251
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Jahani-Sherafat S, Alebouyeh M, Moghim S, Ahmadi Amoli H, Ghasemian-Safaei H. Role of gut microbiota in the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer; a review article. GASTROENTEROLOGY AND HEPATOLOGY FROM BED TO BENCH 2018; 11:101-109. [PMID: 29910850 PMCID: PMC5990924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most frequently diagnosed cancers worldwide. Lifestyle is identified as one of the most important risk factors for CRC, especially in sporadic colorectal cancer. The natural composition of the gut microbiota changes rapidly during the first decade of life. Maintaining homeostasis in the gut is essential as structural and metabolic functions of the commensal microbiota inhibit gut colonization of pathogens. Dysbiosis, imbalance in function or structure of gut microbiota, has been associated with a variety of diseases, such as colorectal cancer. The aim of this review was to investigate the possible links between the dysbiosis in gut microbiota and colorectal cancer, and the potential role of anaerobic gut microbiota in the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer. Based on this review, various studies have shown that some of the gut microbiota such as anaerobic bacteria significantly increased in CRC patients, but we suggest more investigations are required to assess the importance of these bacteria and their metabolites in the pathogenesis of CRC are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somayeh Jahani-Sherafat
- Microbiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran,Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Alebouyeh
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sharareh Moghim
- Microbiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | | | - Hajieh Ghasemian-Safaei
- Microbiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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252
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Liang Q, Ma D, Zhu X, Wang Z, Sun TT, Shen C, Yan T, Tian X, Yu T, Guo F, Tang J, Lin Y, Chen H, Zhou C, Ge Z, Zhong M, Chen J, Liu Q, Wang Z, Fang JY, Chen H, Hong J. RING-Finger Protein 6 Amplification Activates JAK/STAT3 Pathway by Modifying SHP-1 Ubiquitylation and Associates with Poor Outcome in Colorectal Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2017; 24:1473-1485. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-17-2133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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253
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Bruneau A, Baylatry MT, Joly AC, Sokol H. [Gut microbiota: What impact on colorectal carcinogenesis and treatment?]. Bull Cancer 2017; 105:70-80. [PMID: 29217301 DOI: 10.1016/j.bulcan.2017.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The gut microbiota, composed of 1014 microorganisms, is now considered as a "hidden organ", regarding to its digestive, metabolic and immune functions, which are helpful to its host. For the last 15 years, advances in molecular biology have highlighted the association of gut microbiota dysbiosis with several diseases, including colorectal cancer. An increased abundance of some bacteria (including Fusobacterium nucleatum, Bacteroides fragilis, Escherichia coli) is associated with cancer, whereas others seem to be protective (Faecalibacterium prausnitzii). Several mechanisms, which are species-specific, are involved in colorectal carcinogenesis. Most of the time, bacterial toxins are involved in pro-inflammatory processes and in activation of angiogenesis and cellular proliferation pathways. The identification of these bacteria leads to envisage the gut microbiota as potential screening tool for colorectal cancer. Recent studies showed a relation between the gut microbiota and the efficacy and toxicity of chemotherapies (oxaliplatin, irinotecan) and immunotherapies (including ipilimumab). Therapeutic approaches targeting the gut microbiota are now available (probiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation…). New therapeutic strategy combining both chemotherapy and/or immunotherapy with an adjuvant treatment targeting the gut microbiota can now be developed in order to improve treatment response and tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Bruneau
- AP-HP, hôpital Saint-Antoine, pharmacie hospitaliere, 184, rue du faubourg Saint-Antoine, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Minh-Tam Baylatry
- AP-HP, hôpital Saint-Antoine, pharmacie hospitaliere, 184, rue du faubourg Saint-Antoine, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Anne Christine Joly
- AP-HP, hôpital Saint-Antoine, pharmacie hospitaliere, 184, rue du faubourg Saint-Antoine, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Harry Sokol
- AP-HP, hôpital Saint-Antoine, service de gastro-entérologie et nutrition, 184, rue du faubourg Saint-Antoine, 75571 Paris, France.
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254
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Bayesian and frequentist analysis of an Austrian genome-wide association study of colorectal cancer and advanced adenomas. Oncotarget 2017; 8:98623-98634. [PMID: 29228715 PMCID: PMC5716755 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Most genome-wide association studies (GWAS) were analyzed using single marker tests in combination with stringent correction procedures for multiple testing. Thus, a substantial proportion of associated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) remained undetected and may account for missing heritability in complex traits. Model selection procedures present a powerful alternative to identify associated SNPs in high-dimensional settings. In this GWAS including 1060 colorectal cancer cases, 689 cases of advanced colorectal adenomas and 4367 controls we pursued a dual approach to investigate genome-wide associations with disease risk applying both, single marker analysis and model selection based on the modified Bayesian information criterion, mBIC2, implemented in the software package MOSGWA. For different case-control comparisons, we report models including between 1-14 candidate SNPs. A genome-wide significant association of rs17659990 (P=5.43×10-9, DOCK3, chromosome 3p21.2) with colorectal cancer risk was observed. Furthermore, 56 SNPs known to influence susceptibility to colorectal cancer and advanced adenoma were tested in a hypothesis-driven approach and several of them were found to be relevant in our Austrian cohort. After correction for multiple testing (α=8.9×10-4), the most significant associations were observed for SNPs rs10505477 (P=6.08×10-4) and rs6983267 (P=7.35×10-4) of CASC8, rs3802842 (P=8.98×10-5, COLCA1,2), and rs12953717 (P=4.64×10-4, SMAD7). All previously unreported SNPs demand replication in additional samples. Reanalysis of existing GWAS datasets using model selection as tool to detect SNPs associated with a complex trait may present a promising resource to identify further genetic risk variants not only for colorectal cancer.
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255
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Ashktorab H, Kupfer SS, Brim H, Carethers JM. Racial Disparity in Gastrointestinal Cancer Risk. Gastroenterology 2017; 153:910-923. [PMID: 28807841 PMCID: PMC5623134 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2017.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cancer from the gastrointestinal tract and its associated excretory organs will occur in more than 300,000 Americans in 2017, with colorectal cancer responsible for >40% of that burden; there will be more than 150,000 deaths from this group of cancers in the same time period. Disparities among subgroups related to the incidence and mortality of these cancers exist. The epidemiology and risk factors associated with each cancer bear out differences for racial groups in the United States. Esophageal adenocarcinoma is more frequent in non-Hispanic whites, whereas esophageal squamous cell carcinoma with risk factors of tobacco and alcohol is more frequent among blacks. Liver cancer has been most frequent among Asian/Pacific Islanders, chiefly due to hepatitis B vertical transmission, but other racial groups show increasing rates due to hepatitis C and emergence of cirrhosis from non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Gastric cancer incidence remains highest among Asian/Pacific Islanders likely due to gene-environment interaction. In addition to esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, cancers of the small bowel, pancreas, and colorectum show the highest rates among blacks, where the explanations for the disparity are not as obvious and are likely multifactorial, including socioeconomic and health care access, treatment, and prevention (vaccination and screening) differences, dietary and composition of the gut microbiome, as well as biologic and genetic influences. Cognizance of these disparities in gastrointestinal cancer risk, as well as approaches that apply precision medicine methods to populations with the increased risk, may reduce the observed disparities for digestive cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Ashktorab
- Department of Medicine, Howard University, Washington, District of Columbia; Cancer Center, Howard University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Sonia S Kupfer
- Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Hassan Brim
- Department of Pathology, Howard University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - John M Carethers
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Department of Human Genetics and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
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256
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Tian X, Zhu X, Yan T, Yu C, Shen C, Hu Y, Hong J, Chen H, Fang JY. Recurrence-associated gene signature optimizes recurrence-free survival prediction of colorectal cancer. Mol Oncol 2017; 11:1544-1560. [PMID: 28796930 PMCID: PMC5664005 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
High throughput gene expression profiling has showed great promise in providing insight into molecular mechanisms. Metastasis‐related mRNAs may potentially enrich genes with the ability to predict cancer recurrence, therefore we attempted to build a recurrence‐associated gene signature to improve prognostic prediction of colorectal cancer (CRC). We identified 2848 differentially expressed mRNAs by analyzing CRC tissues with or without metastasis. For the selection of prognostic genes, a LASSO Cox regression model (least absolute shrinkage and selection operator method) was employed. Using this method, a 13‐mRNA signature was identified and then validated in two independent Gene Expression Omnibus cohorts. This classifier could successfully discriminate the high‐risk patients in discovery cohort [hazard ratio (HR) = 5.27, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.30–12.08, P < 0.0001). Analysis in two independent cohorts yielded consistent results (GSE14333: HR = 4.55, 95% CI 2.18–9.508, P < 0.0001; GSE33113: HR = 3.26, 95% CI 2.16–9.16, P = 0.0176). Further analysis revealed that the prognostic value of this signature was independent of tumor stage, postoperative chemotherapy and somatic mutation. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis showed that the area under ROC curve of this signature was 0.8861 and 0.8157 in the discovery and validation cohort, respectively. A nomogram was constructed for clinicians, and did well in the calibration plots. Furthermore, this 13‐mRNA signature outperformed other known gene signatures, including oncotypeDX colon cancer assay. Single‐sample gene‐set enrichment analysis revealed that a group of pathways related to drug resistance, cancer metastasis and stemness were significantly enriched in the high‐risk patients. In conclusion, this 13‐mRNA signature may be a useful tool for prognostic evaluation and will facilitate personalized management of CRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianglong Tian
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai JiaoTong University, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Zhu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai JiaoTong University, China
| | - Tingting Yan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai JiaoTong University, China
| | - Chenyang Yu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai JiaoTong University, China
| | - Chaoqin Shen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai JiaoTong University, China
| | - Ye Hu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai JiaoTong University, China
| | - Jie Hong
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai JiaoTong University, China
| | - Haoyan Chen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai JiaoTong University, China
| | - Jing-Yuan Fang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai JiaoTong University, China
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257
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Kong P, Wu R, Lan Y, He W, Yang C, Yin C, Yang Q, Jiang C, Xu D, Xia L. Association between Mismatch-repair Genetic variation and the Risk of Multiple Primary Cancers: A Meta-Analysis. J Cancer 2017; 8:3296-3308. [PMID: 29158803 PMCID: PMC5665047 DOI: 10.7150/jca.19810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Microsatellites instability (MSI) is a risk factor for multiple primary cancers (MPCs). However, a variety of studies focused on the risk in the hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) not the sporadic colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. The aim of this meta-analysis was to comprehensive overview and quantitative summary the association between MSI and risk of MPCs. A comprehensive literature search in MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of science, ScienceDirect, Weily and OVID was conducted. Up to May 2016, we identified 22 observational studies. We calculated the summary relative risk (RR) for the risk of MPCs in MSI patients compared with microsatellites stability (MSS) patients using fixed- or random-effects models. The RR of the association between mismatch-repair gene (MMR) genotype and MPCs was 2.59 (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.06 to 3.27); the RR was 2.14 (95% CI, 1.78 to 2.57) for sporadic CRC and 5.59 (95% CI, 2.69 to 11.59) for HNPCC for the MSI versus MSS category. The subgroup analyses showed different mutant gene, mutant locus, and mutant level of MMR with different influence on the patients susceptible to MPCs. In addition, MSI genotype increase the risk of MPC was not associated with an apparently specific in regard to site, timing, age and detection method. In conclusion, this meta-analysis indicates that MSI is associated with an increased risk of MPCs both in the HNPCC and sporadic CRC patients. Our findings will form the backbone of the treatment for MSI genotype may be an important valuable strategy for MPCs prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, 510000, PR China.,Department of the VIP region, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Centre, Guangzhou, 510000, PR China
