuals. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2021; 30:263-269. [PMID: 33405993 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2021.1873275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS TQ-A3334, a selective, oral toll-like receptor (TLR)-7 agonist, is being developed to treat chronic hepatitis B (CHB). This study evaluated the safety, pharmacokinetics (PK), and pharmacodynamics (PD) of TQ-A3334 in healthy participants. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS The effects of a single-ascending dose of TQ-A3334 (0.2-1.8 mg) combined with food (1.2 mg) were evaluated in 48 healthy participants. RESULTS No serious adverse events or discontinuations occurred in the study. The most common adverse reactions were lymphocyte count decreased and headache, which were generally consistent with IFN-α exposure and the mechanism of action of a TLR7 agonist. TQ-A3334 was rapidly absorbed, with a time to maximum plasma concentration of 0.42-0.5 h. Systemic exposure (Cmax and AUC) to TQ-A3334 increased with a slight saturation proportion to dose. Food reduced the exposure of TQ-A3334. The concentrations of MCP-1, ISG-15, MX-1, and OAS-1 were observed to be slightly dose-dependent, ranging from 1.0 to 1.8 mg TQ-A3334. CONCLUSIONS Oral doses of 0.2-1.8 mg appeared to be safe and tolerated. PD activity was seen at doses ranging from 1.0 to 1.8 mg, indicating its possible future use to treat CHB. TRIAL REGISTRATION The trial is registered at the Chinese Clinical Trial website (http://www.chinadrugtrials.org.cn/index.html # CTR20182248).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Hu
- Phase I Clinical Research Center, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Phase I Clinical Research Center, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Min Wu
- Phase I Clinical Research Center, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Jingrui Liu
- Phase I Clinical Research Center, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Xiaojiao Li
- Phase I Clinical Research Center, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Xiaoxue Zhu
- Phase I Clinical Research Center, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Cuiyun Li
- Phase I Clinical Research Center, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Phase I Clinical Research Center, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Chengjiao Liu
- Phase I Clinical Research Center, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Junqi Niu
- Department of Hepatology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Yanhua Ding
- Phase I Clinical Research Center, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin, China
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287
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Qiao D, Chen Y, Liu L. Engineered therapeutic nanovaccine against chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Biomaterials 2021; 269:120674. [PMID: 33486345 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.120674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B (CHB), caused by persistent hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, significantly increases the risk of leading to liver diseases. Despite the successful development and implementation of HBV prophylactic vaccines for several decades, the development of therapeutic vaccine, a substantially potential strategy to eradicate HBV and achieve CHB cure, remains a great challenge. Herein, we applied flash nanocomplexation (FNC) technology to prepare nanovaccines with narrow size distribution and high encapsulation via the charge complexation between chitosan and heparin to encapsulate recombinant hepatitis B virus surface antigen (rHBsAg) or core antigen (rHBcAg), with CpG as adjuvant. The two nanovaccines enhanced the uptake of antigen and adjuvant into Raw264.7 cells and their co-administration further promoted maturation and activation of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs). Meanwhile, they exhibited excellent lymph nodes (LNs) targeting ability, draining to proximal and distal LNs with prolonged retention time, following subcutaneous injection. Co-administered nanovaccines could break immune tolerance and restore HBV-specific immune responses. In a mouse model of CHB, 90% and 80% of mice achieved hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg) seroclearance and hepatitis B virus surface antibody (HBsAb) seroconversion, respectively. Moreover, the vaccines induced long-term immune memory in HBV-cured mice to protect them from HBV reinfection. Thus, this work offers a promising and translational alternative for therapeutic CHB vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongdong Qiao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Polymer Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, GD Research Center for Functional Biomaterials Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Yongming Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Polymer Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, GD Research Center for Functional Biomaterials Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China.
| | - Lixin Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Polymer Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, GD Research Center for Functional Biomaterials Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China.
