251
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Nanotechnologies in delivery of mRNA therapeutics using nonviral vector-based delivery systems. Gene Ther 2017; 24:133-143. [DOI: 10.1038/gt.2017.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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252
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Biodegradable lipid nanoparticles induce a prolonged RNA interference-mediated protein knockdown and show rapid hepatic clearance in mice and nonhuman primates. Int J Pharm 2017; 519:34-43. [PMID: 28089936 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2016] [Revised: 12/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Lipid nanoparticles based on ionizable lipids have been clinically validated as a means of delivery for RNA interference (RNAi) therapeutics. The ideal properties of RNAi carriers are efficient delivery of oligonucleotides into target cells and rapid elimination after the function is performed. Here, we report that degradable lipid nanoparticles are effective carriers of small interfering RNA (siRNA) and have a high therapeutic index. The newly developed degradable lipid nanoparticles carrying siRNA showed potent gene-silencing activity in mouse hepatocytes (ED50≈0.02mg/kg siRNA). The ester bond in the lipid tail was hydrolyzed in the liver, resulting in rapid metabolism of the lipid. Toxicity assays showed that the degradable lipid was well-tolerated at siRNA doses of up to 16mg/kg in rats (over 800-fold higher than ED50). A single intravenous injection of siRNA targeting proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) in cynomolgus monkeys resulted in more than 90% protein silencing, and a 50% decrease in plasma low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, with a measurable reduction for 2 months. Moreover, quantification of lipids in liver biopsies revealed rapid hepatic clearance of the degradable lipid in nonhuman primates. These degradable lipid nanoparticles with a high therapeutic index hold promise for RNA-based treatments.
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253
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Li B, Dong Y. Preparation and Optimization of Lipid-Like Nanoparticles for mRNA Delivery. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1632:207-217. [PMID: 28730441 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7138-1_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Lipid-like nanoparticles (LLNs) have shown great promise for nucleic acid delivery. Recently, we have developed N 1,N 3,N 5-tris(2-aminoethyl)benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxamide (TT) derived lipid-like compounds, formulated them into TT LLNs for mRNA delivery, and applied an orthogonal array design to facilitate formulation optimization. This chapter focuses on the following contents relevant to lipid-like nanoparticles: formulation method, particle characterization, orthogonal array design, and in vitro assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Li
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 496 W. 12th Ave., Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Yizhou Dong
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 496 W. 12th Ave., Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
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254
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Abstract
The intrinsic limits of conventional cancer therapies prompted the development and application of various nanotechnologies for more effective and safer cancer treatment, herein referred to as cancer nanomedicine. Considerable technological success has been achieved in this field, but the main obstacles to nanomedicine becoming a new paradigm in cancer therapy stem from the complexities and heterogeneity of tumour biology, an incomplete understanding of nano-bio interactions and the challenges regarding chemistry, manufacturing and controls required for clinical translation and commercialization. This Review highlights the progress, challenges and opportunities in cancer nanomedicine and discusses novel engineering approaches that capitalize on our growing understanding of tumour biology and nano-bio interactions to develop more effective nanotherapeutics for cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjun Shi
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Philip W Kantoff
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | | | - Omid C Farokhzad
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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255
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Bradford BJ, Cooper CA, Tizard ML, Doran TJ, Hinton TM. RNA interference-based technology: what role in animal agriculture? ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1071/an15437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Animal agriculture faces a broad array of challenges, ranging from disease threats to adverse environmental conditions, while attempting to increase productivity using fewer resources. RNA interference (RNAi) is a biological phenomenon with the potential to provide novel solutions to some of these challenges. Discovered just 20 years ago, the mechanisms underlying RNAi are now well described in plants and animals. Intracellular double-stranded RNA triggers a conserved response that leads to cleavage and degradation of complementary mRNA strands, thereby preventing production of the corresponding protein product. RNAi can be naturally induced by expression of endogenous microRNA, which are critical in the regulation of protein synthesis, providing a mechanism for rapid adaptation of physiological function. This endogenous pathway can be co-opted for targeted RNAi either through delivery of exogenous small interfering RNA (siRNA) into target cells or by transgenic expression of short hairpin RNA (shRNA). Potentially valuable RNAi targets for livestock include endogenous genes such as developmental regulators, transcripts involved in adaptations to new physiological states, immune response mediators, and also exogenous genes such as those encoded by viruses. RNAi approaches have shown promise in cell culture and rodent models as well as some livestock studies, but technical and market barriers still need to be addressed before commercial applications of RNAi in animal agriculture can be realised. Key challenges for exogenous delivery of siRNA include appropriate formulation for physical delivery, internal transport and eventual cellular uptake of the siRNA; additionally, rigorous safety and residue studies in target species will be necessary for siRNA delivery nanoparticles currently under evaluation. However, genomic incorporation of shRNA can overcome these issues, but optimal promoters to drive shRNA expression are needed, and genetic engineering may attract more resistance from consumers than the use of exogenous siRNA. Despite these hurdles, the convergence of greater understanding of RNAi mechanisms, detailed descriptions of regulatory processes in animal development and disease, and breakthroughs in synthetic chemistry and genome engineering has created exciting possibilities for using RNAi to enhance the sustainability of animal agriculture.
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256
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Stanton MG, Murphy-Benenato KE. Messenger RNA as a Novel Therapeutic Approach. TOPICS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/7355_2016_30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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257
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Abstract
The intrinsic limits of conventional cancer therapies prompted the development and application of various nanotechnologies for more effective and safer cancer treatment, herein referred to as cancer nanomedicine. Considerable technological success has been achieved in this field, but the main obstacles to nanomedicine becoming a new paradigm in cancer therapy stem from the complexities and heterogeneity of tumour biology, an incomplete understanding of nano-bio interactions and the challenges regarding chemistry, manufacturing and controls required for clinical translation and commercialization. This Review highlights the progress, challenges and opportunities in cancer nanomedicine and discusses novel engineering approaches that capitalize on our growing understanding of tumour biology and nano-bio interactions to develop more effective nanotherapeutics for cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjun Shi
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Philip W Kantoff
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | | | - Omid C Farokhzad
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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258
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Abstract
mRNA vaccines elicit a potent immune response including antibodies and cytotoxic T cells. mRNA vaccines are currently evaluated in clinical trials for cancer immunotherapy applications, but also have great potential as prophylactic vaccines. Efficient delivery of mRNA vaccines will be key for their success and translation to the clinic. Among potential nonviral vectors, lipid nanoparticles are particularly promising. Indeed, lipid nanoparticles can be synthesized with relative ease in a scalable manner, protect the mRNA against degradation, facilitate endosomal escape, can be targeted to the desired cell type by surface decoration with ligands, and as needed, can be codelivered with adjuvants.