| | - Ruiyan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, 510000, PR China
| | - Yadong Lan
- Department of Oncological Surgery, the Second People's Hospital of Lu-an City, Lu-an, 237000, PR China
| | - Wenzhuo He
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, 510000, PR China.,Department of the VIP region, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Centre, Guangzhou, 510000, PR China
| | - Chenlu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, 510000, PR China.,Department of Gynecology, Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, Guangzhou, 510010, PR China
| | - Chenxi Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, 510000, PR China.,Department of the ICU, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Centre, Guangzhou, 510000, PR China
| | - Qiong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, 510000, PR China.,Department of the VIP region, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Centre, Guangzhou, 510000, PR China
| | - Chang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, 510000, PR China.,Department of the VIP region, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Centre, Guangzhou, 510000, PR China
| | - Dazhi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, 510000, PR China.,Department of Gastric and Pancreatic Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Centre, Guangzhou, 510000, PR China
| | - Liangping Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, 510000, PR China.,Department of the VIP region, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Centre, Guangzhou, 510000, PR China
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258
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Koi M, Carethers JM. The colorectal cancer immune microenvironment and approach to immunotherapies. Future Oncol 2017; 13:1633-1647. [PMID: 28829193 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2017-0145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Minoru Koi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine & Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - John M Carethers
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine & Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.,Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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259
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Liu J, Li H, Sun L, Wang Z, Xing C, Yuan Y. Aberrantly methylated-differentially expressed genes and pathways in colorectal cancer. Cancer Cell Int 2017; 17:75. [PMID: 28794688 PMCID: PMC5545832 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-017-0444-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Methylation plays an important role in the etiology and pathogenesis of colorectal cancer (CRC). This study aimed to identify aberrantly methylated-differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and pathways in CRC by comprehensive bioinformatics analysis. Methods Data of gene expression microarrays (GSE68468, GSE44076) and gene methylation microarrays (GSE29490, GSE17648) were downloaded from GEO database. Aberrantly methylated-DEGs were obtained by GEO2R. Functional and enrichment analyses of selected genes were performed using DAVID database. Protein–protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed by STRING and visualized in Cytoscape. MCODE was used for module analysis of the PPI network. Results Totally 411 hypomethylation-high expression genes were identified, which were enriched in biological processes of response to wounding or inflammation, cell proliferation and adhesion. Pathway enrichment showed cytokine–cytokine receptor interaction, p53 signaling and cell cycle. The top 5 hub genes of PPI network were CAD, CCND1, ATM, RB1 and MET. Additionally, 239 hypermethylation-low expression genes were identified, which demonstrated enrichment in biological processes including cell–cell signaling, nerve impulse transmission, etc. Pathway analysis indicated enrichment in calcium signaling, maturity onset diabetes of the young, cell adhesion molecules, etc. The top 5 hub genes of PPI network were EGFR, ACTA1, SST, ESR1 and DNM2. After validation in TCGA database, most hub genes still remained significant. Conclusion In summary, our study indicated possible aberrantly methylated-differentially expressed genes and pathways in CRC by bioinformatics analysis, which may provide novel insights for unraveling pathogenesis of CRC. Hub genes including CAD, CCND1, ATM, RB1, MET, EGFR, ACTA1, SST, ESR1 and DNM2 might serve as aberrantly methylation-based biomarkers for precise diagnosis and treatment of CRC in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwei Liu
- Tumor Etiology and Screening Department of Cancer Institute and General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, and Key Laboratory of Cancer Etiology and Prevention (China Medical University), Liaoning Provincial Education Department, Shenyang, 110001 China
| | - Hao Li
- Tumor Etiology and Screening Department of Cancer Institute and General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, and Key Laboratory of Cancer Etiology and Prevention (China Medical University), Liaoning Provincial Education Department, Shenyang, 110001 China
| | - Liping Sun
- Tumor Etiology and Screening Department of Cancer Institute and General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, and Key Laboratory of Cancer Etiology and Prevention (China Medical University), Liaoning Provincial Education Department, Shenyang, 110001 China
| | - Zhenning Wang
- Tumor Etiology and Screening Department of Cancer Institute and General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, and Key Laboratory of Cancer Etiology and Prevention (China Medical University), Liaoning Provincial Education Department, Shenyang, 110001 China
| | - Chengzhong Xing
- Tumor Etiology and Screening Department of Cancer Institute and General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, and Key Laboratory of Cancer Etiology and Prevention (China Medical University), Liaoning Provincial Education Department, Shenyang, 110001 China.,Tumor Etiology and Screening Department of Cancer Institute and General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, 155# North Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001 Liaoning China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Tumor Etiology and Screening Department of Cancer Institute and General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, and Key Laboratory of Cancer Etiology and Prevention (China Medical University), Liaoning Provincial Education Department, Shenyang, 110001 China.,Tumor Etiology and Screening Department of Cancer Institute and General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, 155# North Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001 Liaoning China
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260
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Epigenetic modification of TLE1 induce abnormal differentiation in diabetic mice intestinal epithelium. Mol Cell Biochem 2017; 438:85-96. [PMID: 28744818 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-017-3116-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium cells (IECs) in diabetes mellitus (DM) patients have been proven to be abnormally differentiated. During the differentiation of IECs, epigenetic modification acts as an important regulator. In this study, we aimed to examine the epigenetic alteration of Transducin-like Enhancer of Split 1 (TLE1), a multitask transcriptional co-repressor, contributing to the differentiation homeostasis in IECs of DM mice. The IECs of type 2 diabetic mice model were isolated and collected. Methylation states of whole genomic DNA promoter regions were investigated by microarray. Methylated-specific PCR was used to detect the methylation state of TLE1 promoter in DM mice IECs. The expression of TLE1, Hes1, and differentiated cell markers were measured through real-time PCR, Western blots, and immunohistochemistry; by transfection assay, TLE1 or Hes1 was independently down-regulated in intestinal epithelium cell line, IEC-6. Subsequent modulation on TLE1, Hes1, and differentiated intestinal cell markers were detected. Global gene promoter regions in DM intestinal epithelium were less methylated comparing to normal control. The expression of TLE1 was significantly increased via hypomethylated activation in DM mice IECs. Hes1 was significantly suppressed and the terminal cell markers abnormally expressed in DM mice IECs (P < 0.05). Inhibition or induction on the abundance of TLE1 in IEC-6 cell line resulted in the corresponding dysregulation of Hes1 and intestinal epithelium differentiation (P < 0.05). Demethylation of TLE1 promoter region activates the self-expression in diabetic mice IECs. Subsequently, TLE1, through the transcriptional suppression on expression of Hes1, contributes to the aberrant differentiation of IECs in DM mice.
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261
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Wirta EV, Seppälä T, Friman M, Väyrynen J, Ahtiainen M, Kautiainen H, Kuopio T, Kellokumpu I, Mecklin JP, Böhm J. Immunoscore in mismatch repair-proficient and -deficient colon cancer. JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY CLINICAL RESEARCH 2017; 3:203-213. [PMID: 28770104 PMCID: PMC5527320 DOI: 10.1002/cjp2.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate immune response and its prognostic significance in colon carcinomas using the previously described Immunoscore (IS). A population‐based series of 779 colorectal cancers, operated on between 2000 and 2010, were classified according to tumour, node, metastasis (TNM) status, mismatch repair (MMR), and BRAF mutation status. Rectal cancer cases (n = 203) were excluded as a high proportion of these patients received preoperative neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy. Tissue microarray (TMA) samples collected from the tumour centre and invasive front were immunostained for CD3 and CD8. Lymphocytes were then digitally calculated to categorize IS from grade 0 to 4. Samples adequate for IS were available from 510 tumours. IS was significantly associated with AJCC/UICC stage, T stage, lymph node and distant metastases, perineural and lymphovascular invasion, MMR status, and BRAF mutation status. For IS0, IS1, IS2, IS3 and IS4, respectively, the 5‐year disease‐free survival (DFS) rates were 59, 68, 78, 83 and 94% (p < 0.001); 5‐year disease‐specific survival (DSS) rates were 47, 55, 75, 80, and 89% (p < 0.001); and 5‐year overall survival (OS) rates were 40, 44, 66, 61, and 76% (p < 0.001). IS was also prognostic for DFS, DSS, and OS within subsets of microsatellite‐stable (MSS) and microsatellite‐instable (MSI) disease. Multivariable analysis showed that IS, AJCC/UICC stage, lymphovascular invasion, and lymph node ratio in AJCC/UICC stage III disease were independent prognostic factors for DFS, DSS, and OS. Age was an independent prognostic factor for DSS and OS. Gender and BRAF mutation were independent prognostic factors for OS. In conclusion, IS differentiated patients with poor versus improved prognosis in MSS and MSI disease and across AJCC/UICC stages. IS, AJCC/UICC stage, lymphovascular invasion, and lymph node ratio in AJCC/UICC stage III disease were independent prognostic factors for DFS, DSS, and OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erkki-Ville Wirta
- Department of SurgeryCentral Finland Central HospitalJyväskyläFinland
| | - Toni Seppälä
- Department of SurgeryHelsinki University Central HospitalHelsinkiFinland
| | - Marjukka Friman
- Department of PathologyCentral Finland Central HospitalJyväskyläFinland
| | - Juha Väyrynen
- Department of PathologyUniversity of OuluOuluFinland
| | - Maarit Ahtiainen
- Department of Education and ResearchCentral Finland Central Hospital, Jyväskylä and University of Eastern FinlandKuopioFinland
| | - Hannu Kautiainen
- Department of General Practice, Unit of Primary Health Care, Helsinki University Central HospitalUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland.,Unit of Primary Health Care, Kuopio University HospitalKuopioFinland
| | - Teijo Kuopio
- Department of PathologyCentral Finland Central HospitalJyväskyläFinland.,Department of Biological and Environmental ScienceUniversity of JyväskyläJyväskyläFinland
| | - Ilmo Kellokumpu
- Department of SurgeryCentral Finland Central HospitalJyväskyläFinland
| | - Jukka-Pekka Mecklin
- Department of SurgeryCentral Finland Central HospitalJyväskyläFinland.,Department of Education and ResearchCentral Finland Central Hospital, Jyväskylä and University of Eastern FinlandKuopioFinland
| | - Jan Böhm
- Department of PathologyCentral Finland Central HospitalJyväskyläFinland
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262
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Abstract
Colorectal cancers develop through at least 3 major pathways, including chromosomal instability, mismatch repair, and methylator phenotype. These pathways can coexist in a single individual and occur in both sporadic and inherited colorectal cancers. In spite of the unique molecular and genetic signatures of colorectal cancers, nonspecific chemotherapy based on the antineoplastic effects of 5-fluorouracil is the cornerstone of therapy for stage III and some stage II disease. Techniques to recognize colorectal cancer at the molecular level have facilitated development of new signature drugs designed to inhibit the unique pathways of colorectal cancer growth and immunity.