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288
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Hong X, Luckenbaugh L, Mendenhall M, Walsh R, Cabuang L, Soppe S, Revill PA, Burdette D, Feierbach B, Delaney W, Hu J. Characterization of Hepatitis B Precore/Core-Related Antigens. J Virol 2021; 95:JVI.01695-20. [PMID: 33148795 PMCID: PMC7925093 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01695-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Current therapies rarely cure chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection due to the persistence of the viral episome, the covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA), in hepatocytes. The hepatitis B virus core-related antigen (HBcrAg), a mixture of the viral precore/core gene products, has emerged as one potential marker to monitor the levels and activities of intrahepatic cccDNA. In this study, a comprehensive characterization of precore/core gene products revealed that HBcrAg components included the classical hepatitis B virus core antigen (HBc) and e antigen (HBeAg) and, additionally, the precore-related antigen, PreC, retaining the N-terminal signal peptide. Both HBeAg and PreC antigens displayed heterogeneous proteolytic processing at their C termini resulting in multiple species, which varied with viral genotypes. HBeAg was the predominant form of HBcrAg in HBeAg-positive patients. Positive correlations were found between HBcrAg and PreC, between HBcrAg and HBeAg, and between PreC and HBeAg but not between HBcrAg and HBc. Serum HBeAg and PreC shared similar buoyant density and size distributions, and both displayed density and size heterogeneity. HBc, but not HBeAg or PreC antigen, was found as the main component of capsids in DNA-containing or empty virions. Neither HBeAg nor PreC protein was able to form capsids in cells or in vitro under physiological conditions. In conclusion, our study provides important new quantitative information on levels of each component of precore/core gene products as well as their biochemical and biophysical characteristics, implying that each component may have distinct functions and applications in reflecting intrahepatic viral activities.IMPORTANCE Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection afflicts approximately 257 million people, who are at high risk of progressing to chronic liver diseases, including fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Current therapies rarely achieve cure of HBV infection due to the persistence of the HBV episome, the covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA), in the nuclei of infected hepatocytes. Peripheral markers of cccDNA levels and transcriptional activities are urgently required to guide antiviral therapy and drug development. Serum hepatitis B core-related antigen (HBcrAg) is one such emerging peripheral marker. We have characterized the components of HBcrAg in HBV-infected patients as well as in cell cultures. Our results provide important new quantitative information on levels of each HBcrAg component, as well as their biochemical and biophysical characteristics. Our findings suggest that each HBcrAg component may have distinct functions and applications in reflecting intrahepatic viral activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xupeng Hong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Laurie Luckenbaugh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Megan Mendenhall
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Renae Walsh
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Royal Melbourne Hospital at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Liza Cabuang
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Royal Melbourne Hospital at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sally Soppe
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Royal Melbourne Hospital at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Peter A Revill
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Royal Melbourne Hospital at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Jianming Hu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
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289
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Vyas AK, Lslam M, Garg G, Singh AK, Trehanpati N. Humoral Immune Responses and Hepatitis B Infection. Dig Dis 2021; 39:516-525. [PMID: 33429386 DOI: 10.1159/000514274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronicity or seroclearance of hepatitis B virus (HBV) antigens is determined by the host immune responses. Current approaches to treat HBV patients are based on inhibition of replication using different antivirals (nucleoside or nucleotide analogs) as monotherapy, or along with immune modulators as combination therapy is being used worldwide for reducing the viral load. Understanding the role of immune cellular therapies with currently available treatments for persistent viral-mediated responses in HBV patients is unexplored. However, the generation of antibodies against a surface (HBs) and envelop (HBe) antigen of hepatitis B remains an issue for future studies and needs to be explored. SUMMARY Humoral immunity, specifically T follicular helper (TFh) cells, may serve as a target for therapy for HBsAg seroconversion. In this review, we have been engrossed in the importance and role of the humoral immune responses in CHBV infection and vertical transmission. Key Message: TFh cells have been suggested as the potential target of immunotherapy which lead to seroconversion of HBe and HBs antigens of HBV. HBsAg seroconversion and eradication of covalently closed circular DNA are the main challenges for existing and forthcoming therapies in HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Kumar Vyas