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259
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Mooberry LK, Sabnis NA, Panchoo M, Nagarajan B, Lacko AG. Targeting the SR-B1 Receptor as a Gateway for Cancer Therapy and Imaging. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:466. [PMID: 28018216 PMCID: PMC5156841 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Malignant tumors display remarkable heterogeneity to the extent that even at the same tissue site different types of cells with varying genetic background may be found. In contrast, a relatively consistent marker the scavenger receptor type B1 (SR-B1) has been found to be consistently overexpressed by most tumor cells. Scavenger Receptor Class B Type I (SR-BI) is a high density lipoprotein (HDL) receptor that facilitates the uptake of cholesterol esters from circulating lipoproteins. Additional findings suggest a critical role for SR-BI in cholesterol metabolism, signaling, motility, and proliferation of cancer cells and thus a potential major impact in carcinogenesis and metastasis. Recent findings indicate that the level of SR-BI expression correlate with aggressiveness and poor survival in breast and prostate cancer. Moreover, genomic data show that depending on the type of cancer, high or low SR-BI expression may promote poor survival. This review discusses the importance of SR-BI as a diagnostic as well as prognostic indicator of cancer to help elucidate the contributions of this protein to cancer development, progression, and survival. In addition, the SR-B1 receptor has been shown to serve as a potential gateway for the delivery of therapeutic agents when reconstituted high density lipoprotein nanoparticles are used for their transport to cancer cells and tumors. Opportunities for the development of new technologies, particularly in the areas of cancer therapy and tumor imaging are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda K. Mooberry
- Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort WorthTX, USA
| | - Nirupama A. Sabnis
- Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort WorthTX, USA
| | - Marlyn Panchoo
- Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort WorthTX, USA
| | - Bhavani Nagarajan
- Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort WorthTX, USA
| | - Andras G. Lacko
- Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort WorthTX, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort WorthTX, USA
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260
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Lakkireddy HR, Bazile D. Building the design, translation and development principles of polymeric nanomedicines using the case of clinically advanced poly(lactide(glycolide))-poly(ethylene glycol) nanotechnology as a model: An industrial viewpoint. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 107:289-332. [PMID: 27593265 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2016.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The design of the first polymeric nanoparticles could be traced back to the 1970s, and has thereafter received considerable attention, as evidenced by the significant increase of the number of articles and patents in this area. This review article is an attempt to take advantage of the existing literature on the clinically tested and commercialized biodegradable PLA(G)A-PEG nanotechnology as a model to propose quality building and outline translation and development principles for polymeric nano-medicines. We built such an approach from various building blocks including material design, nano-assembly - i.e. physicochemistry of drug/nano-object association in the pharmaceutical process, and release in relevant biological environment - characterization and identification of the quality attributes related to the biopharmaceutical properties. More specifically, as envisaged in a translational approach, the reported data on PLA(G)A-PEG nanotechnology have been structured into packages to evidence the links between the structure, physicochemical properties, and the in vitro and in vivo performances of the nanoparticles. The integration of these bodies of knowledge to build the CMC (Chemistry Manufacturing and Controls) quality management strategy and finally support the translation to proof of concept in human, and anticipation of the industrialization takes into account the specific requirements and biopharmaceutical features attached to the administration route. From this approach, some gaps are identified for the industrial development of such nanotechnology-based products, and the expected improvements are discussed. The viewpoint provided in this article is expected to shed light on design, translation and pharmaceutical development to realize their full potential for future clinical applications.
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261
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Qiu N, Liu X, Zhong Y, Zhou Z, Piao Y, Miao L, Zhang Q, Tang J, Huang L, Shen Y. Esterase-Activated Charge-Reversal Polymer for Fibroblast-Exempt Cancer Gene Therapy. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2016; 28:10613-10622. [PMID: 27786373 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201603095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2016] [Revised: 07/31/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Selective gene expression in tumors via responsive dissociation of polyplexes triggered by intracellular signals is demonstrated. An esterase-responsive charge-reversal polymer mediates selective gene expression in the cancer cells high in esterases over fibroblasts low in esterase activity. Its gene therapy with the TRAIL suicide gene effectively induces apoptosis of HeLa cells but does not activate fibroblasts to secrete WNT16B, enabling potent cancer gene therapy with few side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasha Qiu
- Center for Bionanoengineering and Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Xiangrui Liu
- Center for Bionanoengineering and Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Yin Zhong
- Center for Bionanoengineering and Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Zhuxian Zhou
- Center for Bionanoengineering and Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Ying Piao
- Center for Bionanoengineering and Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Lei Miao
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Qianzhi Zhang
- Center for Bionanoengineering and Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Jianbin Tang
- Center for Bionanoengineering and Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Leaf Huang
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Youqing Shen
- Center for Bionanoengineering and Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
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262
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McMahon KM, Plebanek MP, Thaxton CS. Properties of Native High-Density Lipoproteins Inspire Synthesis of Actively Targeted In Vivo siRNA Delivery Vehicles. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2016; 26:7824-7835. [PMID: 28717350 PMCID: PMC5510894 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201602600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Efficient systemic administration of therapeutic short interfering RNA (siRNA) is challenging. High-density lipoproteins (HDL) are natural in vivo RNA delivery vehicles. Specifically, native HDLs: 1) Load single-stranded RNA; 2) Are anionic, which requires charge reconciliation between the RNA and HDL, and 3) Actively target scavenger receptor type B-1 (SR-B1) to deliver RNA. Emphasizing these particular parameters, we employed templated lipoprotein particles (TLP), mimics of spherical HDLs, and self-assembled them with single-stranded complements of, presumably, any highly unmodified siRNA duplex pair after formulation with a cationic lipid. Resulting siRNA templated lipoprotein particles (siRNA-TLP) are anionic and tunable with regard to RNA assembly and function. Data demonstrate that the siRNA-TLPs actively target SR-B1 to potently reduce androgen receptor (AR) and enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) proteins in multiple cancer cell lines. Systemic administration of siRNA-TLPs demonstrated no off-target toxicity and significantly reduced the growth of prostate cancer xenografts. Thus, native HDLs inspired the synthesis of a hybrid siRNA delivery vehicle that can modularly load single-stranded RNA complements after charge reconciliation with a cationic lipid, and that function due to active targeting of SR-B1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaylin M McMahon
- Department of Urology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Michael P Plebanek
- Department of Urology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611, USA. Walter S. and Lucienne Driskill Graduate Training Program in Life Sciences, Northwestern University, 303 E. Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - C Shad Thaxton
- Department of Urology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611, USA. Simpson Querrey Institute (SQI) for BioNanotechnology, Northwestern University, 303 East Superior, Chicago, IL 60611, USA. Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, 303 East Superior, Chicago, IL 60611, USA. International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
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263
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Bivalkar-Mehla S, Mehla R, Chauhan A. Chimeric peptide-mediated siRNA transduction to inhibit HIV-1 infection. J Drug Target 2016; 25:307-319. [PMID: 27800697 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2016.1245311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Persistent human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) infection provokes immune activation and depletes CD4+ lymphocytes, leading to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Uninterrupted administration of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) in HIV-infected patients suppresses viral replication to below the detectable level and partially restores the immune system. However, cART-unresponsive residual HIV-1 infection and elusive transcriptionally silent but reactivatable viral reservoirs maintain a permanent viral DNA blue print. The virus rebounds within a few weeks after interruption of suppressive therapy. Adjunct gene therapy to control viral replication by ribonucleic acid interference (RNAi) is a post-transcriptional gene silencing strategy that could suppress residual HIV-1 burden and overcome viral resistance. Small interfering ribonucleic acids (siRNAs) are efficient transcriptional inhibitors, but need delivery systems to reach inside target cells. We investigated the potential of chimeric peptide (FP-PTD) to deliver specific siRNAs to HIV-1-susceptible and permissive cells. Chimeric FP-PTD peptide was designed with an RNA binding domain (PTD) to bind siRNA and a cell fusion peptide domain (FP) to enter cells. FP-PTD-siRNA complex entered and inhibited HIV-1 replication in susceptible cells, and could be a candidate for in vivo testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalmali Bivalkar-Mehla
- a Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology , University of South Carolina School of Medicine , Columbia , SC , USA
| | - Rajeev Mehla
- a Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology , University of South Carolina School of Medicine , Columbia , SC , USA
| | - Ashok Chauhan
- a Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology , University of South Carolina School of Medicine , Columbia , SC , USA
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264
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Ho W, Zhang XQ, Xu X. Biomaterials in siRNA Delivery: A Comprehensive Review. Adv Healthc Mater 2016; 5:2715-2731. [PMID: 27700013 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201600418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
With the dearth of effective treatment options for prominent diseases including Ebola and cancer, RNA interference (RNAi), a sequence-specific mechanism for genetic regulation that can silence nearly any gene, holds the promise of unlimited potential in treating illness ever since its discovery in 1999. Given the large size, unstable tertiary structure in physiological conditions and negative charge of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), the development of safe and effective delivery vehicles is of critical importance in order to drive the widespread use of RNAi therapeutics into clinical settings. Immense amounts of time and billions of dollars have been devoted into the design of novel and diverse delivery strategies, and there are a handful of delivery systems that have been successfully translated into clinic. This review provides an introduction to the in vivo barriers that need to be addressed by siRNA delivery systems. We also discuss the progress up to the most effective and clinically advanced siRNA delivery systems including liposomal, polymeric and siRNA conjugate delivery systems, as well as their design to overcome the challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Ho
- Department of Chemical, Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering; Newark School of Engineering; New Jersey Institute of Technology; Newark NJ 07102 USA
| | - Xue-Qing Zhang
- Department of Chemical, Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering; Newark School of Engineering; New Jersey Institute of Technology; Newark NJ 07102 USA
| | - Xiaoyang Xu
- Department of Chemical, Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering; Newark School of Engineering; New Jersey Institute of Technology; Newark NJ 07102 USA
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265
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Abstract
Treatment and management of kidney disease currently presents an enormous global burden, and the application of nanotechnology principles to renal disease therapy, although still at an early stage, has profound transformative potential. The increasing translation of nanomedicines to the clinic, alongside research efforts in tissue regeneration and organ-on-a-chip investigations, are likely to provide novel solutions to treat kidney diseases. Our understanding of renal anatomy and of how the biological and physico-chemical properties of nanomedicines (the combination of a nanocarrier and a drug) influence their interactions with renal tissues has improved dramatically. Tailoring of nanomedicines in terms of kidney retention and binding to key membranes and cell populations associated with renal diseases is now possible and greatly enhances their localization, tolerability, and efficacy. This Review outlines nanomedicine characteristics central to improved targeting of renal cells and highlights the prospects, challenges, and opportunities of nanotechnology-mediated therapies for renal diseases.