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263
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de Oliveira GA, Cheng RYS, Ridnour LA, Basudhar D, Somasundaram V, McVicar DW, Monteiro HP, Wink DA. Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase in the Carcinogenesis of Gastrointestinal Cancers. Antioxid Redox Signal 2017; 26:1059-1077. [PMID: 27494631 PMCID: PMC5488308 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2016.6850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Gastrointestinal (GI) cancer taken together constitutes one of the most common cancers worldwide with a broad range of etiological mechanisms. In this review, we have examined the impact of nitric oxide (NO) on the etiology of colon, colorectal, gastric, esophageal, and liver cancers. Recent Advances: Despite differences in etiology, initiation, and progression, chronic inflammation has been shown to be a common element within these cancers showing interactions of numerous pathways. NO generated at the inflammatory site contributes to the initiation and progression of disease. The amount of NO generated, time, and site vary and are an important determinant of the biological effects initiated. Among the nitric oxide synthase enzymes, the inducible isoform has the most diverse range, participating in numerous carcinogenic processes. There is emerging evidence showing that inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS2) plays a central role in the process of tumor initiation and/or development. CRITICAL ISSUES Redox inflammation through NOS2 and cyclooxygenase-2 participates in driving the mechanisms of initiation and progression in GI cancers. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Understanding the underlying mechanism involved in NOS2 activation can provide new insights into important prevention and treatment strategies. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 26, 1059-1077.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graciele Almeida de Oliveira
- 1 Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Frederick, Maryland
| | - Robert Y S Cheng
- 1 Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Frederick, Maryland
| | - Lisa A Ridnour
- 1 Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Frederick, Maryland
| | - Debashree Basudhar
- 1 Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Frederick, Maryland
| | - Veena Somasundaram
- 1 Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Frederick, Maryland
| | - Daniel W McVicar
- 1 Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Frederick, Maryland
| | - Hugo Pequeno Monteiro
- 2 Laboratório de Sinalização Celular, Universidade Federal de São Paulo , São Paulo, Brazil
| | - David A Wink
- 1 Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Frederick, Maryland
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264
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Singh MP, Rai S, Suyal S, Singh SK, Singh NK, Agarwal A, Srivastava S. Genetic and epigenetic markers in colorectal cancer screening: recent advances. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2017; 17:665-685. [PMID: 28562109 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2017.1337511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a heterogenous disease which develops from benign intraepithelial lesions known as adenomas to malignant carcinomas. Acquired alterations in Wnt signaling, TGFβ, MAPK pathway genes and clonal propagation of altered cells are responsible for this transformation. Detection of adenomas or early stage cancer in asymptomatic patients and better prognostic and predictive markers is important for improving the clinical management of CRC. Area covered: In this review, the authors have evaluated the potential of genetic and epigenetic alterations as markers for early detection, prognosis and therapeutic predictive potential in the context of CRC. We have discussed molecular heterogeneity present in CRC and its correlation to prognosis and response to therapy. Expert commentary: Molecular marker based CRC screening methods still fail to gain trust of clinicians. Invasive screening methods, molecular heterogeneity, chemoresistance and low quality test samples are some key challenges which need to be addressed in the present context. New sequencing technologies and integrated omics data analysis of individual or population cohort results in GWAS. MPE studies following a GWAS could be future line of research to establish accurate correlations between CRC and its risk factors. This strategy would identify most reliable biomarkers for CRC screening and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Pratap Singh
- a Department of Biotechnology , Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology (MNNIT) Allahabad , India
| | - Sandhya Rai
- a Department of Biotechnology , Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology (MNNIT) Allahabad , India
| | - Shradha Suyal
- a Department of Biotechnology , Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology (MNNIT) Allahabad , India
| | - Sunil Kumar Singh
- a Department of Biotechnology , Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology (MNNIT) Allahabad , India
| | - Nand Kumar Singh
- a Department of Biotechnology , Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology (MNNIT) Allahabad , India
| | - Akash Agarwal
- b Department of Surgical Oncology , Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Institute of Medical Sciences (DRMLIMS) , Lucknow , India
| | - Sameer Srivastava
- a Department of Biotechnology , Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology (MNNIT) Allahabad , India
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265
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Li J, Dittmar RL, Xia S, Zhang H, Du M, Huang CC, Druliner BR, Boardman L, Wang L. Cell-free DNA copy number variations in plasma from colorectal cancer patients. Mol Oncol 2017; 11:1099-1111. [PMID: 28504856 PMCID: PMC5537711 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
To evaluate the clinical utility of cell‐free DNA (cfDNA), we performed whole‐genome sequencing to systematically examine plasma cfDNA copy number variations (CNVs) in a cohort of patients with colorectal cancer (CRC, n = 80), polyps (n = 20), and healthy controls (n = 35). We initially compared cfDNA yield in 20 paired serum–plasma samples and observed significantly higher cfDNA concentration in serum (median = 81.20 ng, range 7.18–500 ng·mL−1) than in plasma (median = 5.09 ng, range 3.76–62.8 ng·mL−1) (P < 0.0001). However, tumor‐derived cfDNA content was significantly lower in serum than in matched plasma samples tested. With ~10 million reads per sample, the sequencing‐based copy number analysis showed common CNVs in multiple chromosomal regions, including amplifications on 1q, 8q, and 5q and deletions on 1p, 4q, 8p, 17p, 18q, and 22q. Copy number changes were also evident in genes critical to the cell cycle, DNA repair, and WNT signaling pathways. To evaluate whether cumulative copy number changes were associated with tumor stages, we calculated plasma genomic abnormality in colon cancer (PGA‐C) score by summing the most significant CNVs. The PGA‐C score showed predictive performance with an area under the curve from 0.54 to 0.84 for CRC stages I‐IV. Locus‐specific copy number analysis identified nine genomic regions where CNVs were significantly associated with survival in stage III‐IV CRC patients. A multivariate model using six of nine genomic regions demonstrated a significant association of high‐risk score with shorter survival (HR = 5.33, 95% CI = 6.76–94.44, P < 0.0001). Our study demonstrates the importance of using plasma (rather than serum) to test tumor‐related genomic variations. Plasma cfDNA‐based tests can capture tumor‐specific genetic changes and may provide a measurable classifier for assessing clinical outcomes in advanced CRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Department of Pathology and MCW Cancer Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Rachel L Dittmar
- Department of Pathology and MCW Cancer Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Shu Xia
- Department of Pathology and MCW Cancer Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.,Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Huijuan Zhang
- Department of Pathology and MCW Cancer Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.,Physical Examination Center, Zhengzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Meijun Du
- Department of Pathology and MCW Cancer Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Chiang-Ching Huang
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | | | - Lisa Boardman
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Liang Wang
- Department of Pathology and MCW Cancer Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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266
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Zhou D, Tang W, Su G, Cai M, An HX, Zhang Y. PCDH18 is frequently inactivated by promoter methylation in colorectal cancer. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2819. [PMID: 28588296 PMCID: PMC5460281 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03133-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Protocadherin18 (PCDH18) was found to be preferentially methylated and inactivated in colorectal cancer (CRC) using bioinformatics tools. However, its biologic role in tumorgenesis remains unclear. Herein, we aimed to elucidate its epigenetic regulation and biological functions in CRC. The methylation status of PCDH18 was significant higher in CRC tissues than in adjacent non-tumor tissues (median, 15.17% vs. median, 0.4438%). Expression level of PCDH18 was significantly lower in primary CRCs than in nonmalignant tissues. Importantly, methylation status of PCDH18 in cell-free DNA of CRC patients was also significantly higher than in healthy subjects. PCDH18 was readily expressed in NCM460 cells, but downregulated in 100% (4/4) of CRC cell lines by promoter methylation, despite its expression could be restored through demethylation treatment. Overexpression of PCDH18 suppressed CRC cell viability, colony formation and migration. Meanwhile, the depletion of PCDH18 by siRNA in NCM460 cells enhanced the colonogenicity and migration ability and promoted β-catenin nuclear accumulation, whereas it inhibited cell cycle arrest. These effects were associated with upregulation of phospho-GSK-3β and cyclin D1, and downregulation of caspase3 and p21. Our results suggested that PCDH18 was a putative tumor suppressor with epigenetic silencing in CRC and a potential biomarker for CRC diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fujian, China.,Department of Medical Oncology, Xiamen Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China.,Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Weiwei Tang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Xiamen Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Guoqiang Su
- Department of Gastrointestinal surgery, Xiamen Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Mingquan Cai
- Department of Medical Oncology, Xiamen Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Han-Xiang An
- Department of Medical Oncology, Xiamen Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China.
| | - Yun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fujian, China. .,Department of Medical Oncology, Xiamen Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China. .,Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, Fujian, China.
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267
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Xue G, Lu CJ, Pan SJ, Zhang YL, Miao H, Shan S, Zhu XT, Zhang Y. DNA hypomethylation of CBS promoter induced by folate deficiency is a potential noninvasive circulating biomarker for colorectal adenocarcinomas. Oncotarget 2017; 8:51387-51401. [PMID: 28881655 PMCID: PMC5584256 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant DNA methylation patterns, which induced by folate deficiency, play important roles in tumorigenesis of colorectal cancer (CRC). Some DNA methylation alterations can also be detected in cell-free DNA (cfDNA) of patients’ plasma, making cfDNA an ideal noninvasive circulating biomarker. However, exact DNA methylation alterations induced by folate deficiency in tumorigenesis of CRC and exact potential circulating cfDNA methylation biomarker are still unclear. Therefore, DNA methylation patterns of the normal human colon mucosal epithelial cell line (NCM460), cultured with normal or low folate content, were screened and the DNA hypomethylation of cystathionine-beta-synthase (CBS) promoter was further validated in vitro and vivo. Then, the correlation analysis between folate level, DNA methylation alteration in promoter and expression of CBS was carried out in vitro and vivo. Further, the methylation patterns of CBS promoter in plasma cfDNA were detected and statistically correlated with pathological parameters and clinical outcome. Our study showed that DNA hypomethylation in CBS promoter, induced by folate deficiency, would lead to up-regulation of CBS both in vitro and vivo. Patients with cfDNA hypomethylation of CBS promoter in plasma were correlated with high tumor stage and poor clinical outcome. In addition, cfDNA hypomethylation of CBS promoter in plasma was shown to be an independent prognostic factor for recurrence and cancer-related death in CRC. Our results indicated that DNA hypomethylation of CBS promoter induced by folate deficiency could serve as a potential noninvasive circulating biomarker and may be helpful in developing more effective prognostic markers for CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geng Xue
- Department of Medical Genetics, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Chao-Jing Lu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Shu-Jun Pan
- Department of Medical Administration, Hangzhou Sanatorium of People's Liberation Army, Hangzhou 310007, China
| | - Yin-Ling Zhang
- Department of Medical Genetics, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Hui Miao
- Department of Medical Genetics, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Shi Shan
- Department of Medical Genetics, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xiao-Ting Zhu
- Department of Medical Genetics, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Medical Genetics, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
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268
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Targeted sequencing-based analyses of candidate gene variants in ulcerative colitis-associated colorectal neoplasia. Br J Cancer 2017; 117:136-143. [PMID: 28524162 PMCID: PMC5520210 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2017.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long-standing ulcerative colitis (UC) leading to colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most serious and life-threatening consequences acknowledged globally. Ulcerative colitis-associated colorectal carcinogenesis showed distinct molecular alterations when compared with sporadic colorectal carcinoma. METHODS Targeted sequencing of 409 genes in tissue samples of 18 long-standing UC subjects at high risk of colorectal carcinoma (UCHR) was performed to identify somatic driver mutations, which may be involved in the molecular changes during the transformation of non-dysplastic mucosa to high-grade dysplasia. Findings from the study are also compared with previously published genome wide and exome sequencing data in inflammatory bowel disease-associated and sporadic colorectal carcinoma. RESULTS Next-generation sequencing analysis identified 1107 mutations in 275 genes in UCHR subjects. In addition to TP53 (17%) and KRAS (22%) mutations, recurrent mutations in APC (33%), ACVR2A (61%), ARID1A (44%), RAF1 (39%) and MTOR (61%) were observed in UCHR subjects. In addition, APC, FGFR3, FGFR2 and PIK3CA driver mutations were identified in UCHR subjects. Recurrent mutations in ARID1A (44%), SMARCA4 (17%), MLL2 (44%), MLL3 (67%), SETD2 (17%) and TET2 (50%) genes involved in histone modification and chromatin remodelling were identified in UCHR subjects. CONCLUSIONS Our study identifies new oncogenic driver mutations which may be involved in the transition of non-dysplastic cells to dysplastic phenotype in the subjects with long-standing UC with high risk of progression into colorectal neoplasia.