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, India
| | - Mojahidul Lslam
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Institute of Liver & Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Garima Garg
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, India
| | - Anirudh K Singh
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, India
| | - Nirupma Trehanpati
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Institute of Liver & Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
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290
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The Dihydroquinolizinone Compound RG7834 Inhibits the Polyadenylase Function of PAPD5 and PAPD7 and Accelerates the Degradation of Matured Hepatitis B Virus Surface Protein mRNA. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2020; 65:AAC.00640-20. [PMID: 33046485 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00640-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) mRNA metabolism is dependent upon host proteins PAPD5 and PAPD7 (PAPD5/7). PAPD5/7 are cellular, noncanonical, poly(A) polymerases (PAPs) whose main function is to oligoadenylate the 3' end of noncoding RNA (ncRNA) for exosome degradation. HBV seems to exploit these two ncRNA quality-control factors for viral mRNA stabilization, rather than degradation. RG7834 is a small-molecule compound that binds PAPD5/7 and inhibits HBV gene production in both tissue culture and animal study. We reported that RG7834 was able to destabilize multiple HBV mRNA species, ranging from the 3.5-kb pregenomic/precore mRNAs to the 2.4/2.1-kb hepatitis B virus surface protein (HBs) mRNAs, except for the smallest 0.7-kb X protein (HBx) mRNA. Compound-induced HBV mRNA destabilization was initiated by a shortening of the poly(A) tail, followed by an accelerated degradation process in both the nucleus and cytoplasm. In cells expressing HBV mRNA, both PAPD5/7 were found to be physically associated with the viral RNA, and the polyadenylating activities of PAPD5/7 were susceptible to RG7834 repression in a biochemical assay. Moreover, in PAPD5/7 double-knockout cells, viral transcripts with a regular length of the poly(A) sequence could be initially synthesized but became shortened in hours, suggesting that participation of PAPD5/7 in RNA 3' end processing, either during adenosine oligomerization or afterward, is crucial for RNA stabilization.
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291
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Wu X, Cai B, Lu W, Fu Y, Wei B, Niu Q, Su Z, Li Y, Wang L. HBV upregulated triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 (TREM-1) expression on monocytes participated in disease progression through NF-Kb pathway. Clin Immunol 2020; 223:108650. [PMID: 33316373 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2020.108650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 (TREM-1) signal is related to the continuous amplification of inflammatory pathway. However, it is not clear whether and how HBV can regulated the expression of TREM-1 on monocyte participated in the progression of liver disease. Here, we showed that the expression of TREM-1 on monocyte subsets were increased significantly in HBV related liver cirrhosis group compared with chronic infected group and healthy control group. HBsAg and HBeAg could up-regulated TREM-1 on monocyte by NF-KB pathway, and at least last for 72 h. Increased TREM-1 on monocyte might associated with high level of inflammatory cytokine (TNF-a, IL-1β and IL-6) and the activation of LX-2 cells. Bioinformatics analysis showed that the high expression of TREM-1 was related to the poor prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The level of TREM-1 might help to predict the progression of HBV infected liver disease and treat target to prevent fibrosis progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine/Research Center of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Bei Cai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine/Research Center of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Wang Lu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine/Research Center of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yang Fu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine/Research Center of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Bin Wei
- Department of Laboratory Medicine/Research Center of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Qian Niu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine/Research Center of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Zhenzhen Su
- Department of Laboratory Medicine/Research Center of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yamei Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine/Research Center of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Lanlan Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine/Research Center of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China.