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266
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Sato Y, Sakurai Y, Kajimoto K, Nakamura T, Yamada Y, Akita H, Harashima H. Innovative Technologies in Nanomedicines: From Passive Targeting to Active Targeting/From Controlled Pharmacokinetics to Controlled Intracellular Pharmacokinetics. Macromol Biosci 2016; 17. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201600179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Sato
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Hokkaido University; Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812 Japan
| | - Yu Sakurai
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Hokkaido University; Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812 Japan
| | - Kazuaki Kajimoto
- Health Research Institute; National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST); 2217-14 Hayashi-cho Takamatsu, Kagawa 761-0395 Japan
| | - Takashi Nakamura
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Hokkaido University; Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812 Japan
| | - Yuma Yamada
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Hokkaido University; Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812 Japan
| | - Hidetaka Akita
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Chiba University; 1-8-1 Inohana Chuo-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba 260-8675 Japan
| | - Hideyoshi Harashima
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Hokkaido University; Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812 Japan
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267
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Tuettenberg A, Steinbrink K, Schuppan D. Myeloid cells as orchestrators of the tumor microenvironment: novel targets for nanoparticular cancer therapy. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2016; 11:2735-2751. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2016-0208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages, myeloid-derived suppressor cells and tolerogenic dendritic cells are central players of a heterogeneous myeloid cell population, with the ability to suppress innate and adaptive immune responses and thus to promote tumor growth. Their influx and local proliferation are mainly induced by the cancers themselves, and their numbers in the tumor microenvironment and the peripheral blood correlate with decreased survival. Therapeutic targeting these innate immune cells, either aiming at their elimination or polarization toward tumor suppressive cells is an attractive novel approach to control tumor progression and block metastasis. We review the current understanding of cancer immunology including immune surveillance and immune editing in the context of these prominent innate suppressor cells, and their targetability by nanoparticular immunotherapy with small molecules or siRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Tuettenberg
- Department of Dermatology & Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI) University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Kerstin Steinbrink
- Department of Dermatology & Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI) University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Detlef Schuppan
- Institute of Translational Immunology & Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
- Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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268
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Functional polyesters enable selective siRNA delivery to lung cancer over matched normal cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E5702-10. [PMID: 27621434 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1606886113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Conventional chemotherapeutics nonselectively kill all rapidly dividing cells, which produces numerous side effects. To address this challenge, we report the discovery of functional polyesters that are capable of delivering siRNA drugs selectively to lung cancer cells and not to normal lung cells. Selective polyplex nanoparticles (NPs) were identified by high-throughput library screening on a unique pair of matched cancer/normal cell lines obtained from a single patient. Selective NPs promoted rapid endocytosis into HCC4017 cancer cells, but were arrested at the membrane of HBEC30-KT normal cells during the initial transfection period. When injected into tumor xenografts in mice, cancer-selective NPs were retained in tumors for over 1 wk, whereas nonselective NPs were cleared within hours. This translated to improved siRNA-mediated cancer cell apoptosis and significant suppression of tumor growth. Selective NPs were also able to mediate gene silencing in xenograft and orthotopic tumors via i.v. injection or aerosol inhalation, respectively. Importantly, this work highlights that different cells respond differentially to the same drug carrier, an important factor that should be considered in the design and evaluation of all NP carriers. Because no targeting ligands are required, these functional polyester NPs provide an exciting alternative approach for selective drug delivery to tumor cells that may improve efficacy and reduce adverse side effects of cancer therapies.
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269
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Eldredge AC, Johnson ME, Oldenhuis NJ, Guan Z. Focused Library Approach to Discover Discrete Dipeptide Bolaamphiphiles for siRNA Delivery. Biomacromolecules 2016; 17:3138-3144. [PMID: 27563833 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.6b00635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we report a new dipeptide functionalization strategy for developing new dendritic bolaamphiphile vectors for efficient siRNA transfection. A focused library of dipeptides was constructed using four amino acids: l-arginine, l-histidine, l-lysine, and l-tryptophan. The dipeptides were coupled to two dendritic bolaamphiphile scaffolds that we developed previously, allowing us to quickly access a focused library of discrete vectors with multivalent dendritic dipeptide functionalities. The resulting discrete bolaamphiphiles were screened for siRNA delivery in vitro in HEK-293 and HeLa cells. Bolaamphiphiles functionalized with dipeptides containing Lys or Arg and either His or Trp were the most effective for in vitro siRNA delivery. Necessary cationic charge to ensure efficient siRNA binding are provided by Arg and Lys residues, whereas endosomal escape is provided through pH responsive buffering of His or membrane interactions of Trp. The most effective vectors (F10 HR/RH) exhibited greater than 75% gene silencing in multiple cell lines and exhibited serum stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander C Eldredge
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Mark E Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Nathan J Oldenhuis
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Zhibin Guan
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Irvine, California 92697, United States
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270
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Abstract
microRNAs (miRNA) are small non-coding RNAs (sRNA) that post-transcriptionally regulate gene (mRNA) expression and are implicated in many biological processes and diseases. Many miRNAs have been reported to be altered in cardiovascular disease (CVD); both cellular and extracellular miRNA levels are affected by hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis. We and other groups have reported that lipoproteins transport miRNAs in circulation and these lipoprotein signatures are significantly altered in hypercholesterolemia and coronary artery disease (CAD). Extracellular miRNAs are a new class of potential biomarkers for CVD; however, they may also be new drug targets as high-density lipoproteins (HDL) transfer functional miRNAs to recipient cells in an endocrine-like form of intercellular communication that likely suppresses vascular inflammation. Recently, RNA-based drugs have emerged as the next frontier in drug therapy, and there are many miRNA inhibitors and mimics in clinical development. Here, we discuss specific miRNA drug targets and how their manipulation may impact CVD. We also address the potential for manipulating HDL-miRNA levels to treat CVD and the use of HDL as a delivery vehicle for RNA and chemical drugs. Finally, we outline the current and future challenges for HDL and miRNA-based therapeutics for the prevention and treatment of CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle L Michell
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Kasey C Vickers
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States.