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269
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Ashktorab H, Ahuja S, Kannan L, Llor X, Ellis NA, Xicola RM, Laiyemo AO, Carethers JM, Brim H, Nouraie M. A meta-analysis of MSI frequency and race in colorectal cancer. Oncotarget 2017; 7:34546-57. [PMID: 27120810 PMCID: PMC5085175 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE African Americans (AA) are at a higher risk of colorectal cancer (CRC) and some studies report a higher frequency of microsatellite instability (MSI) in this population while others report lower frequency compared to Caucasians. AIM To determine and evaluate the association of race and clinical factors with MSI frequency through meta- analysis. METHODS Twenty-two studies out of 15,105 (1997-2015) were evaluated after a search in different literature databases, using keywords “colorectal cancer, microsatellite instability, African Americans, Caucasians and Hispanics”. We used random effect meta-analysis to calculate the MSI frequency in all studies as well as in African American and Caucasian samples. Meta-regression analysis was used to assess the univariate effect of race, gender, age, tumor location and stage on MSI frequency. RESULTS The overall MSI frequency among CRCs was 17% (95%CI: 15%-19%, I²=91%). In studies with available race data, The MSI rate among AAs, Hispanics and Caucasians were 12%, 12% and 14% respectively and was not significantly different. Sub-group analysis of studies with racial information indicates MSI OR of 0.78 for AAs compared to Caucasians. CONCLUSION CRCs demonstrate an overall MSI frequency of 17%. MSI frequency differences between AAs and Caucasians were not pronounced, suggesting that other factors contribute to the racial disparity. The methodological approaches and biological sources of the variation seen in MSI frequency between different studies need to be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Ashktorab
- Department of Medicine and Cancer Center, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington DC, USA
| | - Sadhna Ahuja
- Department of Pathology, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington DC, USA
| | - Lakshmi Kannan
- Department of Medicine and Cancer Center, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington DC, USA
| | - Xavier Llor
- Department of Medicine and Cancer Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Nathan A Ellis
- Cancer Biology Research Program, The University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Rosa M Xicola
- Department of Medicine and Cancer Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Adeyinka O Laiyemo
- Department of Medicine and Cancer Center, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington DC, USA
| | - John M Carethers
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Hassan Brim
- Department of Pathology, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington DC, USA
| | - Mehdi Nouraie
- Department of Medicine and Cancer Center, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington DC, USA
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270
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Huang TH, Wu SY, Huang YJ, Wei PL, Wu ATH, Chao TY. The identification and validation of Trichosstatin A as a potential inhibitor of colon tumorigenesis and colon cancer stem-like cells. Am J Cancer Res 2017; 7:1227-1237. [PMID: 28560069 PMCID: PMC5446486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Colon cancer is one of the most prevalent cancer types in developed countries. Metastasis and drug resistance are two contributing factors to the high mortality rate. Accumulating evidence suggest that cancer stem-like cells (CSCs) represents as a major contributor to these malignant features. Here, we identified and isolated colon cancer stem-like cells using side-population (SP) method from human colon cancer cell lines. SP colon cells demonstrate cancer stem-like cell properties including enhanced sphere-forming ability and resistance towards fluorouracil (5-FU). The CSC properties were associated with the increased expression level of major oncogenic and stem cell markers including β-catenin, NF-kB, Akt/mTOR, KRAS and c-Myc. Trichostatin A (TSA), an antifungal antibiotic also a HDAC inhibitor, was found to function not only to decrease the expression of oncogenic markers but also the colon CSC properties. Importantly, TSA and 5-FU combined treatment synergistically suppressed colon cancer viability. Finally, in vivo results demonstrated that TSA alone and in combination with 5-FU effectively suppressed colon tumorigenesis. Collectively, this study provides preclinical evidence that TSA may function as a potential colon cancer therapeutic agent by targeting CSC and overcoming 5-FU resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tse-Hung Huang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial HospitalKeelung, Taiwan
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chang Gung UniversityTaoyuan, Taiwan
- School of Nursing, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health SciencesTaipei, Taiwan
| | - Szu-Yuan Wu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical UniversityTaipei, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical UniversityTaipei, Taiwan
| | - Yan-Jiun Huang
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical UniversityTaipei, Taiwan
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical UniversityTaipei, Taiwan
- Program for Translational Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical UniversityTaipei, Taiwan
| | - Po-Li Wei
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical UniversityTaipei, Taiwan
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical UniversityTaipei, Taiwan
| | - Alexander TH Wu
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical UniversityTaipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical CenterTaipei 114, Taiwan
| | - Tsu-Yi Chao
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical UniversityTaipei, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research & Education, Taipei Medical University-Shuang Ho HospitalNew Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Medical University-Shuang Ho HospitalNew Taipei, Taiwan
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271
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Tontini GE, Rath T, Pastorelli L, Vecchi M, Neumann H. Surveillance strategies for colitis-associated cancer: state of the art and future perspectives. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 11:427-437. [PMID: 28276810 DOI: 10.1080/17474124.2017.1297705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Colitis-associated cancer (CAC) represents a concrete risk of morbidity and mortality in patients with long lasting inflammatory bowel diseases. Surveillance colonoscopy is a rapidly evolving research field with profound changes from the traditional approach based on scheduled controls and random biopsy protocols. Areas covered: A literature search was performed using PubMed/Embase to review the latest evidence supporting the need for surveillance colonoscopy. By focusing on the most promising recent advances in this field, we provide a state-of-the-art overview of the current gold standards for the diagnosis and management of colitis-associated dysplasia. Expert commentary: Evidence-based and emerging data have questioned the efficacy and effectiveness of both standard surveillance colonoscopy and random biopsy protocols. The latest guidelines endorse early initiation of surveillance programs, risk-profiling assessment of colonoscopy intervals and standardized use of advanced imaging modalities to detect early dysplasia. Current trends clearly reveal increased attention to direct visualization and endoscopic management of visible dysplastic lesions, even in patients with longstanding colitis. Emerging technological advances in gastrointestinal endoscopy are expected to change the endoscopic surveillance protocols in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gian Eugenio Tontini
- a Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy Unit , IRCCS Policlinico San Donato , San Donato Milanese , Italy
| | - Timo Rath
- b Department of Medicine I , University of Erlangen-Nuremberg , Erlangen , Germany
| | - Luca Pastorelli
- a Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy Unit , IRCCS Policlinico San Donato , San Donato Milanese , Italy.,c Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health , University of Milan , Milano , Italy
| | - Maurizio Vecchi
- a Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy Unit , IRCCS Policlinico San Donato , San Donato Milanese , Italy.,c Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health , University of Milan , Milano , Italy
| | - Helmut Neumann
- b Department of Medicine I , University of Erlangen-Nuremberg , Erlangen , Germany
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272
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Wang X, Yang Y, Huycke MM. Microbiome-driven carcinogenesis in colorectal cancer: Models and mechanisms. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 105:3-15. [PMID: 27810411 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.10.504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a leading cause of cancer death and archetype for cancer as a genetic disease. However, the mechanisms for genetic change and their interactions with environmental risk factors have been difficult to unravel. New hypotheses, models, and methods are being used to investigate a complex web of risk factors that includes the intestinal microbiome. Recent research has clarified how the microbiome can generate genomic change in CRC. Several phenotypes among a small group of selected commensals have helped us better understand how mutations and chromosomal instability (CIN) are induced in CRC (e.g., toxin production, metabolite formation, radical generation, and immune modulation leading to a bystander effect). This review discusses recent hypotheses, models, and mechanisms by which the intestinal microbiome contributes to the initiation and progression of sporadic and colitis-associated forms of CRC. Overall, it appears the microbiome can initiate and/or promote CRC at all stages of tumorigenesis by acting as an inducer of DNA damage and CIN, regulating cell growth and death, generating epigenetic changes, and modulating host immune responses. Understanding how the microbiome interacts with other risk factors to define colorectal carcinogenesis will ultimately lead to more accurate risk prediction. A deeper understanding of CRC etiology will also help identify new targets for prevention and treatment and help accelerate the decline in mortality for this common cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingmin Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, USA; Muchmore Laboratories for Infectious Diseases Research, Oklahoma City VA Health Care System, USA
| | - Yonghong Yang
- Gansu Province Children's Hospital, Lanzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Cancer, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730030, China
| | - Mark M Huycke
- Muchmore Laboratories for Infectious Diseases Research, Oklahoma City VA Health Care System, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, PO Box 26901, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73126-0901, USA.
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273
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Andres-Franch M, Galiana A, Sanchez-Hellin V, Ochoa E, Hernandez-Illan E, Lopez-Garcia P, Castillejo A, Castillejo MI, Barbera VM, Garcia-Dura J, Gomez-Romero FJ, Royo G, Soto JL. Streptococcus gallolyticus infection in colorectal cancer and association with biological and clinical factors. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0174305. [PMID: 28355283 PMCID: PMC5371321 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
There is an unambiguous association of Streptococcus gallolyticus infection with colorectal cancer, although there is limited information about epidemiology or interaction between molecular and environmental factors. We performed an original quantitative analysis of S. gallolyticus in unselected colorectal cancer patients (n = 190) and their association with clinical, pathological tumor molecular profiles (microsatellite instability, hypermethylator phenotype and chromosomal instability pathways), and other biological factors in colorectal tumor and normal tissues (cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr virus infection). We developed a new quantitative method to assess bacterial load. Analytical validation was reached with a very high sensitivity and specificity. Our results showed a 3.2% prevalence of S. gallolyticus infection in our unselected cohort of colorectal cancer cases (6/190). The average S. gallolyticus copy number was 7,018 (range 44–34,585). No previous reports relating to S. gallolyticus infection have been published for unselected cohorts of patients. Finally, and despite a low prevalence of S. gallolyticus in this study, we were able to define a specific association with tumor tissue (p = 0.03) and with coinfection with Epstein-Barr virus (p = 0.042; OR: 9.49; 95% IC: 1.1–82.9). The prevalence data provided will be very useful in the design of future studies, and will make it possible to estimate the sample size needed to assess precise objectives. In conclusion, our results show a low prevalence of S. gallolyticus infection in unselected colorectal cancer patients and an association of positive S. gallolyticus infection with tumor tissue and Epstein-Barr virus coinfection. Further studies will be needed to definitively assess the prevalence of S. gallolyticus in colorectal cancer and the associated clinicopathological and molecular profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Antonio Galiana
- Microbiology Dept., Hospital General Universitario de Elche, Elche, Spain
| | | | - Enrique Ochoa
- Biopathology Dept., Hospital Provincial de Castellón, Castellón, Spain
| | - Eva Hernandez-Illan
- Research Lab, Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, Alicante, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria y Biómedica de Alicante (ISABIAL)–FISABIO, Alicante, Spain
| | - Pilar Lopez-Garcia
- Microbiology Dept., Hospital General Universitario de Elche, Elche, Spain
| | - Adela Castillejo
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria y Biómedica de Alicante (ISABIAL)–FISABIO, Alicante, Spain
- Molecular Genetics Unit, Hospital General Universitario de Elche, Elche, Spain
| | - Maria Isabel Castillejo
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria y Biómedica de Alicante (ISABIAL)–FISABIO, Alicante, Spain
- Molecular Genetics Unit, Hospital General Universitario de Elche, Elche, Spain
| | - Victor Manuel Barbera
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria y Biómedica de Alicante (ISABIAL)–FISABIO, Alicante, Spain
- Molecular Genetics Unit, Hospital General Universitario de Elche, Elche, Spain
| | - Josefa Garcia-Dura
- Microbiology Dept., Hospital General Universitario de Elche, Elche, Spain
| | | | - Gloria Royo
- Microbiology Dept., Hospital General Universitario de Elche, Elche, Spain
| | - Jose Luis Soto
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria y Biómedica de Alicante (ISABIAL)–FISABIO, Alicante, Spain
- Molecular Genetics Unit, Hospital General Universitario de Elche, Elche, Spain
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274
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Jing Y, Wu X, Gao P, Fang Z, Wu J, Wang Q, Li C, Zhu Z, Cao Y. Rapid differentiating colorectal cancer and colorectal polyp using dried blood spot mass spectrometry metabolomic approach. IUBMB Life 2017; 69:347-354. [PMID: 28322027 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third leading causes of cancer mortality, and the early-stage detection could significantly enhance survival rates. Cancer influences the important metabolic pathways and the changes in metabolite levels had been used in many studies as the potential biomarkers. This study is aimed at screening metabolite biomarkers with CRC diagnosis potentials. The direct infusion mass spectrometry (MS) metabolomic analysis based on dried blood spot was used to distinguish CRC from polyp. The target metabolites were composed of 23 amino acids and 26 acylcarnitines. The 21 metabolites in blood were selected via multivariate analysis. A regression model was established based on parameters C16, Arg, C4/C8, C5/C3, Val, Phe/Tyr, Ala, C4/C3. Tenfold cross validation (CV) method was used to test this model and showed sensitivity of 81.18% and specificity of 83.95%. The metabolomic analysis is a practicable method for CRC detection. The use of direct MS analysis in metabolite screening could be finished in several minutes and served as a higher-throughput method to distinguish CRC and polyps. © 2017 IUBMB Life, 69(5):347-354, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Jing
- Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, China.,The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, China.,Key Laborotary of Liaoning Tumor Clinical Metabolomics (KLLTCM), Jinzhou, Liaoning, China
| | - Xue Wu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, China.,Key Laborotary of Liaoning Tumor Clinical Metabolomics (KLLTCM), Jinzhou, Liaoning, China
| | - Peng Gao
- Key Laborotary of Liaoning Tumor Clinical Metabolomics (KLLTCM), Jinzhou, Liaoning, China.,Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian.,Clinical Laboratory, Dalian Sixth People's Hospital, Dalian, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongze Fang