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292
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Yokoyama K, Yamauchi E, Uchida Y, Kitaguchi T, Fukuda H, Yamauchi R, Tsuchiya N, Umeda K, Takata K, Tanaka T, Inomata S, Morihara D, Takeyama Y, Shakado S, Sakisaka S, Hirai F. Hepatitis B virus core-related antigen is useful for surveillance of hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence in a patient with occult hepatitis B virus infection: Case report. Clin Case Rep 2020; 8:3032-3037. [PMID: 33363874 PMCID: PMC7752430 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.3360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Serum HBV core-related antigen (HBcrAg) is useful for detecting HCC in patients with occult HBV infection. Surveillance for HCC is needed in patients who are positive for HBcrAg, even if they are negative for HBsAg and HBV DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiji Yokoyama
- Department of Gastroenterology and MedicineFaculty of MedicineFukuoka UniversityFukuokaJapan
| | - Eri Yamauchi
- Department of Gastroenterology and MedicineFaculty of MedicineFukuoka UniversityFukuokaJapan
| | - Yotaro Uchida
- Department of Gastroenterology and MedicineFaculty of MedicineFukuoka UniversityFukuokaJapan
| | - Takanori Kitaguchi
- Department of Gastroenterology and MedicineFaculty of MedicineFukuoka UniversityFukuokaJapan
| | - Hiromi Fukuda
- Department of Gastroenterology and MedicineFaculty of MedicineFukuoka UniversityFukuokaJapan
| | - Ryo Yamauchi
- Department of Gastroenterology and MedicineFaculty of MedicineFukuoka UniversityFukuokaJapan
| | - Naoaki Tsuchiya
- Department of Gastroenterology and MedicineFaculty of MedicineFukuoka UniversityFukuokaJapan
| | - Kaoru Umeda
- Department of Gastroenterology and MedicineFaculty of MedicineFukuoka UniversityFukuokaJapan
| | - Kazuhide Takata
- Department of Gastroenterology and MedicineFaculty of MedicineFukuoka UniversityFukuokaJapan
| | - Takashi Tanaka
- Department of Gastroenterology and MedicineFaculty of MedicineFukuoka UniversityFukuokaJapan
| | - Shinjiro Inomata
- Department of Gastroenterology and MedicineFaculty of MedicineFukuoka UniversityFukuokaJapan
| | - Daisuke Morihara
- Department of Gastroenterology and MedicineFaculty of MedicineFukuoka UniversityFukuokaJapan
| | - Yasuaki Takeyama
- Department of Gastroenterology and MedicineFaculty of MedicineFukuoka UniversityFukuokaJapan
| | - Satoshi Shakado
- Department of Gastroenterology and MedicineFaculty of MedicineFukuoka UniversityFukuokaJapan
| | - Shotaro Sakisaka
- Department of Gastroenterology and MedicineFaculty of MedicineFukuoka UniversityFukuokaJapan
| | - Fumihito Hirai
- Department of Gastroenterology and MedicineFaculty of MedicineFukuoka UniversityFukuokaJapan
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293
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Barili V, Boni C, Rossi M, Vecchi A, Zecca A, Penna A, Missale G, Ferrari C, Fisicaro P. Metabolic regulation of the HBV-specific T cell function. Antiviral Res 2020; 185:104989. [PMID: 33248194 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Chronically HBV infected subjects are more than 260 million worldwide; cirrhosis and liver cancer represent possible outcomes which affect around 700,000 patients per year. Both innate and adaptive immune responses are necessary for viral control and both have been shown to be defective in chronic patients. Metabolic remodeling is an essential process in T cell biology, particularly for T cell activation, differentiation and survival. Cellular metabolism relies on the conversion of nutrients into energy to support intracellular processes, and to generate fundamental intermediate components for cell proliferation and growth. Adaptive immune responses are the central mechanisms for the resolution of primary human infections leading to the activation of pathogen-specific B and T cell functions. In chronic HBV infection the anti-viral immune response fails to contain the virus and leads to persistent hepatic tissue damage which may finally result in liver cirrhosis and cancer. This T cell failure is associated with metabolic alterations suggesting that control of nutrient uptake and intracellular utilization as well as correct regulation of intracellular metabolic pathways are strategic for T cell differentiation during persistent chronic infections. This review will discuss some of the main features of the T cell metabolic processes which are relevant to the generation of an efficient antiviral response, with specific focus on their clinical relevance in chronic HBV infection in the perspective of possible strategies to correct deregulated metabolic pathways underlying T cell dysfunction of chronic HBV patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Barili
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy; Laboratory of Viral Immunopathology, Unit of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Carolina Boni
- Laboratory of Viral Immunopathology, Unit of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Marzia Rossi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy; Laboratory of Viral Immunopathology, Unit of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Andrea Vecchi
- Laboratory of Viral Immunopathology, Unit of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Alessandra Zecca
- Laboratory of Viral Immunopathology, Unit of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Amalia Penna
- Laboratory of Viral Immunopathology, Unit of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Gabriele Missale
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy; Laboratory of Viral Immunopathology, Unit of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Carlo Ferrari
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy; Laboratory of Viral Immunopathology, Unit of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma, Parma, Italy.