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271
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Conde J, Shomron N, Artzi N. Biomaterials for Abrogating Metastasis: Bridging the Gap between Basic and Translational Research. Adv Healthc Mater 2016; 5:2312-9. [PMID: 27457877 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201600414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 06/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Herein lies the issue of how to best approach cancer metastasis therapeutics in a focused, directed and efficacious manner. The lack of standardized means to efficiently deliver therapeutic cargo to metastatic sites calls for a paradigm shift in the way we view and treat metastasis. It is crucial to leverage the potential of nanomedicine to differentially combat cancer spread at each stage of the disease (primary tumor growth and formation of metastases) while considering the optimal administration route. We propose to implement three possible strategies to treat cancer as a function of disease type and state, while leveraging the advancement in materials design and in particular nanotechnology: (1) local primary tumor abrogation; (2) primary tumor re-programming to prevent metastasis; and (3) combination (local and systemic) therapy when metastasis has already transpired. Herein, we highlight potential means to bridge the gap between basic and translational research as related to metastasis therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Conde
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Institute for Medical Engineering and Science; Harvard-MIT Division for Health Sciences and Technology; Cambridge 02139 Massachusetts USA
- School of Engineering and Materials Science; Queen Mary University of London; London E1 4NS UK
| | - Noam Shomron
- Genomic Intelligence Laboratory; Sackler Faculty of Medicine; Tel-Aviv University; Tel Aviv 69978 Israel
| | - Natalie Artzi
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Institute for Medical Engineering and Science; Harvard-MIT Division for Health Sciences and Technology; Cambridge 02139 Massachusetts USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard; Cambridge 02142 Massachusetts USA
- Department of Medicine; Biomedical Engineering division; Brigham and Women's Hospital; Harvard Medical School; Boston Massachusetts 02115 USA
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272
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273
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Kim HJ, Kim A, Miyata K, Kataoka K. Recent progress in development of siRNA delivery vehicles for cancer therapy. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 104:61-77. [PMID: 27352638 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2016.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 309] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Revised: 05/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recent progress in RNA biology has broadened the scope of therapeutic targets of RNA drugs for cancer therapy. However, RNA drugs, typically small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), are rapidly degraded by RNases and filtrated in the kidney, thereby requiring a delivery vehicle for efficient transport to the target cells. To date, various delivery formulations have been developed from cationic lipids, polymers, and/or inorganic nanoparticles for systemic delivery of siRNA to solid tumors. This review describes the current status of clinical trials related to siRNA-based cancer therapy, as well as the remaining issues that need to be overcome to establish a successful therapy. It, then introduces various promising design strategies of delivery vehicles for stable and targeted siRNA delivery, including the prospects for future design.
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274
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PEG-lipid micelles enable cholesterol efflux in Niemann-Pick Type C1 disease-based lysosomal storage disorder. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31750. [PMID: 27572704 PMCID: PMC5004151 DOI: 10.1038/srep31750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
2-Hydroxy-propyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD), a cholesterol scavenger, is currently undergoing Phase 2b/3 clinical trial for treatment of Niemann Pick Type C-1 (NPC1), a fatal neurodegenerative disorder that stems from abnormal cholesterol accumulation in the endo/lysosomes. Unfortunately, the extremely high doses of HPβCD required to prevent progressive neurodegeneration exacerbates ototoxicity, pulmonary toxicity and autophagy-based cellular defects. We present unexpected evidence that a poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG)-lipid conjugate enables cholesterol clearance from endo/lysosomes of Npc1 mutant (Npc1−/−) cells. Herein, we show that distearyl-phosphatidylethanolamine-PEG (DSPE-PEG), which forms 12-nm micelles above the critical micelle concentration, accumulates heavily inside cholesterol-rich late endosomes in Npc1−/− cells. This potentially results in cholesterol solubilization and leakage from lysosomes. High-throughput screening revealed that DSPE-PEG, in combination with HPβCD, acts synergistically to efflux cholesterol without significantly aggravating autophagy defects. These well-known excipients can be used as admixtures to treat NPC1 disorder. Increasing PEG chain lengths from 350 Da-30 kDa in DSPE-PEG micelles, or increasing DSPE-PEG content in an array of liposomes packaged with HPβCD, improved cholesterol egress, while Pluronic block copolymers capable of micelle formation showed slight effects at high concentrations. We postulate that PEG-lipid based nanocarriers can serve as bioactive drug delivery systems for effective treatment of lysosomal storage disorders.
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275
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Saha A, Bhagyawant SS, Parida M, Dash PK. Vector-delivered artificial miRNA effectively inhibited replication of Chikungunya virus. Antiviral Res 2016; 134:42-49. [PMID: 27565991 PMCID: PMC7113671 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2016.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) has emerged as one of the most significant arboviral threats in many parts of the world. In spite of large scale morbidity, and long lasting polyarthralgia, no licensed vaccine or antivirals are available for the clinical management of CHIKV infection. In this study, a novel RNA interference based strategy has been adopted for effective inhibition of CHIKV. Four artificial microRNAs (amiRNAs) were designed to target different regions of CHIKV genome. These amiRNAs significantly inhibited CHIKV replication in Vero cells at both RNA and protein levels as assessed by qRT-PCR, immunoblotting and immunofluorescence techniques. Further inhibition of the infectious CHIKV up to 99.8% was demonstrated by plaque reduction assay. Concatemerization of amiRNA resulted in higher inhibition of CHIKV than individual amiRNAs. In addition, we studied the effect of combination of RNAi based therapy with other classical antivirals like chloroquine, ribavirin and mycophenolic acid, that helped in understanding the rational selection of RNAi based combination therapy. These findings provide a promising avenue for the development of novel amiRNA or combination based therapeutics against emerging CHIKV. amiRNAs targeting different ORF of CHIKV was designed. Significant Inhibition of CHIKV replication through amiRNA was demonstrated. Concatenated amiRNAs results in higher viral inhibition. Combination of RNAi with classical drugs may obliterate failure of monotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Saha
- Virology Division, Defence Research & Development Establishment, Gwalior, 474002, India
| | | | - Manmohan Parida
- Virology Division, Defence Research & Development Establishment, Gwalior, 474002, India
| | - Paban Kumar Dash
- Virology Division, Defence Research & Development Establishment, Gwalior, 474002, India.
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276
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Johnson ME, Shon J, Guan BM, Patterson JP, Oldenhuis NJ, Eldredge AC, Gianneschi NC, Guan Z. Fluorocarbon Modified Low-Molecular-Weight Polyethylenimine for siRNA Delivery. Bioconjug Chem 2016; 27:1784-8. [PMID: 27457882 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.6b00216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
We report the synthesis and study of fluorocarbon (FC) modified polyethylenimine (PEI) for the purpose of siRNA delivery. Low-molecular-weight PEI (Mn = 600) was functionalized with fluorocarbon epoxides of varying length. All FC-modified samples with greater than 2.0 equiv of FC epoxide per PEI induced potent gene silencing in vitro. Compared to hydrocarbon (HC) analogues, the FC vectors showed greater general silencing efficacy, higher cell uptake, and reduced association with serum components. Collectively, the data suggest that modification of polyamines with FCs is a promising approach for the discovery of novel vectors for siRNA delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark E Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Judy Shon
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Brian M Guan
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Joseph P Patterson
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Nathan J Oldenhuis
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Alexander C Eldredge
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Nathan C Gianneschi
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Zhibin Guan
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Irvine, California 92697, United States
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277
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Feng Q, Sun J, Jiang X. Microfluidics-mediated assembly of functional nanoparticles for cancer-related pharmaceutical applications. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:12430-43. [PMID: 26864887 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr07964k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The controlled synthesis of functional nanoparticles with tunable structures and properties has been extensively investigated for cancer treatment and diagnosis. Among a variety of methods for fabrication of nanoparticles, microfluidics-based synthesis enables enhanced mixing and precise fluidic modulation inside microchannels, thus allowing for the flow-mediated production of nanoparticles in a controllable manner. This review focuses on recent advances of using microfluidic devices for the synthesis of drug-loaded nanoparticles with specific characteristics (such as size, composite, surface modification, structure and rigidity) for enhanced cancer treatment and diagnosis as well as to investigate the bio-nanoparticle interaction. The discussion on microfluidics-based synthesis may shed light on the rational design of functional nanoparticles for cancer-related pharmaceutical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Feng
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for BioNanotechnology & CAS Key Laboratory for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China.