- Key Laborotary of Liaoning Tumor Clinical Metabolomics (KLLTCM), Jinzhou, Liaoning, China.,Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Heping District, Tianjin, China
| | - Jingjing Wu
- Key Laborotary of Liaoning Tumor Clinical Metabolomics (KLLTCM), Jinzhou, Liaoning, China.,Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian
| | - Qingjun Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, China.,Key Laborotary of Liaoning Tumor Clinical Metabolomics (KLLTCM), Jinzhou, Liaoning, China
| | - Chen Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, China.,Key Laborotary of Liaoning Tumor Clinical Metabolomics (KLLTCM), Jinzhou, Liaoning, China
| | - Zhitu Zhu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, China.,Key Laborotary of Liaoning Tumor Clinical Metabolomics (KLLTCM), Jinzhou, Liaoning, China
| | - Yunfeng Cao
- Key Laborotary of Liaoning Tumor Clinical Metabolomics (KLLTCM), Jinzhou, Liaoning, China.,Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian.,Key Laboratory of Contraceptives and Devices Research (NPFPC), Shanghai Engineer and Technology Research Center of Reproductive Health Drug and Devices, Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research, Shanghai
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275
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Matuchansky C. Cancer colorectal : quelques aspects actuels de son épidémiologie, de sa prévention et de son dépistage. Presse Med 2017; 46:141-144. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lpm.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
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276
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Lee HS, Kim WH, Kwak Y, Koh J, Bae JM, Kim KM, Chang MS, Han HS, Kim JM, Kim HW, Chang HK, Choi YH, Park JY, Gu MJ, Lhee MJ, Kim JY, Kim HS, Cho MY. Molecular Testing for Gastrointestinal Cancer. J Pathol Transl Med 2017; 51:103-121. [PMID: 28219002 PMCID: PMC5357760 DOI: 10.4132/jptm.2017.01.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
With recent advances in molecular diagnostic methods and targeted cancer therapies, several molecular tests have been recommended for gastric cancer (GC) and colorectal cancer (CRC). Microsatellite instability analysis of gastrointestinal cancers is performed to screen for Lynch syndrome, predict favorable prognosis, and screen patients for immunotherapy. The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor has been approved in metastatic CRCs with wildtype RAS (KRAS and NRAS exon 2-4). A BRAF mutation is required for predicting poor prognosis. Additionally, amplification of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) and MET is also associated with resistance to EGFR inhibitor in metastatic CRC patients. The BRAF V600E mutation is found in sporadic microsatellite unstable CRCs, and thus is helpful for ruling out Lynch syndrome. In addition, the KRAS mutation is a prognostic biomarker and the PIK3CA mutation is a molecular biomarker predicting response to phosphoinositide 3-kinase/AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors and response to aspirin therapy in CRC patients. Additionally, HER2 testing should be performed in all recurrent or metastatic GCs. If the results of HER2 immunohistochemistry are equivocal, HER2 silver or fluorescence in situ hybridization testing are essential for confirmative determination of HER2 status. Epstein-Barr virus-positive GCs have distinct characteristics, including heavy lymphoid stroma, hypermethylation phenotype, and high expression of immune modulators. Recent advances in next-generation sequencing technologies enable us to examine various genetic alterations using a single test. Pathologists play a crucial role in ensuring reliable molecular testing and they should also take an integral role between molecular laboratories and clinicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Seung Lee
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Woo Ho Kim
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yoonjin Kwak
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jiwon Koh
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeong Mo Bae
- Department of Pathology, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyoung-Mee Kim
- Department of Pathology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mee Soo Chang
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Pathology, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hye Seung Han
- Department of Pathology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joon Mee Kim
- Department of Pathology, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Hwal Woong Kim
- Department of Pathology, Seegene Medical Foundation, Busan, Korea
| | - Hee Kyung Chang
- Department of Pathology, Kosin University Gospel Hospital, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Young Hee Choi
- Department of Pathology, Hallym University Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Hwaseong, Korea
| | - Ji Y. Park
- Department of Pathology, Catholic University of Daegu School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Mi Jin Gu
- Department of Pathology, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Min Jin Lhee
- Department of Pathology, Seoul Red Cross Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung Yeon Kim
- Department of Pathology, Inje University Sanggye Paik Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hee Sung Kim
- Department of Pathology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mee-Yon Cho
- Department of Pathology, Wonju Severance Christian Hospital, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
| | - The Gastrointestinal Pathology Study Group of Korean Society of Pathologists
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Pathology, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Pathology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Pathology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Pathology, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
- Department of Pathology, Seegene Medical Foundation, Busan, Korea
- Department of Pathology, Kosin University Gospel Hospital, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
- Department of Pathology, Hallym University Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Hwaseong, Korea
- Department of Pathology, Catholic University of Daegu School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
- Department of Pathology, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
- Department of Pathology, Seoul Red Cross Hospital, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Pathology, Inje University Sanggye Paik Hospital, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Pathology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Pathology, Wonju Severance Christian Hospital, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
| | - The Molecular Pathology Study Group of Korean Society of Pathologists
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Pathology, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Pathology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Pathology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Pathology, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
- Department of Pathology, Seegene Medical Foundation, Busan, Korea
- Department of Pathology, Kosin University Gospel Hospital, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
- Department of Pathology, Hallym University Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Hwaseong, Korea
- Department of Pathology, Catholic University of Daegu School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
- Department of Pathology, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
- Department of Pathology, Seoul Red Cross Hospital, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Pathology, Inje University Sanggye Paik Hospital, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Pathology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Pathology, Wonju Severance Christian Hospital, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
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277
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Mokarram P, Albokashy M, Zarghooni M, Moosavi MA, Sepehri Z, Chen QM, Hudecki A, Sargazi A, Alizadeh J, Moghadam AR, Hashemi M, Movassagh H, Klonisch T, Owji AA, Łos MJ, Ghavami S. New frontiers in the treatment of colorectal cancer: Autophagy and the unfolded protein response as promising targets. Autophagy 2017; 13:781-819. [PMID: 28358273 PMCID: PMC5446063 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2017.1290751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC), despite numerous therapeutic and screening attempts, still remains a major life-threatening malignancy. CRC etiology entails both genetic and environmental factors. Macroautophagy/autophagy and the unfolded protein response (UPR) are fundamental mechanisms involved in the regulation of cellular responses to environmental and genetic stresses. Both pathways are interconnected and regulate cellular responses to apoptotic stimuli. In this review, we address the epidemiology and risk factors of CRC, including genetic mutations leading to the occurrence of the disease. Next, we discuss mutations of genes related to autophagy and the UPR in CRC. Then, we discuss how autophagy and the UPR are involved in the regulation of CRC and how they associate with obesity and inflammatory responses in CRC. Finally, we provide perspectives for the modulation of autophagy and the UPR as new therapeutic options for CRC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooneh Mokarram
- a Colorectal Research Center and Department of Biochemistry , School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz , Iran
| | - Mohammed Albokashy
- b Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science , Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba , Winnipeg , MB , Canada
| | - Maryam Zarghooni
- c Zabol University of Medical Sciences , Zabol , Iran.,d University of Toronto Alumni , Toronto , ON , Canada
| | - Mohammad Amin Moosavi
- e Department of Molecular Medicine , Institute of Medical Biotechnology, National Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology , Tehran , Iran
| | - Zahra Sepehri
- c Zabol University of Medical Sciences , Zabol , Iran
| | - Qi Min Chen
- b Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science , Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba , Winnipeg , MB , Canada
| | | | | | - Javad Alizadeh
- b Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science , Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba , Winnipeg , MB , Canada
| | - Adel Rezaei Moghadam
- b Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science , Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba , Winnipeg , MB , Canada
| | - Mohammad Hashemi
- g Department of Clinical Biochemistry , School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences , Zahedan , Iran
| | - Hesam Movassagh
- h Department of Immunology , Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Manitoba , Winnipeg , MB , Canada
| | - Thomas Klonisch
- b Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science , Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba , Winnipeg , MB , Canada
| | - Ali Akbar Owji
- i Department of Clinical Biochemistry , School of Medicine, Shiraz Medical University , Shiraz , Iran
| | - Marek J Łos
- j Małopolska Centre of Biotechnology , Jagiellonian University , Krakow , Poland ; LinkoCare Life Sciences AB , Sweden
| | - Saeid Ghavami
- b Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science , Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba , Winnipeg , MB , Canada.,k Health Policy Research Center , Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz , Iran
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278
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Carethers JM. Microsatellite Instability Pathway and EMAST in Colorectal Cancer. CURRENT COLORECTAL CANCER REPORTS 2017; 13:73-80. [PMID: 28367107 DOI: 10.1007/s11888-017-0352-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Microsatellite instability (MSI) refers to the biochemical detection of frameshifted microsatellite sequences from genomic DNA. Genesis of MSI is due to defective DNA mismatch repair (MMR) that fails to correct post DNA replicative slippage mistakes at microsatellites. Most of the estimated 100,000 genomic microsatellites are non-coding; however, ~150-300 microsatellites are coding such that, when frameshifted during the pathogenesis of an MSI tumor, can generate immunogenic neopeptide antigens that limit the growth of tumor and prolong patient survival. In addition to the immune reaction and longer survival, patients with MSI colorectal cancers tend to have poorly differentiated tumors with mucinous features that are located in the right colon. Patients with MSI tumors are more resistant to 5-fluorouracil-based adjuvant chemotherapy but may be responsive to PD-1 immune checkpoint blockade. Specific defects of MMR function not only drive MSI but also elevate microsatellite alterations at selected tetranucleotide repeats that may further modify patient outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Carethers
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine and Department of Human Genetics and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5368
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279
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Leguisamo NM, Gloria HC, Kalil AN, Martins TV, Azambuja DB, Meira LB, Saffi J. Base excision repair imbalance in colorectal cancer has prognostic value and modulates response to chemotherapy. Oncotarget 2017; 8:54199-54214. [PMID: 28903334 PMCID: PMC5589573 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is prevalent worldwide, and treatment often involves surgery and genotoxic chemotherapy. DNA repair mechanisms, such as base excision repair (BER) and mismatch repair (MMR), may not only influence tumour characteristics and prognosis but also dictate chemotherapy response. Defective MMR contributes to chemoresistance in colorectal cancer. Moreover, BER affects cellular survival by repairing genotoxic base damage in a process that itself can disrupt metabolism. In this study, we characterized BER and MMR gene expression in colorectal tumours and the association between this repair profile with patients’ clinical and pathological features. In addition, we exploited the possible mechanisms underlying the association between altered DNA repair, metabolism and response to chemotherapy. Seventy pairs of sporadic colorectal tumour samples and adjacent non-tumour mucosal specimens were assessed for BER and MMR gene and protein expression and their association with pathological and clinical features. MMR-deficient colon cancer cells (HCT116) transiently overexpressing MPG or XRCC1 were treated with 5-FU or TMZ and evaluated for viability and metabolic intermediate levels. Increase in BER gene and protein expression is associated with more aggressive tumour features and poor pathological outcomes in CRC. However, tumours with reduced MMR gene expression also displayed low MPG, OGG1 and PARP1 expression. Imbalancing BER by overexpression of MPG, but not XRCC1, sensitises MMR-deficient colon cancer cells to 5-FU and TMZ and leads to ATP depletion and lactate accumulation. MPG overexpression alters DNA repair and metabolism and is a potential strategy to overcome 5-FU chemotherapeutic resistance in MMR-deficient CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia M Leguisamo
- Genetic Toxicology, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Helena C Gloria
- Genetic Toxicology, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Antonio N Kalil
- Genetic Toxicology, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.,Oncology and Colorectal Surgery, Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Porto Alegre (ISCMPA), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Talita V Martins
- Oncology and Colorectal Surgery, Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Porto Alegre (ISCMPA), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Daniel B Azambuja
- Genetic Toxicology, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.,Oncology and Colorectal Surgery, Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Porto Alegre (ISCMPA), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Lisiane B Meira
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Jenifer Saffi
- Genetic Toxicology, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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280