| | - Paola Fisicaro
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy; Laboratory of Viral Immunopathology, Unit of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma, Parma, Italy
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294
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Block TM, Young JAT, Javanbakht H, Sofia MJ, Zhou T. Host RNA quality control as a hepatitis B antiviral target. Antiviral Res 2020; 186:104972. [PMID: 33242518 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of the host RNA polyadenylating polymerases, PAPD5 and PAPD7 (PAPD5/7), with dihydroquinolizinone, a small orally available, molecule, results in a rapid and selective degradation of hepatitis B virus (HBV) RNA, and hence reduction in the amounts of viral gene products. DHQ, is a first in class investigational agent and could represent an entirely new category of HBV antivirals. PAPD5 and PAPD7 are non-canonical, cell specified, polyadenylating polymerases, also called terminal nucleotidyl transferases 4B and 4A (TENT4B/A), respectively. They are involved in the degradation of poor-quality cell transcripts, mostly non-coding RNAs and in the maturation of a sub-set of transcripts. They also appear to play a role in shielding some mRNA from degradation. The results of studies with DHQ, along with other recent findings, provide evidence that repression of the PAPD5/7 arm of the cell "RNA quality control" pathway, causes a profound (multi-fold) reduction rather than increase, in the amount of HBV pre-genomic, pre-core and HBsAg mRNA levels in tissue culture and animal models, as well. In this review we will briefly discuss the need for new HBV therapeutics and provide background about HBV transcription. We also discuss cellular degradation of host transcripts, as it relates to a new family of anti-HBV drugs that interfere with these processes. Finally, since HBV mRNA maturation appears to be selectively sensitive to PAPD5/7 inhibition in hepatocytes, we discuss the possibility of targeting host RNA "quality control" as an antiviral strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John A T Young
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F.Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Hassan Javanbakht
- SQZ Biotechnologies, 200 Arsenal Yards Blvd, Suite 210, Watertown, MA, 02472, USA.
| | - Michael J Sofia
- Arbutus Biopharma, Inc, 701 Veterans Circle, Warminster, PA, 18974, USA.
| | - Tianlun Zhou
- Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Doylestown, PA, 18902, USA.
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295
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Hepatitis B virus Core protein nuclear interactome identifies SRSF10 as a host RNA-binding protein restricting HBV RNA production. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008593. [PMID: 33180834 PMCID: PMC7707522 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the existence of a preventive vaccine, chronic infection with Hepatitis B virus (HBV) affects more than 250 million people and represents a major global cause of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) worldwide. Current clinical treatments, in most of cases, do not eliminate viral genome that persists as a DNA episome in the nucleus of hepatocytes and constitutes a stable template for the continuous expression of viral genes. Several studies suggest that, among viral factors, the HBV core protein (HBc), well-known for its structural role in the cytoplasm, could have critical regulatory functions in the nucleus of infected hepatocytes. To elucidate these functions, we performed a proteomic analysis of HBc-interacting host-factors in the nucleus of differentiated HepaRG, a surrogate model of human hepatocytes. The HBc interactome was found to consist primarily of RNA-binding proteins (RBPs), which are involved in various aspects of mRNA metabolism. Among them, we focused our studies on SRSF10, a RBP that was previously shown to regulate alternative splicing (AS) in a phosphorylation-dependent manner and to control stress and DNA damage responses, as well as viral replication. Functional studies combining SRSF10 knockdown and a pharmacological inhibitor of SRSF10 phosphorylation (1C8) showed that SRSF10 behaves as a restriction factor that regulates HBV RNAs levels and that its dephosphorylated form is likely responsible for the anti-viral effect. Surprisingly, neither SRSF10 knock-down nor 1C8 treatment modified the splicing of HBV RNAs but rather modulated the level of nascent HBV RNA. Altogether, our work suggests that in the nucleus of infected cells HBc interacts with multiple RBPs that regulate viral RNA metabolism. Our identification of SRSF10 as a new anti-HBV restriction factor offers new perspectives for the development of new host-targeted antiviral strategies. Chronic infection with Hepatitis B virus (HBV) affects more than 250 million of people world-wide and is a major global cause of liver cancer. Current treatments lead to a significant reduction of viremia in patients. However, viral clearance is rarely obtained and the persistence of the HBV genome in the hepatocyte’s nucleus generates a stable source of viral RNAs and subsequently proteins which play important roles in immune escape mechanisms and liver disease progression. Therapies aiming at efficiently and durably eliminating viral gene expression are still required. In this study, we identified the nuclear partners of the HBV Core protein (HBc) to understand how this structural protein, responsible for capsid assembly in the cytoplasm, could also regulate viral gene expression. The HBc interactome was found to consist primarily of RNA-binding proteins (RBPs). One of these RBPs, SRSF10, was demonstrated to restrict HBV RNA levels and a drug, able to alter its phosphorylation, behaved as an antiviral compound capable of reducing viral gene expression. Altogether, this study sheds new light on novel regulatory functions of HBc and provides information relevant for the development of antiviral strategies aiming at preventing viral gene expression.