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278
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Structure, activity and uptake mechanism of siRNA-lipid nanoparticles with an asymmetric ionizable lipid. Int J Pharm 2016; 510:350-8. [PMID: 27374199 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.06.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) represent the most advanced platform for the systemic delivery of siRNA. We have previously reported the discovery of novel ionizable lipids with asymmetric lipid tails, enabling potent gene-silencing activity in hepatocytes in vivo; however, the structure and delivery mechanism had not been elucidated. Here, we report the structure, activity and uptake mechanism of LNPs with an asymmetric ionizable lipid. Zeta potential and hemolytic activity of LNPs showed that LNPs were neutral at the pH of the blood compartment but become increasingly charged and fusogenic in the acidic endosomal compartment. (31)P NMR experiments indicated that the siRNA was less mobile inside particles, presumably because of an electrostatic interaction with an ionizable lipid. The role of Apolipoprotein E (apoE) was studied using recombinant human apoE both in vitro and in vivo. A comparative study in wild-type and apoE-deficient mice revealed that apoE significantly influenced the in vivo biodistribution of LNPs and enhanced the cellular uptake. Pretreatment of mice with siRNA targeting low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) impaired gene-silencing of the following siRNA treatment, demonstrating that in vivo activity of LNPs is dependent on LDLR. Our studies on the detailed mechanism should lead to the creation of more sophisticated LNP-based RNAi therapeutics.
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279
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Sato Y, Nakamura T, Yamada Y, Harashima H. Development of a multifunctional envelope-type nano device and its application to nanomedicine. J Control Release 2016; 244:194-204. [PMID: 27374187 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Successful nanomedicines should be based on sound drug delivery systems (DDS) the permit intracellular trafficking as well as the biodistribution of cargos to be controlled. We have been developing new types of DDS that are multifunctional envelope-type nano devices referred to as MENDs. First, we will focus the in vivo delivery of siRNA to hepatocytes using a YSK-MEND which is composed of pH-responsive cationic lipids. The YSK-MEND is capable of inducing efficient silencing activity in hepatocytes and can be used to cure mice that are infected with hepatitis C or B. The YSK-MEND can also be applied to cancer immunotherapy through the activation of immune cells by delivering different compounds such as cyclic-di-GMP, siRNA or alpha-galactosylceramide as a lipid antigen. The findings indicate that, as predicted, these compounds, when encapsulated in the YSK-MEND, can be delivered to the site of action and induced immune activation through different mechanisms. Finally, a MITO-Porter, a membrane fusion-based delivery system to mitochondria, is introduced as an organelle targeting DDS and a new strategy for cancer therapy is proposed by delivering gentamicin to mitochondria of cancer cells. These new technologies are expected to extend the therapeutic area of Nanomedicine by increasing the power of DDS, especially from the view point of controlled intracellular trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Sato
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakamura
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Yuma Yamada
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Hideyoshi Harashima
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan.
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280
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Shiekh FA, Farooq O, Mian SH, Bautista RL, Arja SB, Andrabi KI. The pitfalls of growing nanomaterials. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2016; 11:1635-8. [PMID: 27348020 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2016-0043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Farooq A Shiekh
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Avalon University School of Medicine, Curacao
| | - Omar Farooq
- Department of Neurology, Government Medical College (GMC), Srinagar, India
| | - Sarah H Mian
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Avalon University School of Medicine, Curacao
| | - Roxanne L Bautista
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Avalon University School of Medicine, Curacao
| | - Sateesh B Arja
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Avalon University School of Medicine, Curacao
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281
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Abstract
Macropinocytosis is a means by which eukaryotic cells ingest extracellular liquid and dissolved molecules. It is widely conserved amongst cells that can take on amoeboid form and, therefore, appears to be an ancient feature that can be traced back to an early stage of evolution. Recent advances have highlighted how this endocytic process can be subverted during pathology - certain cancer cells use macropinocytosis to feed on extracellular protein, and many viruses and bacteria use it to enter host cells. Prion and prion-like proteins can also spread and propagate from cell to cell through macropinocytosis. Progress is being made towards using macropinocytosis therapeutically, either to deliver drugs to or cause cell death by inducing catastrophically rapid fluid uptake. Mechanistically, the Ras signalling pathway plays a prominent and conserved activating role in amoebae and in mammals; mutant amoebae with abnormally high Ras activity resemble tumour cells in their increased capacity for growth using nutrients ingested through macropinocytosis. This Commentary takes a functional and evolutionary perspective to highlight progress in understanding and use of macropinocytosis, which is an ancient feeding process used by single-celled phagotrophs that has now been put to varied uses by metazoan cells and is abused in disease states, including infection and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth Bloomfield
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Robert R Kay
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
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282
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Stewart PL. Cryo-electron microscopy and cryo-electron tomography of nanoparticles. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 9. [DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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283
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Liu H, Chang H, Lv J, Jiang C, Li Z, Wang F, Wang H, Wang M, Liu C, Wang X, Shao N, He B, Shen W, Zhang Q, Cheng Y. Screening of efficient siRNA carriers in a library of surface-engineered dendrimers. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25069. [PMID: 27121799 PMCID: PMC4848513 DOI: 10.1038/srep25069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymers are widely used as non-viral carriers for siRNA delivery, but concern has also arisen in their limited efficacy and inherent toxicity. Whilst many of previous efforts have been documented towards improving the performance of polymers via chemical modifications, the structure-activity relationships (SAR) of these ligand-modified polymers are not well understood. To address this issue, we systemically prepared a library of surface-engineered dendrimers (>300) as the screening pool to discover efficient siRNA carriers. The modified ligands include alkyls and fluoroalkyls, amino acids, benzene derivatives and heterocyclic compounds. Gene silencing results showed that the lead material shows excellent efficacy even in hard-to-transfect cells such as mesenchymal stem cells. The SAR studies revealed that ligands containing appropriate hydrophobicity, or ligands with both hydrophobic and functional atoms/groups are essential for polymers to achive efficient knockdown efficacy. A second-generation library designed based on the above principles further confirms the proposed design criteria. The results enable the future rational design of potent siRNA carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, P. R. China
| | - Hong Chang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, P. R. China
| | - Jia Lv
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, P. R. China
| | - Cong Jiang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, P. R. China
| | - Zhenxi Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, P. R. China
| | - Fei Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, P. R. China
| | - Hui Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, P. R. China
| | - Mingming Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, P. R. China
| | - Chongyi Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, P. R. China
| | - Xinyu Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, P. R. China
| | - Naimin Shao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, P. R. China
| | - Bingwei He
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, P. R. China
| | - Wanwan Shen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, P. R. China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, P. R. China
| | - Yiyun Cheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, P. R. China