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Naini MA, Mokarram P, Kavousipour S, Zare N, Atapour A, Zarin1 MH, Mehrabani G, Borji M. Sensitive and Noninvasive Detection of Aberrant SFRP2 and MGMT-B Methylation in Iranian Patients with Colon Polyps. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2017; 17:2185-93. [PMID: 27221916 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2016.17.4.2185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pathogenesis of sporadic colorectal cancer (CRC) is influenced by the patient genetic background and environmental factors. Based on prior understanding, these are classified in two major pathways of genetic instability. Microsatellite instability (MSI) and CPG island methylator phenotype (CIMP) are categorized as features of the hypermethylated prototype, and chromosomal instability (CIN) is known to be indicative of the non-hypermethylated category. Secreted frizzled related protein 2 (SFRP2), APC1A in WNT signaling pathway and the DNA repair gene, O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT), are frequently hypermethylated in colorectal cancer. Detection of methylated DNA as a biomarker by easy and inexpensive methods might improve the quality of life of patients with CRC via early detection of cancer or a precancerous condition. AIM To evaluate the rate of SFRP2 and MGMT hypermethylation in both polyp tissue and serum of patients in south Iran as compared with matched control normal population corresponding samples. MATERIALS AND METHODS Methylation-specific PCR was used to detect hypermethylation in DNA extracted from 48 polypoid tissue samples and 25 healthy individuals. RESULTS Of total polyp samples, 89.5% had at least one promoter gene hypermethylation. The most frequent methylated locus was SFRP2 followed by MGMT-B (81.2 and 66.6 percent respectively). Serologic detection of hypermethylation was 95% sensitive as compared with polyp tissue. No hypermethylation was detected in normal tissue and serum and its detection in patients with polyps, especially of serrated type, was specific. CONCLUSIONS Serologic investigation for detection of MGMT-B, SFRP2 hypermethylation could facilitate prioritization of high risk patients for colonoscopic polyp detection and excision.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Alizade Naini
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran E-mail :
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281
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Wu H, Zhang XY, Hu Z, Hou Q, Zhang H, Li Y, Li S, Yue J, Jiang Z, Weissman SM, Pan X, Ju BG, Wu S. Evolution and heterogeneity of non-hereditary colorectal cancer revealed by single-cell exome sequencing. Oncogene 2016; 36:2857-2867. [PMID: 27941887 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recently single-cell whole-exome sequencing (scWES) has deeply expanded and sharpened our knowledge of cancer evolution and subclonality. Herein, with scWES and matched bulk whole-exome sequencing (bulk WES) on two colorectal cancer (CRC) patients with normal or adenomatous polyps, we found that both the adenoma and cancer were of monoclonal origin, and both shared partial mutations in the same signaling pathways, but each showed a specific spectrum of heterogeneous somatic mutations. In addition, the adenoma and cancer further developed intratumor heterogeneity with the accumulation of nonrandom somatic mutations specifically in GPCR, PI3K-Akt and FGFR signaling pathways. We identified novel driver mutations that developed during adenoma and cancer evolution, particularly in OR1B1 (GPCR signaling pathway) for adenoma evolution, and LAMA1 (PI3K-Akt signaling pathway) and ADCY3 (FGFR signaling pathway) for CRC evolution. In summary, we demonstrated that both colorectal adenoma and CRC are monoclonal in origin, and the CRCs further diversified into different subclones with heterogeneous mutation profiles accumulating in GPCR, PI3K-Akt and FGFR signaling pathways. ScWES provides evidence for the importance of mutations in certain pathways that would not be as apparent from bulk sequencing of tumors, and can potentially establish whether specific mutations are mutually exclusive or occur sequentially in the same subclone of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Wu
- Cancer Research Institute, Hangzhou Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - X-Y Zhang
- Cancer Research Institute, Hangzhou Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Z Hu
- Cancer Research Institute, Hangzhou Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Q Hou
- Cancer Research Institute, Hangzhou Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - H Zhang
- Cancer Research Institute, Hangzhou Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Y Li
- Cancer Research Institute, Hangzhou Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - S Li
- Cancer Research Institute, Hangzhou Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - J Yue
- Cancer Research Institute, Hangzhou Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Z Jiang
- Cancer Research Institute, Hangzhou Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - S M Weissman
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - X Pan
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - B-G Ju
- Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - S Wu
- Cancer Research Institute, Hangzhou Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, China
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282
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Zamani M, Hosseini SV, Mokarram P. Epigenetic biomarkers in colorectal cancer: premises and prospects. Biomarkers 2016; 23:105-114. [PMID: 27788596 DOI: 10.1080/1354750x.2016.1252961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Colorectal cancer is one of the most common cancers worldwide. Epigenetic alterations play an important role in the pathogenesis of the colorectal cancer. OBJECTIVE This review has focused on the most recent investigations, which has suggested potential epigenetic biomarkers in colorectal cancer. METHODS Evidences were achieved by searching online medical databases including Google scholar, Pubmed, Scopus and Science Direct. RESULTS Extensive studies have indicated that aberrant epigenetic modifications could serve as potential biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis and prediction of colorectal cancer. CONCLUSION Advances in aberrant epigenetic modifications can open new avenues for exploration of reliable and robust biomarkers to improve the management of CRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mozhdeh Zamani
- a Colorectal Research Center , Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz , IR Iran
| | - Seyed Vahid Hosseini
- a Colorectal Research Center , Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz , IR Iran
| | - Pooneh Mokarram
- b Gasteroenterohepatology Research Center , Nemazee Hospital, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz , Iran.,c Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine , Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz , Iran
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283
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Cao Y, Nishihara R, Qian ZR, Song M, Mima K, Inamura K, Nowak JA, Drew DA, Lochhead P, Nosho K, Morikawa T, Zhang X, Wu K, Wang M, Garrett WS, Giovannucci EL, Fuchs CS, Chan AT, Ogino S. Regular Aspirin Use Associates With Lower Risk of Colorectal Cancers With Low Numbers of Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes. Gastroenterology 2016; 151:879-892.e4. [PMID: 27475305 PMCID: PMC5159194 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2016.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2016] [Revised: 06/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Aspirin use reduces colorectal cancer risk. Aspirin, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, inhibits prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2 or cyclooxygenase-2); PTGS2 promotes inflammation and suppresses T-cell-mediated adaptive immunity. We investigated whether the inverse association of aspirin use with colorectal carcinoma risk was stronger for tumors with lower degrees of lymphocytic infiltrates than for tumors with higher degrees of lymphocytic infiltrates. METHODS We collected aspirin use data biennially from participants in the Nurses' Health Study and Health Professionals Follow-up Study. Participants were asked whether they took aspirin in most weeks, the number of tablets taken per week, and years of aspirin use. We collected available tumor specimens (n = 1458) from pathology laboratories in the United States. A pathologist confirmed the diagnosis of colorectal adenocarcinoma (excluding anal squamous cell carcinoma), and evaluated histopathology features, including patterns and degrees of lymphocytic infiltrates within and around tumor areas. Person-years of follow-up evaluation were accrued from the date of return of questionnaires until dates of colorectal cancer diagnosis, death, or the end of follow-up evaluation (June 2010). Duplication-method Cox proportional hazards regression was used to assess the association of aspirin with the incidence of colorectal carcinoma subgroups according to the degree of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), intratumoral periglandular reaction, peritumoral reaction, or Crohn's-like reaction. RESULTS We documented 1458 rectal and colon cancers. The inverse association between regular aspirin use and colorectal cancer risk significantly differed by concentrations of TILs (Pheterogeneity = .007). Compared with nonregular use, regular aspirin use was associated with a lower risk of tumors that had low levels of TILs (relative risk, 0.72; 95% confidence interval, 0.63-0.81), and strength of the association depended on aspirin dose and duration (both Ptrend < .001). In contrast, aspirin use was not associated with a risk of tumors having intermediate or high levels of TILs. This differential association was consistent regardless of the status of tumor microsatellite instability, mutations in BRAF, or expression of PTGS2. Regular aspirin use was associated with a lower risk of tumors that contained low levels of CD3+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, or CD45RO (PTPRC)+ T cells (measured by immunohistochemistry and computer-assisted image analysis). CONCLUSIONS Based on data from the prospective cohort studies, regular use of aspirin is associated with a lower risk of colorectal carcinomas with low concentrations of TILs. These findings indicate that the immune response in the tumor microenvironment could be involved in the chemopreventive effects of aspirin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Cao
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA,Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA,Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Reiko Nishihara
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA,Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA,Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Zhi Rong Qian
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Mingyang Song
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA,Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA,Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Kosuke Mima
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | | | - Jonathan A. Nowak
- Division of MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - David A. Drew
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA,Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Paul Lochhead
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA,Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Katsuhiko Nosho
- Department of Gastroenterology, Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Teppei Morikawa
- Department of Pathology, University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Xuehong Zhang
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Kana Wu
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Molin Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA,Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Wendy S. Garrett
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA,Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Edward L. Giovannucci
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Charles S. Fuchs
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Andrew T. Chan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA,Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Shuji Ogino
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; Division of MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
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284
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Kovaleva V, Geissler AL, Lutz L, Fritsch R, Makowiec F, Wiesemann S, Hopt UT, Passlick B, Werner M, Lassmann S. Spatio-temporal mutation profiles of case-matched colorectal carcinomas and their metastases reveal unique de novo mutations in metachronous lung metastases by targeted next generation sequencing. Mol Cancer 2016; 15:63. [PMID: 27756406 PMCID: PMC5069823 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-016-0549-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Targeted next generation sequencing (tNGS) has become part of molecular pathology diagnostics for determining RAS mutation status in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients as predictive tool for decision on EGFR-targeted therapy. Here, we investigated mutation profiles of case-matched tissue specimens throughout the disease course of CRC, to further specify RAS-status dynamics and to identify de novo mutations associated with distant metastases. Methods Case-matched formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded (FFPE) resection specimens (n = 70; primary tumours, synchronous and/or metachronous liver and/or lung metastases) of 14 CRC cases were subjected to microdissection of normal colonic epithelial, primary and metastatic tumour cells, their DNA extraction and an adapted library protocol for limited DNA using the 48 gene TruSeq Amplicon Cancer PanelTM, MiSeq sequencing and data analyses (Illumina). Results By tNGS primary tumours were RAS wildtype in 5/14 and mutated in 9/14 (8/9 KRAS exon 2; 1/9 NRAS Exon 3) of cases. RAS mutation status was maintained in case-matched metastases throughout the disease course, albeit with altered allele frequencies. Case-matched analyses further identified a maximum of three sequence variants (mainly in APC, KRAS, NRAS, TP53) shared by all tumour specimens throughout the disease course per individual case. In addition, further case-matched de novo mutations were detected in synchronous and/or metachronous liver and/or lung metastases (e.g. in APC, ATM, FBXW7, FGFR3, GNAQ, KIT, PIK3CA, PTEN, SMAD4, SMO, STK11, TP53, VHL). Moreover, several de novo mutations were more frequent in synchronous (e.g. ATM, KIT, PIK3CA, SMAD4) or metachronous (e.g. FBXW7, SMO, STK11) lung metastases. Finally, some de novo mutations occurred only in metachronous lung metastases (CDKN2A, FGFR2, GNAS, JAK3, SRC). Conclusion Together, this study employs an adapted FFPE-based tNGS approach to confirm conservation of RAS mutation status in primary and metastatic tissue specimens of CRC patients. Moreover, it identifies genes preferentially mutated de novo in late disease stages of metachronous CRC lung metastases, several of which might be actionable by targeted therapies. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12943-016-0549-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Kovaleva
- Institute for Surgical Pathology, Medical Center-Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Breisacherstr. 115A, 79106, Freiburg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anna-Lena Geissler
- Institute for Surgical Pathology, Medical Center-Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Breisacherstr. 115A, 79106, Freiburg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Lisa Lutz
- Institute for Surgical Pathology, Medical Center-Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Breisacherstr. 115A, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ralph Fritsch
- Department of Medicine I, Medical Center-Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Comprehensive Cancer Center Freiburg, Medical Center-Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Frank Makowiec
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Freiburg, Medical Center-Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Medical Center- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Wiesemann
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Freiburg, Medical Center-Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical Center-Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich T Hopt
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Freiburg, Medical Center-Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Medical Center- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bernward Passlick
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Freiburg, Medical Center-Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical Center-Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Martin Werner
- Institute for Surgical Pathology, Medical Center-Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Breisacherstr. 115A, 79106, Freiburg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Comprehensive Cancer Center Freiburg, Medical Center-Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Silke Lassmann
- Institute for Surgical Pathology, Medical Center-Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Breisacherstr. 115A, 79106, Freiburg, Germany. .,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany. .,Comprehensive Cancer Center Freiburg, Medical Center-Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany. .,BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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285
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Carethers JM. The Increasing Incidence of Colorectal Cancers Diagnosed in Subjects Under Age 50 Among Races: CRaCking the Conundrum. Dig Dis Sci 2016; 61:2767-2769. [PMID: 27480086 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-016-4268-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John M Carethers
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, 3100 Taubman Center, 1500 E. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-5368, USA.