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296
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Jiang W, Wang L, Zhang Y, Li H. Circ-ATP5H Induces Hepatitis B Virus Replication and Expression by Regulating miR-138-5p/ TNFAIP3 Axis. Cancer Manag Res 2020; 12:11031-11040. [PMID: 33173336 PMCID: PMC7648158 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s272983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Circular RNAs (circRNAs) play an important regulatory role in various cancers, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This study aimed to investigate the function of hsa_circ_0006942 (circ-ATP5H) in hepatitis B virus (HBV)-associated HCC and its underlying mechanism. Methods The levels of circ-ATP5H, miR-138-5p and tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced protein 3 (TNFAIP3) were determined using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) or Western blot assay. The copies of HBV DNA were examined using qRT-PCR. The levels of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) were detected via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Dual-luciferase reporter assay was used to analyze the interactions among circ-ATP5H, miR-138-5p and TNFAIP3. Results Circ-ATP5H and TNFAIP3 levels were increased, while miR-138-5p level was reduced in HBV-positive HCC tissues and cells. Knockdown of circ-ATP5H hindered HBV DNA replication and decreased HBsAg and HBeAg levels in HBV-infected cells. Circ-ATP5H silencing suppressed HBV replication and expression by regulating miR-138-5p. Moreover, miR-138-5p blocked HBV replication and expression via targeting TNFAIP3. Furthermore, circ-ATP5H up-regulated TNFAIP3 via absorbing miR-138-5p. Conclusion Circ-ATP5H promoted HBV replication and expression through modulating miR-138-5p/TNFAIP3 axis, suggesting a new biomarker for HBV-related HCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxiu Jiang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The People's Hospital of Danyang, Affiliated Danyang Hospital of Nantong University, Danyang City, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Lili Wang
- Department of Clinical Research, The Second Hospital of Nanjing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yajuan Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The People's Hospital of Danyang, Affiliated Danyang Hospital of Nantong University, Danyang City, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongliang Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The People's Hospital of Danyang, Affiliated Danyang Hospital of Nantong University, Danyang City, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
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297
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Bertoletti A. ImmTAV, a New Immunotherapy Targeting the Source of HBV Infection. Hepatology 2020; 72:1514-1517. [PMID: 32865247 DOI: 10.1002/hep.31527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Bertoletti
- Emerging Infectious Diseases Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.,Singapore Immunology Network, Agency of Science technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
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298
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Dandri M, Petersen J. cccDNA Maintenance in Chronic Hepatitis B - Targeting the Matrix of Viral Replication. Infect Drug Resist 2020; 13:3873-3886. [PMID: 33149632 PMCID: PMC7605611 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s240472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B is a numerically important cause of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, despite an effective prophylactic vaccine and well-tolerated and effective oral antivirals. Both the incapacity of the immune system to clear hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and the unique replication strategies adopted by HBV are considered key determinants of HBV chronicity. In this regard, the formation of the HBV DNA minichromosome, the covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA), in the nucleus of infected hepatocytes, is essential not only for the production of all viral proteins but also for HBV persistence even after long-term antiviral therapy. Licensed polymerase inhibitors target the HBV reverse transcriptase activity, control the disease with long-term therapy but fail to eliminate the cccDNA. Consequently, the production of viral RNAs and proteins, including the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), is not abolished. Novel therapeutic efforts that are in the pipeline for early clinical trials explore novel targets and molecules. Such therapeutic efforts focus on achieving a functional cure, which is defined by the loss of HBsAg and undetectable HBV DNA levels in serum. Since a true cure of HBV infection requires the elimination of the cccDNA from infected cells, comprehension of the mechanisms implicated in cccDNA biogenesis, regulation and stability appears necessary to achieve HBV eradication. In this review, we will summarize the state of knowledge on cccDNA metabolism, focusing on insights suggesting potential weak points of the cccDNA that may be key for the development of therapeutic approaches and design of clinical trials aiming at lowering cccDNA loads and activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maura Dandri
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg - Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Hamburg-Luebeck-Borstel-Riems Site, Germany