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284
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Fenton OS, Kauffman KJ, McClellan RL, Appel EA, Dorkin JR, Tibbitt MW, Heartlein MW, DeRosa F, Langer R, Anderson DG. Bioinspired Alkenyl Amino Alcohol Ionizable Lipid Materials for Highly Potent In Vivo mRNA Delivery. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2016; 28:2939-43. [PMID: 26889757 PMCID: PMC5245883 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201505822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Thousands of human diseases could be treated by selectively controlling the expression of specific proteins in vivo. A new series of alkenyl amino alcohol (AAA) ionizable lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) capable of delivering human mRNA with unprecedented levels of in vivo efficacy is demonstrated. This study highlights the importance of utilizing synthesis tools in tandem with biological inspiration to understand and improve nucleic acid delivery in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owen S Fenton
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Kevin J Kauffman
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Rebecca L McClellan
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Eric A Appel
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - J Robert Dorkin
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Mark W Tibbitt
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | | | - Frank DeRosa
- Shire Pharmaceuticals, Lexington, MA, 02421, USA
| | - Robert Langer
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Science and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Daniel G Anderson
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Science and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
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285
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Knapp CM, Guo P, Whitehead KA. Lipidoid Tail Structure Strongly Influences siRNA Delivery Activity. Cell Mol Bioeng 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s12195-016-0436-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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286
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Yin H, Bogorad RL, Barnes C, Walsh S, Zhuang I, Nonaka H, Ruda V, Kuchimanchi S, Nechev L, Akinc A, Xue W, Zerial M, Langer R, Anderson DG, Koteliansky V. RNAi-nanoparticulate manipulation of gene expression as a new functional genomics tool in the liver. J Hepatol 2016; 64:899-907. [PMID: 26658687 PMCID: PMC5381270 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2015.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The Hippo pathway controls organ size through a negative regulation of the transcription co-activator Yap1. The overexpression of hyperactive mutant Yap1 or deletion of key components in the Hippo pathway leads to increased organ size in different species. Analysis of interactions of this pathway with other cellular signals corroborating organ size control is limited in part due to the difficulties associated with development of rodent models. METHODS Here, we develop a new model of reversible induction of the liver size in mice using siRNA-nanoparticles targeting two kinases of the Hippo pathway, namely, mammalian Ste20 family kinases 1 and 2 (Mst1 and Mst2), and an upstream regulator, neurofibromatosis type II (Nf2). RESULTS The triple siRNAs nanoparticle-induced hepatomegaly in mice phenocopies one observed with Mst1(-/-)Mst2(-/-) liver-specific depletion, as shown by extensive proliferation of hepatocytes and activation of Yap1. The simultaneous co-treatment with a fourth siRNA nanoparticle against Yap1 fully blocked the liver growth. Hippo pathway-induced liver enlargement is associated with p53 activation, evidenced by its accumulation in the nuclei and upregulation of its target genes. Moreover, injections of the triple siRNAs nanoparticle in p53(LSL/LSL) mice shows that livers lacking p53 expression grow faster and exceed the size of livers in p53 wild-type animals, indicating a role of p53 in controlling Yap1-induced liver growth. CONCLUSION Our data show that siRNA-nanoparticulate manipulation of gene expression can provide the reversible control of organ size in adult animals, which presents a new avenue for the investigation of complex regulatory networks in liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Yin
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Roman L Bogorad
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - Stephen Walsh
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Iris Zhuang
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Hidenori Nonaka
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics (MPI-CBG), Dresden 01307, Germany
| | - Vera Ruda
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | | | - Akin Akinc
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Wen Xue
- RNA Therapeutics Institute and Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Marino Zerial
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics (MPI-CBG), Dresden 01307, Germany
| | - Robert Langer
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences & Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Institute of Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Daniel G Anderson
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences & Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Institute of Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Victor Koteliansky
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Skolkovo 143025, Russia; Department of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 119991, Russia.
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287
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Roth CM. Delivery of Genes and Oligonucleotides. Drug Deliv 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/9781118833322.ch25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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288
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Aravalli RN, Steer CJ. Gene editing technology as an approach to the treatment of liver diseases. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2016; 16:595-608. [DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2016.1158808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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289
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Kasiewicz LN, Whitehead KA. Silencing TNFα with lipidoid nanoparticles downregulates both TNFα and MCP-1 in an in vitro co-culture model of diabetic foot ulcers. Acta Biomater 2016; 32:120-128. [PMID: 26689461 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2015.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes is one of the most formidable diseases facing the world today, with the number of patients growing every year. Poor glycemic control yields a host of complications, such as impaired wound healing. This often results in the formation of diabetic foot ulcers, which carry a poor prognosis because they are notoriously difficult to treat. Current therapies do not address the increased number of infiltrating macrophages to the wound bed that overproduce tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), which increases fibroblast apoptosis and collagen dismantling and decreases angiogenesis. In this study, we investigated the potential of RNA interference therapy to reduce the inappropriately high levels of TNFα in the wound bed. Although TNFα is a challenging gene silencing target, our lipidoid nanoparticles potently silence TNFα mRNA and protein expression at siRNA doses of 5-100nM without inducing vehicle-related gene silencing or cell death. We also describe the creation of an in vitro macrophage-fibroblast co-culture model, which reflects the TNFα and monocyte chemotactant protein-1 (MCP-1/CCL2) cross-talk that exists in diabetic wounds. Because TNFα induces fibroblasts to produce MCP-1, we show that silencing TNFα results in a downregulation of MCP-1, which should inhibit the recruitment of additional macrophages to the wound. In co-culture experiments, a single lipidoid nanoparticle dose of 100nM siTNFα downregulated TNFα and MCP-1 by 64% and 32%, respectively. These data underscore the potential of lipidoid nanoparticle RNAi treatment to inhibit a positive feedback cycle that fuels the pathogenesis of diabetic foot ulcers. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Diabetic foot ulcers are a rapidly growing issue worldwide, with current ulcer treatments not as effective as desired. RNA interference therapy represents a largely untapped possible solution to impaired wound healing. We show that siRNA-loaded lipidoid nanoparticles silence the overexpression of tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) in inflammatory macrophages which leads to a subsequent downregulation of fibroblast-produced macrophage chemotactant protein-1 (MCP-1). Both TNFα and MCP-1 are critical components of the inflammatory feedback loop that exists in chronic wounds. In contrast to the majority of wound drug delivery studies, our study utilizes macrophage/fibroblast co-culture experiments to recapitulate a multicellular wound environment in which cytokine signaling influences inflammation. Results underscore the therapeutic potential of siRNA nanoparticles directed against TNFα in inhibiting two key inflammatory targets in chronic wounds.