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-5368, USA.
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286
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Xu Y, Xu W, Lu T, Dai Y, Liang W. miR-126 affects the invasion and migration of glioma cells through GATA4. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 45:1-7. [PMID: 27598297 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2016.1226179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to explore the relationship between miR-126 and glioma. miR-126 was highly expressed in low-grade clinical glioma tissue samples but lowly expressed in high-grade ones (P < .01). A human endogenous miR-126 expression vector was constructed. The migration capacity of cells transfected with the vector significantly decreased (P < .05). Up-regulation of miR-126 suppressed GATA4 protein expression. After transfection, they slightly contracted and became ovally or spherically shaped. F-actin significantly reduced, and microfilaments shortened or disappeared. The number of membrane-penetrating cells significantly decreased (P < .01). miR-126 inhibits the migration and invasion of glioma cells, which may be linked to GATA4 as a target gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Xu
- a Department of Neurosurgery , Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School , Nanjing , China
| | - Wu Xu
- a Department of Neurosurgery , Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School , Nanjing , China
| | - Tianyu Lu
- a Department of Neurosurgery , Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School , Nanjing , China
| | - Yuxiang Dai
- a Department of Neurosurgery , Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School , Nanjing , China
| | - Weibang Liang
- a Department of Neurosurgery , Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School , Nanjing , China
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287
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Tauriello DV, Batlle E. Targeting the Microenvironment in Advanced Colorectal Cancer. Trends Cancer 2016; 2:495-504. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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288
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Druliner BR, Ruan X, Johnson R, Grill D, O'Brien D, Lai TP, Rashtak S, Felmlee-Devine D, Washechek-Aletto J, Malykh A, Smyrk T, Oberg A, Liu H, Shay JW, Ahlquist DA, Boardman LA. Time Lapse to Colorectal Cancer: Telomere Dynamics Define the Malignant Potential of Polyps. Clin Transl Gastroenterol 2016; 7:e188. [PMID: 27584834 PMCID: PMC5288594 DOI: 10.1038/ctg.2016.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: Whereas few adenomas become cancer, most colorectal cancers arise from adenomas. Telomere length is a recognized biomarker in multiple cancers, and telomere maintenance mechanisms (TMM) are exploited by malignant cells. We sought to determine whether telomere length and TMM distinguish cancer-associated adenomas from those that are cancer-free. Methods: Tissues were identified as cancer-adjacent polyp (CAP)—residual adenoma contiguous with cancer—and cancer-free polyp (CFP)—adenomas without malignancy. Telomere length, TMM, and expression were measured in 102 tissues including peripheral blood leukocytes (PBLs), normal colon epithelium, adenoma, and cancer (in CAP cases) from 31 patients. Telomere length was measured in a separate cohort of 342 PBL from CAP and CFP patients. Results: The mean differences in telomere length between normal and adenoma were greater in CAP than in CFP cases, P=0.001; telomere length in PBL was 91.7 bp greater in CAP than in CFP, P=0.007. Each 100 bp telomere increase was associated with a 1.14 (1.04–1.26) increased odds of being a CAP, P=0.0063. The polyp tissue from CAP patients had shorter telomeres and higher Telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) expression compared with polyps from CFP patients, P=0.05. There was a greater degree of alternative lengthening of telomere (ALT) level difference in CFP polyps than in CAP polyps. The polyp telomere lengths of aggressive CAPs were significantly different from the polyps of non-aggressive CAPs, P=0.01. Conclusions: Adenomas that progress to cancer exhibit distinct telomere length and TMM profiles. We report for the first time that PBL telomeres differ in patients with polyps that become malignant, and therefore may have clinical value in adenoma risk assessment and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke R Druliner
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Xiaoyang Ruan
- Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Ruth Johnson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Diane Grill
- Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Daniel O'Brien
- Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Tsung-Po Lai
- Department of Cell Biology UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Shahrooz Rashtak
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Donna Felmlee-Devine
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jill Washechek-Aletto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Andrei Malykh
- Capital Biosciences Inc., Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Thomas Smyrk
- Anatomic Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Ann Oberg
- Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Hongfang Liu
- Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jerry W Shay
- Department of Cell Biology UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - David A Ahlquist
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Lisa A Boardman
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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289
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Sahai V, Redig AJ, Collier KA, Eckerdt FD, Munshi HG. Targeting BET bromodomain proteins in solid tumors. Oncotarget 2016; 7:53997-54009. [PMID: 27283767 PMCID: PMC5288238 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There is increasing interest in inhibitors targeting BET (bromodomain and extra-terminal) proteins because of the association between this family of proteins and cancer progression. BET inhibitors were initially shown to have efficacy in hematologic malignancies; however, a number of studies have now shown that BET inhibitors can also block progression of non-hematologic malignancies. In this Review, we summarize the efficacy of BET inhibitors in select solid tumors; evaluate the role of BET proteins in mediating resistance to current targeted therapies; and consider potential toxicities of BET inhibitors. We also evaluate recently characterized mechanisms of resistance to BET inhibitors; summarize ongoing clinical trials with these inhibitors; and discuss potential future roles of BET inhibitors in patients with solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaibhav Sahai
- Department of Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Amanda J. Redig
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Katharine A. Collier
- Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Frank D. Eckerdt
- The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Hidayatullah G. Munshi
- Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
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290
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Matos P, Gonçalves V, Jordan P. Targeting the serrated pathway of colorectal cancer with mutation in BRAF. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2016; 1866:51-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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291
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Søreide K, Watson MM, Lea D, Nordgård O, Søreide JA, Hagland HR. Assessment of clinically related outcomes and biomarker analysis for translational integration in colorectal cancer (ACROBATICC): study protocol for a population-based, consecutive cohort of surgically treated colorectal cancers and resected colorectal liver metastasis. J Transl Med 2016; 14:192. [PMID: 27357108 PMCID: PMC4928276 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-016-0951-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background More accurate predictive and prognostic biomarkers for patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) primaries or colorectal liver metastasis (CLM) are needed. Outside clinical trials, the translational integration of emerging pathways and novel techniques should facilitate exploration of biomarkers for improved staging and prognosis. Methods An observational study exploring predictive and prognostic biomarkers in a population-based, consecutive cohort of surgically treated colorectal cancers and resected colorectal liver metastases. Long-term outcomes will be cancer-specific survival, recurrence-free survival and overall survival at 5 years from diagnosis. Beyond routine clinicopathological and anthropometric characteristics and laboratory and biochemistry results, the project allows for additional blood samples and fresh-frozen tumour and normal tissue for investigation of circulating tumour cells (CTCs) and novel biomarkers (e.g. immune cells, microRNAs etc.). Tumour specimens will be investigated by immunohistochemistry in full slides. Extracted DNA/RNA will be analysed for genomic markers using specific PCR techniques and next-generation sequencing (NGS) panels. Flow cytometry will be used to characterise biomarkers in blood. Collaboration is open and welcomed, with particular interest in mutual opportunities for validation studies. Status and perspectives The project is ongoing and recruiting at an expected rate of 120–150 patients per year, since January 2013. A project on circulating tumour cells (CTCs) has commenced, with analysis being prepared. Investigating molecular classes beyond the TNM staging is under way, including characteristics of microsatellite instability (MSI) and elevated microsatellite alterations in selected tetranucleotides (EMAST). Hot spot panels for known mutations in CRC are being investigated using NGS. Immune-cell characteristics are being performed by IHC and flow cytometry in tumour and peripheral blood samples. The project has ethical approval (REK Helse Vest, #2012/742), is financially supported with a Ph.D.-Grant (EMAST project; Folke Hermansen Cancer Fund) and a CTC-project (Norwegian Research Council; O. Nordgård). The ACROBATICC clinical and molecular biobank repository will serve as a long-term source for novel exploratory analysis and invite collaborators for mutual validation of promising biomarker results. The project aims to generate results that can help better discern prognostic groups in stage II/III cancers; explore prognostic and predictive biomarkers, and help detail the biology of colorectal liver metastasis for better patient selection and tailored treatment. The project is registered at http://www.ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01762813.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kjetil Søreide
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Stavanger University Hospital, POB 8100, 4068, Stavanger, Norway. .,Gastrointestinal Translational Research Unit, Laboratory for Molecular Biology, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway. .,Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Martin M Watson
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Stavanger University Hospital, POB 8100, 4068, Stavanger, Norway.,Gastrointestinal Translational Research Unit, Laboratory for Molecular Biology, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Dordi Lea
- Gastrointestinal Translational Research Unit, Laboratory for Molecular Biology, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway.,Department of Pathology, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Oddmund Nordgård
- Department of Haematology and Oncology, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Jon Arne Søreide
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Stavanger University Hospital, POB 8100, 4068, Stavanger, Norway.,Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Hanne R Hagland
- Gastrointestinal Translational Research Unit, Laboratory for Molecular Biology, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway.,Centre of Organelle Research (CORE), University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
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292
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Affiliation(s)
- John M. Carethers
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, 3101 Taubman Center, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5368, USA
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293
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Carvajal Carmona LG, Tomlinson I. The Hunting of the Snark: Whither Genome-Wide Association Studies for Colorectal Cancer? Gastroenterology 2016; 150:1528-1530. [PMID: 27133396 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2016.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luis G Carvajal Carmona
- Genome Center and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, California.