| | - Joerg Petersen
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Medicine, Asklepios Klinik St Georg, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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299
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Xie C, Li SY, Fang JH, Zhu Y, Yang JE. Functional long non-coding RNAs in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Lett 2020; 500:281-291. [PMID: 33129957 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2020.10.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a prevalent human malignancy with high morbidity worldwide. Hepatocarcinogenesis is a complex multistep process, and its underlying molecular mechanisms remain largely unknown. Recently, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), a class of newly discovered molecules, have been revealed as essential regulators in the development of HCC. HCC-associated lncRNAs affect multiple malignant phenotypes by modulating gene expression or protein activity. Moreover, the dysregulation of lncRNAs in the liver is also associated with diseases predisposing to HCC, such as chronic viral infection, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, and liver fibrosis/cirrhosis. A deeper understanding of the lncRNA regulatory network in the multistep processes of HCC development will provide new insights into the diagnosis and treatment of HCC. In this review, we introduce the biogenesis and function of lncRNAs and summarize recent knowledge on how lncRNAs regulate the malignant hallmarks of HCC, such as uncontrolled cell proliferation, resistance to cell death, metabolic reprogramming, immune escape, angiogenesis, and metastasis. We also review emerging insights into the role of lncRNAs in HCC-associated liver diseases. Finally, we discuss the potential applications of lncRNAs as early diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Xie
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Xin Gang Xi Road 135#, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - Song-Yang Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Xin Gang Xi Road 135#, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - Jian-Hong Fang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Xin Gang Xi Road 135#, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - Ying Zhu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Xin Gang Xi Road 135#, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - Jin-E Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Xin Gang Xi Road 135#, Guangzhou 510275, PR China.
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300
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Ortega JT, Zambrano JL, Jastrzebska B, Liprandi F, Rangel HR, Pujol FH. Understanding Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Replication to Design Efficient Drug Combination Therapies. Intervirology 2020; 63:2-9. [PMID: 33099545 PMCID: PMC7649723 DOI: 10.1159/000512141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and its disease CO-VID-19 has strongly encouraged the search for antiviral compounds. Most of the evaluated drugs against SARS-CoV-2 derive from drug repurposing of Food and Drug Administration-approved molecules. These drugs have as target three major processes: (1) early stages of virus-cell interaction, (2) viral proteases, and (3) the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. SUMMARY This review focused on the basic principles of virology and pharmacology to understand the importance of early stages of virus-cell interaction as therapeutic targets and other main processes vital for SARS-CoV-2 replication. Furthermore, we focused on describing the main targets associated with SARS-CoV-2 antiviral therapy and the rationale of drug combinations for efficiently suppressing viral replication. Key Messages: We hypothesized that blocking of both entry mechanisms could allow a more effective antiviral effect compared to the partial results obtained with chloroquine or its derivatives alone. This approach, already used to achieve an antiviral effect higher than that offered by every single drug administered separately, has been successfully applied in several viral infections such as HIV and HCV. This review will contribute to expanding the perception of the possible therapeutic targets in SARS-CoV-2 infection and highlight the benefits of using combination therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph T Ortega
- Department of Pharmacology, Cleveland Center for Membrane and Structural Biology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Jose L Zambrano
- Laboratorio de Biología de Virus, Centro de Microbiología y Biología Celular, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Beata Jastrzebska
- Department of Pharmacology, Cleveland Center for Membrane and Structural Biology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Ferdinando Liprandi
- Laboratorio de Biología de Virus, Centro de Microbiología y Biología Celular, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Hector R Rangel
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Centro de Microbiología y Biología Celular, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Flor H Pujol
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Centro de Microbiología y Biología Celular, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Caracas, Venezuela,
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