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290
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Li B, Luo X, Deng B, Giancola JB, McComb DW, Schmittgen TD, Dong Y. Effects of local structural transformation of lipid-like compounds on delivery of messenger RNA. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22137. [PMID: 26916931 PMCID: PMC4768262 DOI: 10.1038/srep22137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipid-like nanoparticles (LLNs) have shown great potential for RNA delivery. Lipid-like compounds are key components in LLNs. In this study, we investigated the effects of local structural transformation of lipid-like compounds on delivery of messenger RNA. Our results showed that position change of functional groups on lipid-like compounds can dramatically improve delivery efficiency. We then optimized formulation ratios of TNT-b10 LLNs, a lead material, increasing delivery efficiency over 2-fold. More importantly, pegylated TNT-b10 LLNs is stable for over four weeks and is over 10-fold more efficient than that of its counterpart TNT-a10 LLNs. Additionally, the optimal formulation O-TNT-b10 LLNs is capable of delivering mRNA encoding luciferase in vivo. These results provide useful insights into the design of next generation LLNs for mRNA delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Li
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Xiao Luo
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Binbin Deng
- Center for Electron Microscopy and Analysis, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43212, USA
| | - JoLynn B. Giancola
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - David W. McComb
- Center for Electron Microscopy and Analysis, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43212, USA
| | - Thomas D. Schmittgen
- Division of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
| | - Yizhou Dong
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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291
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Dong Y, Dorkin JR, Wang W, Chang PH, Webber MJ, Tang BC, Yang J, Abutbul-Ionita I, Danino D, DeRosa F, Heartlein M, Langer R, Anderson DG. Poly(glycoamidoamine) Brushes Formulated Nanomaterials for Systemic siRNA and mRNA Delivery in Vivo. NANO LETTERS 2016; 16:842-8. [PMID: 26727632 PMCID: PMC5278877 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b02428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Safe and effective delivery is required for siRNA and mRNA-based therapeutics to reach their potential. Here, we report on the development of poly(glycoamidoamine) brush nanoparticles as delivery vehicles for siRNA and mRNA. These polymers were capable of significant delivery of siRNA against FVII and mRNA-encoding erythropoietin (EPO) in mice. Importantly, these nanoparticles were well-tolerated at their effective dose based on analysis of tissue histology, systemic cytokine levels, and liver enzyme chemistry. The polymer brush nanoparticles reported here are promising for therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizhou Dong
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Anesthesiology, Children’s Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - J. Robert Dorkin
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Weiheng Wang
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Anesthesiology, Children’s Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Philip H. Chang
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Anesthesiology, Children’s Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Matthew J. Webber
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Anesthesiology, Children’s Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Benjamin C. Tang
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Anesthesiology, Children’s Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Junghoon Yang
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Inbal Abutbul-Ionita
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion Institute of Technology and the Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Dganit Danino
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion Institute of Technology and the Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Frank DeRosa
- Shire, 300 Shire Way, Lexington, Massachusetts 02421, United States
| | | | - Robert Langer
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Anesthesiology, Children’s Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Daniel G. Anderson
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Anesthesiology, Children’s Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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292
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Mutharasan RK, Foit L, Thaxton CS. High-Density Lipoproteins for Therapeutic Delivery Systems. J Mater Chem B 2016; 4:188-197. [PMID: 27069624 PMCID: PMC4825811 DOI: 10.1039/c5tb01332a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
High-density lipoproteins (HDL) are a class of natural nanostructures found in the blood and are composed of lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids (e.g. microRNA). Their size, which appears to be well-suited for both tissue penetration/retention as well as payload delivery, long circulation half-life, avoidance of endosomal sequestration, and potential low toxicity are all excellent properties to model in a drug delivery vehicle. In this review, we consider high-density lipoproteins for therapeutic delivery systems. First we discuss the structure and function of natural HDL, describing in detail its biogenesis and transformation from immature, discoidal forms, to more mature, spherical forms. Next we consider features of HDL making them suitable vehicles for drug delivery. We then describe the use of natural HDL, discoidal HDL analogs, and spherical HDL analogs to deliver various classes of drugs, including small molecules, lipids, and oligonucleotides. We briefly consider the notion that the drug delivery vehicles themselves are therapeutic, constituting entities that exhibit "theralivery." Finally, we discuss challenges and future directions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Kannan Mutharasan
- Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, 303 E. Chicago Ave., Tarry 14-725, Chicago, IL 60611 United States
| | - Linda Foit
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Urology, Northwestern University, Tarry 16-703, 303 E. Chicago Ave, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - C. Shad Thaxton
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Urology, Northwestern University, Tarry 16-703, 303 E. Chicago Ave, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Simpson Querrey Institute for BioNanotechnology, Northwestern University, 303 E. Superior St, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- International Institute for Nanotechnology (IIN), 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Robert H Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center (RHLCCC), Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 E Superior, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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293
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark W. Tibbitt
- Koch
Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - James E. Dahlman
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- Wallace
H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Robert Langer
- Koch
Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- Harvard-MIT
Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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294
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Modular degradable dendrimers enable small RNAs to extend survival in an aggressive liver cancer model. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:520-5. [PMID: 26729861 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1520756113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA-based cancer therapies are hindered by the lack of delivery vehicles that avoid cancer-induced organ dysfunction, which exacerbates carrier toxicity. We address this issue by reporting modular degradable dendrimers that achieve the required combination of high potency to tumors and low hepatotoxicity to provide a pronounced survival benefit in an aggressive genetic cancer model. More than 1,500 dendrimers were synthesized using sequential, orthogonal reactions where ester degradability was systematically integrated with chemically diversified cores, peripheries, and generations. A lead dendrimer, 5A2-SC8, provided a broad therapeutic window: identified as potent [EC50 < 0.02 mg/kg siRNA against FVII (siFVII)] in dose-response experiments, and well tolerated in separate toxicity studies in chronically ill mice bearing MYC-driven tumors (>75 mg/kg dendrimer repeated dosing). Delivery of let-7 g microRNA (miRNA) mimic inhibited tumor growth and dramatically extended survival. Efficacy stemmed from a combination of a small RNA with the dendrimer's own negligible toxicity, therefore illuminating an underappreciated complication in treating cancer with RNA-based drugs.
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295
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Kauffman KJ, Webber MJ, Anderson DG. Materials for non-viral intracellular delivery of messenger RNA therapeutics. J Control Release 2015; 240:227-234. [PMID: 26718856 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Though therapeutics based on messenger RNA (mRNA) have broad potential in applications such as protein replacement therapy, cancer immunotherapy, and genomic engineering, their effective intracellular delivery remains a challenge. A chemically diverse suite of delivery materials with origins as materials for cellular transfection of DNA and small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) has recently been reported to have promise as non-viral delivery agents for mRNA. These materials include covalent conjugates, protamine complexes, nanoparticles based on lipids or polymers, and hybrid formulations. This review will highlight the use of delivery materials for mRNA, with a specific focus on their mechanisms of action, routes of administration, and dosages. Additionally, strategies in which these materials can be adapted and optimized to address challenges specific to mRNA delivery are also discussed. The technologies included have shown varying promise for therapeutic use, specifically having been used to deliver mRNA in vivo or exhibiting characteristics that could make in vivo use a possibility. In so doing, it is the intention of this review to provide a comprehensive look at the progress and possibilities in applying nucleic acid delivery technology specifically toward the emerging area of mRNA therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J Kauffman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, 02139, USA; David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, 02139, USA
| | - Matthew J Webber
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, 02139, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, 02122, USA
| | - Daniel G Anderson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, 02139, USA; David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, 02139, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, 02122, USA; Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, 02139, USA; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Science and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, 02139, USA.
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296
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Li B, Luo X, Deng B, Wang J, McComb DW, Shi Y, Gaensler KML, Tan X, Dunn AL, Kerlin BA, Dong Y. An Orthogonal Array Optimization of Lipid-like Nanoparticles for mRNA Delivery in Vivo. NANO LETTERS 2015; 15:8099-107. [PMID: 26529392 PMCID: PMC4869688 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b03528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Systemic delivery of mRNA-based therapeutics remains a challenging issue for preclinical and clinical studies. Here, we describe new lipid-like nanoparticles (TT-LLNs) developed through an orthogonal array design, which demonstrates improved delivery efficiency of mRNA encoding luciferase in vitro by over 350-fold with significantly reduced experimental workload. One optimized TT3 LLN, termed O-TT3 LLNs, was able to restore the human factor IX (hFIX) level to normal physiological values in FIX-knockout mice. Consequently, these mRNA based nanomaterials merit further development for therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Li
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Xiao Luo
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Binbin Deng
- Center for Electron Microscopy and Analysis, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43212, United States
| | - Junfeng Wang
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - David W. McComb
- Center for Electron Microscopy and Analysis, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43212, United States
| | - Yimin Shi
- Department of Medicine, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Karin M. L. Gaensler
- Department of Medicine, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Xu Tan
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Amy L. Dunn
- Division of Hematology/Oncology/BMT, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio 43205, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43205, United States
| | - Bryce A. Kerlin
- Division of Hematology/Oncology/BMT, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio 43205, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43205, United States
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio 43205, United States
| | - Yizhou Dong
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
- Corresponding Author:
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297
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Li X, Knight J, Fargue S, Buchalski B, Guan Z, Inscho EW, Liebow A, Fitzgerald K, Querbes W, Todd Lowther W, Holmes RP. Metabolism of (13)C5-hydroxyproline in mouse models of Primary Hyperoxaluria and its inhibition by RNAi therapeutics targeting liver glycolate oxidase and hydroxyproline dehydrogenase. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2015; 1862:233-9. [PMID: 26655602 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Excessive endogenous oxalate synthesis can result in calcium oxalate kidney stone formation and renal failure. Hydroxyproline catabolism in the liver and kidney contributes to endogenous oxalate production in mammals. To quantify this contribution we have infused Wt mice, Agxt KO mice deficient in liver alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase, and Grhpr KO mice deficient in glyoxylate reductase, with (13)C5-hydroxyproline. The contribution of hydroxyproline metabolism to urinary oxalate excretion in Wt mice was 22±2%, 42±8% in Agxt KO mice, and 36%±9% in Grhpr KO mice. To determine if blocking steps in hydroxyproline and glycolate metabolism would decrease urinary oxalate excretion, mice were injected with siRNA targeting the liver enzymes glycolate oxidase and hydroxyproline dehydrogenase. These siRNAs decreased the expression of both enzymes and reduced urinary oxalate excretion in Agxt KO mice, when compared to mice infused with a luciferase control preparation. These results suggest that siRNA approaches could be useful for decreasing the oxalate burden on the kidney in individuals with Primary Hyperoxaluria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingsheng Li
- Department of Urology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States
| | - John Knight
- Department of Urology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States
| | - Sonia Fargue
- Department of Urology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States
| | - Brianna Buchalski
- Department of Urology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States
| | - Zhengrong Guan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States
| | - Edward W Inscho
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States
| | | | | | | | - W Todd Lowther
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, United States
| | - Ross P Holmes
- Department of Urology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States.