| | - Ian Tomlinson
- Oxford Centre for Cancer Gene Research, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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294
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Suzuki S, Iwaizumi M, Tseng-Rogenski S, Hamaya Y, Miyajima H, Kanaoka S, Sugimoto K, Carethers JM. Production of truncated MBD4 protein by frameshift mutation in DNA mismatch repair-deficient cells enhances 5-fluorouracil sensitivity that is independent of hMLH1 status. Cancer Biol Ther 2016; 17:760-8. [PMID: 27115207 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2016.1178430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Methyl-CpG binding domain protein 4 (MBD4) is a DNA glycosylase that can remove 5-fluorodeoxyuracil from DNA as well as repair T:G or U:G mismatches. MBD4 is a target for frameshift mutation with DNA mismatch repair (MMR) deficiency, creating a truncated MBD4 protein (TruMBD4) that lacks its glycosylase domain. Here we show that TruMBD4 plays an important role for enhancing 5-fluorouracil (5FU) sensitivity in MMR-deficient colorectal cancer cells. We found biochemically that TruMBD4 binds to 5FU incorporated into DNA with higher affinity than MBD4. TruMBD4 reduced the 5FU affinity of the MMR recognition complexes that determined 5FU sensitivity by previous reports, suggesting other mechanisms might be operative to trigger cytotoxicity. To analyze overall 5FU sensitivity with TruMBD4, we established TruMBD4 overexpression in hMLH1-proficient or -deficient colorectal cancer cells followed by treatment with 5FU. 5FU-treated TruMBD4 cells demonstrated diminished growth characteristics compared to controls, independently of hMLH1 status. Flow cytometry revealed more 5FU-treated TruMBD4 cells in S phase than controls. We conclude that patients with MMR-deficient cancers, which show characteristic resistance to 5FU therapy, may be increased for 5FU sensitivity via secondary frameshift mutation of the base excision repair gene MBD4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Suzuki
- a First Department of Medicine , Hamamatsu University School of Medicine , Hamamatsu , Shizuoka , Japan
| | - Moriya Iwaizumi
- a First Department of Medicine , Hamamatsu University School of Medicine , Hamamatsu , Shizuoka , Japan.,b Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine and Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MA , USA
| | - Stephanie Tseng-Rogenski
- b Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine and Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MA , USA
| | - Yasushi Hamaya
- a First Department of Medicine , Hamamatsu University School of Medicine , Hamamatsu , Shizuoka , Japan.,b Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine and Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MA , USA
| | - Hiroaki Miyajima
- a First Department of Medicine , Hamamatsu University School of Medicine , Hamamatsu , Shizuoka , Japan
| | - Shigeru Kanaoka
- c Department of Gastroenterology , Hamamatsu Medical Center , Shizuoka , Japan
| | - Ken Sugimoto
- a First Department of Medicine , Hamamatsu University School of Medicine , Hamamatsu , Shizuoka , Japan
| | - John M Carethers
- b Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine and Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MA , USA
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295
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Watson MM, Lea D, Rewcastle E, Hagland HR, Søreide K. Elevated microsatellite alterations at selected tetranucleotides in early-stage colorectal cancers with and without high-frequency microsatellite instability: same, same but different? Cancer Med 2016; 5:1580-7. [PMID: 27061136 PMCID: PMC4944885 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Microsatellite instability (MSI) is associated with better prognosis in colorectal cancer (CRC). Elevated microsatellite alterations at selected tetranucleotides (EMAST) is a less‐understood form of MSI. Here, we aim to investigate the role of EMAST in CRC±MSI related to clinical and tumor‐specific characteristics. A consecutive, population‐based series of stage I–III colorectal cancers were investigated for MSI and EMAST using PCR primers for 10 microsatellite markers. Of 151 patients included, 33 (21.8%) had MSI and 35 (23.2%) were EMAST+, with an overlap of 77% for positivity, (odds ratio [OR] 61; P < 0.001), and 95% for both markers being negative. EMAST was more prevalent in colon versus rectum (86% vs. 14%, P = 0.004). EMAST+ cancers were significantly more frequent in proximal colon (77 vs. 23%, P = 0.004), had advanced t‐stage (T3–4 vs. T1–2 in 94% vs. 6%, respectively; P = 0.008), were larger (≥5 cm vs. <5 cm in 63% and 37%, respectively; P = 0.022) and had poorly differentiated tumor grade (71 vs. 29%, P < 0.01). Furthermore, EMAST+ tumors had a higher median number of harvested lymph nodes than EMAST− (11 vs. 9 nodes; P = 0.03). No significant association was found between EMAST status and age, gender, presence of distant metastases or metastatic lymph nodes, and overall survival. A nonsignificant difference toward worse survival in node‐negative colon cancers needs confirmation in larger cohorts. EMAST+ cancers overlap and share features with MSI+ in CRC. Overall, survival was not influenced by the presence of EMAST, but may be of importance in subgroups such as node‐negative disease of the colon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin M Watson
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway.,Gastrointestinal Translational Research Unit, Molecular Laboratory, Hillevåg, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Dordi Lea
- Gastrointestinal Translational Research Unit, Molecular Laboratory, Hillevåg, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway.,Department of Pathology, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Emma Rewcastle
- Department of Pathology, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Hanne R Hagland
- Gastrointestinal Translational Research Unit, Molecular Laboratory, Hillevåg, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway.,Centre for Organelle Research (CORE), University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Kjetil Søreide
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway.,Gastrointestinal Translational Research Unit, Molecular Laboratory, Hillevåg, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway.,Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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296
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Grivennikov SI, Cominelli F. Colitis-Associated and Sporadic Colon Cancers: Different Diseases, Different Mutations? Gastroenterology 2016; 150:808-10. [PMID: 26924087 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2016.02.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sergei I Grivennikov
- Cancer Prevention & Control Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
| | - Fabio Cominelli
- Case Digestive Health Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
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297
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Søreide K, Watson MM, Hagland HR. Deciphering the Molecular Code to Colorectal Liver Metastasis Biology Through Microsatellite Alterations and Allelic Loss: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly. Gastroenterology 2016; 150:811-4. [PMID: 26924094 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2016.02.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kjetil Søreide
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway; Gastrointestinal Translational Research Unit, Laboratory for Molecular Biology, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway; Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Martin M Watson
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Hanne R Hagland
- Gastrointestinal Translational Research Unit, Laboratory for Molecular Biology, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway; Centre of Organelle Research (CORE), University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
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298
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Koi M, Garcia M, Choi C, Kim HR, Koike J, Hemmi H, Nagasaka T, Okugawa Y, Toiyama Y, Kitajima T, Imaoka H, Kusunoki M, Chen YH, Mukherjee B, Boland CR, Carethers JM. Microsatellite Alterations With Allelic Loss at 9p24.2 Signify Less-Aggressive Colorectal Cancer Metastasis. Gastroenterology 2016; 150:944-55. [PMID: 26752111 PMCID: PMC4808397 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2015.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2015] [Revised: 12/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Molecular events that lead to recurrence and/or metastasis after curative treatment of patients with colorectal cancers (CRCs) are poorly understood. Patients with stage II or III primary CRC with elevated microsatellite alterations at selected tetranucleotide repeats and low levels of microsatellite instability (E/L) are more likely to have disease recurrence after treatment. Hypoxia and/or inflammation not only promote metastasis, but also induce elevated microsatellite alterations at selected tetranucleotide repeats by causing deficiency of MSH3 in the cancer cell nucleus. We aimed to identify genetic alterations associated with metastasis of primary colorectal tumors to liver and to determine their effects on survival. METHODS We obtained 4 sets of primary colorectal tumors and matched liver metastases from hospitals in Korea and Japan. Intragenic microsatellites with large repeats at 141 loci were examined for frame-shift mutations and/or loss of heterozygosity (LOH) as possible consequences of MSH3 deficiency. Highly altered loci were examined for association with E/L in liver metastases. We analyzed data from 156 of the patients with stage II or III primary colorectal tumors to determine outcomes and whether altered loci were associated with E/L. RESULTS LOH at several loci at chromosome 9p24.2 (9p24.2-LOH) was associated with E/L in liver metastases (odds ratio = 10.5; 95% confidence interval: 2.69-40.80; P = .0007). We found no significant difference in the frequency of E/L, 9p24.2-LOH, mutations in KRAS or BRAF, or the combination of E/L and 9p24.2-LOH, between primary colorectal tumors and their matched metastases. Patients with stage II or III colorectal tumors with E/L and 9p24.2-LOH had increased survival after CRC recurrence (hazard ratio = 0.25; 95% CI: 0.12-0.50; P = .0001), compared with patients without with E/L and 9p24.2-LOH. E/L with 9p24.2-LOH appeared to be an independent prognostic factor for overall survival of patients with stage III CRC (hazard ratio = 0.06; 95% CI: 0.01-0.57; P = .01). CONCLUSIONS E/L with 9p24-LOH appears to be a biomarker for less aggressive metastasis from stage III primary colorectal tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minoru Koi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Laboratory, Baylor Research Institute and Sammons Cancer Center, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - C Richard Boland
- Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Laboratory, Baylor Research Institute and Sammons Cancer Center, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.
| | - John M Carethers
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
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299
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Abstract
Colon cancer has traditionally been treated surgically. However, many cases of colon cancer are systemic at the time of diagnosis, and apparently curative surgery is followed at a later date by tumor recurrence as a consequence of circulating tumor cells before the surgery. Adjuvant medical therapies are designed to prevent recurrences after surgical resection. The current standard for clinical prognostication relies principally on pathological staging. In early-stage colon cancers (stages I and II), all the tumor is contained within the wall of the colon. Less than 10% of patients with stage I disease have a recurrence, and adjuvant chemotherapy is . . .
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Affiliation(s)
- C Richard Boland
- From the Center for Gastrointestinal Research, and the Center for Epigenetics, Cancer Prevention and Genomics, Baylor Research Institute, and the Baylor Charles A. Sammons Cancer Center, Baylor University Medical Center - all in Dallas
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300
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Carethers JM. HEREDITARY, SPORADIC AND METASTATIC COLORECTAL CANCER ARE COMMONLY DRIVEN BY SPECIFIC SPECTRUMS OF DEFECTIVE DNA MISMATCH REPAIR COMPONENTS. TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN CLINICAL AND CLIMATOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION 2016; 127:81-97. [PMID: 28066040 PMCID: PMC5216503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
DNA mismatch repair (MMR) is one of several human cell mechanisms utilized to repair mutable mistakes within DNA, particularly after DNA is replicated. MMR function is dependent upon heterodimerization of specific MMR proteins that can recognize base-base mispairs as well as frameshifts at microsatellite sequences, followed by the triggering of other complementary proteins that execute excision and repair or initiate cell demise if repair is futile. MMR function is compromised in specific disease states, all of which can be biochemically recognized by faulty repair of microsatellite sequences, causing microsatellite instability. Germline mutation of an MMR gene causes Lynch syndrome, the most common inherited form of colorectal cancer (CRC), and biallelic germline mutations cause the rare constitutional mismatch repair deficiency syndrome. Somatic inactivation of MMR through epigenetic mechanisms is observed in 15% of sporadic CRC, and a smaller portion of CRCs possess biallelic somatic mutations. A novel inflammation-driven nuclear-to-cytoplasmic shift of the specific MMR protein hMSH3 is seen in up to 60% of sporadic CRCs that associates with metastasis and poor patient prognosis, unlike improved outcome when MMR is genetically inactivated. The mechanism for MMR inactication as well as the component affected dictates the clinical spectrum and clinical response for patients.
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