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298
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Kacsinta AD, Dowdy SF. Current views on inducing synthetic lethal RNAi responses in the treatment of cancer. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2015; 16:161-72. [PMID: 26630128 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2016.1110141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cancer cells arise from normal cells that have incurred mutations in oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. The mutations are often unique and not readily found in normal cells, giving rise to the opportunity of exploiting these mutations to induce synthetic lethality. Synthetic lethality occurs when inhibition or mutation in two or more separate genes leads to cell death while inhibition or mutations of either gene alone has no lethal effect on the cell. Using RNA interference (RNAi) to identify synthetic lethality has become a growingly popular screening approach. AREAS COVERED In this review, we cover the use of RNAi therapeutics to induce synthetic lethality in cancer. Additionally, we discuss several select small molecule inhibitors that were identified or verified by RNAi that induce synthetic lethality in specific cancers. We also discuss the identification of novel synthetic lethal combinations and the cancer model that the combination was validated in. Lastly, we discuss RNAi delivery vehicles. EXPERT OPINION While RNAi therapeutics have great potential to treat cancer, due to the siRNA delivery problem, RNAi remains more commonly used as a tool, rather than a therapeutic. However, with emerging technological advances in the field of RNAi therapeutics, it is only a matter of time before RNAi-induced synthetic lethal clinical studies are initiated in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apollo D Kacsinta
- a Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine , UCSD School of Medicine , La Jolla , CA , USA
| | - Steven F Dowdy
- a Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine , UCSD School of Medicine , La Jolla , CA , USA
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299
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Sun M, Yang C, Zheng J, Wang M, Chen M, Le DQS, Kjems J, Bünger CE. Enhanced efficacy of chemotherapy for breast cancer stem cells by simultaneous suppression of multidrug resistance and antiapoptotic cellular defense. Acta Biomater 2015; 28:171-182. [PMID: 26415776 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2015.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
While chemotherapy is universally recognized as a frontline treatment strategy for breast cancer, it is not always successful; among the leading causes of treatment failure is existing and/or acquired multidrug resistance. Cancer stem cells (CSCs), which constitute a minority of the cells of a tumor, are acknowledged to be responsible for increased resistance to chemo-drugs through a combination of increased expression of ATP-binding cassette transporters (ABC transporters), an increased anti-apoptotic defense, and/or the ability for extensive DNA repair like normal stem cells. Consequently, more effective therapy, especially targeted to CSCs, is urgently required. We studied the characteristics of 231-CSCs (CD44+/CD24-) sorted from human MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells and demonstrated that 231-CSCs exhibited enhanced capacities for proliferation, migration, tumorigenesis and chemotherapy resistance. To address these multifunctional facets of CSCs, we devised a non-ionic surfactant-based vesicle (niosome) co-delivery system to simultaneously deliver siRNAs, targeted to both the ABC transporter (ABCG2) and the anti-apoptosis defense gene (BCL2), and doxorubicin (DOX) to CSCs. The rationale is to sensitize CSCs to DOX by down regulating the drug-resistance gene ABCG2 and simultaneously induce apoptosis by lowering BCL2 expression. The co-delivery system (CDS) successfully delivered siRNAs and DOX to the cytoplasm and nuclei, respectively, and resulted in a down-regulation of ABCG2- and BCL2 mRNAs in CSCs by 60% and 65%, respectively, compared to the control. A corresponding decrease in protein expression was observed using Western blotting. The IC50 of DOX in CSCs concurrently decreased significantly. Our result established CDS as a promising multi-drug delivery platform for cancer treatment. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are acknowledged to be responsible for increased resistance to chemo-drugs through a combination of increased expression of ABC transporters, an increased anti-apoptotic defense, and/or the ability for extensive DNA repair like normal stem cells. Consequently, effective therapy, especially to CSCs, is urgently required. In current study, we studied the characteristics of 231-CSCs sorted from human MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells and found that 231-CSCs possessed enhanced proliferation, migration, tumorigenesis, and DOX resistance. We employed a non-ionic surfactant-based vesicle (niosome) delivery system to simultaneously deliver siRNAs targeted to multi-drug resistance genes, and DOX to kill 231-CSCs. The CDS showed an enhanced therapeutic effect by resensitizing 231-CSCs to DOX and may constitute a promising candidate for cancer chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Sun
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark.
| | - Chuanxu Yang
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Denmark.
| | - Jin Zheng
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Miao Wang
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark
| | - Muwan Chen
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Denmark
| | | | - Jørgen Kjems
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Denmark.
| | - Cody Eric Bünger
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark
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300
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Kauffman KJ, Dorkin JR, Yang JH, Heartlein MW, DeRosa F, Mir FF, Fenton OS, Anderson DG. Optimization of Lipid Nanoparticle Formulations for mRNA Delivery in Vivo with Fractional Factorial and Definitive Screening Designs. NANO LETTERS 2015; 15:7300-6. [PMID: 26469188 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b02497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 450] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular delivery of messenger RNA (mRNA) has the potential to induce protein production for many therapeutic applications. Although lipid nanoparticles have shown considerable promise for the delivery of small interfering RNAs (siRNA), their utility as agents for mRNA delivery has only recently been investigated. The most common siRNA formulations contain four components: an amine-containing lipid or lipid-like material, phospholipid, cholesterol, and lipid-anchored polyethylene glycol, the relative ratios of which can have profound effects on the formulation potency. Here, we develop a generalized strategy to optimize lipid nanoparticle formulations for mRNA delivery to the liver in vivo using Design of Experiment (DOE) methodologies including Definitive Screening and Fractional Factorial Designs. By simultaneously varying lipid ratios and structures, we developed an optimized formulation which increased the potency of erythropoietin-mRNA-loaded C12-200 lipid nanoparticles 7-fold relative to formulations previously used for siRNA delivery. Key features of this optimized formulation were the incorporation of 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (DOPE) and increased ionizable lipid:mRNA weight ratios. Interestingly, the optimized lipid nanoparticle formulation did not improve siRNA delivery, indicating differences in optimized formulation parameter design spaces for siRNA and mRNA. We believe the general method described here can accelerate in vivo screening and optimization of nanoparticle formulations with large multidimensional design spaces.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Frank DeRosa
- Shire Pharmaceuticals, Lexington, Massachusetts 02421, United States
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